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Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202
ELECTRICAL
PRINCIPLES
PETER PHILLIPS
4th edition
Electrical Principles © 2019 Cengage Learning Australia Pty Limited
4th Edition
Peter Phillips Copyright Notice
This Work is copyright. No part of this Work may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior
Head of content management: Dorothy Chiu written permission of the Publisher. Except as permitted under the
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National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
ISBN: 9780170423670
A catalogue record for this book is available from the National Library of
Australia
Cengage Learning Australia

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South Melbourne, Victoria Australia 3205
Cengage Learning New Zealand

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For learning solutions, visit cengage.com.au
Printed in Singapore by 1010 Printing International Limited.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 23 22 21 20 19
v
Brief contents
Preface x
Acknowledgements xi
About the author xii
Guide to the text xiii
Guide to the online resources xv
Chapter 1 The electric circuit 01
Chapter 2 Voltage sources and effects of an electric current 24
Chapter 3 Ohm’s law 43
Chapter 4 Electrical power 63
Chapter 5 Resistance and resistors 87
Chapter 6 The series circuit 107
Chapter 7 The parallel circuit 123
Chapter 8 The series–parallel circuit 141
Chapter 9 Basic meters 155
Chapter 10 Capacitance 186
Chapter 11 Magnetism and electromagnets 218
Chapter 12 Electromagnetic induction 249
Chapter 13 DC generators 269
Chapter 14 DC motors 299
Chapter 15 AC fundamentals 331
Chapter 16 Pure R, L or C in an AC circuit 357
Chapter 17 Series combinations of R, L and C 377
Chapter 18 Parallel AC circuits 400
Chapter 19 Single-phase power 419
Chapter 20 Three-phase power 437
Chapter 21 Transformers 476
Chapter 22 Three-phase motors 522
Chapter 23 Single-phase motors 558
Chapter 24 Synchronous machines 572
Chapter 25 Test equipment and batteries 598
Appendix 644
Solutions 649
Index 656
vi
Contents
Preface x
Acknowledgements xi
About the author xii
Guide to the text xiii
Guide to the online resources xv
Chapter 1 The electric circuit 01

1.1 The electrotechnology industry 02
1.2 Workplace safety laws 04
1.3 Sustainable energy principles 05
1.4 Voltage 06
1.5 Current 08
1.6 Resistance 09
1.7 Basic electric circuit 12
1.8 Circuit diagrams 13
1.9 Open-circuit and closed-circuit 15
1.10 Measuring voltage 17
1.11 Measuring current 18
1.12 Meter connections 20
Chapter 2 Voltage sources and effects

of an electric current 24
2.1 Producing a voltage 25
2.2 Effects of an electric current 32
2.3 Protection against effects of an electric current 40
Chapter 3 Ohm’s law 43

3.1 Resistance and conductance 44
3.2 Ohm’s law 44
3.3 Metric prefixes 51
3.4 Scientific and engineering notation 55
3.5 Using engineering notation 56
Chapter 4 Electrical power 63

4.1 Energy and work 64
4.2 Power 69
4.3 Electrical power 72
4.4 Transposing the power equation 73
4.5 Power and Ohm’s law 77
4.6 Power change with I, V or R changes 83
Chapter 5 Resistance and resistors 87

5.1 Factors that determine resistance 88
5.2 Resistors 93
5.3 Resistor colour code 100
5.4 Measuring resistance 103
Chapter 6 The series circuit 107

6.1 The series circuit 108
6.2 Current in the series circuit 108
CO N T E N T S vii
6.3 Resistance in the series circuit 109

6.4 Voltage in the series circuit 111
6.5 Summary of the series circuit 115
6.6 Power in the series circuit 116
6.7 Faults in the series circuit 119
Chapter 7 The parallel circuit 123

7.1 The parallel circuit 124
7.2 Voltage in the parallel circuit 125
7.3 Current in the parallel circuit 125
7.4 Resistance in the parallel circuit 128
7.5 Summary of equations 133
7.6 Power in the parallel circuit 135
7.7 Faults in the parallel circuit 136
7.8 Comparison to the series circuit 138
Chapter 8 The series–parallel circuit 141

8.1 Introduction 142
8.2 Resistance in the series–parallel circuit 142
8.3 Ohm’s law in the series–parallel circuit 146
8.4 Power in the series–parallel circuit 151
Chapter 9 Basic meters 155

9.2 Analog meter movement 156
9.3 Digital meter module 158
9.4 The ammeter 160
9.5 The voltmeter 163
9.6 Voltmeter loading 167
9.7 The ohmmeter 170
9.8 Multimeters 173
Chapter 10 Capacitance 186

10.1 Electrostatics 187
10.2 Charge and capacitance 188
10.3 Factors that determine capacitance 191
10.4 Types of capacitors 194
10.5 Capacitors in parallel 198
10.6 Capacitors in series 201
10.7 Safety precautions 205
10.8 The RC circuit 205
10.9 The RC time constant 208
10.10 Time constants 210
10.11 Universal time constant curve 213
Chapter 11 Magnetism and electromagnets 218

11.1 Magnetism 219
11.2 Magnetic effect of an electric current 227
11.3 The electromagnet 230
11.4 Magnetic circuit 234
11.5 Magnetisation curves 240
Chapter 12 Electromagnetic induction 249

12.2 Electromagnetic induction 250
12.3 Lenz’s law 255
viii CO N T E N T S
12.4 Inductance 256

12.5 Mutual inductance 262
12.6 The RL circuit 263
Chapter 13 DC generators 269

13.2 DC generator operating principles 270
13.3 DC machine construction 273
13.4 Separately excited DC generator 278
13.5 Self-excited generators 285
13.6 Calculations 291
Chapter 14 DC motors 299

14.2 DC motor operating principles 300
14.3 Types of DC motors 307
14.4 Losses and efficiency 313
14.5 DC motor control and protection 316
14.6 Other types of DC motors 323
Chapter 15 AC fundamentals 331

15.1 Introduction to AC 332
15.2 Waveforms 332
15.3 The sinewave 335
15.4 Sinewave values 340
15.5 Phase relationships 346
15.6 Tip-to-tail phasor diagrams 353
Chapter 16 Pure R, L or C in an AC circuit 357

16.1 Power in AC resistive circuits 358
16.2 Capacitance in an AC circuit 360
16.3 Capacitive reactance 362
16.4 Power in a purely capacitive AC circuit 367
16.5 Inductance 368
16.6 Inductive reactance 369
16.7 Power in a purely inductive AC circuit 373
Chapter 17 Series combinations of R, L and C 377

17.1 Series RL AC circuits 378
17.2 Series RC AC circuits 383
17.3 Series RLC AC circuits 388
17.4 Series resonance 393
Chapter 18 Parallel AC circuits 400

18.2 Parallel resistors and AC 402
18.3 L and R in parallel 403
18.4 R and C in parallel 406
18.5 R, L and C in parallel 409
18.6 Parallel resonance 412
Chapter 19 Single-phase power 419

19.2 Power in reactive–resistive circuits 420
19.3 Power in any AC circuit 423
CO N T E N T S ix
19.4 Power factor 426

19.5 Power factor correction 430
Chapter 20 Three-phase power 437

20.2 Three-phase power generation 439
20.3 Star connection 442
20.4 Delta connection 447
20.5 Three-phase loads 450
20.6 Three-phase power 457
20.7 Measuring three-phase power 463
20.8 Harmonics 467
20.9 Faults in three-phase power systems 470
Chapter 21 Transformers 476

21.2 The ideal transformer 477
21.3 The practical transformer 482
21.4 Transformer operation 489
21.5 Voltage regulation 493
21.6 Transformer performance 497
21.7 Transformer connections 503
21.8 Transformers in parallel 507
21.9 High voltage safety 512
21.10 Auto-transformers 513
21.11 Instrument transformers 515
21.12 Insulation resistance test 518
Chapter 22 Three-phase motors 522

22.1 Three-phase induction motor 523
22.2 Wound rotor induction motor 530
22.3 Induction motor load characteristics 537
22.4 Motor protection 544
Chapter 23 Single-phase motors 558

23.1 Single-phase induction motors 559
23.2 Capacitor motors 563
23.3 Shaded-pole induction motors 567
23.4 Universal motors 568
Chapter 24 Synchronous machines 572

24.1 Alternators 573
24.2 Synchronous motors 587
24.3 Other types of synchronous motors 594
Chapter 25 Test equipment and batteries 598

25.1 The oscilloscope 599
25.2 Electrical test equipment 614
25.3 Batteries 627
Appendix 644
Solutions 649
Index 656
x
Preface
This book, now up to its fourth edition, presents the core knowledge component for
the Electrical Trades course as required by Training Package UEE11. Like the previous
editions, this new edition is written with the student in mind. Electricity is a source of
invisible energy, which is why the Electrical Trades is different to many other areas
of learning. Therefore, it is important to make a textbook about electricity as easy to
understand as possible. As in all previous editions of this book, the writing style is aimed
at Certificate III level while retaining the terminology used in the Electrical Trades. As well,
the technical content never exceeds that of Certificate III level and there are over 800
illustrations or photos integrated with the text to explain a topic.
In preparing this fourth edition, I have been greatly helped by feedback from teachers.
While there are no major changes to the book, there are lots of smaller changes, many
based on teacher feedback. Most of the review questions are new, with a focus on real
world situations. All questions can be answered by referring to the text and the examples,
to avoid the frustration of being unable to find the necessary information. Some parts
have been rewritten to reduce the number of words or to add bullet points to improve
clarity. Many illustrations have been revised, and a few new ones have been added. Where
applicable, the technical content has been updated, especially in Chapter 25.
This book coincides with the 2018 edition of the AS/NZS 3000:2018 Wiring Rules,
and all references to these rules are now updated. An important aspect is safety, and there
is greater reference in this new edition to the safety aspects associated with electricity. A
new feature is the FYI margin boxes, which give additional and brief information about a
particular item or topic. Reference to sustainability is also increased. An important update
is including useful internet sites, in particular YouTube videos. There are many YouTube
videos on electrical theory, but a lot of these are poorly presented or are of too high a
level. All of the suggested YouTube videos and websites have been reviewed, and some
of these give an excellent overview of a topic. These can be accessed using a mobile
phone via a QR code.
The sequence of information in this book has not changed. The first eight chapters
cover DC theory, perhaps the most important part of electrical theory. Understanding
Ohm’s law and all its possibilities is essential to a full understanding of electricity, which
is why this topic occupies a third of the book. Teachers are not obliged to follow the
sequence in this book which is based on that followed by a number of colleges I have been
associated with. Topics are presented in chapters, which can be presented in the order
that suits the college. My sincere thanks to those teachers who have made suggestions
that make this fourth edition that little bit better than the previous editions.
Peter Phillips
xi
Acknowledgements
There are many people who have helped me over the years in preparing this book. My
particular thanks go to Greg Robinson and Frank Cahill from Miller TAFE and to Alan
Birse from Granville TAFE who all provided considerable help and guidance in the original
edition of this book, from which this fourth edition has evolved. Others who have been of
great help are Col Berry from Dubbo TAFE, and teachers from Ultimo TAFE who provided
important feedback when the second edition was first published. Numerous teachers
(listed below) participated in a review of the third edition, providing valuable guidance and
advice for this new edition.
Thanks in particular to the team at Cengage, publishers of this book. My thanks
to Raphael Solarsh who was the first point of delivery of each revised chapter, also to
Chee Ng for his support and belief in this book. As well, thanks to the production team,
graphic artists, the sales team and the many others working behind the scenes. It’s through
the team effort of us all that saw the last edition of this book win two important awards.
The author and Cengage would also like to thank the following reviewers for their
incisive and helpful feedback:
Terry Buckridge, TAFE NSW
Derek Bailey, TAFE NSW
Garry Barbuto, TAFE NSW
Rodney Chant, Riverina Institute of TAFE
Jim Loughran, TAFE QLD
Paul Mansfield, TAFE SA
Marcus Lock, SA TAFE
Kevin Langham, Tasmanian Polytechnic
Carlo Gnaccarini, Gordon Institute of TAFE
Max Adams, West Coast Institute
Aldo Vergan, Endeavour Energy
Mick Jordan, TAFE SkillsTech
xii
About the author

Peter Phillips began his working life as an apprentice electrical fitter at a large
manufacturing plant at Lithgow NSW. After completing his apprenticeship, he spent over
eight years working in various power stations, before starting his TAFE NSW teaching
career in 1974, where he taught a wide range of electrical subjects in various colleges
in NSW. He held numerous teaching and supervisory positions and became involved
in curriculum development during the 1990s, when the National Curriculum was being
introduced. In 1994, after leaving TAFE NSW, he started his own company that offered
services ranging from curriculum development to producing training resources.
He has written extensively for technical magazines and helped develop various Training
Packages and their support documentation, along with working in curriculum areas
associated with the manufacturing sector. As a result, he travelled extensively throughout
Australia, visiting a wide variety of manufacturing industries and RTOs. His first textbook,
Electrical Fundamentals, was released in 1993, and became a bestseller. It was followed
by a series of books for the Electrotechnology industry, with the series winning an award
in 1998. The second edition of Electrical Principles won two awards in 2014 and the third
edition was also equally awarded.
Peter remains actively connected to the electrical industry, and meets regularly
with trainers and others involved with the Electrical Training Package. He maintains his
connections with TAFE NSW and is widely known through his writings and involvement
in tertiary education. He holds a Bachelor of Education (Distinction) and a wide range
of technical qualifications including Electrical Trades, Advanced Diploma of Engineering,
Industrial Electronics and other Certificate IV qualifications. He was awarded a doctorate
by Sydney University in 2017.
xiii
Guide to the text

As you read this text you will find features in every chapter
to enhance your study of Electrical Principles and help you
understand how the theory is applied in the real world.
CHAPTER OPENING FEATURES
1
THE ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
4 E L E CT R I CA L P R I N C I P L E S
This chapter provides an introduction to the electrotechnology
Identify the key concepts that the industry and two important laws that cover the entire workforce:
workplace safety and environmental legislation. The meaning of
terms such as voltage, current and resistance, the difference between
chapter will cover in the Introduction a conductor and an insulator, and what is meant by an open-circuit
and a short-circuit are also described. The electric circuit and some
electrical component symbols are presented, but first we look at how
and Chapter Outline. electrical power reaches our homes.
Chapter outline
1.2 Workplace safety laws

1.1 The electrotechnology industry
1.3 Sustainable energy principles
1.4 Voltage
FYI Workplace safetyCurrent applies to all areas of the workforce, and all Australian states and territories
1.5
1.6 Resistance
A hazard is and New Zealand have legislation that covers the rights and responsibilities of employers and
1.7 Basic electric circuit
anything that can employees. Those undertaking
1.8 Circuit diagrams a Certificate III (trades) course will learn about workplace health
cause harm to 1.9 Open-circuit and closed-circuit
and safety (WHS) 1.10 Measuring voltage as part of the course. In general, WHS legislation imposes a duty of
legislation
people, plant or
the environment. care on employers and certain
1.11 Measuring current
obligations on employees. Briefly, employers are required to ensure
1.12 Meter connections
the health, safety and welfare at work of all employees and others who come into the workplace.
Employees are obliged to take care of the health and safety of co-workers, cooperate with
employers in matters of health and safety, work safely and to notify their supervisor of actual or
C H A P T E R 2 Vopotential
lTa g E S o hazards.
u r c E S Essentially,
a n d E f f E this cT S means
o f a n that E l E the
cT rWHS
I c c ulegislation
r r E n T places 2 5an obligation on every
person associated with a workplace in any way to ensure 4 his or her E L Eown
CT Rworkplace
ICAL PRIN health
C I P L Eand
S safety.
Working with electricity has its own special hazards, as well as those associated with other
industries. For example, working on a roof near overhead power lines, where there’s a risk of
falling and a risk of electric shock. The important thing, before starting any electrical work, is
to first identify the hazards and assess the risk associated with each hazard. Some employers
require work teams to complete hazard and risk identification paperwork before starting a
FEATURES WITHIN CHAPTERS
2.1 Producing a voltage job. This requires all team members to identify the potential hazards and their associated risk,
As explained further in Chapter 4, electricity is a form

determine how the risks will be dealt with (controlled), and when everyone agrees, to sign the
of energy.
completed form.A basic law, called the Conservation 1.2 Workplace safety laws
Use the Safety icons for
of Energy, says that energy 6cannot
SAFETY
beE L E CT
created R I
orCA L P R IUse
InN the
destroyed. P L Ethe
C I However,
S
above FYI
energyicons
example, can
theberisk for
converted
of falling from
is high, and FYIpotentially fatal. TheWorkplace safety applies to all areas of the workforce, and all Aus
control measures
one form to another. This means that electrical energy
wouldhas to come
include from aother
wearing safety sources
harness of energy,
plus other personal A hazard protective
is and New
equipment Zealand
(PPE), along have legislation that covers the rights and respo
important tips on safe process. Thehighlighted
by a conversion
Safety issues
most commonlyin
are
used more
energy sources useful
for this information
are: anything
with being very aware of the hazard and taking appropriate care. The electricalemployees. that can hazard would Those
alsoundertaking a Certificate III (trades) course will l
work practices.• mechanical needabout the topic.
chapters where cause harm to
to be controlled in a manner that ensures your safety. As a job proceeds, andyousafety (WHS)
might findlegislation as part of the course. In general, WHS
they apply. people, plant or
• chemical some of the control measures are not providing sufficient the safety, so a review becomes necessaryand certain obligations on employees. Briefly, emp
environment. care on employers
• heat and changes need to be made. The risk management process is shown in Figurethe 1.3,health, safetytoand welfare at work of all employees and others wh
and applies
Sustainability icons
• light. every job, whether outdoors or indoors.
Energy efficiency refers to using less energy for the same outcome. Products
Employees are obliged to take care of the health and safety of
include those with
SUSTAINABILITY
aKey concepts employers in matters of health and safety, work safely and to notify
highlight key energy Producing electricityFoften involves
E 1 . 3 several
I GSustainable
UR energy processes, high
suchefficiency
as rating, energy
first converting are
heat toefficient
mechanical lamps, andKEY in CONCEPT
particular, light emitting diode (LED) lamps
in fluorescent lamps and all types of filament 7lamps. 1 Essentially, this means that the WHS legislation
potential
C H A P T E R 4 E L E CT R I C A L P O W E R hazards.
issues are energy
highlighted which are replacing The fluorescent
basic cycle tubes, compact
energy, then using theRisk
sustainability issues
Figure 2.1, where an energy
mechanical
management is a to produce
in chapters where
source is converted to
emphasised
New
electrical
electricity.
buildings
energy, have
which to
is
inthen
the
conform
is shown
1toidentify
converteda set by hazards
ofanstandardsHeat and light
designed to reduce
person associated with a workplace in any way to ensure his or her own
energy and water usage.
constant process are both forms of Working with electricity has its own special hazards, as well as
they apply.
relevant to the electrical
electrical
appliance into another form of energy, such In margin
as heat. Southfor
New Wales, easythese are known as BASIX.‘radiant’ Other states
energyand territories and New Zealand
industries. For example, working on a roof near overhead power l
have similar legislation. is there a regulation, advisory standard,
industry. reference and revision.
WHS and environmental legislation have been
industry code or other guidance about
F I Gbriefly
U R E described
2.1
falling and a risk of electric shock. The important thing, before sta
before we start looking at
the identified hazards? to first identify the hazards and assess the risk associated with ea
electrical theory, as it is very important to be aware of these
Electrical energytwo is items of legislation, and to
energy source load that converts require work teams to complete hazard and risk identification p
(mechanical, chemical, understand
electrical energy your responsibilities.
5 monitor electrical energy to
produced by converting
EXAMPLE 4.4 other forms of energy job. This requires all team members to identify the potential hazar
radiant) and reviewheat, light, etc. follow the regulation,
determine how the risks will be dealt with (controlled), and when
Examples demonstrate Find the power (P) of a motor that is delivering 20 Nm of torque when standard,
it is codeat
running or 1440 RPM. 2 assess risks
completed form.
Key points... guide
step-by-step solutions to Solution • a Electrical power is 20
sentNm fromand power generators
SAFETY
In the above example, the risk of falling is high, and potentially
As you saw in ChapterValues1, torque
voltage (T) 5
is ‘electrical pressure’ current is a flowtoof electrons.• The Thevarious stateSafetyandissuesterritory
are WHS and include wearing a safety harness plus other personal protec
would
numerical problems that
current does the work (lights a substations
lamp,RPM
makes(n) over5 high
a motor1440 voltage
turn), as atransmission
voltage by itself lines and a pressure
is simply Environmental Protection
highlighted in Acts imposewith obligations
being very aware of the hazard and taking appropriate care. The
distributed
power to ofusers
(P) 5 ? over andlower voltage
Thatpower lines.energy ison both employerschapters andwheretheir employees.
need to be controlled in a manner that ensures your safety. As a j
you will face in source.
the So, electrical energy•is aThe combination
electrotechnology
voltage current.
industry has 4over
is, electrical
20
implement control •
used
Sustainable they 3apply.
energy is
decidemadethe up of two parts:
some of the control measures are not providing sufficient safety, so
(or more correctly, transformed) only when 2πcurrent
nT 6.28 3 20 31440
flows.
P5
Equationqualifications,
electrical industry. This means the energy source to produce 60 each
5 requiring a knowledge
electrical energy
60 is only measures
being of used when current renewable energy control
andmeasures
energy efficiency.
and changes need to be made. The risk management process is shown
flows. For instance, a Answer electrical
battery that’s power principles.
not connected5 3014 to watts
anything is not supplying electrical energy, every job, whether outdoors or indoors.
even though there’s a voltage developed across its terminals. Here’s a brief look at the various
ways of producing electricity. All these methods convert one form of energy into electrical FIGURE 1.3
energy.
Efficiency Risk management is a
1.4 Voltage constant process 1 identify hazards
The source of energy to power a motor has to come from another energy source. In Example 4.4,
Mechanical to electrical
the motor is delivering slightly Theover
three3 most
kW ofcommon
mechanicalelectrical
power.quantities are voltage,
This is called current and resistance. These three
the output
is there a regulation
industry code or oth
power. The input power is the termspower are closely
taken related,
by the motorwhich
frommeans that source.
its energy if any two are present,
If there were the third is also present. For the identified hazard
Mechanical energy is movement. The three main ways to convert mechanical movement into
no losses in the motor, it would instance,
requireif voltage
the same andinput
resistance
power are as
bothitspresent,
output so is current.
power. That
electrical
Copyright 2019 Cengage energy are:
Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole orbyina part. WCN 02-200-202
is, the motor would be 100 per cent A voltage is electrical pressure. As an example, lightning is caused
efficient. very high 5 monitor
voltage (or
• friction between two materials electrical Earth. When the pressure isand review follow the regulation,
It is impossible for any machine to bepressure) between
100 per cent a cloud
efficient, as and
thereanother point,
are always suchinasthe
losses high
• mechanical stress process
applied ofto converting
a piezo-electric element
enough, there’s a lightning strike. standard, code or 2 ass
energy from one form to another. In the caseAofcaran battery develops
electric motor, thea losses
voltage of 12 volts; there’s 230 volts
guide
xiv G U I D E TO T H E T E X T
KEY POINTS...
• All forms of energy can be classified as either • Efficiency of a machine equals its power out
potential or kinetic. divided by its power in, multiplied by 100.
• Kinetic energy is energy in motion. • Efficiency gives a measure of the losses in a
• Potential energy is energy in storage. machine and is expressed as a percentage.
• Power is the rate of doing work. It has the symbol P
FEATURES WITHIN CHAPTERS and is measured in watts.
TASK 4.1
Practice your electrical 1 Calculate the force required to lift a toolbox weighing 15 kg.
calculations by 2 How much work is done if you lift the 15 kg toolbox through a vertical distance
of 1.5 m?
answering the questions
3 When tightening a bolt, the manufacturer specifies a maximum torque of 60 Nm.
in the Task feature. How much force can you apply if you hold the spanner at a point 200 mm from
the bolt head?
Find the answers in 4 You weigh 60 kg and are carrying tools weighing 5 kg. How much power do you develop
the Solutions section at if you climb a 20 metre long ladder in 30 seconds?
5 A machine requires 500 W of power and delivers 450 W of useful output power.
the end of the book.
72 E L E CT R I CA L P R I N C I P L E S Calculate the losses and the efficiency of the machine.
Review your understanding 4.3

of the mostElectrical
important power
points with the Key points box at the
end of each topic. As already explained, the power is one watt if one joule of energy is transformed in one second. Electrical
energy is used only when a voltage causes a current to flow (kinetic energy). Electrical power is the
rate at which electrical energy is transformed into another form, such as heat.
KEY POINTS... Electrical power, like mechanical power, is measured in watts. One watt of electrical power is
dissipated in a resistor when ae Lvoltage of one volt causes a current of one ampere to flow through
• All forms of energy can be classified as either
5 9 6 • eEfficiency
cT r i cA L P r i n c i P L e S
the resistor. (By Ohm’s law, the resistance isofone a machine
ohm.) equals its power out
potential or kinetic. The general equation to find electricalbypower
divided its power is: in, multiplied by 100.
• KEY energy
Kinetic CONCEPTis energy in motion.
power 5 voltage 3 current•(P Efficiency
5 VI) gives a measure of the losses in a
• Potential energy is energy in storage.
Calculating machine and is expressed as a percentage.
where:
• Power is the rate
electrical powerof doing work. It has the symbol P • Amortisseur windings, also called damping bars, are fitted to the rotor of a synchronous motor
and is measured in watts.
P 5 power in watts to prevent it hunting, and to also provide a means of starting the motor. In this case, the bars
V 5 voltage in volts allow the motor to start as an induction motor.
• When the load on a synchronous motor is increased, the rotor speed remains constant, but the
I 5 current in amperes. rotor shifts backwards by an amount called the torque angle.
•
The power factor of a synchronous motor depends on the level of DC excitation. An under-
TASK 4.1 excited motor has a lagging power factor, an over-excited motor has a leading power factor. The
optimum exciting current gives the minimum stator current for that load at unity power factor.
EXAMPLE 4.6
1 Calculate the force required to lift a toolbox• weighing
Because power factor can be determined by excitation, synchronous motors are sometimes
END-OF-CHAPTER2 FEATURES
15 kg.
used to improve power factor. In this application, the motor is a synchronous capacitor.
HowCalculate
much worktheispower
done being
if you dissipated by
lift the 15 kg the lampthrough
• toolbox
in Figure
Small synchronous motorsaare
4.8.
vertical
non-exciteddistance
and some types have a permanent magnet rotor.
of 1.5 m?
Solution
3 When tightening aVbolt,
Values 5 24thevolts
manufacturer specifies a maximum torque of 60 Nm.
At the end of each chapterHow you
much will
force can
I 5you
1.5 apply if you hold the spanner at a point 200 mm from
amperes
find several tools to help you to review,
the bolt head? P5? CHAPTER SUMMARY
The following equations apply to this chapter: • for an alternator, voltage regulation
4 You Equation
weigh 60 kg P and VI 5
5 are carrying
24 3 1.5tools weighing 5 kg. How much power do you develop
practise and extend your knowledge.
if you climb a 20 metre
Answer P 5 36 long
watts 
120f
ladder in •30n seconds?
p
where n 5 synchronous speed %
V 2V
s
V
 100 where V 5 no-load
s
NL
FL
FL
NL
in RPM, f 5 supply frequency in hertz, voltage, V 5 full-load voltage

5 A machine requires 500 W of power andp 5delivers 450 W of useful output power. FL
number of poles
• η% 
P C H A P T E R 2 4 Sy n c H r O n O u S M A c H i n e S
 100 , where η% 5 percentage out 597
Calculate the losses and the efficiency of the 120fmachine. P in
• p , which is the above equation in
ns efficiency, Pout 5 output power in watts,
terms of number of poles Pin 5 input power to the machine when
4.3 Electrical
Review your understanding of the
power
the machine is producing its rated output
• V 5 4.44 NfΦk where V 5 phase voltage power
in volts produced by an alternator, • Pin 5 Pout 1 losses
key chapter topics with the 6 A 100
As already explained, the power is one watt if aone
N 5kVA
89 fper
number
5 frequency
joule
of armature
alternator
cent whenofoperating
ofofenergy
has anturns
the generated
per phase,
efficiency of
at fullvoltage
is How load with
transformed
46.5 A at unity power factor. Calculate the
• efficiency
in one
P  9.55
T  out ofC Hthe
second. motor.
A P Twhere
nElectricalE R 2 4TSy5ntorque
cHrOn inO u S M A c H i n e S
597
in hertz,
power factor Φ5 magnetic
0.85 lag.flux per polepower
much in 10 A three-phase six-pole 400 V 50 Hz
Chapter summary. energy is used only when a voltage causes a current
does
•these
webers,
the prime to
k 5flow
conditions?
apparent
mover(kinetic
machine needconstant energy).
to provide
power S 5 VI (single-phase
under Electrical newton metres (Nm), n 5 motor’s rotational
synchronous power
speed in RPM.
is
motor the
when delivering 40 kW
to a load takes a current of 62 A with normal
rate at which electrical energy is transformed
7 Aninto another
alternator),
8-pole S 5 form,
synchronous 3 Vmotor such
I (three-phase
L L
as heat.
is operating excitation applied to the motor. Calculate:
Electrical power, like mechanical power,from isalternator)
measured
a 50 Hz supply. inWhat
watts. is its One watt of electrical
rotational a the input power power to the is motor
speed? b the efficiency of the motor
dissipated in a resistor when a voltage of one
8 Give volt
threecausesmethodsaused current
to start of
a one amperec to flow through
rotational speed of the motor
6 A 100 kVA alternator has an efficiency of 46.5 A at unity power factor. Calculate the
synchronous motor. d torque produced by the motor.
the resistor. (By Ohm’s law, the resistance is 89 one perohm.)
cent when operating at full load with efficiency of the motor.
9 A three-phase REVIEW EXERCISES
50 Hz synchronous motor
Test your knowledge and consolidate
a power
The general equation to find electrical power
is rated is:atfactor of 0.85
250 mover
lag. How much
kW. Itsneed
nameplate
power
states
10 A three-phase six-pole 400 V 50 Hz
KEY CONCEPT 1 does
What
athese
the
is the
voltage
prime
synchronous
rating of 3.3 kVspeed
to provide
and a of
under
a 12-pole,
current of
synchronous
disconnected.motor Whatwhenis its delivering
percentage40voltage
kW
power 5 voltage 3 current (P 5 VI) conditions? to a load takes a current of 62 A with normal
your learning
Calculatingthrough the
50 Hz alternator? regulation?
7 A
2 Anthree-phase
8-pole synchronous motor 50
star-connected Hz alternator 5 excitation
is operating A 200 kVA,applied600 V to the motor. alternator
three-phase Calculate:
where: from300
has a 50turns Hz supply. Whata is
per phase, itsper
flux rotational
pole of ais the input power
supplying a full to
loadthecurrent
motor at a lagging
Review electrical
exercises power
and Worksheets. P 5 power in watts
speed? ONLINE RESOURCES
80 mWb and a machine constant of 0.88. bpowerthe efficiency of theItmotor
factor of 0.86. has friction and
8 Calculate
Give threethe methods used to start a cwindage
rotational speed
losses of the
of 2.5 kW,motor
an iron loss of
Information from alternator’s:
the internet about the topics in d4 torque produced
V 5 voltage in volts synchronous
thisachapter
phase voltage motor.
will vary in mathematical complexity, SCAN kW,
ME a copper lossbyofthe motor.
3 kW, an excitation
9 bA linethree-phase
voltage. 50 Hz synchronous motor Animated
loss of presentation
600 W and describing
stray losses of 2.8 kW.
content and terminology. The website addresses
I 5 current in amperes. is rated
3 A three-phase
suggested
at 250
below all
kW. Its
alternator nameplate states
is rated at 20
provide information kVA at
within
operation
Calculateof a three-phase
the alternator’s:
aa voltage rating of 3.3 kV and a current of synchronous alternator
a full load current
full-load
the scope of thislinebook.
voltage of 400 V. How much
line current can the alternator supply? b total losses
https://www.youtube.com/
YouTube
4 The full-loadvideosterminal voltage of an alternator c input power
watch?v=1tyBWqVSUfI
EXAMPLE 4.6
Extend your understanding of the key ONLINE RESOURCES is 400 V, rising to 430 V when the load is
SCAN ME
d percentage efficiency.
SCAN ME
Calculate the power being dissipated byInformation
the lamp fromintheFigure 4.8.the topics in
internet about
points through wider research using
Animated presentation explaining Animated
SCAN ME video explaining hydro-
this chapter will vary in mathematical complexity, operation of a synchronous motor power generation
Animated presentation describing
content and terminology. The website addresses
Solution operation of a three-phase
Online resources and the internet.

https://www.youtube.com/ https://www.youtube.com/
suggested below all provide information within synchronous alternator
watch?v=Vk2jDXxZIhs watch?v=Lx6UfiEU3Q0
Values V 5 24 volts the scope of this book.
Scan the QR code or follow the link I 5 1.5 amperes YouTube videos SCAN ME
watch?v=1tyBWqVSUfI
General information
P5? Promotional video showing rewinding
provided to access them.

Equation P 5 VI 5 24 3 1.5
SCAN machines
large ME
Animated presentation explaining
SCAN ME
SCAN ME
Animated
Covers video
most explaining
of the types ofhydro-
motors in
operation of a synchronous motor power generation
Answer P 5 36 watts watch?v=3s1QPleyJGU
this chapter
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
watch?v=Vk2jDXxZIhs watch?v=Lx6UfiEU3Q0
Synchronous_motor
SCAN ME General information

Promotional video showing rewinding
COMPLETE
large WORKSHEET
machines TWENTY-FOURSCAN ME
https://www.youtube.com/ Covers most of the types of motors in
for students
watch?v=3s1QPleyJGU for
thisinstructors
chapter
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
These worksheets give you the opportunity to You may use these worksheets to assess your
Synchronous_motor
assess your knowledge and consolidate your students’ understanding of key concepts in
understanding of the concepts learned in this this chapter.
chapter. • Download the student and instructor version
COMPLETE WORKSHEET TWENTY-FOUR

• Please contact your instructor for the
worksheet
of the worksheet, including solutions,
from the instructor companion website
accessible via http://login.cengage.com
for students for instructors
These worksheets give you the opportunity to You may use these worksheets to assess your
assess your knowledge and consolidate your students’ understanding of key concepts in
understanding of the concepts learned in this this chapter.
chapter. • Download the student and instructor version
• Please contact your instructor for the of the worksheet, including solutions,
worksheet from the instructor companion website
accessible via http://login.cengage.com
xv
Guide to the online resources

FOR THE INSTRUCTOR
MINDTAP
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The Cengage Mobile App puts your course directly into students’ hands with course materials available on their
smartphone or tablet. Students can read on the go, complete practice quizzes or participate in interactive real-
time activities.
MindTap for Electrical Principles is full of innovative resources to support critical thinking, and help your students
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xvi G U I D E TO T H E O N L I N E R E S O U R C E S
INSTRUCTIONAL VIDEOS
This series of online Instructional videos provides relevant and engaging visual teaching demonstrations for
instructors to illustrate in class the skills and concepts covered in Electrical Principles.
These visual resources are available in MindTap.
• Video 1 – Tong test • Video 11 – Solving series RLC circuit
• Video 2 – Ohm’s law applied to a hot water service • Video 12 – Numeracy explanation
• Video 3 – Numerical language of electrical power • Video 13 – Case study: 10A single-phase AC motor
• Video 4 – Power and resistance in a stove • Video 14 – Three-phase balanced and unbalanced
• Video 5 – Series and parallel circuit installations: circuits
LED lights • Video 15 – Compressor motors
• Video 6 – Parallel circuits in the home • Video 16 – Low lighting efficiencies using
• Video 7 – Case study: The house with the dimming transformers
lights • Video 17 – How do three-phase induction motors work?
• Video 8 – Understanding solenoids and their uses • Video 18 – Replacing faulty capacitors
• Video 9 – Lenz’s law and its everyday use
• Video 10 – Case study: Power correction in a factory
FOR THE INSTRUCTOR

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Electrotechnology Electrician. and mapping of content to the
ARTWORK FROM THE training package. Contact your
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1
THE ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
This chapter provides an introduction to the electrotechnology

industry and two important laws that cover the entire workforce:
workplace safety and environmental legislation. The meaning of
terms such as voltage, current and resistance, the difference between
a conductor and an insulator, and what is meant by an open-circuit
and a short-circuit are also described. The electric circuit and some
electrical component symbols are presented, but first we look at how
electrical power reaches our homes.
Chapter outline
1.3 Sustainable energy principles
1.4 Voltage
1.5 Current
1.6 Resistance
1.7 Basic electric circuit
1.8 Circuit diagrams
1.9 Open-circuit and closed-circuit
1.10 Measuring voltage
1.11 Measuring current
1.12 Meter connections

Electricity is our most convenient form of energy. In Australia, coal and gas-fired power stations
produce about three quarters of the nation’s electrical power, supplemented by wind farms, solar
panels, hydro, solar thermal and biogas power generation. Electricity is transmitted from these
many generating sources to all parts of the country over high voltage power transmission lines.
These lines supply power to substations, which convert the high voltage to a more suitable voltage
and distribute the electrical power to homes, industry and commerce.
Figure 1.1 is a simplified diagram showing how power is distributed by way of overhead and
underground cables. Substation, pole mounted and street transformers change the voltage at each
stage, so that homes are supplied with 230 V AC. There’s a lot more to it, and a common factor in
the electrotechnology industry is the need to understand the principles of electricity.
FIGURE 1.1
Electrical power is transmission
transmitted at high substation
voltages, and after
stepping down to lower
voltages, is distributed 230 V
power generation power transmission
400 V
to homes and industry
at high voltage power
(e.g. 132 kV, 330 kV) distribution
(e.g. 33 kV, 66 kV)
11 kV zone substations
commerce kV
22
11 kV
230 V
industry
V
400
The electrotechnology industry can be divided into two industrial groups – electrical and
electronic. There are nearly 20 electrotechnology career opportunities, and knowing about
electricity is important in all of them.
The electrical industry

The electrical industry can be divided into three main areas:
• Electrical supply covers power generation, transmission and distribution and includes power
stations, the transmission of electrical power throughout the country and the distribution of
electrical power to homes and industry. The supply industry includes statutory authorities
such as Transgrid (in New South Wales), Powerlink (Queensland), Western Power (Western
Australia), SA Power Networks (South Australia) and AusNet Services (Victoria) which are
responsible for operating and managing the high voltage networks that connect generators,
distributors and major end users such as large industries. The state-owned transmission
networks are interconnected and are under the management of Australia’s National Electricity
Market (NEM) authority. Power distribution is done by energy companies, who are responsible
for distributing electrical power to all end users, including commerce, industry and homes.
• Industrial which involves installing and maintaining electrical machinery and electrical wiring
in factories and industrial complexes. Large industries, such as mining, often employ fulltime
C H A P T E R 1 T H E E L E CT R I C C I R C U I T 3
electricians. This sector includes instrumentation, which can involve installing, calibrating
and maintaining measuring instruments typically used in the manufacturing and processing
industries. An important sector is the lift industry, which involves installation, commissioning
and maintaining lifts, escalators, motorised walkways and the like. The refrigeration industry
is also part of the electrical industry, and includes installing and servicing refrigeration and air
conditioning systems.
• Commercial and domestic covers the installation of wiring (lighting, power, data) and the
installation and repair of appliances such as stoves, lighting installations and some types of
motorised equipment. Those working in this field are usually known as electrical contractors, and
are required to have a licence when installing wiring that connects to the electrical supply lines.
The electronics industry

The electronics and electrical industry groups are closely related. Sometimes the tasks are similar,
such as installing cabling, where an electrician might install the power wiring and an electronics
technician is responsible for installing other wiring, such as phone lines, computer networks and the
like. Similarly, an electrician would service and repair electric motors, while an electronics technician
might look after the motor’s electronic control system. It is not unusual for those working in the
electrotechnology industry to learn both sets of skills. The electronics industry is divided into various
areas such as:
• data and voice communications which includes radio and TV stations, telecommunications
(telephones, satellite links), marine and aviation communications, mobile phones, taxis, police
and other communication systems
• consumer electronics such as repair and maintenance of TV/video systems, sound equipment,
radio and other electronic appliances used in the home
• commercial electronics such as repairing and servicing photocopiers, cash registers and
similar electronic equipment used by business and light industry
• computer system installation, repair and servicing (IT industry)
• industrial which covers working with electronic systems used in industry, such as electronic
motor control systems, computer controlled machinery, conveyor systems and so on.
• security which includes installation, repair and maintenance of domestic and commercial
security systems.
FIGURE 1.2
These are some of
the main areas in the
electronics industry
computers
domestic appliances security
telecommunications
Shutterstock.com/cobalt88
iStock.com/sweetym
appliances servicing Shutterstock.com/Mindscape studio
industrial domestic and commercial Getty Images/Jeffrey Coolidge
iStock.com/by_nicholas
Shutterstock.com/drpnncpptak
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
The Project Gutenberg eBook of The lesser Key
of Solomon, Goetia, the book of evil spirits
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.
Title: The lesser Key of Solomon, Goetia, the book of evil spirits
contains two hundred diagrams and seals for
invocation and convocation of spirits, necromancy,
witchcraft and black art
Editor: L. W. De Laurence
Release date: January 11, 2024 [eBook #72679]
Language: English
Original publication: Chicago: de Laurence, Scott & Co, 1916
Credits: deaurider, David King, and the Online Distributed

Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net. (This file
was produced from images generously made available
by The Internet Archive.)
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LESSER

KEY OF SOLOMON, GOETIA, THE BOOK OF EVIL SPIRITS ***
The Lesser Key of Solomon
The Lesser Key Of Solomon

GOETIA
The Book Of Evil Spirits
CONTAINS TWO HUNDRED DIAGRAMS AND
SEALS FOR INVOCATION AND CONVOCATION
OF SPIRITS. NECROMANCY,
WITCHCRAFT AND
BLACK ART.
TRANSLATED FROM ANCIENT MANUSCRIPTS
IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM, LONDON
Ceremonial Magic
Only Authorized Edition Extant
Published Under The Editorship Of
L. W. de Laurence
Member Of The Eastern Order Of
Sacred Mysteries
DE LAURENCE
Chicago
Copyright, 1916
By
de LAURENCE, SCOTT & CO.
SPECIAL NOTICE
The illustrations, cover design and contents of this

Volume are protected by copyright, and must not be
reproduced or copied without written permission from
the Publishers.
Disregard of this warning will subject the offender to

the penalty provided by law.
Goetia
The Lesser Key Of
King Solomon
ΕΠΙΚΑΛΟΥΜΑΙ ΣΕ ΤΟΝ ΕΝ ΤΩ ΚΕΝΕΩ ΠΝΕΥΜΑΤΙ, ΔΕΙΝΟΝ,

ΑΟΡΑΤΟΝ, ΠΑΝΤΟΚΡΑΤΟΡΑ. ΘΕΟΝ ΘΕΩΝ, ΦΘΕΡΟΠΟΙΟΝ, ΚΑΙ
ΕΡΗΜΟΠΟΙΟΝ, Ο ΜΙΣΩΝ ΟΙΚΙΑΝ ΕYΣΤΑΘΟΥΣΑΝ, ΩΣ
ΕΞΕΒΡΑΣΘΗΣ ΕΚ ΤΗΣ ΑΙΓΥΠΤΙΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΕΞΩ ΧΩΡΑΣ.
ΕΠΟΝΟΜΑΣΘΗΣ Ο ΠΑΝΤΑ ΡΗΣΣΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΜΗ ΝΙΚΩΜΕΝΟΣ.
ΕΠΙΚΑΛΟΥΜΑΙ ΣΕ ΤΥΦΩΝ ΣΗΘ ΤΑΣ ΣΑΣ ΜΑΝΤΕΙΑΣ ΕΠΙΤΕΛΩ,
ΟΤΙ ΕΠΙΚΑΛΟΥΜΑΙ ΣΕ ΤΟ ΣΟΝ ΑΥΘΕΝΤΙΚΟΝ ΣΟΤ ΟΝΟΜΑ ΕΝ
ΟΙΣ ΟΥ ΔΥΝΗ ΠΑΡΑΚΟΥΣΑΙ ΙΩΕΡΒΗΘ, ΙΩΠΑΚΕΡΒΗΟ,
ΙΩΒΟΛΧΩΣΗΘ, ΙΩΠΑΤΑΘΝΑΞ, ΙΩΣΩΡΩ, ΙΩΝΕΒΟΥΤΟΣΟΥΑΛΗΘ,
ΑΚΤΙΩΦΙ, ΕΡΕΣΧΙΓΑΛ, ΝΕΒΟΠΟΩΑΛΗΘ, ΑΒΕΡΑΜΕΝΘΩΟΝ,
ΛΕΡΘΕΞΑΝΑΞ, ΕΘΡΕΛΥΩΘ, ΝΕΜΑΡΕΒΑ, ΑΕΜΙΝΑ, ΟΛΟΝ ΗΚΕ
ΜΟΙ ΚΑΙ ΒΑΔΙΣΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΚΑΤΕΒΑΛΕ ΤΟΝ ΔΕΙΝΟΝ ΜΑΘΕΡΣ. ΡΙΓΕΙ
ΚΑΙ ΠΥΡΕΙΩ ΑΥΤΟΣ ΗΔΙΚΗΣΕΝ ΤΟΝ ΑΝΘΡΩΠΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΤΟ ΑΙΜA
ΤΟΥ ΦΥΩΝΟΣ ΕΞΕΧΥΣΕΝ ΠΛΡ’ ΕΑΥΤΩ.
ΔΙΑ ΤΟΥΤΟ ΤΑΥΤΑ ΠΟΙΕΩ ΚΟΙΝΑ.
Preface.
This translation of the First Book of the “Lemegeton” which is now

for the first time made accessible to students of Talismanic Magic
was done, after careful collation and edition, from numerous Ancient
Manuscripts in Hebrew, Latin, and French, by G. H. Fra. D.D.C.F., by
the order of the Secret Chief of the Rosicrucian Order.[1] The G. H.
Fra., having succumbed unhappily to the assaults of the Four Great
Princes (acting notably under Martial influences), it seemed
expedient that the work should be brought to its conclusion by
another hand. The investigation of a competent Skryer into the
house of our unhappy Fra., confirmed this divination; neither our Fra.
nor his Hermetic Mul. were there seen; but only the terrible shapes
of the evil Adepts S.V.A.[2] and H., whose original bodies having been
sequestered by Justice, were no longer of use to them. On this we
stayed no longer Our Hand; but withdrawing Ourselves, and
consulting the Rota, and the Books M. and Q. did decide to ask Mr.
Aleister Crowley, a poet, and skilled student of Magical Lore, and an
expert Kabbalist, to complete openly that which had been begun in
secret.[3] This is that which is written: “His Bishoprick let another
take.” And again: “Oculi Tetragammaton.” This is also that which is
said: “Nomen Secundum refertur ad Gebhurah; qui est Rex Bittul
atque Corruptio Achurajim Patris et Matris hoc indigitatur.”
And so saying we wish you well.
Ex Deo Nascimur.
In Jesu Morimur.
Per S.S. Reviviscimus.
Given forth from our Mountain of A., this day of C.C. 1903 A. D.
PRELIMINARY INVOCATION.
Thee I invoke, the Bornless one.

Thee, that didst create the Earth and the Heavens:
Thee, that didst create the Night and the Day.
Thee, that didst create the Darkness and the Light.
Thou art Osorronophris: Whom no man has seen at any time.
Thou art Jäbas
Thou art Jäpōs:
Thou hast distinguished between the Just and the Unjust.
Thou didst make the Female and the Male.
Thou didst produce the Seed and the Fruit.
Thou didst form Men to love one another, and to hate one
another.
I am Mosheh Thy Prophet, unto Whom Thou didst commit Thy

Mysteries, the Ceremonies of Ishrael:
Thou didst produce the moist and the dry, and that which nourisheth
all created Life.
Hear Thou Me, for I am the Angel of Paphrō Osorronophris: this is
Thy True Name, handed down to the Prophets of Ishrael.
Hear Me:—
Ar: Thiao: Rheibet: Atheleberseth:
A: Blatha: Abeu: Ebeu: Phi:
Thitasoe: Ib: Thiao.
Hear Me, and make all Spirits subject unto Me: so that every Spirit of
the Firmament and of the Ether; upon the Earth and under the Earth:
on dry Land and in the Water: of Whirling Air, and of rushing Fire:
and every Spell and Scourge of God may be obedient unto Me.
I invoke Thee, the Terrible and Invisible God: Who dwellest in the
Void Place of the Spirit:—
Arogogorobraō: Sothou:
Modoriō: Phalarthaō: Döö: Apé, The Bornless One:
Hear Me: etc.
Hear me:—
Roubriaō: Mariōdam: Balbnabaoth: Assalonai: Aphniaō: I: Thoteth:
Abrasar: Aëöōü: Ischure, Mighty and Bornless One!
Hear me: etc.
I invoke thee:—
Ma: Barraiō: Jōēl: Kotha:

Athorēbalō: Abraoth:
Hear Me: etc.
Hear me!
Aōth: Abaōth: Basum: Isak:
Sabaoth: Iao:
This is the Lord of the Gods:

This is the Lord of the Universe:
This is He Whom the Winds fear.
This is He, Who having made Voice by His Commandment, is Lord

of All Things; King, Ruler and Helper.
Hear Me, etc.
Hear Me:—
Ieou: Pūr: Iou: Pūr: Iaōt: Iaeō: Ioou: Abrasar: Sabriam: Do: Uu:
Adonaie: Ede: Edu: Angelos ton Theon: Aniaia Lai: Gaia: Ape:
Diathanna Thorun.
I am He! the Bornless Spirit! having sight in the feet: Strong, and the
Immortal Fire!
I am He! the Truth!
I am He! Who hate that evil should be wrought in the World!
I am He, that lighteneth and thundereth.
I am He, from Whom is the Shower of the Life of Earth:
I am He, Whose mouth ever flameth:
I am He, the Begetter and Manifester unto the Light:
I am He; the Grace of the World:
“The Heart Girt with a Serpent” is My Name!
Come Thou forth, and follow Me: and make all Spirits subject unto
Me so that every Spirit of the Firmament, and of the Ether: upon the
Earth and under the Earth: on dry Land, or in the Water: of whirling
Air or of rushing Fire: and every Spell and Scourge of God, may be
obedient unto me!
Iao: Sabao:
Such are the Words!

Goetia
The Lesser Key Of Solomon
THE INITIATED INTERPRETATION OF
CEREMONIAL MAGIC.
It is loftily amusing to the student of Magical literature who is not

quite a fool—and rare is such a combination!—to note the criticism
directed by the Philistine against the citadel of his science. Truly,
since our childhood has ingrained into us not only literal belief in the
Bible, but also substantial belief in Alf Laylah wa Laylah, and only
adolescence can cure us, we are only too liable, in the rush and
energy of dawning manhood, to overturn roughly and rashly both
these classics, to regard them both on the same level, as interesting
documents from the standpoint of folk-lore and anthropology, and as
nothing more.
Even when we learn that the Bible, by a profound and minute study
of the text, may be forced to yield up Qabalistic arcana of cosmic
scope and importance, we are too often slow to apply a similar
restorative to the companion volume, even if we are the luck holders
of Burton’s veritable edition.
To me, then, it remains to raise the Alf Laylah wa Laylah into its
proper place once more.
I am not concerned to deny the objective reality of all “magical”
phenomena; if they are illusions, they are at least as real as many
unquestioned facts of daily life; and, if we follow Herbert Spencer,
they are at least evidence of some cause.[4]
Now, this fact is our base. What is the cause of my illusion of seeing
a spirit in the triangle of Art?
Every smatterer, every expert in psychology, will answer: “That
cause lies in your brain.”
English children (pace the Education Act) are taught that the
Universe lies in infinite Space; Hindu children, in the Akasa, which is
the same thing.
Those Europeans who go a little deeper learn from Fichte, that the
phenomenal Universe is the creation of the Ego; Hindus, or
Europeans studying under Hindu Gurus, are told, that by Akasa is
meant the Chitakasa. The Chitakasa is situated in the “Third Eye”,
i.e., in the brain. By assuming higher dimensions of space, we can
assimilate this fact to Realism; but we have no need to take so much
trouble.
This being true for the ordinary Universe, that all sense-impressions
are dependent on changes in the brain,[5] we must include illusions,
which are after all sense-impressions as much as “realities” are, in
the class of “phenomena dependent on brain-changes.”
Magical phenomena, however, come under a special sub-class,
since they are willed, and their cause is the series of “real”
phenomena called the operations of ceremonial Magic.
These consist of
(1) Sight.
The circle, square, triangle, vessels, lamps, robes, implements,
etc.
(2) Sound.
The invocations.
(3) Smell.
The perfumes.
(4) Taste.
The Sacraments.
(5) Touch.

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Chapter 1 The electric circuit 01

Chapter 2 Voltage sources and effects of an electric current 24

Chapter 3 Ohm’s law 43

Chapter 4 Electrical power 63

Chapter 5 Resistance and resistors 87

Chapter 6 The series circuit 107

Chapter 7 The parallel circuit 123

Chapter 8 The series–parallel circuit 141

Chapter 9 Basic meters 155

Chapter 10 Capacitance 186

Chapter 11 Magnetism and electromagnets 218

Chapter 12 Electromagnetic induction 249

Chapter 13 DC generators 269

Chapter 14 DC motors 299

Chapter 15 AC fundamentals 331

Chapter 16 Pure R, L or C in an AC circuit 357

Chapter 17 Series combinations of R, L and C 377

Chapter 18 Parallel AC circuits 400

Chapter 19 Single-phase power 419

Chapter 20 Three-phase power 437

Chapter 21 Transformers 476

Chapter 22 Three-phase motors 522

Chapter 23 Single-phase motors 558

Chapter 24 Synchronous machines 572

Chapter 25 Test equipment and batteries 598

Chapter 1 The electric circuit 01

Chapter 2 Voltage sources and effects

Chapter 3 Ohm’s law 43

Chapter 4 Electrical power 63

Chapter 5 Resistance and resistors 87

Chapter 6 The series circuit 107

6.3 Resistance in the series circuit 109

Chapter 7 The parallel circuit 123

Chapter 8 The series–parallel circuit 141

Chapter 9 Basic meters 155

Chapter 10 Capacitance 186

Chapter 11 Magnetism and electromagnets 218

Chapter 12 Electromagnetic induction 249

12.4 Inductance 256

Chapter 13 DC generators 269

Chapter 14 DC motors 299

Chapter 15 AC fundamentals 331

Chapter 16 Pure R, L or C in an AC circuit 357

Chapter 17 Series combinations of R, L and C 377

Chapter 18 Parallel AC circuits 400

Chapter 19 Single-phase power 419

19.4 Power factor 426

Chapter 20 Three-phase power 437

Chapter 21 Transformers 476

Chapter 22 Three-phase motors 522

Chapter 2 Voltage sources and effects

Chapter 22 Three-phase motors 522

Chapter 23 Single-phase motors 558