Weyward: A Novel Emilia Hart

Visit to download the full and correct content document:

https://ebookmass.com/product/weyward-a-novel-emilia-hart/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

Taming a Warrior Lass: A Steamy Scottish Medieval

Historical Romance Novel (Chronicles of Highland Rebels
Book 4) Emilia C. Dunbar

https://ebookmass.com/product/taming-a-warrior-lass-a-steamy-
scottish-medieval-historical-romance-novel-chronicles-of-
highland-rebels-book-4-emilia-c-dunbar/

Sinful Obsession Emilia Finn

https://ebookmass.com/product/sinful-obsession-emilia-finn/

Sinful Surrender (A Mayet Justice Book Book 8) Emilia

Finn

https://ebookmass.com/product/sinful-surrender-a-mayet-justice-
book-book-8-emilia-finn/

Sinful Promise (A Mayet Justice Book Book 7) Emilia

Finn

https://ebookmass.com/product/sinful-promise-a-mayet-justice-
book-book-7-emilia-finn/
Sinful Fantasy (A Mayet Justice Book Book 9) Emilia
Finn

https://ebookmass.com/product/sinful-fantasy-a-mayet-justice-
book-book-9-emilia-finn/

A Dangerous Pact (The Arcana Pack Chronicles Book 2)

Emilia Hartley

https://ebookmass.com/product/a-dangerous-pact-the-arcana-pack-
chronicles-book-2-emilia-hartley/

A Demon's Dread (The Arcana Pack Chronicles Book 6)

Emilia Hartley

https://ebookmass.com/product/a-demons-dread-the-arcana-pack-
chronicles-book-6-emilia-hartley/

A Cursed Prophecy (The Arcana Pack Chronicles Book 1)

Emilia Hartley

https://ebookmass.com/product/a-cursed-prophecy-the-arcana-pack-
chronicles-book-1-emilia-hartley/

The Summoning J.P. Smith

https://ebookmass.com/product/the-summoning-j-p-smith/
 Begin Reading

Table of Contents

About the Author

Copyright Page

Thank you for buying this

St. Martin’s Publishing Group ebook.

To receive special offers, bonus content,

and info on new releases and other great reads,
sign up for our newsletters.

Or visit us online at
us.macmillan.com/newslettersignup

For email updates on the author, click here.

The author and publisher have provided this e-book to you for your
personal use only. You may not make this e-book publicly available
in any way. Copyright infringement is against the law. If you
believe the copy of this e-book you are reading infringes on
the author’s copyright, please notify the publisher at:
us.macmillanusa.com/piracy.
For my family
The Weyward Sisters, hand in hand,
Posters of the sea and land,
Thus do go, about, about,
Thrice to thine, thrice to mine,
And thrice again to make up nine.
Peace, the charm’s wound up.
—Macbeth

Weyward is used in the First Folio

edition of Macbeth.
In later versions, Weyward was
replaced by Weird.
PART ONE
 PROLOGUE
ALTHA
1619

Ten days they’d held me there. Ten days, with only the stink
of my own flesh for company. Not even a rat graced me with
its presence. There was nothing to attract it; they had
brought me no food. Only ale.
Footsteps. Then, the wrench of metal on metal as the bolt
was drawn back. The light hurt my eyes. For a moment, the
men in the doorway shimmered as if they were not of this
world and had come to take me away from it.
The prosecutor’s men.
They had come to take me to trial.
 CHAPTER ONE
KATE
2019

Kate is staring into the mirror when she hears it.

The key, scraping in the lock.
Her fingers shake as she hurries to fix her makeup, dark threads
of mascara spidering onto her lower lids.
In the yellow light, she watches her pulse jump at her throat,
beneath the necklace he gave her for their last anniversary. The
chain is silver and thick, cold against her skin. She doesn’t wear it
during the day, when he’s at work.
The front door clicks shut. The slap of his shoes on the
floorboards. Wine, gurgling into a glass.
Panic flutters in her, like a bird. She takes a deep breath, touches
the ribbon of scar on her left arm. Smiles one last time into the
bathroom mirror. She can’t let him see that anything is different.
That anything is wrong.
Simon leans against the kitchen counter, wine glass in hand. Her
blood pounds at the sight. The long, dark lines of him in his suit, the
cut of his cheekbones. His golden hair.
He watches her walk towards him in the dress she knows he
likes. Stiff fabric, taut across her hips. Red. The same color as her
underwear. Lace with little bows. As if Kate herself is something to
be unwrapped, to be torn open.
She looks for clues. His tie is gone, three buttons of his shirt
open to reveal fine curls. The whites of his eyes glow pink. He hands
her a glass of wine and she catches the alcohol on his breath, sweet
and pungent. Perspiration beads her back, under her arms.
 The wine is chardonnay, usually her favorite. But now the smell
turns her stomach, makes her think of rot. She presses the glass to
her lips without taking a sip.
“Hi, babe,” she says in a bright voice, polished just for him. “How
was work?”
But the words catch in her throat.
His eyes narrow. He moves quickly, despite the alcohol: his
fingers digging into the soft flesh of her bicep.
“Where did you go today?”
She knows better than to twist out of his grasp, though every cell
of her wants to. Instead, she places her hand on his chest.
“Nowhere,” she says, trying to keep her voice steady. “I’ve been
home all day.” She’d been careful to leave her iPhone at the
apartment when she walked to the pharmacy, to take only cash with
her. She smiles, leans in to kiss him.
His cheek is rough with stubble. Another smell mingles with the
alcohol, something heady and floral. Perfume, maybe. It wouldn’t be
the first time. A tiny flare of hope in her gut. It could work to her
advantage, if there’s someone else.
But she’s miscalculated. He shifts away from her and then—
“Liar.”
Kate barely hears the word as Simon’s hand connects with her
cheek, the pain dizzying like a bright light. At the edges of her
vision, the colors of the room slide together: the gold-lit floorboards,
the white leather couch, the kaleidoscope of the London skyline
through the window.
A distant crashing sound: she has dropped her glass of wine.
She grips the counter, her breath coming out of her in ragged
bursts, blood pulsing in her cheek. Simon is putting on his coat,
picking up his keys from the dining table.
“Stay here,” he says. “I’ll know if you don’t.”
His shoes ring out across the floorboards. The door slams. She
doesn’t move until she hears the creak of the elevator down the
shaft.
 He’s gone.
The floor glitters with broken glass. Wine hangs sour in the air.
A copper taste in her mouth brings her back to herself. Her lip is
bleeding, caught against her teeth by the force of his hand.
Something switches in her brain. I’ll know if you don’t.
It hadn’t been enough, leaving her phone at home. He’s found
another way. Another way to track her. She remembers how the
doorman eyed her in the lobby: had Simon slipped him a wad of
crisp notes to spy on her? Her blood freezes at the thought.
If he finds out where she went—what she did—earlier today, who
knows what else he might do. Install cameras, take away her keys.
And all her plans will come to nothing. She’ll never get out.
But no. She’s ready enough, isn’t she?
If she leaves now, she could get there by morning. The drive will
take seven hours. She’s plotted it carefully on her second phone, the
one he doesn’t know about. Tracing the blue line on the screen,
curling up the country like a ribbon. She’s practically memorized it.
Yes, she’ll go now. She has to go now. Before he returns, before
she loses her nerve.
She retrieves the Motorola from its hiding place, an envelope
taped to the back of her bedside table. Takes a duffel bag from the
top shelf of the wardrobe, fills it with clothes. From the en suite, she
grabs her toiletries, the box she hid in the cupboard earlier that day.
Quickly, she changes out of her red dress into dark jeans and a
tight pink top. Her fingers tremble as she unclasps the necklace. She
leaves it on the bed, coiled like a noose. Next to her iPhone with its
gold case: the one Simon pays for, knows the passcode to. The one
he can track.
She rummages through the jewelry box on her bedside table,
fingers closing around the gold bee-shaped brooch she’s had since
childhood. She pockets it and pauses, looking around the bedroom:
the cream duvet and curtains, the sharp angles of the Scandi-style
furniture. There should be other things to pack, shouldn’t there? She
had loads of stuff, once—piles and piles of dog-eared books, art
prints, mugs. Now, everything belongs to him.
In the elevator, adrenaline crackles in her blood. What if he
comes back, intercepts her as she’s leaving? She presses the button
for the basement garage but the elevator jerks to a stop at the
ground floor, the doors creaking open. Her heart pounds. The
doorman’s broad back is turned: he’s talking to another resident.
Barely breathing, Kate presses herself small into the elevator,
exhaling only when no one else appears and the doors jerk shut.
In the garage, she unlocks the Honda, which she bought before
they met and is registered in her name. He can’t—surely—ask the
police to put a call out if she’s driving her own car? She’s watched
enough crime shows. Left of her own volition, they’ll say.
Volition is a nice word. It makes her think of flying.
She turns the key in the ignition, then taps her great-aunt’s
address into Google Maps. For months, she’s repeated the words in
her head like a mantra.
Weyward Cottage, Crows Beck. Cumbria.
 CHAPTER TWO
VIOLET
1942

Violet hated Graham. She absolutely loathed him. Why did he get to
study interesting things all day, like science and Latin and someone
called Pythagoras, while she was supposed to be content sticking
needles through a canvas? The worst part, she reflected as her wool
skirt itched against her legs, was that he got to do all this in
trousers.
She ran down the main staircase as quietly as she could, to avoid
the wrath of Father, who thoroughly disapproved of female exertion
(and, it often seemed, of Violet). She stifled a giggle at the sound of
Graham puffing behind her. Even in her stuffy clothes she could
outrun him easily.
And to think that only last night he’d boasted about wanting to
go to war! Pigs had a greater chance of flying. And anyway, he was
only fifteen—a year younger than Violet—and therefore far too
young. It was for the best, really. Nearly all the men in the village
had gone, and half of them had died (or so Violet had overheard),
along with the butler, the footman, and the gardener’s apprentice.
Besides, Graham was her brother. She didn’t want him to die. She
supposed.
“Give it here!” Graham hissed.
Turning around, she saw that his round face was pink with effort
and fury. He was angry because she’d stolen his Latin workbook and
told him that he’d declined all his feminine nouns incorrectly.
“Shan’t,” she hissed back, clutching the workbook to her chest.
“You don’t deserve it. You’ve put amor instead of arbor, for heaven’s
sake.”
 At the bottom of the staircase, she scowled at one of the many
portraits of Father that hung in the hall, then turned left, weaving
through the wood-paneled corridors before bursting into the
kitchens.
“What are ye playing at?” barked Mrs. Kirkby, gripping a meat
cleaver in one hand and the pearly carcass of a rabbit in the other.
“Could’ve chopped me finger off!”
“Sorry!” Violet shouted as she wrenched open the French
windows, Graham panting behind her. They ran through the kitchen
gardens, heady with the scent of mint and rosemary, and then they
were in her favorite place in the world: the grounds. She turned
around and grinned at Graham. Now that they were outside, he had
no chance of catching up with her if she didn’t want him to. He
opened his mouth and sneezed. He had terrible hay fever.
“Aw,” she said. “Do you need a hanky?”
“Shut up,” he said, reaching for the book. She skipped neatly
away. He stood there for a moment, heaving. It was a particularly
warm day: a layer of gauzy cloud had trapped the heat and stiffened
the air. Sweat trickled in Violet’s armpits, and the skirt itched
dreadfully, but she no longer cared.
She had reached her special tree: a silver beech that Dinsdale,
the gardener, said was hundreds of years old. Violet could hear it
humming with life behind her: the weevils searching for its cool sap;
the ladybug trembling on its leaves; the damselflies, moths, and
finches flitting through its branches. She held out her hand and a
damselfly came to rest on her palm, its wings glittering in the
sunlight. Golden warmth spread through her.
“Ugh,” said Graham, who had finally caught up to her. “How can
you let that thing touch you like that? Squash it!”
“I’m not going to squash it, Graham,” said Violet. “It has as much
right to exist as you or I do. And look, it’s so pretty. The wings are
rather like crystals, don’t you think?”
“You’re … not normal,” said Graham, backing away. “With your
insect obsession. Father doesn’t think so, either.”
 “I don’t care a fig what Father thinks,” Violet lied. “And I certainly
don’t care what you think, though judging by your workbook, you
should spend less time thinking about my insect obsession and more
time thinking about Latin nouns.”
He lumbered forward, nostrils flaring. Before he could make it
within five paces of her, she flung the book at him—a little harder
than she intended—and swung herself into the tree.
Graham swore and turned back towards the Hall, muttering.
She felt a pang of guilt as she watched the angry retreat of his
back. Things hadn’t always been like this between them. Once,
Graham had been her constant shadow. She remembered the way
he used to crawl into her bed in the nursery to hide from a
nightmare or a thunderstorm, burrowing against her until his breath
was loud in her ears. They’d had all sorts of japes—ripping across
the grounds until their knees were black with mud, marveling at the
tiny silver fish in the beck, the red-breasted flutter of a robin.
Until that awful summer’s day—a day not unlike this one, in fact,
with the same honey-colored light on the hills and the trees. She
remembered the two of them lying on the grass behind the beech
tree, breathing in meadow thistle and dandelions. She had been
eight, Graham only seven. There were bees somewhere—calling out
to her, beckoning. She had wandered over to the tree and found the
hive, hanging from a branch like a nugget of gold. The bees
glimmering, circling. She drew closer, stretched out her arms and
grinned as she felt them land, the tickle of their tiny legs against her
skin.
She had turned to Graham, laughing at the wonder that shone
from his face.
“Can I’ve a go?” he’d said, eyes wide.
She hadn’t known what would happen, she’d sobbed to her
father later, as his cane flashed through the air towards her. She
didn’t hear what he said, didn’t see the dark fury of his face. She
saw only Graham, screaming as Nanny Metcalfe rushed him inside,
the stings on his arm glowing pink. Father’s cane split her palm
open, and Violet felt it was less than she deserved.
After that, Father sent Graham to boarding school. Now he only
came home for holidays, and grew more and more unfamiliar. She
knew, deep down, that she shouldn’t taunt him so. She was only
doing it because as much as she couldn’t forgive herself for the day
of the bees, she couldn’t forgive Graham, either.
He’d made her different.
Violet shook the memory away and looked at her wristwatch. It
was only 3 P.M. She had finished her lessons for the day—or rather,
her governess, Miss Poole, had admitted defeat. Hoping she
wouldn’t be missed for at least another hour, Violet climbed higher,
enjoying the rough warmth of bark under her palms.
In the hollow between two branches, she found the hairy seed of
a beechnut. It would be perfect for her collection—the windowsill of
her bedroom was lined with such treasures: the gold spiral of a
snail’s shell, the silken remains of a butterfly’s cocoon. Grinning, she
stowed the beechnut in the pocket of her skirt and kept climbing.
Soon she was high enough to see the whole of Orton Hall, which
with its sprawling stone buildings rather reminded her of a majestic
spider, lurking on the hillside. Higher still, and she could see the
village, Crows Beck, on the other side of the fells. It was beautiful.
But something about it made her feel sad. It was like looking out
over a prison. A green, beautiful prison, with birdsong and
damselflies and the glowing, amber waters of the beck, but a prison
nonetheless.
For Violet had never left Orton Hall. She’d never even been to
Crows Beck.
“But why can’t I go?” she used to ask Nanny Metcalfe when she
was younger, as the nurse set off for her Sunday walks with Mrs.
Kirkby.
“You know the rule,” Nanny Metcalfe would murmur, a glint of
pity in her eyes. “Your father’s orders.”
 But, as Violet reflected, knowing a rule was not the same as
understanding it. For years, she assumed the village was rife with
danger—she imagined pickpockets and cutthroats lurking behind
thatched cottages. (This only enhanced its allure.)
Last year, she’d badgered Graham into giving her details. “I don’t
know what you’re getting so worked up about,” he’d grimaced. “The
village is dull as anything—there isn’t even a pub!” Sometimes, Violet
wondered whether Father wasn’t trying to protect her from the
village. Whether it was, in fact, the other way around.
In any case, her seclusion would soon come to an end—of sorts.
In two years, when she turned eighteen, Father planned to throw a
big party for her “coming out.” Then—he hoped—she would catch
the eye of some eligible young man, a lord-to-be, perhaps, and swap
this prison for another one.
“You’ll soon meet some dashing gentleman who’ll whisk you off
your feet,” Nanny Metcalfe was always saying.
Violet didn’t want to be whisked. What she actually wanted was
to see the world, the way Father had when he was a young man.
She had found all sorts of geography books and atlases in the library
—books about the Orient, full of steaming rain forests and moths the
size of dinner plates (“ghastly things,” according to Father), and
about Africa, where scorpions glittered like jewels in the sand.
Yes, one day she would leave Orton Hall and travel the world—as
a scientist.
A biologist, she hoped, or maybe an entomologist? Something to
do with animals, anyway, which in her experience were far
preferable to humans. Nanny Metcalfe often spoke of the terrible
fright Violet had given her when she was little: she had walked into
the nursery one night to find a weasel, of all things, in Violet’s cot.
“I screamed blue murder,” Nanny Metcalfe would say, “but there
you were, right as rain, and that weasel curled up next to you,
purring like a kitten.”
It was just as well that Father never learned of this incident. As
far as he was concerned, animals belonged on one’s plate or
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 Fig. 167.—Transverse section through the nasal cavities near their
centre (normal).

Symptoms. The dominant symptom is difficulty in breathing,

both when moving and eating, a difficulty which is sometimes so
considerable as to cause snoring respiration or roaring. Nevertheless,
examination of the trachea and of the lung, visual examination of the
lower portions of the nasal cavities, and manual examination of the
pharynx, larynx and glottis give only negative results. It may even
happen, as occurred in the case from which the illustration herewith
was taken, that percussion of the maxillary sinus reveals normal
resonance.
In the case of tumours of small size the forehead is not deformed.
When, on the other hand, the tumour partly obstructs the nasal
cavities it may thrust on one side the septum nasi and externally
cause well-marked asymmetry of the face. Sero-mucous or muco-
purulent discharge then occurs.
 The diagnosis is somewhat difficult, for continuous or temporary
roaring (or at any rate difficulty of respiration), being the dominant
symptom, must be distinguished from roaring due to a laryngeal
lesion like paralysis or tumour formation, from perilaryngeal
compression due to enlarged retro-pharyngeal glands, and from
tracheal or pulmonary lesions; and its origin must be located in the
nasal cavities.

Fig. 168.—Transverse section through the nasal cavities:

myxoma of the right side and of the maxillary sinus.
Deformity of the forehead and face.

The prognosis is grave, in consequence of the difficulty of

exploring the depth of these cavities and of the possible nature of the
tumour. Nevertheless, in the case of simple myxomata permanent
recovery usually follows extirpation.
 Treatment is confined to extirpation, which is quite possible in
the case of pedunculated tumours; in the case of sessile tumours free
trepanation of the roof of the nasal cavities becomes necessary. The
operation is quite safe.

PURULENT COLLECTIONS IN THE NASAL SINUSES. NASAL

GLEET.

From the clinical point of view two varieties of this condition may
be distinguished—inflammation of the mucous membrane of the
maxillary sinus and inflammation of the mucous membrane of the
frontal sinus and of the horn core. These forms of inflammation
frequently lead to suppuration. The pus collects in the depressions
and divisions of the frontal or maxillary sinus.

PURULENT COLLECTIONS IN THE FRONTAL SINUS.

Causation. In the majority of cases inflammation of the mucous

membrane of the frontal sinus is produced by external causes:
fractures of the horns and horn core accompanied by hæmorrhage
into the horn core; fractures of the horn with exposure of the sinus of
the horn core; wounds and violent blows on the occipital region or
the frontal bone; cracks or depressions of the external wall of the
sinus, etc.
In all these cases, whether blood is effused or the mucous
membrane of the sinus is merely infiltrated with serum, infection
may be produced by germs being deposited from the air passing
through the nasal cavities and causing suppuration.
Purulent collections in the frontal sinus may result from continued
irritation, like that due to a badly fitting yoke. They also occur as an
accidental complication of general diseases like gangrenous coryza.
Symptoms. The catarrh or purulent collection in the sinus may
be unilateral or bilateral, and the symptoms vary, according to the
form which it assumes.
Unilateral collections.—Nasal hæmorrhage is often the first
symptom, but this is often regarded as of little importance, because
the formation of pus does not occur until very much later. The
animal shows ill-defined pain, loses appetite, remains dull and
somnolent, and carries its head on one side. The horn on the injured
side is hot and sensitive, and at a later stage the eye becomes affected
by contiguity of tissue. It is then swollen, closed, and watery; the
conjunctiva is infiltrated, and somewhat inflamed. Sensibility and
partial or complete dulness of the affected side may be detected by
palpation and percussion. On the animal being made to cough, a
yellowish or greyish-white discharge of very fœtid and sometimes
putrid character escapes.
Bilateral collections.—Catarrh is rarely bilateral at first; but if the
unilateral lesion is not treated, it affects the median septum dividing
the two cavities, and the inflammation extends to the second sinus.
The animal then shows dull pain, and exhibits marked depression;
sometimes it appears quite prostrate. The head is carried low and
inclined towards the ground, while the above-mentioned ocular
symptoms and the indications furnished by palpation and percussion
extend to both sides. Coughing produces momentarily a double
discharge, which the animal disposes of after the fashion of horned
cattle.
Diagnosis. The diagnosis only presents difficulty in the early
stages. Later the warmth and sensitiveness of the horns, the partial
dulness, offensive character of the discharge, etc., render diagnosis
easy.
The disease is not likely to be mistaken for gangrenous coryza,
despite the condition of the eyes, because it develops slowly,
progressively, and without marked fever.
Prognosis. If treated early, unilateral or bilateral collections of
pus in the sinuses are capable of cure, but later when bodily health is
impaired and the local lesions of the mucous membrane very
pronounced, there is less chance of success.
Lesions. The initial lesions consist in cracks, fissures, or fractures
of the bones of the face or exostoses of traumatic origin. In other
cases the mucous membrane alone is affected. As a result of chronic
irritation it becomes thickened, inflamed, and ulcerated, and
granulates freely. The depressions in the sinuses contain grumous,
fœtid pus, which irritates the surrounding tissues and produces pain
and general symptoms of cerebral irritation, which are sometimes
very disquieting.
Treatment. Numerous methods of treatment were formerly
recommended, such as absolute rest, bleeding, cold affusions,
perforation of a horn, section of a horn, etc. None of these is of any
value.
At first, provided only a certain degree of sensitiveness and simple
catarrh without suppuration exist, antiseptic fumigations with tar,
carbolic acid, thymol, etc., are useful; but later, when pus has
formed, they are useless. At this period the only rational and
efficacious treatment consists in trepanation. In unilateral
collections three openings are necessary.
The first is an opening into the sinus of the horn core. It is made ⅜
to ¾ of an inch above the horn-secreting band of the horn. It must
not be forgotten, however, in planning such an opening that the
sinus of the horn core only exists in a rudimentary condition in
young animals, and that it is scarcely possible to trephine the horns
before the patient is three years of age.
The second opening is made towards the upper part of the frontal
sinus about ¾ inch below the horn-secreting ring at the base of the
horn and in a line with the axis of the horn core itself. Whatever the
animal’s age and however little the sinuses may be developed, this
opening is certain to expose the cavity of the frontal sinus.
In old animals where the frontal sinus is enormously developed,
and where very large depressions exist in the orbital region, a third
opening should be made just above a transverse line uniting the
upper margins of the two orbits and inside the suborbital suture.
These openings having been made, treatment consists—firstly, in
completely washing out the cavity with boiled water, cooled to 95° or
100° Fahr.; and, secondly, in injecting antiseptic and astringent
solutions so as to check the formation of pus. Among such may be
mentioned 3 per cent. carbolic solution, 5 per cent. carbolic
glycerine, 2 per cent. solution of iodine in iodide of potassium, etc.
Whatever the drugs employed, the cavities should be washed out
every day, first with plain sterilised water, and then with antiseptic
solutions at the body temperature, since cold solutions often cause
inflammation of the mucous membrane of the opposite sinus.
 PURULENT COLLECTIONS IN THE MAXILLARY SINUS.

This disease is much rarer than that of the frontal sinus, and only
within the last few years (Ries, 1899) has a really good description
been given of it.
The causation is imperfectly understood. Injuries to the
suborbital region and maxillary ridge, caries of the molar teeth, and
inflammation occurring during the development of general diseases
represent the principal causes.
The dominating and characteristic symptom of the presence of pus
in the maxillary sinus consists in incessant snorting, accompanied by
violent movements of the head and the discharge of purulent or
muco-purulent material.
At the beginning of these attacks of snorting, which are produced
by the reflux of pus from the sinus towards the nasal cavities, the
respiration becomes snoring and rapid, and the animal makes
sniffing movements as though the nasal cavities were partially
obstructed. After these crises, the respiration again becomes silent.
Contrary to what has been observed in purulent collections in the
frontal sinus, the discharge is unilateral, reddish yellow in colour,
viscous in consistence, and is accompanied by clots of a gelatinous
material or even of blood.
During the attacks of snorting, the discharge resembles that of
croupal or pseudo-membranous bronchitis, but the material
discharged is not moulded on the internal shape of the bronchi. The
masses of discharge are irregular in form, and appear as though
made up of fibrous tissue matted together. Attention having been
attracted by the discharge, exploration of the trachea and chest
reveals nothing; on an examination of the sinuses, however,
palpation and percussion betray a certain amount of sensitiveness,
together with partial or complete dulness, and the lesion is
discovered.
Diagnosis. Confusion between pus formation in the maxillary
and frontal sinuses can be avoided by careful examination.
Prognosis. The prognosis is not very grave; the animals maintain
their appetite, but become thinner, and the condition shows no
tendency to spontaneous cure.
 Treatment. The only rational treatment consists in trephining,
an operation practised immediately above the maxillary tuberosity
and over the lowest part of the sinus (Fig. 164). This opening allows
the cavity to be washed out and the sinus drained.
Antiseptic treatment exactly resembles that of purulent collections
in the frontal sinus. Injections of astringents, dilute carbolic acid and
iodine solutions, etc., are recommended.

ŒSTRUS LARVÆ IN THE FACIAL SINUSES OF SHEEP.

(FALSE STURDY.)
Causation. This disease of sheep, which sometimes produces
vertigo resembling that shown in gid or sturdy, is produced by the
growth of larvæ of Œstrus ovis in the frontal sinuses. The œstrus of
the sheep assumes perfect insect form during the fine days of
summer from July to September. The females swarm around the
flocks and attempt to alight on the animal’s head close to the nostrils,
where they deposit their eggs or larvæ. The larvæ crawl into the
nostrils, thence into the nasal cavities, the meatus, and finally the
sinuses, where they become fixed. In these sinuses they undergo
complete development, increasing from a length of about ⅒ inch to
from ¾ to 1 inch before their transformation into the nymph and
perfect insect. They remain in the sinus for eight to ten months.
When numerous and well developed they may fill the whole of the
cavity.
Symptoms. It is easy for a careful observer to note the time at
which the larvæ penetrate the sinus. During the hottest hours of the
day the adult insects are continually hovering over the flocks, and on
watching carefully one sees sheep suddenly become excited, tap with
their feet, rub their faces against any hard, resisting object in the
neighbourhood, plunge their nostrils into the dust, and snort
violently.
When the larvæ have penetrated the nasal cavities they produce
frequent attacks of sneezing by irritating the mucous membrane, and
cause an intense sero-mucous and afterwards a moderate muco-
purulent coryza. As long as the larvæ remain of small size, the
apparent results they produce are insignificant, as during the first
months of winter; but when they are numerous, and have become of
considerable size, they cause symptoms which might suggest an
attack of gid or sturdy.
Thus the bodily movements become spasmodic, the gait irregular,
and the animals show attacks of vertigo. They stagger and fall,
making convulsing movements, grinding their teeth and rolling their
eyes, while frothy saliva escapes from the mouth, etc.
Death may occur during such attacks, which, however, are happily
very rare. Most commonly the animals are simply dull and
somnolent. They feed badly, carry their heads low, and sometimes
hide themselves under the mangers or in corners.
In exceptional circumstances they bury their heads in the wool or
carry them high in the air in walking, while they lift their front legs
high, with a stepping movement.
 Fig. 169.—Parasitic invasion of the sinuses and
cœnurosis (showing the seat of operation in either
condition).

Diagnosis. The diagnosis of parasitic invasion of the sinus in the

sheep is rather difficult, because certain of the symptoms suggest gid.
One never finds the signs of true gid, however, and, on the other
hand, a certain amount of discharge and attacks of snorting always
exist. Finally, gid (cœnurosis) only attacks young animals, whilst the
larvæ of œstridæ are commonest in adults.
To confound the disease with verminous bronchitis is still less
likely, for although a discharge exists in both cases, this is
accompanied by cough in bronchitis, and only by sneezing attacks in
infection of the sinuses.
Finally, in bronchitis, histological examination leads to the
discovery of eggs or embryos of the strongyles. The diagnosis
becomes very easy on post-mortem examination, the identification of
the larvæ of œstridæ being extremely simple.
Prognosis. The prognosis is only grave when infestation is very
pronounced. Most commonly the parasites complete their
development without producing disquieting symptoms; as summer
approaches they are expelled and recovery occurs.
Lesions. The only lesions consist in very active inflammation of
the mucous membrane of the sinus, which appears excessively
hypertrophied, and in the existence of larvæ. These develop in the
midst of a magma of purulent, fœtid discharge. The number of
parasites usually ranges from two to twenty, although Zürn declares
that he has found as many as eighty in one subject.
Treatment. Many precautions have been suggested for
preventing infestation. Many are impossible or difficult to carry out
in current practice, even the soaking of the nostrils in empyreumatic
oil, and the majority are useless. The only suggestion to which we
attribute any importance consists in trying to prevent the perfect
insects from obtaining a lodgment in cavities in the walls or roofs of
sheep-sheds.
The really efficacious modes of treatment are also few in number,
for the larvæ are so firmly lodged in the mucous membrane of the
sinuses that they can only be detached after these have been
trephined. The use of nasal injections, embrocations and powders,
with the object of making the animal sneeze, are ineffectual.
Trepanation should not be performed until it is quite clear that the
flock is badly infested, and when serious symptoms appear to
threaten the lives of some of the animals.
The operation, although very simple, requires care on account of
the thinness of the bones.
The anatomical directions are the middle line of the head, and a
transverse line uniting the upper margin of the two orbits. The
orifices are made in the two lower angles produced by the
intersection of these lines (Fig. 169).
It is then easy to remove with the fingers or forceps the larvæ
situated immediately below the point of trepanation, and afterwards
to wash out thoroughly the cavities of the sinuses. If some lie at
points which cannot be directly reached, they can be killed by
injecting a little benzine and water. This proceeding is quite safe.
 CHAPTER III.
LARYNX, TRACHEA AND BRONCHI.

LARYNGITIS.

Laryngeal diseases are common, but are usually only the local
expression of some grave general infection, such as foot-and-mouth
disease, gangrenous coryza, or tuberculosis. Pathological conditions
such as these can be disregarded for the moment, as they will receive
attention under special heads.
The two current forms of laryngeal disease are acute laryngitis and
stridulous laryngitis.

ACUTE LARYNGITIS.

Acute laryngitis, like simple coryza, of which it is often only an

accompaniment, is caused by chill, by irritant vapours, by smoke,
etc., or by external traumatic causes.
The cough is dry and painful at first; afterwards it is accompanied
by a discharge or by the swallowing of mucus or muco-purulent
products. The respiration sometimes appears accelerated and
difficult, but roaring or whistling and marked fever are rare. The
slightest pressure over the laryngeal region causes pain and attacks
of coughing. The respiration is normal while the animal is at rest,
provided that the laryngitis remains localised; frequently, however, it
is complicated with bronchitis.
The appetite is somewhat diminished, but all these symptoms very
rapidly improve.
The diagnosis is based on the frequency of the cough and the
sensitiveness of the throat region.
The prognosis is favourable in cases of simple laryngitis.
Treatment consists in the administration of steam inhalations,
warm drinks, the application of mustard plasters or blisters around
the laryngeal region, and the administration of expectorants to
facilitate mucous discharge.
 PSEUDO-MEMBRANOUS LARYNGITIS.

Pseudo-membranous laryngitis, also termed by German authors

croupal or diphtheritic laryngitis, because it bears a certain
resemblance to human croup, is characterised by the formation of
false membranes on the vocal cords, arytenoid cartilages, and
subglottal region, etc.
In France it has been described under the name of stridulous
laryngitis, because its dominant symptom consists in attacks of
intense dyspnœa, during which the respiration is accompanied by
whistling. Without making any attempt to prejudge the nature of the
disease, which resembles the pseudo-diphtheritic forms of laryngitis
in man, we prefer the term pseudo-membranous laryngitis.
Moreover, this pseudo-membranous laryngitis very frequently
accompanies pseudo-membranous sore throat, tracheitis and
bronchitis, with formation of false membranes.
Causation. The causes suggested are similar to those of simple
sore throat: they include chills, the ingestion of ice-cold water, or the
inhalation of irritant gases, during outbreaks of fire, etc., etc.; but it
is quite certain that here, as in many similar cases, a primarily simple
laryngitis is complicated by a well-marked infection.
Symptoms. The general symptoms seen during the early stages
consist in loss of appetite, general depression, rigors, and a rise in
temperature of 1° to 2° Fahr.
Then, after twenty-four or forty-eight hours, the respiration
becomes more rapid, difficult, whistling and dyspnœic, with
intermittent attacks of suffocation.
Examination of the chest gives negative results, but, on the throat
being manipulated, the slightest pressure exercised over the larynx
produces attacks of coughing. During the first few days these attacks
are loud, spasmodic, and difficult, but on succeeding days they lead
to the discharge, from the nostrils or mouth, of masses of false
membrane accompanied by whitish and sometimes blood-stained
fluid. Secondarily the mucous membrane of the nasal fossæ appears
inflamed to a varying degree. The conjunctiva is also affected, the
eyes are watering. An important symptom consists in the fact that
this watering is accompanied by internal ophthalmia, as in
gangrenous coryza.
 In consequence of the respiratory difficulty, the animal takes up a
characteristic attitude, holding its neck stiffly in a horizontal position
and its head completely extended; the nostrils are widely dilated.
When the disease is fully-developed rumination is suppressed, the
bowels are constipated and the fæces are coated as in grave cases of
enteritis, the yield of milk diminishes, the heart beats feebly, the
pulse remains small; death may occur from asphyxia, and probably
also from intoxication.
The disease usually lasts from eight to ten days, but death may
occur earlier. In the majority of cases, however, the animal can be
saved. All the symptoms diminish, the temperature falls, rumination
again appears and with it appetite, and the whole condition becomes
normal. Many animals, however, remain thin and recover slowly;
these are principally cases which have suffered from pseudo-
membranous bronchitis.
Lesions. The lesions may be confined to the larynx, but may also
invade neighbouring cavities. They consist in the formation of
mucoalbuminous and fibrinous exudates, covering the mucous
membrane in superposed layers, penetrating the epithelial stratum,
and adhering so strongly to the corium that attempts to loosen them
cause the deeper seated structures to bleed.
Diagnosis. The symptoms are sufficiently well marked to prevent
any confusion arising except with gangrenous coryza, but in this case
there is no ophthalmia lesion of the nasal cavities, cutaneous
eruption, or eruption over the claws.
The prognosis is grave when the disease attacks debilitated or
exhausted animals.
The treatment is confined entirely to treating symptoms. As in
all acute inflammatory affections, moderate bleeding, sinapisms over
the region of the larynx, repeated as often as necessary, or
applications of antimonial ointment have been recommended.
Applications of moxas or setons in the neighbourhood of the dewlap
might possibly prove of value.
Internally tartar emetic, in doses proportioned to the size of the
animal (2½ to 3 drachms in adults), has been recommended; also
iodide of potassium.
 General stimulants, like alcohol, coffee, tea, acetate of ammonia,
and suitable hygienic conditions suggest themselves. Tepid drinks
can be given freely. Nourishing and easily digested food, and a ration
of milk complete the treatment.
Emollient and antiseptic fumigations are also of value, as in
ordinary sore throat or laryngitis, for they favour the separation and
discharge of the false membranes.

TUMOURS OF THE LARYNX.

Acute forms of pseudo-membranous laryngitis, or even

tuberculous laryngitis, are not the only diseases which affect the
larynx. It is by no means exceptional to discover intra-laryngeal
tumours, mucous polypi, tuberculomes, and growths due to
actinomyces, etc.
The presence of these tumours is indicated by difficulty in
respiration, fits of coughing, and threatened suffocation,
accompanied by discharges of varying character.
When the tumour is largely sessile, the respiration may simply be
snoring or whistling, without any suggestion of suffocation; but if, on
the other hand, it is pedunculated, displacement of the polypus
produced by the currents of air during inspiration and expiration
causes spasm of the glottis, fits of coughing and threatened
suffocation.
The diagnosis is not always easy, though examination of the
nasal cavities, the sinuses, trachea and chest gives negative results.
Auscultation of the larynx may suggest the existence of the lesion,
but an exact diagnosis can only be attained by digital examination of
the larynx through the pharynx.
The prognosis of these tumours is grave, because death from
asphyxia may occur during an attack of coughing or as a consequence
of the fits of suffocation.
Treatment. As it is usually extremely difficult, if not impossible,
to discover the exact nature of the tumour, medical treatment, except
for instance in the case of actinomycosis, is of very uncertain value.

Fig. 170.—Sessile form of intra-
laryngeal polypus.
or simply by tearing out.
Surgical treatment alone
suggests itself. Before
attempting an operation
tracheotomy should be
performed and a metal canula
inserted. The animal having
been cast, and the upper
laryngeal region anæsthetised
by means of cocaine, a vertical
incision is made in the median
line below the larynx, passing
through the skin, the vertical
junction between the neck
muscles and the three first
circles of the trachea, and
access is thus obtained to the
larynx and subglottal region.
The operation should only be
performed in exceptional cases,
such as that of a valuable stud
animal.
Provided that the new growth
has a well-developed pedicle it
can be removed through the
mouth by the use of an écraseur

BRONCHITIS.

Diseases of the bronchi in bovine animals reveal very different

characters, according to the nature of the primary cause, for which
reason cases occur of simple acute bronchitis, verminous bronchitis,
simple chronic bronchitis, pseudo-membranous bronchitis,
tuberculous bronchitis, etc.

SIMPLE ACUTE BRONCHITIS.

 Simple acute bronchitis co-exists with, or is often only the logical
and inevitable complication of, coryza and acute laryngitis. It is
commonly associated with inflammation of the mucous membrane of
the trachea.
It accompanies cold and wet seasons, and usually appears with the
autumn frosts, in animals still at grass. In animals under shelter it
occurs after undue exertion followed by chills, and after sudden rain
storms. It also attacks working oxen, which are much exposed to the
weather.
The symptoms follow very rapidly on the determining cause.
They are ushered in by rigors, trembling attacks, diminution or loss
of appetite, arrest of rumination, acceleration of breathing, and the
appearance of a rough and spasmodic cough.
In ordinary cases these symptoms rapidly diminish, even without
treatment. The appetite again becomes moderate, rumination
returns, but the cough remains more or less rough and spasmodic,
ending in the discharge, or more often in the swallowing, of
abundant bronchial mucus.
This is the condition at the period of crisis. Percussion of the
thorax reveals normal resonance. On auscultation of the sides during
the period of onset, rough râles are heard, which at the period of
crisis are replaced by mucous râles. The cough diminishes in
frequency, and after a fortnight everything again becomes normal.
The diagnosis is very easy, the important point being not to
confuse common bronchitis with tuberculous bronchitis, which very
often assumes a chronic form.
Prognosis. The prognosis is not grave, even though the disease
may assume a chronic condition.
Treatment does not differ from that of acute bronchitis in the
horse. It consists in antiseptic and steam fumigations, tepid drinks,
the administration of doses of 2 to 3 drachms Kerme’s mineral in
adult animals, and of 1 to 1½ drachms of iodide of potassium, given
in a mash or in honey electuary. During convalescence tar water
should be administered.

CHRONIC BRONCHITIS.
 Chronic inflammation of the mucous membrane of the large
bronchi and trachea may follow acute bronchitis, but it is also a
frequent termination of verminous bronchitis. It is found in fully
developed animals, adult or old, and particularly in those inhabiting
wet, cold valleys.
It is characterised by frequent paroxysms of coughing, which
appear on the slightest provocation, such as the action of cold air on
leaving the stable or of the air of a confined space on animals
returning from the open; concussion of the chest by the pleximeter,
squeezing of the loins, rapid movement, etc.
This coughing is accompanied by the discharge of mucus, which
rarely arrives at the nostrils, but is swallowed in passing through the
pharynx. Such mucus is always thick, greenish yellow in colour, and
without smell.
The respiration, although regular whilst the animal is at rest,
becomes accelerated on moving, and after attacks of coughing. It is
sometimes rapid and whistling.
Percussion discloses neither partial nor complete dulness, but
everywhere irregularly distributed mucous rattling and sibilant râles
are revealed by auscultation.
There is no fever, the appetite is maintained, and, what is an even
more important point, animals in good condition preserve their
flesh. Interlobular pulmonary emphysema and emphysema resulting
from dilatation are inseparable accompaniments of chronic
bronchitis, for which reason the flank respiratory movement is
frequently very marked.
The diagnosis is of only moderate difficulty, because although in
certain conditions the disease may be mistaken for tuberculosis or
emphysema, it can be distinguished by bacteriological examination
of the discharge, by an injection of tuberculin, by careful
auscultation, and by consideration of the general condition.
Lesions. The walls of the bronchi are thickened, the submucous
connective tissue is sclerosed, the muscular fibres are modified in
structure, and have become fibrous, while the epithelial layer is
desquamated and suppurating. The peribronchial tissue also
undergoes sclerosis, and in certain cases the smaller bronchi present
marked dilatations resembling small caverns (bronchi-ecstasis).
 Treatment can never be more than palliative; the aim should be
to prevent the lesions becoming aggravated, and to check the
pathological secretion from the bronchi, but the lesions already
existent can never be removed. Tar water should be perseveringly
administered. Essence of turpentine in doses of 2 to 2½ drachms per
day in electuary (adults), creosote in doses of 1¼ to 1½ drachms,
and terpine in doses of ¾ to 1 drachm give the best results, and
produce a marked improvement.

PSEUDO-MEMBRANOUS BRONCHITIS.

The pseudo-membranous forms of bronchitis, formerly termed

“croupal or diphtheritic bronchitis,” are rare. They develop suddenly
or follow pseudo-membranous laryngitis. Like the latter, they are
due to a specific infection, possibly aided by accidental causes.
Their causation is imperfectly understood, and they cannot be
compared, still less homologated, with diphtheritic disorders in man.
They are characterised by the formation of false membranes, which
develop on the mucous surface, mould themselves over the internal
surface of the large bronchi, and ramify throughout the bronchial
channels like branches of trees. They are of greyish-yellow colour,
and appear to be formed of fibrin, coagulated albumen, and
epithelial débris cemented together with mucus.
Symptoms. At the outset these pseudo-membranous forms of
bronchitis have the same characters as acute bronchitis, which at the
crisis would be marked by the expulsion of fragments of false
membrane by coughing. Most frequently it seems that the bronchitis
follows its regular course, and in such case it is only during
convalescence or a considerable time afterwards that the membranes
begin to be discharged during paroxysms of coughing.
The patients are subject to intense dyspnœa, appear about to
suffocate, and during the efforts then made the false membranes are
discharged in the form of half-organised layers, or, on the other
hand, in branched masses, resembling twigs.
The dyspnœa at once ceases. Despite the development of these
false membranes in the bronchi, no alarming symptoms are
produced, which is explained by the fact of the false membranes
being adherent only to the inner surface of the principal conduits,
without closing or even markedly obstructing them or the smaller
passages leading to the pulmonary alveoli. When, however, they are
displaced, violent reflex spasms are produced as soon as the
fragments approach the larynx.
Diagnosis. The diagnosis rests entirely on examination of the
expectorated material.
So far as the prognosis is concerned, it is less grave than might
be supposed from the symptoms. The gravity arises from the fact
that this disease has a certain tendency to become chronic.
Treatment scarcely differs from that of ordinary bronchitis. Tar,
creosote in doses of 2½ to 5 drachms given in oil; terpine in doses of
½ to ¾ drachms per day can be recommended. Iodide of potassium
also has certain advantages.

VERMINOUS BRONCHITIS IN SHEEP AND CATTLE (HUSK, HOOSE, ETC.).

Lambs, young sheep, and calves sometimes suffer severely from

infestation with lung worms, which set up great irritation in the
bronchial passages, leading to chronic bronchitis. The animals show
frequent attacks of paroxysmal coughing, during which some of the
parasites may be expelled. The irritation produced causes serious
loss of condition, and if not alleviated may lead to death. The
parasite of the sheep is known as Strongylus filaria (sheep
lungworm), that of the calf Strongylus micrurus. The worms are
from 2 to 4 inches long, whitish in colour, and of the diameter of a
hat-pin.
Treatment. According to generally accepted views among
veterinarians and zoologists, it is a comparatively simple matter to
kill worms in the bronchial tubes, and a number of cases of the
disease are reported in literature which are alleged to have been
cured. These views, however, are open to very serious doubt.
Neumann (1892b, pp. 590, 591, 593, 594) summarises the subject
of treatment as follows:—
Two different procedures in treatment are pursued. In one,
substances are passed into the digestive canal, which, being diffused
in the blood, are believed to be capable of attacking the worms in the