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 Business Driven
Information Systems
 Paige Baltzan
Daniels College of Business, University of Denver

Business Driven
Information Systems
FIFTH EDITION
BUSINESS DRIVEN INFORMATION SYSTEMS, FIFTH EDITION

Published by McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Copyright © 2016 by McGraw-Hill
Education. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Previous editions © 2014, 2012, 2009.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Baltzan, Paige.
Business driven information systems/Paige Baltzan, Daniels College of Business, University
of Denver.—FIFTH EDITION.
pages cm
ISBN 978-0-07-340298-7 (alk. paper)
1. Information technology—Management. 2. Industrial management—Data processing. I. Title.
HD30.2.B357 2016
658.4’038011—dc23
2014047207

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not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill Education, and McGraw-Hill Education does not
guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites.

www.mhhe.com
D E D I C AT I O N

To Tony, Hannah, Sophie, and Gus:

What do you always remember?
That I Love You! That I’m Proud of You!
Paige
 BRIEF CONTENTS

MODU LE 1 Business Driven MIS

Chapter 1 Management Information Systems: Business Driven MIS
Chapter 2 Decisions and Processes: Value Driven Business
Chapter 3 Ebusiness: Electronic Business Value
Chapter 4 Ethics and Information Security: MIS Business Concerns

MODU LE 2 Technical Foundations of MIS

Chapter 5 Infrastructures: Sustainable Technologies
Chapter 6 Data: Business Intelligence
Chapter 7 Networks: Mobile Business

MODU LE 3 Enterprise MIS

Chapter 8 Enterprise Applications: Business Communications
Chapter 9 Systems Development and Project Management: Corporate
Responsibility

APPEN DIX
Appendix A Hardware and Software Basics
Appendix B Networks and Telecommunications
Appendix C Designing Databases

Apply Your Knowledge

Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index

vi Brief Contents

mo dule 1
B u s in ess Driv en MIS
CHAPT ER 1
Management Information Systems:
Business Driven MIS 2
Opening Case Study: T h e I nter net
o f Th in gs 3
Section 1.1 Business Driven MIS 5
COMPETING IN THE INFORMATION AGE 5
Data 6
Information 8
Business Intelligence 8
Knowledge 9
THE CHALLENGE OF DEPARTMENTAL COMPANIES
AND THE MIS SOLUTION 11
The MIS Solution 12
Systems Thinking 14
MIS Department Roles and Responsibilities 14
Section 1.2 Business Strategy 15
IDENTIFYING COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES 15
Swot Analysis: Understanding Business Strategies
THE FIVE FORCES MODEL—EVALUATING
INDUSTRY ATTRACTIVENESS 19
Buyer Power 20
Supplier Power 20
Threat of Substitute Products or Services 21
Threat of New Entrants 21
Rivalry among Existing Competitors 21
Analyzing the Airline Industry 22
THE THREE GENERIC STRATEGIES—CHOOSING
A BUSINESS FOCUS 23
VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS—EXECUTING
BUSINESS STRATEGIES 25
Learning Outcome Review 28
Opening Case Questions 30
Key Terms 30
Review Questions 30
Closing Case One: The World Is Flat:
Thomas Friedman 31
Closing Case Two: Crushing Candy 32
Critical Business Thinking 33
CONTENTS
Entrepreneurial Challenge 36
Apply Your Knowledge Business Projects 37
AYK Application Projects 41
1
C H AP TER 2
Decisions and Processes:
Value Driven Business 42
Opening Case Study: Business
Is Booming for Wearable
Technologies 43
Section 2.1 Decision Support Systems 45
MAKING ORGANIZATIONAL BUSINESS
DECISIONS 45
The Decision-Making Process 46
Decision-Making Essentials 46
MEASURING ORGANIZATIONAL BUSINESS
DECISIONS 48
Efficiency and Effectiveness Metrics 49
USING MIS TO MAKE BUSINESS DECISIONS 51
Operational Support Systems 52
Managerial Support Systems 53
Strategic Support Systems 55
USING AI TO MAKE BUSINESS DECISIONS 58
17 Expert Systems 59
Neural Networks 60
Genetic Algorithms 60
Intelligent Agents 61
Virtual Reality 62
Section 2.2 Business Processes 62
MANAGING BUSINESS PROCESSES 62
Business Process Modeling 65
USING MIS TO IMPROVE BUSINESS PROCESSES 67
Operational Business Processes—Automation 68
Managerial Business Processes—Streamlining 70
Strategic Business Processes—Reengineering 71
Learning Outcome Review 77
Opening Case Questions 79
Key Terms 79
Review Questions 80
Closing Case One: Political Micro-Targeting: What
Decision Support Systems Did for Barack Obama 80
Closing Case Two: Action Finally—Actionly 82
Critical Business Thinking 84
Entrepreneurial Challenge 85
Contents vii
 Apply Your Knowledge Business Projects 86
AYK Application Projects 90
CHA PT ER 3
Ebusiness: Electronic Business
Value 91
Opening Case Study: B it c oin 92
Section 3.1 Web 1.0: Ebusiness 93
DISRUPTIVE TECHNOLOGY 93
Disruptive versus Sustaining Technology 93
The Internet and World Wide Web—The Ultimate
Business Disruptors 94
WEB 1.0: THE CATALYST FOR EBUSINESS 94
Expanding Global Reach 97
Opening New Markets 97
Reducing Costs 97
Improving Effectiveness 99
THE FOUR EBUSINESS MODELS 100
Business-to-Business (B2B) 100
Business-to-Consumer (B2C) 101
Consumer-to-Business (C2B) 101
Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C) 102
Ebusiness Forms and Revenue-Generating
Strategies 102
EBUSINESS TOOLS FOR CONNECTING
AND COMMUNICATING 103
Email 103
Instant Messaging 105
Podcasting 105
Videoconferencing 105
Web Conferencing 105
Content Management Systems 105
THE CHALLENGES OF EBUSINESS 106
Identifying Limited Market Segments 106
Managing Consumer Trust 106
Ensuring Consumer Protection 106
Adhering to Taxation Rules 107
Section 3.2 Web 2.0: Business 2.0 107
WEB 2.0: ADVANTAGES OF BUSINESS 2.0 107
Content Sharing Through Open Sourcing 108
User-Contributed Content 108
Collaboration Inside the Organization 109
Collaboration Outside the Organization 109
NETWORKING COMMUNITIES WITH BUSINESS 2.0 110
Social Tagging 111
BUSINESS 2.0 TOOLS FOR COLLABORATING 113
Blogs 113
Wikis 114
Mashups 114
THE CHALLENGES OF BUSINESS 2.0 115
Technology Dependence 115
Information Vandalism 116
Violations of Copyright and Plagiarism 116
viii Contents
WEB 3.0: DEFINING THE NEXT GENERATION
OF ONLINE BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES 116
Egovernment: The Government Moves Online 117
Mbusiness: Supporting Anywhere Business 118
Learning Outcome Review 118
Opening Case Questions 120
Key Terms 121
Review Questions 121
Closing Case One: Social Media and Ashton
Kutcher 122
Closing Case Two: Pinterest—Billboards for the
Internet 123
Critical Business Thinking 125
Entrepreneurial Challenge 128
Apply Your Knowledge Business Projects 128
AYK Application Projects 132
C H AP TER 4
Ethics and Information Security:
MIS Business Concerns 133
Opening Case Study: Five Ways
Hackers Can Get Into Your
Business 134
Section 4.1 Ethics 136
INFORMATION ETHICS 136
Information Does Not Have Ethics, People Do 137
DEVELOPING INFORMATION MANAGEMENT
POLICIES 139
Ethical Computer Use Policy 140
Information Privacy Policy 141
Acceptable Use Policy 141
Email Privacy Policy 142
Social Media Policy 143
Workplace Monitoring Policy 144
Section 4.2 Information Security 146
PROTECTING INTELLECTUAL ASSETS 146
Security Threats Caused by Hackers
and Viruses 147
THE FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE—PEOPLE 149
THE SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE—TECHNOLOGY 150
People: Authentication and Authorization 150
Data: Prevention and Resistance 153
Attack: Detection and Response 154
Learning Outcome Review 155
Opening Case Questions 156
Key Terms 157
Review Questions 157
Closing Case One: Targeting Target 158
Closing Case Two: To Share—Or Not to Share 159
Critical Business Thinking 162
Entrepreneurial Challenge 164
Apply Your Knowledge Business Projects 164
AYK Application Projects 168

mo dule 2
Technical Foundations of MIS
CHAPT ER 5
Infrastructures: Sustainable
Technologies 170
Opening Case Study: B ox Up
Yo u r D a t a 1 7 1
Section 5.1 MIS Infrastructures 174
THE BUSINESS BENEFITS OF A SOLID MIS
INFRASTRUCTURE 174
SUPPORTING OPERATIONS: INFORMATION MIS
INFRASTRUCTURE 175
Backup and Recovery Plan 176
Disaster Recovery Plan 177
Business Continuity Plan 179
SUPPORTING CHANGE: AGILE MIS INFRASTRUCTURE 180
Accessibility 181
Availability 182
Maintainability 183
Portability 183
Reliability 183
Scalability 184
Usability 185
Section 5.2 Building Sustainable MIS Infrastructures 185
MIS AND THE ENVIRONMENT 185
Increased Electronic Waste 186
Increased Energy Consumption 187
Increased Carbon Emissions 187
SUPPORTING THE ENVIRONMENT: SUSTAINABLE MIS
INFRASTRUCTURE 187
Grid Computing 188
Virtualized Computing 190
Cloud Computing 192
Learning Outcome Review 199
Opening Case Questions 200
Key Terms 201
Review Questions 201
Closing Case One: UPS Invests $1 Billion to Go Green 202
Closing Case Two: Pandora’s Music Box 203
Critical Business Thinking 204
Entrepreneurial Challenge 205
Apply Your Knowledge Business Projects 206
AYK Application Projects 210
CHAPT ER 6
Data: Business Intelligence 211
Opening Case Study: Infor mi ng
I n form a t ion 2 1 2
Section 6.1 Data, Information, and Databases
THE BUSINESS BENEFITS OF HIGH-QUALITY INFORMATION 215
Information Type: Transactional and Analytical 215
Information Timeliness 217
169 Information Quality 217
Information Governance 220
STORING INFORMATION USING A RELATIONAL DATABASE
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 220
Storing Data Elements in Entities and Attributes 222
Creating Relationships Through Keys 222
Coca Cola Relational Database Example 223
USING A RELATIONAL DATABASE FOR BUSINESS
ADVANTAGES 225
Increased Flexibility 225
Increased Scalability and Performance 225
Reduced Information Redundancy 226
Increased Information Integrity (Quality) 226
Increased Information Security 226
DRIVING WEBSITES WITH DATA 227
Section 6.2 Business Intelligence 229
SUPPORTING DECISIONS WITH BUSINESS
INTELLIGENCE 229
The Problem: Data Rich, Information Poor 229
The Solution: Business Intelligence 230
THE BUSINESS BENEFITS OF DATA WAREHOUSING 231
DATA MARTS 232
Multidimensional Analysis 234
Information Cleansing or Scrubbing 234
THE POWER OF BIG DATA ANALYTICS 237
Data Mining 238
Data Analytics 240
Data Visualization 241
Learning Outcome Review 243
Opening Case Questions 244
Key Terms 245
Review Questions 245
Closing Case One: Data Visualization: Stories for the
Information Age 246
Closing Case Two: Zillow 247
Critical Business Thinking 248
Entrepreneurial Challenge 250
Apply Your Knowledge Business Projects 250
AYK Application Projects 253
C H AP TER 7
Networks: Mobile Business 254
Opening Case Study: Disrupting
the Taxi: Uber 255
Section 7.1 Connectivity: The Business Value
of a Networked World 257
OVERVIEW OF A CONNECTED WORLD 257
Network Categories 258
Network Providers 258
215 Network Access Technologies 259
Contents ix
 Network Protocols 262 Drones Support Logistics 308
Network Convergence 264 Robotics Supports Materials Management 308
BENEFITS OF A CONNECTED WORLD 266 The Extended Supply Chain 309
CHALLENGES OF A CONNECTED WORLD 269 Section 8.2 Customer Relationship Management
Security 269 and Enterprise Resource Planning 311
Social, Ethical, and Political Issues 269 CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT 311
Section 7.2 Mobility: The Business Value The Power of the Customer 312
of a Wireless World 270 Measuring CRM Success 312
WIRELESS NETWORK CATEGORIES 270 CRM Communication Channels 312
Personal Area Networks 271 THE BENEFITS OF CRM 312
Wireless LANs 272 Evolution of CRM 314
Wireless MANs 273 Operational and Analytical CRM 316
Wireless WAN—Cellular Communication System 274 Marketing and Operational CRM 317
Wireless WAN—Satellite Communication System 276 Sales and Operational CRM 318
Protecting Wireless Connections 277 Customer Service and Operational CRM 319
Managing Mobile Devices 278 Analytical CRM 320
BUSINESS APPLICATIONS OF WIRELESS NETWORKS 278 EXTENDING CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT 321
Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) 279 ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING 322
Global Positioning System (GPS) 280 Core ERP Components 324
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) 280 Extended ERP Components 327
Learning Outcome Review 283 Measuring ERP Success 327
Opening Case Questions 284 ORGANIZATIONAL INTEGRATION WITH ERP 329
Key Terms 284 Mobile ERP 329
Review Questions 285 Cloud ERP and SaaS ERP 330
Closing Case One: Wireless Bikes 285 Tiered ERP Architectures 330
Closing Case Two: Square: Wireless Payments to an iPhone, Learning Outcome Review 332
Android, or iPad 286 Opening Case Questions 334
Critical Business Thinking 287 Key Terms 334
Entrepreneurial Challenge 289 Review Questions 334
Apply Your Knowledge Business Projects 290 Closing Case One: Zappos Is Passionate for Customers 335
AYK Application Projects 293 Closing Case Two: Got Milk? It’s Good for You—Unless
It’s Contaminated! 336
Critical Business Thinking 338
mo d u le 3 Entrepreneurial Challenge 340
Apply Your Knowledge Business Projects 341
En t e r p r i se MIS 294
AYK Application Projects 344

CHA PT ER 8 C H AP TER 9
Enterprise Applications: Business Systems Development and Project
Communications 295 Management: Corporate Responsibility 345
Opening Case Study: D rea m I t , Opening Case Study: Getti ng You r
D e s i g n I t , 3 D Print It 2 9 6 P roj ect on Tr ack 346
Section 8.1 Supply Chain Management 298 Section 9.1 Developing Enterprise Applications 349
BUILDING A CONNECTED CORPORATION THE SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE (SDLC) 349
THROUGH INTEGRATIONS 298 Phase 1: Planning 349
Integration Tools 299 Phase 2: Analysis 350
SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT 300 Phase 3: Design 353
Visibility into the Supply Chain 302 Phase 4: Development 353
TECHNOLOGIES REINVENTING THE SUPPLY CHAIN 304 Phase 5: Testing 354
3D Printing Supports Procurement 306 Phase 6: Implementation 354
RFID Supports Logistics 307 Phase 7: Maintenance 355

x Contents
SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT METHODOLOGY: Output Devices A.8
THE WATERFALL 356 Communication Devices A.9
AGILE SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT METHODOLOGIES 359 COMPUTER CATEGORIES A.9
Rapid Application Development (RAD) Methodology 360 SOFTWARE BASICS A.12
Extreme Programming Methodology 360 System Software A.12
Rational Unified Process (RUP) Methodology 360 Application Software A.13
Scrum Methodology 361 Distributing Application Software A.14
DEVELOPING A SERVICE-ORIENTED ARCHITECTURE 361 Key Terms A.15
Service 361 Apply Your Knowledge A.15
Interoperability 363
Loose Coupling 363 AP PE N D IX B
Section 9.2 Project Management 364 Networks and Telecommunications B.1
USING PROJECT MANAGEMENT TO DELIVER INTRODUCTION B.1
SUCCESSFUL PROJECTS 364 NETWORK BASICS B.1
Unclear or Missing Business Requirements 366 ARCHITECTURE B.3
Skipped Phases 366 Peer-to-Peer Networks B.3
Changing Technology 367 Client/Server Networks B.4
The Cost of Finding Errors in the SDLC 367 TOPOLOGY B.5
Balance of the Triple Constraint 367 PROTOCOLS B.6
PRIMARY PROJECT PLANNING DIAGRAMS 369 Ethernet B.6
OUTSOURCING PROJECTS 372 Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol B.7
Outsourcing Benefits 373 MEDIA B.8
Outsourcing Challenges 374 Wire Media B.8
Learning Outcome Review 376 Wireless Media B.9
Opening Case Questions 377 Key Terms B.10
Key Terms 378 Apply Your Knowledge B.10
Review Questions 378
Closing Case One: Disaster at Denver International AP PE N D IX C
Airport 379 Designing Databases C.1
Closing Case Two: Reducing Ambiguity in Business
INTRODUCTION C.1
Requirements 380
THE RELATIONAL DATABASE MODEL C.1
Critical Business Thinking 381
Entities and Attributes C.2
Entrepreneurial Challenge 382
Business Rules C.3
Apply Your Knowledge Business Projects 383
DOCUMENTING ENTITY RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAMS C.3
AYK Application Projects 387
Basic Entity Relationships C.4
Relationship Cardinality C.6
RELATIONAL DATA MODEL AND THE DATABASE C.7
a ppe ndic e s From Entities to Tables C.7
Logically Relating Tables C.8
Key Terms C.9
APPEN DIX A
Apply Your Knowledge C.9
Hardware and Software Basics A.1
INTRODUCTION A.1 Apply Your Knowledge AYK.1
HARDWARE BASICS A.1 Glossary G.1
Central Processing Unit A.2 Notes N.1
Primary Storage A.3 Credits C-1
Secondary Storage A.5 Index I.1
Input Devices A.7

Contents xi
 P R E FA C E
Business Driven Information Systems discusses various business initiatives first and how
technology supports those initiatives second. The premise for this unique approach is that
business initiatives should drive technology choices. Every discussion first addresses the
business needs and then addresses the technology that supports those needs. This text pro-
vides the foundation that will enable students to achieve excellence in business, whether they
major in operations management, manufacturing, sales, marketing, finance, human resources,
accounting, or virtually any other business discipline. Business Driven Information Systems is
designed to give students the ability to understand how information technology can be a point
of strength for an organization.
Common business goals associated with information technology projects include reduc-
ing costs, improving productivity, improving customer satisfaction and loyalty, creating com-
petitive advantages, streamlining supply chains, global expansion, and so on. Achieving these
results is not easy. Implementing a new accounting system or marketing plan is not likely to
generate long-term growth or reduce costs across an entire organization. Businesses must
undertake enterprisewide initiatives to achieve broad general business goals such as reducing
costs. Information technology plays a critical role in deploying such initiatives by facilitating
communication and increasing business intelligence. Any individual anticipating a successful
career in business whether it is in accounting, finance, human resources, or operation man-
agement must understand the basics of information technology that can be found in this text.
We have found tremendous success teaching MIS courses by demonstrating the correla-
tion between business and IT. Students who understand the tight correlation between business
and IT understand the power of this course. Students learn 10 percent of what they read,
80 percent of what they personally experience, and 90 percent of what they teach others. The
business driven approach brings the difficult and often intangible MIS concepts to the stu-
dent’s level and applies them using a hands-on approach to reinforce the concepts. Teaching
MIS with a business driven focus helps:
■ Add credibility to IT.
■ Open students’ eyes to IT opportunities.
■ Attract majors.
■ Engage students.

FORMAT, FEATURES, AND HIGHLIGHTS

Business Driven Information Systems is state of the art in its discussions, presents concepts
in an easy-to-understand format, and allows students to be active participants in learning. The
dynamic nature of information technology requires all students, more specifically business stu-
dents, to be aware of both current and emerging technologies. Students are facing complex
subjects and need a clear, concise explanation to be able to understand and use the concepts
throughout their careers. By engaging students with numerous case studies, exercises, projects,
and questions that enforce concepts, Business Driven Information Systems creates a unique
learning experience for both faculty and students.
■ Audience. Business Driven Information Systems is designed for use in undergraduate or
introductory MBA courses in management information systems, which are required in
many business administration or management programs as part of the common body of
knowledge for all business majors.
■ Logical Layout. Students and faculty will find the text well organized with the topics
flowing logically from one chapter to the next. The definition of each term is provided
before it is covered in the chapter, and an extensive glossary is included at the back of the
text. Each chapter offers a comprehensive opening case study, learning outcomes, closing
case studies, key terms, and critical business thinking questions.

xii Preface
■ Thorough Explanations. Complete coverage is provided for each topic that is introduced.
Explanations are written so that students can understand the ideas presented and relate
them to other concepts.
■ Solid Theoretical Base. The text relies on current theory and practice of information sys-
tems as they relate to the business environment. Current academic and professional jour-
nals cited throughout the text are found in the Notes at the end of the book—a road map
for additional, pertinent readings that can be the basis for learning beyond the scope of the
chapters or plug-ins.
■ Material to Encourage Discussion. All chapters contain a diverse selection of case stud-
ies and individual and group problem-solving activities as they relate to the use of informa-
tion technology in business. Two comprehensive cases at the end of each chapter reinforce
content. These cases encourage students to consider what concepts have been presented
and then apply those concepts to a situation they might find in an organization. Different
people in an organization can view the same facts from different points of view, and the
cases will force students to consider some of those views.
■ Flexibility in Teaching and Learning. Although most textbooks that are text only leave
faculty on their own when it comes to choosing cases, Business Driven Information
Systems goes much further. Several options are provided to faculty with case selections
from a variety of sources, including CIO, Harvard Business Journal, Wired, Forbes, and
Time, to name just a few. Therefore, faculty can use the text alone, the text and a complete
selection of cases, or anything in between.
■ Integrative Themes. Several integrative themes recur throughout the text, which adds
integration to the material. Among these themes are value-added techniques and methodol-
ogies, ethics and social responsibility, globalization, and gaining a competitive advantage.
Such topics are essential to gaining a full understanding of the strategies that a business
must recognize, formulate, and in turn implement. In addition to addressing these in the
chapter material, many illustrations are provided for their relevance to business practice.

Preface xiii
 WALKTHROUGH

Learning Outcomes

Learning Outcomes. These outcomes focus on what

students should learn and be able to answer upon
completion of the chapter.

section 3.1 Web 1.0: Ebusiness

LEARNING OUTCOMES

3.1 Compare disruptive and sustaining technologies and explain how the Internet and WWW caused
business disruption.
3.2 Describe ebusiness and its associated advantages.
3.3 Compare the four ebusiness models.
3.4 Describe the six ebusiness tools for connecting and communicating.
3.5 Identify the four challenges associated with ebusiness.

xiv Walkthrough
Chapter Opening Case Study and Opening Case Questions

Chapter Opening Case Study. To enhance student interest, each chapter begins
with an opening case study that highlights an organization that has been time-tested
and value-proven in the business world. This feature serves to fortify concepts with
relevant examples of outstanding companies. Discussion of the case is threaded
throughout the chapter.

opening case study

The Internet of Things

Who are your best and worst customers? Who are your best and worst sales representa-
tives? How much inventory do you need to meet demand? How can you increase sales or
reduce costs? These are the questions you need to answer to run a successful business,
and answering them incorrectly can lead directly to business failure. In the past few years,
data collection and analytic technologies have been collecting massive amounts of data
that can help answer these critical business questions. The question now becomes whether
you have the right technical skills to collect and analyze your data.
Imagine your toothbrush telling you to visit your dentist because it senses a cavity. How
would you react if your refrigerator placed an order at your local grocery store because your
milk and eggs when about to expire? Over 20 years ago, a few professors at Massachusetts
Institute of Technology (MIT) began describing the Internet of Things (IoT), which is a world
where interconnected, Internet-enabled devices or “things” can collect and share data

Opening Case Questions. Located at the end of the chapter, poignant questions
connect the chapter opening case with important chapter concepts.

OPENING CASE QUESTIONS

1. Knowledge: Explain the Internet of Things and list three IoT devices.
2. Comprehension: Explain why it is important for business managers to understand that data col-
lection rates from IoT devices is increasing exponentially.
3. Application: Demonstrate how data from an IoT device can be transformed into information and
business intelligence.
4. Analysis: Analyze the current security issues associated with IoT devices.
5. Synthesis: Propose a plan for how a start-up company can use IoT device data to make better
business decisions.
Untitled-2 3 1/16/15 9:13 AM

Walkthrough xv
 Projects and Case Studies

Case Studies. This text is packed with 27 case studies illustrating how a variety of prominent organizations and
businesses have successfully implemented many of this text’s concepts. All cases are timely and promote critical
thinking. Company profiles are especially appealing and relevant to your students, helping to stir classroom discus-
sion and interest.

Apply Your Knowledge. At the end of each chapter you will find several Apply Your Knowledge projects that challenge
students to bring the skills they have learned from the chapter to real business problems. There are also 33 Apply Your
Knowledge projects on the OLC that accompanies this text (www.mhhe.com/baltzan) that ask students to use IT
tools such as Excel, Access, and Dreamweaver to solve business problems. These projects help to develop the applica-
tion and problem-solving skills of your students through challenging and creative business-driven scenarios.

e os e c e a d e ec e a e

A P P LY Y O U R K N O W L E D G E B U S I N E S S P R O J E C T S

PROJ ECT I Making Business Decisions

You are the vice president of human resources for a large consulting company. You are compiling a
list of questions that you want each job interviewee to answer. The first question on your list is, “How
can MIS enhance your ability to make decisions at our organization?” Prepare a one-page report to
answer this question.

PROJ ECT II DSS and EIS

Dr. Rosen runs a large dental conglomerate—Teeth Doctors—that employs more than 700 dentists
in six states. Dr. Rosen is interested in purchasing a competitor called Dentix that has 150 dentists

Untitled-3 86 1/16/15 9:26 AM

xvi Walkthrough
End-of-Chapter Elements
Each chapter contains complete pedagogical support in the form of:

KEY TERMS
Key Terms. With page
numbers referencing Business intelligence (BI), 8
Business process, 23
where they are discussed Business strategy, 15
Buyer power, 18
in the text. Chief information officer
(CIO), 15
Chief knowledge officer
(CKO), 15
Fact, 5 Product differentiation, 20
Feedback, 14 Rivalry among existing
First-mover advantage, 17 competitors, 20
Goods, 12 Services, 12
Information, 7 Supplier power, 19
Information age, 5 Supply chain, 19
Knowledge, 10 Support value activities, 24
Knowledge worker, 10 Switching costs, 18

Two Closing Case Studies. CLOSING CASE ONE

Reinforcing important concepts
with prominent examples from
businesses and organizations.
Discussion questions follow each
case study.
The World Is Flat: Thomas Friedman
Christopher Columbus proved in 1492 that the world is round. For centuries, sailors maneuvered the
seas, discovering new lands, new people, and new languages as nations began trading goods around
the globe. Then Thomas Friedman, a noted columnist for The New York Times, published his book The
World Is Flat.

Critical Business Thinking. The best way to learn MIS is to apply it to scenarios and real-world business
dilemmas. These projects require students to apply critical thinking skills and chapter concepts to analyze
the problems and make recommended business decisions.

CRITICAL BUSINESS THINKING

1. Modeling a Business Process

Do you hate waiting in line at the grocery store? Do you find it frustrating when you go to the video
rental store and cannot find the movie you wanted? Do you get annoyed when the pizza delivery
baL76892_ch01_001-041.indd 29 05/10/12
person brings you the wrong order? This is your chance to reengineer the process that drives you

Entrepreneurial Challenge. This unique feature represents a running project that allows students to chal-
lenge themselves by applying the MIS concepts to a real business. The flexibility of the case allows each
student to choose the type of business he or she would like to operate throughout the case. Each chapter
provides hands-on projects your students can work with their real-business scenarios.

ENTREPRENEURIAL CHALLENGE

BUILD YO UR O WN BUSINESS

1. You realize that you need a digital dashboard to help you operate your business. Create a list of
all of the components you would want to track in your digital dashboard that would help you run
your business. Be sure to justify how each component would help you gain insight into the opera-
Untitled-6 31 1/16/15
tions of your business and flag potential issues that could ruin your business. (Be sure to identify

Walkthrough xvii
 About the Plug-Ins

Located on the OLC that accompanies this text (www.mhhe.com/baltzan), the overall goal of the plug-ins
is to provide an alternative for faculty who find themselves in the situation of having to purchase an extra
book to support Microsoft Office 2010 or 2013. The plug-ins presented here offer integration with the core
chapters and provide critical knowledge using essential business applications, such as Microsoft Excel,
Microsoft Access, DreamWeaver, and Microsoft Project. Each plug-in uses hands-on tutorials for compre-
hension and mastery.

Plug-In
T1. Personal Productivity Using IT
Description
This plug-in covers a number of things to do to keep a personal computer running effectively
and efficiently. The 12 topics covered in this plug-in are:
■ Creating strong passwords.
■ Performing good file management.
■ Implementing effective backup and recovery strategies.
■ Using Zip files.
■ Writing professional emails.
■ Stopping spam.
■ Preventing phishing.
■ Detecting spyware.
■ Threads to instant messaging.
■ Increasing PC performance.
■ Using antivirus software.
■ Installing a personal firewall.

End-of-Plug-In Elements

Each plug-in contains complete pedagogical support in the form of:

Plug-In Summary. Revisits the plug-in highlights in summary format.
Making Business Decisions. Small scenario-driven projects that help students focus individually on
decision making as they relate to the topical elements in the chapters.

T2. Basic Skills Using Excel
This plug-in introduces the basics of using Microsoft Excel, a spreadsheet program for data
analysis, along with a few fancy features. The six topics covered in this plug-in are:
■ Workbooks and worksheets.
■ Working with cells and cell data.
■ Printing worksheets.
■ Formatting worksheets.
■ Formulas.
■ Working with charts and graphics.

T4. Decision Making Using Excel This plug-in examines a few of the advanced business analysis tools used in Microsoft Excel
that have the capability to identify patterns, trends, and rules, and create “what-if” models.
The four topics covered in this plug-in are:
■ IF
■ Goal Seek
■ Solver
baL76892_plugins_T1-T4.indd 1 1/29/15 9:46 AM
■ Scenario Manager

xviii Walkthrough
baL76892_plugins_T1-T4.indd 1 1/29/15 9:46 AM
Support and Supplemental Material
All of the supplemental material supporting Business Driven Information Systems was developed by the author to
ensure that you receive accurate, high-quality, and in-depth content. Included is a complete set of materials that
will assist students and faculty in accomplishing course objectives.
Video Exercises. Each of the videos that accompany the text is supported by detailed teaching notes on how to
turn the videos into classroom exercises to which your students can apply the knowledge they are learning after
watching the videos.
Test Bank. This computerized package allows instructors to custom design, save, and generate tests. The test
program permits instructors to edit, add, or delete questions from the test banks; analyze test results; and organize
a database of tests and students’ results.
Instructor’s Manual (IM). The IM, written by the author, includes suggestions for designing the course and
presenting the material. Each chapter is supported by answers to end-of-chapter questions and problems, and
suggestions concerning the discussion topics and cases.
PowerPoint Presentations. A set of PowerPoint slides, created by the author, accompanies each chapter and fea-
tures bulleted items that provide a lecture outline, plus key figures and tables from the text, and detailed teaching
notes on each slide.
Image Library. Text figures and tables, as permission allows, are provided in a format by which they can be
imported into PowerPoint for class lectures.
Project Files. The author has provided files for all projects that need further support, such as data files.

Walkthrough xix
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 Monroe Egg 1, 6. Monroe Egg 2, 7, 8. Monroe Gage 1, 2, 5, 7, 8.
Monroe Gage 4. Reine-Claude de Monroe 5.

The fruit of Monroe is small and the trees produce well only in
alternate years, defects that its high quality cannot overcome.
Monroe originated with a Miss Durham, Penfield, Monroe County,
New York, about the middle of the last century. At one time it was
quoted by nearly all nurserymen but the variety is fast disappearing.

Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, hardy, productive; branchlets

covered with fine pubescence; leaves oval, one and three-quarters inches
wide, three and one-half inches long, thick, rugose; margin finely serrate;
petiole tinged red, pubescent, with from one to three small glands.
Fruit matures in mid-season; one and three-eighths inches by one and
one-quarter inches in size, oval, sometimes necked, golden-yellow, often
mottled on the sunny side with red, overspread with thin bloom; stem
adhering poorly to the fruit; flesh golden-yellow, tender, sweet, mild; of
very good quality; stone semi-free or free, three-quarters inch by one-half
inch in size, long and slightly irregular-oval, acute at the base and apex,
with nearly smooth surfaces; ventral suture prominent, blunt.

MOREMAN
Prunus hortulana

1. Montreal Hort. Soc. Rpt. 91. 1885. 2. Cornell Sta. Bul. 38:49, 86.
1892. 3. Mich. Sta. Bul. 123:20. 1895. 4. Vt. Sta. An. Rpt. 11:285. 1898. 5.
Bailey Ev. Nat. Fruits 177, 206. 1898. 6. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 40. 1899. 7.
Ia. Sta. Bul. 46:280. 1900. 8. Kan. Sta. Bul. 101:135, 137. 1901, 9. Ohio
Sta. Bul. 162:256, 257. 1905.
Mooreman 1.

Moreman is the hardiest of the Hortulana plums and possibly

worthy of keeping before plum-growers for this reason. Its fruit-
characters are not as satisfactory as those of several other varieties
of its species. Dr. Wayland of Cadiz, Kentucky, according to T. V.
Munson, grew a lot of seedlings from pits of wild plums found in his
vicinity and either from this lot or from a seedling from them, came
the Moreman. The variety was introduced by W. F. Heikes in 1881. It
was listed in the catalog of the American Pomological Society in
1899. The following description is compiled.

Tree vigorous, spreading, hardy, productive; leaves of medium size,

coarsely serrate; petiole usually glandless. Fruit late; small, roundish,
bright red, bloomless; stem long, slender; dots numerous, yellow; flesh
firm, yellow, pleasant in flavor; quality fair; stone small, roundish, clinging.

MOROCCO
Prunus domestica

1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 576. 1629. 2. Rea Flora 207. 1676. 3. Ray Hist.
Plant. 2:1528. 1688. 4. Langley Pomona 91, Pl. XX fig. III. 1729. 5. Miller
Gard. Dict. 3:1754. 6. Knoop Fructologie 56. 1771. 7. Abercrombie Gard.
Ass’t 13. 1786. 8. Forsyth Treat. Fr. Trees 19. 1803. 9. Pom. Mag. 3:103.
1830. 10. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 145, 146, 150. 1831. 11. Prince Pom.
Man. 2:82. 1832. 12. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 306. 1845. 13. Floy-Lindley
Guide Orch. Gard. 282, 382. 1846. 14. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 338. 1849.
15. Loudon Enc. Gard. 921. 1834. 16. Ga. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 28. 1876. 17.
Hogg Fruit Man. 714. 1884. 18. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 430. 1889.
Black Morocco 7. Black Morocco 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18. Black
Damask 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18. Black Damascus 13. Damas Noir 5.
Damas Noir Hâtif 6, 10. Damas Hâtif 10. Damas noir hâtif 11. Early
Damask 5, 8. Early Black Damask 9, 10, 13. Early Damson 10. Early
Morocco 10, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18. Early Damask 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,
17, 18. Early Black Damask 11. Early Black Morocco 12, 18. Frühe
Schwarze Pflaume 18. Frühe Platte Damascene 18. Italian Damask 12
incor., 14. Mogul 16. Morocco 16, 18. Marokko Pflaume 18. Morocco
Plumb 4. Morocco 5, 8, 9. Noire Hâtif 18. Saint Cyr 11.

This variety is not popular in New York nor does it deserve to be,
as there are many better plums of its season. Its faults are small
size, an insipid flavor and poor keeping qualities. Morocco is one of
the oldest of the cultivated plums. It has been known in Europe for
three centuries at least and is undoubtedly much older, its early
history not having been written. It is not known when the variety was
introduced into this country but it has been grown in the Southern
States for many years under the name Mogul. About 1894, it was
reintroduced from England by the W. & T. Smith Nursery Company of
Geneva, New York, under the name Mogul.

Tree large, vigorous, round-topped, rather tender to cold, productive;

branchlets covered with heavy pubescence; leaves oval, one and three-
quarters inches wide, three inches long; margin finely serrate or crenate;
petiole short, thick, with one or two globose glands usually at the base of
the leaf; blooming season intermediate in time and length; flowers
appearing after the leaves, one and one-eighth inches across, white or
creamy as the buds unfold; borne on lateral buds and spurs, singly or in
pairs.
Fruit late, ripening period short; below medium in size, round to oval or
obovate, purplish-black, covered with thick bloom; dots conspicuous; flesh
light golden-yellow, rather dry, moderately firm, sweet next to the skin, but
rather acid near the center; poor; stone clinging, medium to small, oval or
ovate, flattened, with rough surfaces.

MOTTLED PRUNE
Prunus domestica
This plum is placed among the leading varieties only that a full
description of it may be put on record. The fruit is attractive in color
but is inferior in quality. These defects are so prominent that the
variety can hardly become popular. The Mottled Prune originated in
Waterloo, New York, as a chance seedling in 1887; it was introduced
by E. Smith & Sons, Geneva, New York.

Tree large, round and open-topped, very productive; branches stocky;

branchlets heavily pubescent; leaves folded backward or flattened, oval or
obovate, one and three-quarters inches wide, three and one-half inches
long, thick and leathery, rugose; margin crenate, with few, small, dark
glands; petiole thickly pubescent, dull dark red, glandless or with from one
to three smallish glands usually on the stalk; blooming season
intermediate in time and length; flowers appearing after the leaves, one
inch across, white; borne in scattering clusters on lateral buds and spurs,
singly or in pairs; pedicels very pubescent.
 Fruit mid-season, ripening period short; one and three-quarters inches
by one and one-half inches in size, ovate, dark purplish-red, somewhat
mottled, covered with thick bloom; dots numerous, conspicuous; flesh pale
yellow, juicy, firm, sweet, mild; of fair quality; stone free, one inch by three-
quarters inch in size, oval, flattened, strongly roughened; ventral suture
deeply furrowed, often with a short wing; dorsal suture with a narrow,
shallow groove.

MYROBALAN
Prunus cerasifera

1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 576, 578. 1629. 2. Gerard Herball 1498, 1500.
1636. 3. Rea Flora 209. 1676. 4. Ray Hist. Plant. 2:1528. 1688. 5.
Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 2:111, Pl. XX fig. 15. 1768. 6. Knoop Fructologie
55, 56. 1771. 7. Forsyth Treat. Fr. Trees 20. 1803. 8. Miller Gard. Dict.
3:1807. 9. Coxe Cult. Fr. Trees 232. 1817. 10. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 144,
150. 1831. 11. Prince Pom. Man. 2:80. 1832. 12. Hoffy Orch. Comp.
2:1842. 13. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 294. 1845. 14. Floy-Lindley Guide
Orch. Gard. 285. 1846. 15. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 1. 1846. 16. Jour. Roy.
Hort. Soc. N. S. 15:360. 1868. 17. Hogg Fruit Man. 690. 1884. 18. Gard. &
For. 1:178. 1888. 19. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 448. 1889. 20. Cal. State Board
Hort. 112, 113. 1891. 21. Cornell Sta. Bul. 38:66. 1892. 22. Rev. Hort. 204.
1894. 23. Neb. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 177. 1895. 24. Guide Prat. 157, 353. 1895.
25. Bailey Ev. Nat. Fruits 190 fig. 27, 209. 1898. 26. Vt. Sta. An. Rpt.
12:211, 212, 215. 1899. 27. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 93:66. 1905.
Arabische Kirsche 19. Asiatische Kirsche 19. American Cherry Plum 11.
Cerisette 11, 18, 19. Cerizette 11. Ciriselle 6. Cerisette 6, 11. Cerisette
Blanche 6. Cerise 19. Cherry 1, 11. Cherry Plum 7, 8, 11, 16, 19, 20.
Cherry 13, 14, 17. Cherry Plum 9, 10, 18. De Virginie 10, 13, 14.
Damasine 24. D’Amerique Rouge 10, 13, 14. Early Scarlet 10, 11, 13, 17,
19. European Cherry Plum 11. Muscadine ?1. Kirschpflaume 18, 19.
Kleine Kirschpflaume 24. Mirobalan 2. Mirabilon 3. Mirabolan 5.
Myrobolan 13. Mirabolanenpflaume 19. Myrobalans 7. Mirabolane 19.
Mirobalan 9, 11. Myrobalane 19. Mirabolan 14. Myrobalan 10, 11, 14, 17,
18, 19. Mirabelle Rouge 24. Mirabelle Rouge 10. Miser Plum 19. Miser 12,
13, 14, 17. Prune d’Amerique Rouge 19. Prune Cerise 11. Prune Cerizette
8. Prunus Myrobalana 11, 14, 19, 23. Prunus Cerasifera 10, 11, 13, 14, 19.
Prune Ceriset 11. Prune de Virginie 19. Prunier Myrobolan 15, 22. Prune
Cerisette 15. Prunus Cerasifera fructu majore 19. Prunus Myrobolana 13.
Queene Mother ?1. Red Mirobalane 1. Rote Kirschpflaume 19. Red
 Mirabelle 12. Rothe Mirabelle 24. Stambul Erik oder Irek 19. Türkische
Kirsche 19. Virginian Cherry 10, 13, 14, 17, 19. White Mirobalane 1. The
Myrobalane Plum 4.

Myrobalan is a group name rather than a varietal one. Plums of

this group are grown from seeds and many varieties have appeared
during the last three centuries, differing in color, shape, stone and in
many minor characters. The red and reddish-purple plums and the
round ones are apparently the most numerous though there are
frequent references to the White Myrobalan and to heart-shaped
fruits in this group. For a further discussion of these plums see
Prunus cerasifera. The Myrobalan plums are used largely as stocks
in the propagation of plums and closely allied plants; occasionally
they are used for culinary purposes though with rather poor results.

NECTARINE
Prunus domestica

1. Pom. Mag. 3:148. 1830. 2. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 150. 1831. 3.
Kenrick Am. Orch. 264. 1832. 4. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 306. 1845. 5.
Horticulturist 1:115. 1846. 6. Cole Am. Fr. Book 215. 1849. 7. Thompson
Gard. Ass’t 518. 1859. 8. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 448. 1889. 9. Guide Prat.
162, 365. 1895.
Bradshaw 6. Caledonian 1, 2, 3. Calvel’s Pfirschenpflaume 8. Goliath of
some 8. Howel’s 3. Howell’s Large 1, 2, 4, 7, 8. Jenkin’s Imperial 2, 4, 7, 8,
9. Louis Phillipe 4. Louis Philippe 6, 7, 8, 9. Large Early Black 6. Nectarine
1, 8, 9. Nectarine Plum 3, 7. Peach Plum 4, 7, 9. Peach 2, 8. Prune Pêche
1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8. Pêche de Calvel 8. Prune d’Abricot 8. Pêche of some 9.
Rothe Nectarine 9. Rote Nectarine 8. The Nectarine Plum 1.

Much confusion has existed regarding the identity of the

Nectarine, Peach and Goliath plums. These names have been
interchanged indiscriminately for the three plums and it is now
difficult to separate the varieties, especially as they are very similar.
The Goliath, however, may be separated from the other two by its
pubescent shoots, which the others do not have. The Peach plum is
the largest of the three and has a reddish cast whereas the
Nectarine and Goliath are dark purple. The earlier writers knew a
Nectarine as a synonym of Peach but it was not until 1830 that the
Nectarine was finally described as a separate variety. Nectarine is of
unknown origin. The following description is compiled.

Tree vigorous, round-topped, productive; leaves large, oval; branches

glabrous. Fruit early; large, roundish, flattened at the ends, dark purple
with thin bloom; flesh greenish-yellow, tinged red at maturity, rather
coarse, sprightly; fair to good; stone of medium size, compressed, oval,
semi-clinging.

NEWARK
Prunus domestica
This fruit has little to recommend it to the commercial plum-grower;
it is small in size and unattractive in color; the quality, however, is
very good and the variety is worth planting for home use. Newark
originated in Newark, New York, and in 1895 was bought by E. Smith
& Sons of Geneva, New York, who disseminated it two years later.

Tree medium in size and vigor, upright-spreading, rather open, very

productive; branches rough; branchlets marked by scarf-skin, leaf-scars
prominent; leaves flattened, somewhat drooping, oval or obovate, one and
three-quarters inches wide, three and one-half inches long, thick, rugose;
margin coarsely serrate, with small, dark glands; petiole thick, pubescent,
glandless or with one or two smallish glands usually on the stalk; blooming
season intermediate in time and length; flowers appearing after the
leaves, one inch or more across, white with yellowish tinge at the apex of
the petals; borne singly or in pairs; anthers yellow with a trace of red.
Fruit early, season short; one and one-half inches by one and three-
eighths inches in size, oval, dull yellow mottled with red at full maturity,
covered with thin bloom; dots numerous, conspicuous; flesh light
greenish-yellow, rather dry, firm, sweet, mild; good to very good; stone
free, three-quarters inch by one-half inch in size, irregular-oval, flat, with
finely pitted surfaces; ventral suture usually winged; dorsal suture with a
shallow, narrow, indistinct groove.

NEWMAN
 NEWMAN

Prunus munsoniana

1. Horticulturist 22:271. 1867. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 934. 1869. 3.

Am. Jour. Hort. 5:142. 1869. 4. Mich. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 39. 1874. 5. Am.
Pom. Soc. Cat. 36. 1875. 6. Barry Fr. Garden 418. 1883. 7. Ia. Hort. Soc.
 Rpt. 286. 1887. 8. Cornell Sta. Bul. 38:63, 86. 1892. 9. Mich. Sta. Bul.
123:20. 1895. 10. Wis. Sta. Bul. 63:49. 1897. 11. Me. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:66.
1896. 12. Bailey Ev. Nat. Fruits 200 fig., 201. 1898. 13. Rural N. Y. 59:450.
1900. 14. Ia. Sta. Bul. 46:282. 1900. 15. Ohio Sta. Bul. 162:256, 257.
1905.
Warren? 8.

Newman is one of the oldest but still one of the standard varieties
of its species. Its fruits are characterized by a firm, meaty flesh,
which fits it well for shipping and storing; the plums are also
attractive in shape and color but are too small and too low in quality
to make the variety a first-rate one. The trees are large and vigorous
and in all respects very satisfactory orchard plants. Both fruits and
trees are usually reported as fairly free from diseases and insects.
While the variety is gradually going out it still has some value for its
crops and ought to make a good parent from which to breed a race
of vigorous, firm-fleshed Munsonianas.
The origin of this plum is uncertain. In 1867 a Mr. Elliott of
Cleveland, Ohio, reported in the Horticulturist that he had received
samples of the “Newman Plum” from D. L. Adair, Esq., of Hawesville,
Kentucky, and gave a brief description of the fruit which seems to
tally with that of the variety under discussion. The American
Pomological Society added this plum to its fruit catalog list in 1875
and removed it in 1891.

Tree large, vigorous, spreading, low and flat, dense-topped, hardy at

Geneva, productive, subject to attacks of shot-hole fungus, the trunk
shaggy; branches dark ash-gray, rough and shaggy, thorny, zigzag, with
numerous, rather inconspicuous, large, elongated lenticels; branchlets
very slender, twiggy, with internodes of average length, greenish-red,
changing to dark brown, glabrous, with few, conspicuous, large, raised
lenticels; leaf-buds small, short, obtuse, plump, nearly free.
Leaves lanceolate, peach-like, one and one-quarter inches wide, four
inches long, thin; upper surface smooth, glabrous, with a grooved midrib;
lower surface glabrous except along the midrib and larger veins; apex
taper-pointed, base acute, margin finely crenate, with small, amber
glands; petiole slender, seven-eighths inch long, lightly pubescent along
one side, reddish, glandless or with from one to four very small, globose,
yellowish-red glands on the stalk.
Blooming season late and long; flowers appearing after the leaves,
three-quarters inch across, in the buds tinged yellow, changing to white on
expanding, odor disagreeable; borne in clusters on lateral spurs and buds,
in twos or in threes; pedicels eleven-sixteenths inch long, slender,
glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes
small, narrow, slightly obtuse, pubescent on the inner surface, glandular-
serrate and with marginal hairs, erect; petals ovate or oval, crenate,
tapering at the base into long, narrow claws; anthers yellow, tinged with
red; filaments five-sixteenths inch long; pistil slender, glabrous, equal to
the stamens in length.
Fruit mid-season, ripening period very long; one inch by seven-eighths
inch in size, strongly oval, not compressed, halves equal; cavity shallow,
narrow, flaring; suture a distinct dark red line; apex depressed; color bright
currant-red, with thin bloom; dots grayish, rather conspicuous, clustered
near the apex; stem very slender, seven-eighths inch long, glabrous,
adhering well to the fruit; skin thin, very tough, astringent, separating
readily; flesh deep yellow, juicy, tender and melting, sweetish next to the
skin, but tart at the center; fair in quality; stone clinging, five-eighths inch
by three-eighths inch in size, long-oval, turgid, necked at the base, blunt-
pointed at the apex, with finely pitted surfaces; ventral suture narrow,
inconspicuous; dorsal suture with a narrow, shallow groove.

NEW ULM
 NEW ULM

Prunus americana

1. Minn. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 126. 1890. 2. Wis. Sta. Bul. 63:49 fig., 50. 1897.
3. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 111. 1899. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 37. 1899. 5. Ia.
Sta. Bul. 46:282 fig. 1900. 6. Waugh Plum Cult. 158. 1901. 7. Ont. Fr. Gr.
 Assoc. 143. 1901. 8. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 93:26. 1905. 9. Ill. Hort. Soc. Rpt.
422. 1905. 10. Ia. Sta. Bul. 114:141. 1910.
Snooks 10.

New Ulm is worthy of attention because of its large, handsome,

well-formed fruits. The plums are further distinguished by a peculiar
flavor, somewhat suggesting that of the mandrake, pleasant to some
but disagreeable to others. The flesh is a little too juicy for pleasant
eating but the fruits ship well, the tough, thick skin firmly holding its
contents. The fruits, however, do not keep well, for, despite the thick
skin, the spores of the brown-rot find entrance and thrive so that the
variety rots badly. The trees are hardy and productive but ill-shaped
and hard to manage in either the orchard or the nursery for which
reason the culture of the variety is discouraged by nurserymen and it
is now almost impossible to buy New Ulm trees. The illustration of
this variety shows well the characters of the western type of Prunus
americana in leaf, fruit and stone.
New Ulm was raised from seed of a wild variety that grew in the
neighborhood of the originator and introducer, C. W. H. Heideman,
New Ulm, Minnesota. The fruit was exhibited at the Minnesota State
Fair in 1890 where it attracted much attention, being the largest plum
of fifty varieties exhibited. In 1899 the American Pomological Society
placed the variety on its fruit catalog list. The Minnesota State
Horticultural Society, in spite of the fact that this plum has gained a
good reputation for its size and productiveness, removed it from its
recommended fruit list in 1904 because of the difficulty of growing
the trees in the nursery.

Tree of medium size, spreading and drooping, irregular, low and dense-
topped, undesirable in habit of growth, hardy, usually productive, subject
to attacks of shot-hole fungus; branches very rough and shaggy, zigzag,
thorny, dark ash-gray, with large lenticels; branchlets thick, long, willowy,
with long internodes, green, with a faint yellow tinge, changing to light and
dark, dull reddish-brown, glabrous, with numerous, conspicuous, large,
raised lenticels; leaf-buds small, pointed, strongly appressed.
Leaves drooping, folded upward, oval or ovate, two inches wide, four
and three-eighths inches long, thin; upper surface dark green, changing to
 reddish-yellow late in the season, glabrous, with a grooved midrib; lower
surface silvery green, lightly pubescent; apex taper-pointed, base abrupt,
margin coarsely and doubly serrate, eglandular; petiole slender, five-
eighths inch long, pubescent, tinged with red which deepens in color at the
base, glandless or with from one to three globose, greenish-brown glands
usually on the stalk.
Flowers intermediate in time and length of blooming season, appearing
after the leaves, showy on account of the numerous pure white petals, one
and one-sixteenth inches across, white; borne in dense clusters on lateral
spurs and buds, usually in threes; pedicels seven-sixteenths inch long,
thick, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube red, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-
lobes long, narrowly obtuse, lightly pubescent on the inner surface, thickly
pubescent along the glandular-serrate margin, erect; petals oval, entire or
incised, tapering below to narrow claws of medium length and with reddish
base; anthers yellow; filaments seven-sixteenths inch in length; pistil
glabrous, much shorter than the stamens.
Fruit mid-season, intermediate in length of ripening period; about one
and three-eighths inches in diameter, roundish-ovate, halves equal; cavity
markedly shallow, very narrow; suture a line; apex roundish or slightly
pointed; color carmine over a yellow ground, overspread with thin bloom;
dots very numerous, russet; stem five-eighths inch long, glabrous,
adhering somewhat to the fruit; skin thick and tough, astringent, adhering
strongly; flesh golden-yellow, very juicy and fibrous, granular, tender and
melting, sweet with a strong aromatic flavor; good; stone adhering, seven-
eighths inch by nine-sixteenths inch in size, oval, slightly flattened, blunt at
the base, pointed at the apex, with smooth surfaces; ventral suture
distinctly winged; dorsal suture narrow, shallow, grooved.

NICHOLAS
Prunus domestica

1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 61. 1887. 2. Kan. Sta. Bul. 101:121, 124 fig.
1901. 3. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 327. 1903.
Arab No. 2 Bielaya Nicholskaya 1. White Nicolas 1. White Nicholas 2, 3.

Although a fairly good early dessert plum it is doubtful if Nicholas

has any commercial value as it is inferior in most characters of fruit
and tree to standard varieties; in particular it drops badly as it begins
to ripen. “White,” as formerly and usually now put in the name, is a
misnomer, as the fruit is red; how it came to be applied to this fruit
does not appear. Nicholas was imported from Dr. Regel of St.
Petersburg, Russia, by Professor J. L. Budd of the Iowa Experiment
Station in the winter of 1881-82 and in 1888 was sent out for testing
under the name Arab No. 2.

Tree of medium size, round-topped, productive; trunk rough; branches

smooth except for the raised lenticels and longitudinal cracks in the bark;
branchlets slender; leaves falling early, folded upward, obovate or oval,
one and five-eighths inches wide, three and three-eighths inches long,
rugose; margin serrate, with few, small, dark glands; petiole pubescent,
tinged red, sometimes with several small glands; blooming season
intermediate in time, short; flowers appearing after the leaves, one inch or
more across, white, tinged with yellow near the apex of the petals; borne
on lateral buds and spurs, in scattering clusters, singly or in pairs.
Fruit early, one and three-eighths inches by one inch in size, long-oval,
dark red, covered with thick bloom; stem adhering poorly to the fruit; flesh
light yellow, juicy, fibrous, tender, sweet, mild; good; stone free, one inch
by five-eighths inch in size, flattened, oval, somewhat obliquely acute at
the base, with granular surfaces; ventral suture prominent, rather narrow,
blunt; dorsal suture with a narrow, shallow groove.

OCCIDENT
Prunus triflora

1. Rural N. Y. 57:653. 1898. 2. Am. Gard. 19:826. 1898. 3. Burbank Cat.

1899. 4. Vt. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:229. 1899. 5. Rural N. Y. 60:658 fig., 662.
1901. 6. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 320. 1903. 7. Ga. Sta. Bul. 68:11,
37. 1905. 8. Rural N. Y. 65:730. 1906.
Burbank’s Sultan 6. Garnet 1. Garnet 2. Occident 8. Oval Blood
(unpublished). Sultan 2, 3, 5, 8. Sultan 4, 7.

Occident differs little from Apple in horticultural characters and

need not be discussed at length as the reader can readily turn to the
color-plate and description of the last named variety. At best this sort
can hardly be called more than a curiosity, though an interesting one,
of use, if at all, only for cooking and as a long-keeping, rot-resistant
plum. It will add novelty to any amateur’s collection because of the
size, shape, color, flavor and red flesh of the fruits.
This variety was grown by Burbank and introduced by him in 1899
under the name Sultan. H. E. Van Deman, in the Rural New Yorker
(References, 1), says that Occident is a cross between Wickson and
Satsuma and that the name Garnet which he suggested, owing to
the color of its flesh and skin, had been accepted by Mr. Burbank.
About two months later the Division of Pomology of the United
States Department of Agriculture called attention to the fact that
“Garnet” had been previously given to another variety and the name
was changed to Sultan. Waugh in 1899 substituted “Occident” for
Sultan as the latter is the name of a European plum; Waugh’s name
has been accepted by all recent writers. Occident undoubtedly
contains Satsuma blood but it has but few characters that suggest
Wickson, and if a cross, which is likely, the other parent is
undeterminable. The following description is compiled:

Tree vigorous, slow of growth, straggling, somewhat variable in habit,

late in coming into bearing, productive; leaves numerous, large.
Fruit ripens with Burbank, keeps and ships unusually well, resistant to
rot; large, roundish; cavity of medium depth; suture shallow, distinct; color
dark red over a greenish ground; dots many, yellowish; stem thick, short,
adhering to the fruit; skin somewhat thin, tough, slightly astringent; flesh
dark red, firm, sweet, rather acid, changing to subacid as maturity
advances, sprightly; good to very good; stone free or semi-clinging, of
medium size, roundish, turgid, winged, rough.

OCHEEDA
Prunus americana

1. Cornell Sta. Bul. 38:41. 1892. 2. Wis. Sta. An. Rpt. 11:344. 1894. 3.
Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 34:112. 1899. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 37. 1899. 5.
Waugh Plum Cult. 159. 1901. 6. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 43:31. 1903. 7. Ill.
Hort. Soc. Rpt. 420. 1905. 8. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 93:28. 1905.
Ocheda 7.
 This variety is generally regarded as one of the valuable native
plums but in New York it is surpassed by a number of other plums of
its species in size of fruit and color though the quality is very good.
We must rank it in this State as second rate among Americanas.
Ocheeda was found by P. L. Hardow in 1872 growing wild on the
banks of Ocheeda Lake, Minnesota, and in 1892 was introduced by
H. J. Ludlow of Worthington, Minnesota.

Tree large, vigorous, spreading, open-topped, unproductive; branches

shaggy, thorny, with large lenticels; branchlets willowy, pubescent; leaves
folded upward, oval, nearly two inches wide, three and one quarter inches
long; margin coarsely and doubly serrate; petiole densely covered with
short hairs; blooming season intermediate in time and length; flowers
appearing after the leaves, seven-eighths inch across, dull white; borne in
scattering clusters almost entirely on one-year-old wood, many lateral
buds remaining undeveloped, the bare limbs carrying tufts or clusters of
blossoms, in threes or fours; petals long-obovate, nearly three times as
long as wide, tapering to long claws, reddish at the base; stigma distinctly
reddish when the flowers first open.
Fruit mid-season, ripening period long; one inch by seven-eighths inch
in size, ovate or roundish-ovate, slightly oblique, dull light to dark carmine
over a yellow ground, somewhat mottled, overspread with thick bloom;
skin slightly astringent; flesh dark golden-yellow, tender, melting, sweet,
aromatic, pleasant in flavor; fair to good; stone dark colored, nearly free,
three quarters inch by one-half inch in size, roundish-oval, turgid with
smooth surfaces; ventral suture markedly winged.

OCTOBER
Prunus triflora

1. Cornell Sta. Bul. 106:58. 1896. 2. Cal. State Bd. Hort. 52. 1897-98. 3.
Am. Gard. 20:162 fig. 1899. 4. Rural N. Y. 59:104, 690. 1900. 5. Am.
Gard. 21:36, 660. 1900. 6. Nat. Nur. 8:109, 123. 1900. 7. Waugh Plum
Cult. 139. 1901. 8. Rural N. Y. 62:756. 1903. 9. Ohio Sta. Bul. 162:250
fig., 256, 257. 1905. 10. Mass. Sta. An. Rp. 17:160. 1905.
October Purple 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10. October Purple 7.
 There are but few late plums in Prunus triflora worth cultivating
and one of the needs of horticulture is a late plum of superior quality
in this species. At present October is the nearest approach to the
plum desired but because of several faults it falls considerably short
of filling the need. The fruits are large, attractive-looking, fairly
suitable for dessert, very good for culinary purposes, hang well to the
tree and keep and ship much better than the average Triflora variety;
but still they are not far enough from mediocrity to make the variety
especially desirable. The trees are well shaped, usually robust and
healthy and the fruit is well borne on lateral spurs distributed over the
old wood; but in New York, at least, the trees are very tardy in
coming in bearing and cannot be depended upon to bear satisfactory
crops regularly—a fatal fault in a Triflora plum. October might be
sparingly planted in New York to the pleasure of the amateur and
possibly to the profit of the commercial fruit-grower who has a good
local market.
October is said to be a cross of Satsuma and a seedling Triflora
plum; it was first fruited by Luther Burbank in 1892 and was
introduced by Stephen Hoyt’s Sons, New Canaan, Connecticut, in
1897. The variety was named October Purple by Burbank but
“Purple” has been dropped in accordance with the rules of the
American Pomological Society.

Tree variable in size and vigor, upright-spreading, open-topped, hardy

for a Triflora, not uniform in productiveness, healthy; branches rough,
dark, dull ash-gray, with numerous, small lenticels; branchlets slender,
long, with internodes of average length, greenish-red changing to dull
reddish-brown, often with a green tinge on the winter shoots, glabrous;
lenticels numerous, small; leaf-buds small, short, obtuse, free.
Leaves falling early, sparse, folded upward, oval or obovate, one and
three-eighths inches wide, three and one-quarter inches long, thin and
leathery; upper surface slightly rugose, with a broad groove on the lightly
pubescent midrib; lower surface very thinly pubescent; apex and base
acute, margin glandular, doubly serrate or crenate; petiole one-half inch
long, hairy along the upper side, green, with from one to three small,
globose, yellowish glands variable in position.
Blooming season early to medium, of average length; flowers appearing
before the leaves, thirteen-sixteenths inch across, white; borne in dense
 clusters on lateral spurs and buds, in pairs; pedicels one-half inch long,
slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green, campanulate, glabrous;
calyx-lobes obtuse, glandular-serrate, with numerous hairs along the
edge, pubescent, somewhat erect; petals broadly ovate, entire, tapering to
short, blunt claws; anthers yellow; filaments three-sixteenths inch long;
pistil glabrous, longer than the stamens.
Fruit mid-season or later, ripening period long; one and seven-eighths
inches in diameter, roundish-cordate or slightly oblate, halves unequal;
cavity deep, wide, flaring, with streaks radiating from the cavity; suture
shallow or a line; apex roundish to slightly pointed; color dark red over a
yellowish-green ground, with bloom of medium thickness; dots numerous,
large, russet, conspicuous, clustered about the apex; stem somewhat
slender, five-eighths inch long, glabrous, adhering well to the fruit; skin
thin, tough, sour, separating readily; flesh light yellow frequently tinged
with red, very juicy, slightly fibrous, variable in firmness, sweet, mild,
lacking the strong characteristic Triflora flavor; good; stone clinging,
seven-eighths inch by five-eighths inch in size, roundish-oval, blunt but
with a small tip, somewhat rough, ridged along the ventral, grooved on the
dorsal suture.

OGON
Prunus triflora

1. Ga. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 29. 1886. 2. Ibid. 35, 58. 1888. 3. Ibid. 53, 99.
1889. 4. Col., O., Hort. Soc. Rpt. 81. 1892. 5. Cornell Sta. Bul. 62:27, 28
fig. 1894. 6. Ga. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 95. 1895. 7. Cornell Sta. Bul. 106:59.
1896. 8. Ibid. 131:194. 1897. 9. Ibid. 139:45. 1897. 10. Am. Pom. Soc.
Cat. 26. 1897. 11. Rural N. Y. 57:562. 1898. 12. Colo. Sta. Bul. 50:43.
1898. 13. Mich. Sta. Bul. 169:242, 249. 1899. 14. Cornell Sta. Bul.
175:138 fig. 1899. 15. Ohio Sta. Bul. 113:157. 1899. 16. Waugh Plum Cult.
139. 1901. 17. Ga. Sta. Bul. 68:6 32. 1905. 18. Miss. Sta. Bul. 93:15.
1905.
Ogan 5. Ogden 1. Ogon 5. Shiro Smomo 6. Yellow Nagate 2.

Ogon, the Japanese for gold, is the name for one of the
comparatively few varieties of Prunus triflora having a yellow color.
This variety is further distinguished by being the only freestone sort
of its species under cultivation in America. Ogon also has a flavor
quite distinct, resembling somewhat that of the apricot, which is
agreeable to some and not so to others; as the variety grows on the
grounds of this Station it cannot be considered of high quality even
for an early plum. The fruits crack rather badly on the tree and seem
to be unusually susceptible to the attacks of curculio. In some of the
references given, it is reported as making a poor tree and as having
a weak constitution, and practically all agree that the variety is
unproductive. These faults preclude its use in commercial
plantations. The variety is distinct and interesting not only in its fruits
but in its flowers which bear comparatively few stamens, many of
which are abortive and show all degrees between perfect stamens
and perfect petals.
Ogon was imported from Japan by H. H. Berger and Company,
San Francisco, California. It was first mentioned as the Ogden in the
Georgia Horticultural Society Report for 1886 and in the 1888 report
of the same Society it was described as a new fruit. In 1897, the
American Pomological Society added Ogon to its fruit catalog list.

Tree medium to large, vigorous, vasiform, dense-topped, hardy at

Geneva, unproductive; branches slender, roughened by numerous spurs,
sparingly thorny, dark gray, with numerous, small lenticels; branchlets
sometimes swollen at the tips, of medium thickness and length, with
internodes of average length, dark brown often with some green, partly
overspread with gray scarf-skin, glossy, glabrous; lenticels medium in
number and size, raised; leaf-buds small, short, obtuse, plump, free.
Leaves few, oblanceolate, peach-like, variable in size, averaging one
and one-eighth inches wide, four inches long, thin; upper surface light
green, shining, glabrous, narrowly grooved along the midrib; lower surface
light yellowish-green, glabrous except at the base of the veins; margin
finely crenate, with small, dark amber glands; petiole one-half inch long,
glandless or with from one to four globose, greenish glands on the stalk.
Blooming season early and of medium length; flowers appearing after
the leaves, thirteen-sixteenths inch across, white; borne in clusters on
lateral spurs and buds, in threes or in fours; pedicels five-sixteenths inch
long, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes
narrow, acute, slightly glandular-serrate, faintly pubescent, erect; petals
broadly ovate, entire, tapering below to short claws; anthers yellowish,
with a little pink; filaments three-sixteenths inch long; pistil glabrous, equal
to the stamens in length.
 Fruit early, season short; one and one-quarter inches by one and three-
quarters inches in size, roundish-oblate, oblique, halves equal; cavity
narrow, regular, flaring; suture variable in depth, prominent; apex roundish
or slightly flattened; color lemon-yellow, with thin bloom; dots numerous,
small, whitish, inconspicuous; stem slender, one-half inch long, glabrous,
separating readily; skin thin, tough, astringent, inclined to crack, slightly
adhering; flesh pale or amber-yellow, not as juicy as many of the Trifloras,
firm and meaty, sweet, mild; of fair quality; stone free, five-eighths inch by
one-half inch in size, roundish-oval, turgid, blunt but with a small short tip,
oblique, slightly pitted; ventral suture faintly ridged and furrowed; dorsal
suture not grooved.

ORANGE
Prunus domestica

1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 150. 1831. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 282.
1845. 3. Cole Am. Fr. Book 214. 1849. 4. Mas Le Verger 6:25. 1866-73. 5.
Mathieu Nom. Pom. 442. 1889. 6. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 320.
1903.
Orange 5. Orange Gage 2, 5, 6. Pomeranzen Zwetsche 5. Wager 5, 6.

Orange belongs to the Reine Claude group. Taking its characters

all in all it cannot compete with even the average varieties of the
plums with which it should be compared. This variety was introduced
by A. J. Downing who secured it from a Mr. Teller of Rhinebeck,
Dutchess County, New York. Although Rhinebeck is probably its
place of origin, it is not likely that Teller first grew the variety since it
was quite generally disseminated in that vicinity at the time of its
introduction. It is fast passing from cultivation.

Tree large, vigorous, upright, productive; branches roughened by the

raised lenticels; branchlets numerous, pubescent; leaves oval or slightly
obovate, two inches wide, four inches long, thick; margin crenate or
serrate, with small grands; petiole tinged red, pubescent, with from two to
three globose glands.
Fruit matures in mid-season; about one and one-half inches in diameter
roundish-truncate, light amber-yellow with a blush, overspread with thin
bloom; stem slender, adhering strongly to the fruit; flesh pale yellow, firm,
sweet; of good quality; stone free or nearly so, one inch by five-eighths
inch in size, obovate, acute at the apex, blunt at the base, with thickly
pitted surfaces; ventral suture wide, usually blunt but sometimes distinctly
winged; dorsal suture with a deep groove.

OREN