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3. Vectors Author UCF Physics
3. Vectors Author UCF Physics
I. Definition
- Graphical method
- Analytical method Vector components
B) Multiplication
Review of angle reference system
90º
0º<θ1<90º
90º<θ2<180º
θ2
θ1 0º
180º Origin of angle reference system
θ3
θ4
180º<θ3<270º
270º<θ4<360º
270º
Angle origin
Θ4=300º=-60º
I. Definition
Same displacement
(a b ) c a (b c ) (associative law) (3.2)
Vector subtraction: d a b a (b ) (3.3)
a x a cos
(3.4)
Scalar components of a
a y a sin
a a x2 a 2y Vector magnitude
(3.5)
ay
tan Vector direction
ax
Unit vector: Vector with magnitude 1.
No dimensions, no units.
a a x iˆ a y ˆj (3.6)
Vector component
Vector addition:
- Analytical method: adding vectors by components.
r a b (a x bx )iˆ (a y by ) ˆj (3.7)
Vectors & Physics:
-The relationships among vectors do not depend on the location of the origin of
the coordinate system or on the orientation of the axes.
a a x2 a 2y a'2x a '2y
(3.8)
'
Multiplying vectors:
- Vector by a scalar: f sa
- Vector by a vector:
Scalar product = scalar quantity
(dot product)
a b ab cos a x bx a y by a z bz (3.9)
Rule: a b b a (3.10) a b ab cos 1 ( 0 )
a b 0 cos 0 ( 90 )
i i j j k k 11 cos 0 1
i j j i i k k i j k k j 1 1 cos 90 0
a b
Angle between two vectors: cos
ab
Multiplying vectors:
- Vector by a vector
Vector product = vector (cross product)
a b c (a y bz by a z )iˆ (bz a x a z bx ) ˆj (a x by bx a y )kˆ
c ab sin Magnitude
Vector product
a b 0 sin 0 ( 0 )
Direction right hand rule
a b ab sin 1 ( 90 )
Rule: b a ( a b ) (3.12)
c perpendicular to plane containing a , b
k
i
j x
y
i i j j k k 0
i i j j k k 1 1 sin 0 0 i j ( j i ) k
j k ( k j ) i
k i (i k ) j
P1: If B is added to C = 3iˆ + 4j,
ˆ the result is a vector in the positive direction of the y axis, with a
magnitude equal to that of C. What is the magnitude of B?
Method 2
Method 1
Isosceles triangle
B C B (3iˆ 4 ˆj ) D Dˆj
θ
C D 32 4 2 5 C tan (3 / 4) 36.9
D
B (3iˆ 4 ˆj ) 5 ˆj B 3iˆ ˆj B 9 1 3.2 B / 2
sin B 2 D sin 3.2
2 D 2
P2: A fire ant goes through three displacements along level ground: d1 for 0.4m SW, d2 0.5m E, d3=0.6m at
60º North of East. Let the positive x direction be East and the positive y direction be North. (a) What are the
x and y components of d1, d2 and d3? (b) What are the x and the y components, the magnitude and the direction
of the ant’s net displacement? (c) If the ant is to return directly to the starting point, how far and in what direction
should it move?
(b)
(a) d 4 d1 d 2 (0.28iˆ 0.28 ˆj ) 0.5iˆ (0.22iˆ 0.28 ˆj )m
N d1x 0.4 cos 45 0.28m
D d 4 d 3 (0.22iˆ 0.28 ˆj ) (0.3iˆ 0.52 ˆj ) (0.52iˆ 0.24 ˆj )m
D d1 y 0.4 sin 45 0.28m
E D 0.52 2 0.24 2 0.57m
d 2 x 0.5m
45º 0.24
d4 d3 d2 y 0 tan 1 24.8 North of East
d1 0.52
d 3 x 0.6 cos 60 0.30m
d2 d 3 y 0.6 sin 60 0.52m (c) Return vector negative of net displacement,
D=0.57m, directed 25º South of West
P2 (a) r d1 d 2 d 3 ?
d1 4iˆ 5 ˆj 6kˆ
(b) Angle between r and z ?
d 2 iˆ 2 ˆj 3kˆ
(c) Component of d1 along d 2 ?
d 4iˆ 3 ˆj 2kˆ
3
(d ) Component of d1 perpendicular to d 2 and in plane of d1 , d 2 ?
(a ) r d1 d 2 d 3 (4iˆ 5 ˆj 6kˆ) (iˆ 2 ˆj 3kˆ) (4iˆ 3 ˆj 2kˆ) 9iˆ 6 ˆj 7kˆ
7
(b) r kˆ r 1 cos 7 cos 1 123
12.88
r 9 2 6 2 7 2 12.88m d1perp
d1
d1 d 2
(c) d1 d 2 4 10 18 12 d1d 2 cos cos
d1d 2 θ d1//
d d 12 d2
d1// d1 cos d1 1 2 3.2m
d1d 2 3.74
d 2 12 2 2 32 3.74m
d1 4 2 52 6 2 8.77 m
P3
If d1 3iˆ 2 ˆj 4kˆ (d1 d 2 ) a contained in (d1 , d 2 ) plane
(d1 d 2 ) (d1 4d 2 ) ?
d 2 5iˆ 2 ˆj kˆ (d1 4d 2 ) 4(d1 d 2 ) 4b perpendicular to (d1 , d 2 ) plane
a perpendicular to b cos 90 0 4a b 0
y
A
130º (a) Angle between y and A 90 50 140
x (b) Angle y , ( A B) C angle ˆj , kˆ because C perpendicular
B
plane ( A, B) ( xy ) 90
(c) Direction A ( B 3kˆ) D
E B 3kˆ 7.72iˆ 9.2 ˆj 3kˆ
iˆ ˆj kˆ
D A E 5.14 6.13 0 18.39iˆ 15.42 ˆj 94.61kˆ
7.72 9.20 3
1 D
P5: A wheel with a radius of 45 cm rolls without sleeping along a horizontal floor. At time t1 the dot P painted
on the rim of the wheel is at the point of contact between the wheel and the floor. At a later time t2, the
wheel has rolled through one-half of a revolution. What are (a) the magnitude and (b) the angle (relative
to the floor) of the displacement P during this interval? y
1
Horizontal displacement: (2R) 1.41m d
2
r (1.41m)iˆ (0.9m) ˆj
r 1.412 0.9 2 1.68m
x
2R
tan 32.5
R
P6: Vector a has a magnitude of 5.0 m and is directed East. Vector b has a magnitude of 4.0 m and is directed
35º West of North. What are (a) the magnitude and direction of (a+b)?. (b) What are the magnitude and
direction of (b-a)?. (c) Draw a vector diagram for each combination.
a 5iˆ
N
b b 4 sin 35 iˆ 4 cos 35 ˆj 2.29iˆ 3.28 ˆj
-a 125º
a+b
b-a (a) a b 2.71iˆ 3.28 ˆj (b) b a b ( a ) 7.29iˆ 3.28 ˆj
a a b 2.712 3.282 4.25m b a 7.29 2 3.282 8m
W E
3.28 3.28
tan 50.43
tan 24.2
2.71 7.29
or 180 (24.2 ) 155.8
S
180 155.8 24.2 North of West