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Engineering Physics
JNTU Anantapur Series (2015)
About the Author
K Thyagarajan is Associate Professor and Head, Department of Physics, JNTU A
College of Engineering, Pulivendula, YSR district, Andhra Pradesh. He is a postgraduate
in Physics with specialisation in Electronics from S V University, Tirupati. He completed
his MPhil in the field of Ultrasonics from S V University. Thereafter, he was awarded PhD
in Spectroscopy from the same university. Dr. K Thyagarajan began his career as Assistant
Professor in Physics at Sri Kalahasteeswara Institute of Technology, Srikalahasti. Later
he joined JNTU A College of Engineering, Pulivendula, in the same cadre. For the past
15 years, he has been engaged in teaching Engineering Physics, Applied Physics and
Solid State Physics to BTech students. Besides his teaching activities, he also holds the
post of Chairperson of the PG Board of Studies of Physics, JNTU, Anantapur.
Dr. K Thyagarajan has published numerous research papers in journals of international
repute and has presented many papers in international and national conferences. His
research areas of interest include Nanomaterials and Thin Films.
To his credit, he established a research lab in the department with the financial
assistance of JNTU Anantapur. At present, seven students are pursuing PhD under his
guidance. He organised DST INSPIRE Science Camps sponsored by DST, Govt. of India,
and a National Conference on Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology (NCNN) sponsored
by UGC and co-sponsored by APSCHE, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh. He conducted
National Workshop on Recent trends in Nanomaterial synthesis and Characterization
Techniques under TEQIP II programme.
Engineering Physics
JNTU Anantapur Series (2015)
K Thyagarajan
Associate Professor and Head
JNTU A College of Engineering
Pulivendula, Andhra Pradesh
India
McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited

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CONTENTS
Preface xi
Roadmap to the Syllabus xiii
UNIT 1 Physical Optics, Lasers and Fibre Optics

1. Physical Optics–Interference 1.1–1.17
Introduction 1.1
1.1 Interference 1.1
1.2 Newton’s Rings 1.4
1.3 Determination of Wavelength of a Light Source 1.7
1.4 Determination of Refractive Index of a Liquid 1.8
Solved Problems 1.9
Multiple Choice Questions 1.13
Fill in the Blanks 1.15
True or False 1.16
Review Questions 1.16
2. Physical Optics–Diffraction 2.1–2.22

Introduction 2.1
2.1 Diffraction 2.1
2.2 Fraunhofer Diffraction at Single Slit 2.3
2.3 Fraunhofer Diffraction at Double Slit 2.6
2.4 Diffraction Grating 2.9
2.5 Fraunhofer Diffraction Due to Grating (N Parallel Slits) 2.10
Solved Problems 2.14
True or False 2.21
vi Contents
3. Lasers 3.1–3.24
Introduction 3.1
3.1 Characteristics of Laser 3.1
3.2 Spontaneous and Stimulated Emission of Radiation 3.3
3.3 Einstein’s Coefficients 3.6
3.4 Population Inversion 3.7
3.5 Excitation Mechanism 3.9
3.6 Optical Resonator 3.9
3.7 Construction and Components of a Laser 3.11
3.8 Ruby Laser 3.11
3.9 Helium–Neon Laser 3.13
3.10 Applications of Laser 3.15
True or False 3.23
4. Fibre Optics 4.1–4.29

Introduction 4.1
4.1 Optical Fibre 4.1
4.2 Working Principle of Optical Fibre 4.1
4.3 Fibre Structure and Construction 4.3
4.4 Types of Optical Fibres 4.7
4.5 Attenuation and Losses in Fibres 4.10
4.6 Fibre Optic Communication System 4.12
4.7 Advantages of Optical Fibres in Communication 4.13
4.8 Applications of Optical Fibres in Medicine 4.13
4.9 Applications of Optical Fibres in Sensors 4.14
True or False 4.28
Contents vii
UNIT 2 Crystallography and Ultrasonics

5. Crystallography and Ultrasonics 5.1–5.58
Introduction 5.1
5.1 Fundamental Terms of Crystallography 5.2
5.2 Unit Cell and Lattice Parameters 5.4
5.3 Crystal Systems 5.5
5.4 Bravais Lattices 5.7
5.5 Expression for Lattice Constant 5.10
5.6 Crystal Structures of Materials 5.11
5.7 Simple Cubic Crystal Structure (SCC) 5.12
5.8 Body Centred Cubic Structure (BCC) 5.13
5.9 Face Centred Cubic Structure (FCC) 5.15
5.10 Structure of NaCl 5.17
5.11 Miller Indices – Crystal Planes 5.19
5.12 Ultrasonics 5.36
True or False 5.55
UNIT 3 Quantum Mechanics and Free Electron Theory

6. Quantum Mechanics and Free Electron Theory 6.1–6.48
Introduction 6.1
6.1 Matter Waves 6.1
6.2 de Broglie Hypothesis 6.2
6.3 Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle 6.5
6.4 Schrödinger’s One-dimensional Time-independent
Wave Equation 6.6
6.5 Particle in a One-dimensional Potential Box 6.10
6.6 Eigenwave Functions 6.12
6.7 Free Electron Theory 6.14
6.8 Fermi–Dirac Distribution 6.22
6.9 Sources of Electrical Resistance 6.23
viii Contents
6.10 Kronig–Penney Model 6.25

True or False 6.46
UNIT 4 Semiconductors and Magnetic Materials

7. Semiconductors 7.1–7.37
Introduction 7.1
7.1 Intrinsic Semiconductor 7.1
7.2 Intrinsic Carrier Concentration and Fermi Level 7.3
7.3 Intrinsic Conductivity 7.4
7.4 Determination of Energy Band Gap (Eg) 7.5
7.5 Extrinsic Semiconductor 7.6
7.6 Fermi Energy Level (EF) 7.8
7.7 Drift and Diffusion 7.10
7.8 Einstein’s Relation 7.13
7.9 Hall Effect 7.14
7.10 Direct and Indirect Band-gap Semiconductors 7.16
7.11 Working Principle of p-n Junction Diode 7.18
7.12 Light Emitting Diode (LED) 7.20
7.13 Photodiode 7.22
7.14 Laser Diode 7.23
True or False 7.35
8. Magnetic Materials 8.1–8.27

Introduction 8.1
8.1 Basic Definitions 8.1
8.2 Origin of Magnetic Moment–BOHR Magneton 8.3
8.3 Classification of Magnetic Materials 8.6
8.4 Hysteresis 8.13
Contents ix
8.5 Soft and Hard Magnetic Materials 8.14

True or False 8.26
UNIT 5 Superconductivity and Physics of Nanomaterials

9. Superconductivity 9.1–9.23
Introduction 9.1
9.1 Properties of Superconductors 9.1
9.2 Meissner Effect 9.3
9.3 Types of Superconductors 9.5
9.4 Flux Quantisation 9.8
9.5 Josephson Effect 9.10
9.6 Bardeen, Cooper and Schrieffer (BCS) Theory 9.12
True or False 9.22
10. Physics of Nanomaterials 10.1–10.25

Introduction 10.1
10.1 Nanomaterials 10.1
10.2 Significance of the Nanoscale 10.2
10.3 Properties of Nanomaterials 10.4
10.4 Synthesis of Nanomaterials 10.7
10.5 Properties of Carbon Nanotubes 10.15
10.6 Properties of Graphene 10.17
10.7 Applications of Nanomaterials 10.19
True or False 10.23
Model Question Paper I M-I.1–M-I.2
Model Question Paper II M-II.1–M-II.2
PREFACE
Engineering Physics provides basic knowledge in the application of physical
concepts in various fields of engineering. It covers the complete syllabus on
Engineering Physics for different branches of engineering under the prescribed
syllabus of JNTU Anantapur, effective as per the Regulation of 2015.
The highlight of this book is the simple and clear way in which all the topics
have been dealt with to suit the requirements of undergraduate students. Besides
these, a large number of illustrations lend clarity to the topics. The excellent
pedagogy includes solved examples, multiple-choice questions and review
questions which help students to have a firm grasp on the topics.
Key Features
• Complete syllabus coverage
• Comprehensive coverage of Physical Optics, Superconductivity, Quantum
Mechanics, etc. (essential as per the syllabus)
• Lucid style of presentation
• Model Question Papers
• Rich pedagogy
192 Illustrations
81 Solved Problems
397 Multiple-Choice Questions
167 Fill in the Blanks
114 True/False Questions
181 Review Questions
89 Essay Type Questions
Chapter Organisation
The book is divided into five units spanning 10 chapters. Chapters 1 and 2
describe the optical phenomena of interference and diffraction. The theory of
lasers, laser systems and their applications in various fields are elucidated in
Chapter 3. An introduction to fibre optic principles and communication is
presented in Chapter 4. The basic concepts of periodic arrangement of atoms
in crystals, Bragg’s law, crystal-structure determinations by X-ray diffraction
technique and the role of different types of defects in crystals in understanding
xii Preface
their properties, including non-destructive testing of materials by ultrasonic

waves, are discussed in Chapter 5.
Chapter 6 deals with classical and quantum free-electron theory for electrical
conductivity, the effect of periodic potential on electron motion, origin of
band theory and classification of material based on it. The basic concepts and
applications of semiconductors are presented in Chapter 7. The magnetic
properties of materials are discussed in depth in Chapter 8. The properties
and applications of superconductors are introduced in Chapter 9. Chapter 10
includes the basic concepts of nanomaterials, their synthesis, properties and
applications.
Acknowledgements
I appreciate the role of the incharge Vice Chancellor of JNTU A, Prof. H
Sudarsana Rao, and other university authorities for their moral support and
encouragement in shaping the book. I also wish to acknowledge the principal and
staff members of JNTU A College of Engineering for their support. The patience
and care shown by my wife, T Kavitha, and my daughters, T Devi Prasuna and T
Yashaswini Sai, also deserve a special mention. I am grateful to my parents for
their support in my career.
I would also like to thank the editorial team at McGraw Hill Education (India) for
their support and cooperation.
I hope that this book will be well received by students and teachers alike.
K Thyagarajan
Feedback
Criticism and suggestions from the users of this book for making further
improvements are most welcome. Readers can write to me at ktrjntu@gmail.com.
K Thyagarajan
Publisher’s Note
Constructive suggestions and criticism always go a long way in enhancing any
endeavour. To improve the book, we request all readers to email us their valuable
comments/views/feedback at info.india@mheducation.com mentioning the title
and author name in the subject line. Readers can also report any piracy of the
book spotted by them.
Roadmap to the Syllabus
This text is useful for Engineering Physics-JNTU Anantapur-2015
CHAPTERS AS PER TOPIC/SUBJECT SECTION PAGE No.
SYLLABUS
UNIT I: PHYSICAL OPTICS, LASERS, AND FIBRE OPTICS
1. Interference (Review) 1.1 to 1.1.2/ 1.1 and 1.2/
Chapter 1: Physical 2. Interference in Thin Film by Reflec on 1.1.3/ 1.2 to 1.6/
Optics 3. Newton’s Rings 1.2.3 1.6 and 1.7
1. Diffrac on Review 2.1 to 2.2 and
Chapter 2: Physical
2. Fraunhofer Diffrac on 2.1.2/2.2 to 2.3/2.3 to
Optics—Diffraction
2.5.2 2.14
1. Characteris cs of Laser 3.1/3.2 to 3.1 to 3.3/ 3.3
2. Spontaneous and Simulated Emission of 3.2.4/3.3/ to 3.5/ 3.6
Radia on 3.4/3.5 and and 3.7/3.7
3. Einstein’s Coefficients 3.6 and 3.8/3.9
4. Popula on Inversion and 3.10
5. Excita on Mechanism and Op cal Resonator
Chapter 3: Lasers 6. Nd:YAG Laser Content given in h p://www.
mhhe.com/thyagarajan/ep1/
jntu/a15
7. He-Ne Laser 3.9 to 3.13 to 3.15/
8. Semiconductor Diode Laser 3.9.2/7.14 to 7.23 to 7.25/
9. Applica on of Lasers 7.14.3/3.1 3.15 and 3.16
1. Introduc on-Construc on and Working 4.1 to 4.2.1/ 4.1 to 4.3/4.5
Principle of Op c Fibre 4.3.4 and to 4.7/ 4.7 to
2. Numerical Aperture and Acceptance Angle 4.3.5/ 4.4 4.9/ 4.10 and
Chapter 4: Fibre
3. Types of Op cal Fibres to 4.4.3/ 4.11/ 4.12
Optics
4. A enua on and Losses in Op cal Fibres 4.5/4.6/ 4.8 and 4.13/
5. Block Diagram of OFC System and 4.9 4.13 to 4.17
6. Applica on of Op cal Fibres
UNIT II: CRYSTALLOGRAPHY AND ULTRASONICS
1. Introduc on 5.0 to 5.1/ 5.1 and 5.2/
2. Space La ce 5.1.1/ 5.1.2/ 5.2 and 5.3/
3. Unit Cell 5.2/5.4/ 5.4/ 5.4 and
4. La ce Parameters 5.3/5.2 to 5.5/ 5.7 to
5. Bravias La ce 5.9/5.11/ 5.10/ 5.5 to
6. Crystal Systems 5.11 to 5.7/ 5.12 to
Chapter 5:
7. Packing Frac ons of SC, BCC and FCC 5.11.5/ 5.16/ 5.19 to
Crystallography
8. Direc ons and Planes in Crystals 5.11.2/ 5.24/ 5.19
9. Miller Indices 5.11.6/ /5.21/ 5.25/
10. Interplanar Spacing in CC 5.11.7/ 5.25 and
11. X-Ray Diffrac on 5.11.10 5.26/ 5.27 to
12. Bragg’s Law 5.29
13. Powder Method
1. Introduc on 5.12 to 5.36/ 5.37 to
2. Produc on of Ultrasonics by Piezoelectric 5.12.1/ 5.39/ 5.39 to
Chapter 5:
Method 5.12.2/ 5.40
Ultrasonics
3. Proper es and Detec on 5.12.3/
4. Applica ons in Non-Destruc ve Tes ng 5.12.4
xiv Roadmap to the Syllabus
UNIT III: QUANTUM MECHANICS AND ELECTRON THEORY

1. Ma er Waves 6.1/6.2 and 6.1 and
2. De’ Broglie Hypothesis and Proper es 6.2.5/6.4 and 6.2/6.4 to
3. Schrodinger’s Time Dependent and 6.4.1/ 6.4.2/ 6.9/ 6.9/ 6.10
Chapter 6: Quantum
Independent Wave Equa ons 6.5 to 6.12
Mechanics
4. Physical Significance of Wave Func on
5. Par cle in One-Dimensional Infinite Poten-
al Well
1. Classical Free Electron Theory 6.7/6.7/ 6.14 to 6.19/
2. Equa on for Electrical Conduc vity 6.7/ 6.8 and 6.21/ 6.19
3. Quantum Free Electron Theory 6.8.1/ 6.9/ to 6.22/ 6.22
Chapter 6: Electron 4. Fermi-Dirac Distribu on 6.10/ 6.10/ and 6.23/
Theory 5. Source of Electrical Resistance 6.10 6.23 to 6.25/
6. Kronig-Penney Model 6.25 to 6.30/
7. Origin of Bands in Solids 6.30/ 6.31
8. Classifica on of Solids into Conductors
UNIT IV: SEMICONDUCTORS AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS
1. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Semiconductors 7.1 and 7.5/ 7.1 and 7.2–
2. Dri and Diffusion Currents and Einstein’s 7.7 and 7.8/ 7.6 to 7.8/
Equa on 7.9/ 7.10/ 7.10 to 7.14/
Chapter 7:
3. Hall Effect 7.11 7.14 to 7.16/
Semiconductors
4. Direct and Indirect Band Gap Semiconduc- 7.16 to 7.18/
tors 7.18 to 7.20
5. Forma on of p-n Junc on
1. Introduc on and Basic Defini ons 8.1/ 8.2/ 8.2/ 8.1 to 8.3/ 8.3
2. Origin of Magne c Moments 8.3 to 8.3.4/ to 8.6/ 8.3 to
3. Bohr Magnetron 8.4/ 8.5/ 8.5 8.6/ 8.6 to
Chapter 8: Magnetic 4. Classifica on of Magne c Materials into 8.13/ 8.13/
Materials Dia, Para, Ferro 8.14 to 8.16/
5. Hysteresis 8.15
6. So and Hard Magne c Materials
7. Applica ons of MM
UNIT V: SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND PHYSICS OF NANOMATERIALS
1. Introduc on 9.00/ 9.1.1/ 9.1 to 9.2/
2. Effect of Magne c Field 9.2/ 9.3 to 9.3/ 9.3 and
3. Meissner Effect 9.3.2/ 9.4/ 9.4/ 9.5 to
4. Type I and Type II Superconductors 9.2.1/ 9.6/ 9.8/ 9.8 to
Chapter 9: Super-
5. Flux Quan za on 9.5/ 9.6.2 9.10/ 9.4 and
conductivity
6. Penetra on Depth 9.5/ 9.12 to
7. BCS Theory 9.14/ 9.10 to
8. Josephson’s Effects 9.12/ 9.14
9. Applica on of Superconductors and 9.15
1. Introduc on 10.0 to 10.1 and
2. Significance of Nanoscale 10.1.3/ 10.2/ 10.2/
3. Physical Proper es: Op cal, Thermal, Me- 10.2/ 10.3 to 10.4 to 10.7/
chanical and Magne c Proper es 10.3.5/ 10.4 10.7 to 10.13/
Chapter 10: Physics 4. Synthesis of Nanomaterials by Top-Down to 10.4.3/ 10.19 to
of Nanomaterials and Bo om-Up Approaches 10.7 10.20
5. Applica ons of Nanomaterials
2. A. Types of Nanomaterials 10.1.1 to 10.1 to 10.2
10.1.3
U
N
Chapter 1: Physical Optics–Interference
Chapter 2: Physical Optics–Diffraction
I Chapter 3: Lasers
Chapter 4: Fibre Optics
1
U
N
Chapter 1: Physical Optics–Interference
Chapter 2: Physical Optics–Diffraction
I Chapter 3: Lasers
Chapter 4: Fibre Optics
1
U
I Chapter 5: Crystallography and Ultrasonics
2
U
I Chapter 6: Quantum Mechanics and

Free Electron Theory
3
U
I Chapter 7: Semiconductors
Chapter 8: Magnetic Materials
4
U
I Chapter 9:
Chapter 10:
Superconductivity
Physics of Nanomaterials
5
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Engineering Physics JNTU Anantapur Series (2015) K Thyagarajan full chapter instant download

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Physics of nuclear reactors K. Umasankari

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UNIT 1 Physical Optics, Lasers and Fibre Optics

2. Physical Optics–Diffraction 2.1–2.22

4. Fibre Optics 4.1–4.29

UNIT 2 Crystallography and Ultrasonics

UNIT 3 Quantum Mechanics and Free Electron Theory

6.10 Kronig–Penney Model 6.25

UNIT 4 Semiconductors and Magnetic Materials

8. Magnetic Materials 8.1–8.27

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