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MODELING AND
ANALYSIS OF
PASSIVE VIBRATION
ISOLATION SYSTEMS
MODELING AND
ANALYSIS OF
PASSIVE VIBRATION
ISOLATION SYSTEMS

SUDHIR KAUL
Associate Professor, School of Engineering and Technology,
Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC, USA
Elsevier
Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands
The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom
50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States

Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
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seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our
arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the
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This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright
by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and
experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices,
or medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in
evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described
herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety
and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or
editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter
of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods,
products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

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ISBN: 978-0-12-819420-1

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Typeset by Aptara, New Delhi, India

Contents

Preface vii
Dedication ix
Acknowledgment xi

1. Vibration isolation—background 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Isolator materials 1
1.3 Common elastomeric isolator designs 4
1.4 Stiffness and damping 4
1.5 Single-degree-of-freedom system 9
1.6 Multiple-degree-of-freedom system 16
Review exercises 24
References 25

2. Viscoelastic modeling—passive vibration isolators 27

2.1 Viscoelasticity 27
2.2 Voigt or Kelvin–Voigt model 28
2.3 Zener model 30
2.4 Maxwell–Voigt model 33
2.5 Generalized Maxwell or Maxwell Ladder model 37
2.6 Voigt fractional model 40
2.7 MV fractional model 42
2.8 Hysteresis model 44
Review exercises 58
References 60

3. Vibration isolation system modeling 61

3.1 Planar isolation systems (three degrees-of-freedom) 61
3.2 Spatial isolation systems (six DOFs) 67
3.3 Vibration isolation system with displacement limiting design 70
3.4 Vibration isolation system with hysteresis 73
Review exercises 88
References 89

v
vi Contents

4. Vibration isolation systems—nonlinear models 91

4.1 Single degree-of-freedom isolator with stiffness nonlinearity 91
4.2 Single-DOF isolator with stiffness and damping nonlinearity 99
4.3 Planar isolation system with stiffness and damping nonlinearity 104
4.4 Other nonlinear models 107
Review exercises 116
References 117

5. Modeling elastomer characteristics 119

5.1 Mullins effect 119
5.2 Payne effect 124
5.3 Aging 128
5.4 Creep 131
5.5 Hyperelastic model 135
Review exercises 140
References 141

6. Modeling inertia effect 143

6.1 Inertia effect 143
6.2 Inertia effect—single-degree-of-freedom model 145
6.3 Inertia effect—two-degree-of-freedom model 153
6.4 Inertia effect—three-degree-of-freedom model 162
Review exercises 168
References 169

7. Elastomeric vibration isolator design 171

7.1 Example—single-degree-of-freedom isolator design 171
7.2 Example—planar isolation system design 178
7.3 Example—spatial isolation system design 184
7.4 Case studies 190
References 207
Appendix A 209
Appendix B 215
Index 219
Preface

Passive vibration isolators are widely used in areas such as automotive,

aerospace, manufacturing, heavy machinery, and civil structures. On the one
hand, the design and development of passive vibration isolators is a mature
technology. On the other hand, analytical modeling of such isolation systems
is still evolving due to the multifaceted intersection of different disciplines.
The aim of this book is to serve as a reference for engineers and researchers
involved in the design,development,modeling,analysis,and testing of passive
vibration isolation systems.
This book has been divided into seven chapters.Chapter 1 presents a brief
review of vibration analysis and terminology. The aim of this chapter is to
serve as a refresher; this chapter can be used in conjunction with Appendix
A and Appendix B to recapitulate the content from an introductory course
in vibration analysis. Chapter 2 presents several linear viscoelastic rheological
models that can be used for a single-degree-of-freedom analysis of vibration
isolation systems. The main attributes of each model are discussed in this
chapter along with the governing relationships between critical model and
design parameters. Chapter 3 presents linear viscoelastic models for planar
(two- and three-degree-of-freedom) and spatial (six-degree-of-freedom)
vibration isolation systems. Additional models for piecewise behavior and
hysteretic systems are also presented in this chapter. Chapter 4 presents
nonlinear models for single-degree-of-freedom systems as well as multiple-
degree-of-freedom systems that can be used for the analysis of passive
vibration isolation. Although nonlinearities can be attributed to multiple
sources, this chapter primarily focuses on analytical models for a few specific
nonlinearities associated with stiffness and damping characteristics. Chapter
5 presents models that are typically used for the analysis of elastomeric
vibration isolators. Models that can be used to represent such phenomena
as Mullins effect, Payne effect, hyperelasticity, aging, and creep have been
discussed in this chapter. Chapter 6 presents models that can be used to
account for the inertia effect that is typically observed in vibration isolation
systems that need to withstand very high excitation frequencies. These
models allow an evaluation of vibroacoustic characteristics well above 1
kHz while capturing internal resonance and wave effects. Chapter 7 presents
examples and case studies that integrate concepts from the models presented
in the previous chapters of the book while demonstrating the influence of

vii
viii Preface

the vibration isolation system on overall system dynamics. There are two
brief appendices that may be used as a refresher on ordinary differential
equations and matrix algebra. Each chapter has a few exercise problems that
can be solved to test the understanding of the content presented in the
chapter.
The models discussed in this book encompass a wide range that can
be useful for the analysis of passive vibration isolation systems. While some
of the models presented in this book have been used for quite some time,
others are relatively new and offer useful options for gaining an analytical
insight that can be used for design. Furthermore, some of the models are
phenomenological, while others are semi-empirical; therefore allowing a
design or analysis engineer to customize the models during the product
development process. Some of the models for elastomeric materials and
nonlinear behavior that have been discussed in this book are active areas
of research and continue to be discussed and investigated in the existing
literature. A surge in the use of electric powertrains has resulted in new
requirements for passive vibration isolation systems, a few models presented
in this book are possible options for the analysis of internal resonance in
such systems. I hope that the variety of models discussed in this book is
useful in the design and development of passive vibration isolation systems
by holistically accounting for vibration response, system dynamics, design
parameters, and isolator design.
Dedication

Dedicated to my mother, whose life was a beacon of perseverance, resilience,

humility, and kindness.
Dedicated to my father, whose life continues to inspire me with an insatiable
love for learning.

ix
Acknowledgments

I would like to acknowledge the help received from the entire publishing
team at Elsevier. I also want to acknowledge the support received from
Western Carolina University and all my colleagues, students, peers, and
collaborators over the years. While many individuals have helped in shaping
my understanding of the content of this book, two individuals merit
special mention. I want to express my gratitude to my graduate advisor
at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Dr. Anoop Dhingra, and my
supervisor at Harley Davidson Motor Company, Dr. Tim Hunter, for
introducing me to different aspects of passive vibration isolation. Finally, I
want to thank my wife for her love, patience, and understanding during this
endeavor.
I would be remiss in failing to acknowledge the contribution of many
individuals who have shaped my academic journey, this includes many
teachers from my school and professors from the universities I attended.
I also want to thank my sister for being my very first teacher and mentor.

xi
CHAPTER 1

Vibration isolation—
background

Contents
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Isolator materials 2
1.3 Common elastomeric isolator designs 4
1.4 Stiffness and damping 6
1.5 Single-degree-of-freedom system 9
1.6 Multiple-degree-of-freedom system 17
Review exercises 24
References 25

1.1 Introduction
The use of vibration isolators and vibration isolation systems is widely
prevalent in multiple applications such as automotive, railroad, aerospace,
heavy machinery, civil structures, etc. Some of the main reasons for using
a vibration isolator include mitigation of resonance peaks, reduction of
transmissibility, enhancement of fatigue life, improvement in ergonomics,
etc. in the presence of external or internal sources of dynamic excitation.
The design of a vibration isolator requires a close examination of multiple
considerations such as the source of dynamic excitation, range of excitation
frequency, excitation amplitude, allowable displacement, acceleration limits
of the isolated system, available design envelope, etc. Additionally, consider-
ations of environmental conditions, manufacturability, and material choice
are also important. All these considerations accentuate the importance of
a theoretical model that can reasonably predict the performance of the
isolation system before finalizing the design and before manufacturing
prototypes that can be used for testing. Therefore, it is critical to select a
suitable model that can be correlated to test results and eventually used to
finalize design details.
Modeling and Analysis of Passive Vibration Isolation Systems. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc.
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-819420-1.00007-8 All rights reserved. 1
2 Modeling and analysis of passive vibration isolation systems

1.2 Isolator materials

Vibration isolation can be achieved by using materials capable of providing
a combination of highly elastic behavior in conjunction with damping
properties. Pneumatic, hydraulic, elastic metal, and elastomeric designs are
commonly used in commercial vibration isolation applications. Elastomeric
materials are arguably most common and are extensively used in the industry
with a very commonly used design consisting of elastomeric material
bonded to metal plates or a metal core. Such isolators are typically called
elastomeric mounts. Natural rubber, neoprene, and butyl rubber are some of
the commonly used elastomers in commercial vibration isolators. Elastomers
provide a designer with a range of stiffness and damping characteristics
as well as an ability to withstand different environmental conditions. This
ability to satisfy performance requirements over a wide range of rugged
conditions along with the ease of manufacturing through a molding process
make elastomers a common choice for isolators during the design process.
Table 1.1 lists some of the commonly used elastomers for manufacturing
passive vibration isolators with a listing of some of their characteristics
that can be considered during design. In addition to the commonly used
elastomers, manufacturers often develop proprietary elastomeric recipes
to serve the needs of a specific design that may require a combination
of properties from different materials. Properties of elastomeric materials
can be changed significantly by changing their composition or by using
different blends.A typical manufacturing process of the raw material involves
vulcanization by adding sulfur and by the addition of accelerators, fillers, and
plasticizers (Mark, Erman, & Roland, 2013). The raw material is then used
in a molding process to produce a vibration isolator of the designed shape
and size to deliver the necessary stiffness and damping properties. While
there are many characteristics that are sought from the design of a vibration
isolator, some of the common technical properties that a designer seeks to
comprehend are damping, dynamic stiffness, environmental resistance, and
some of the inherent nonlinearities.
Metal springs have been commonly used for vibration isolation ap-
plications as they can be designed to offer a range of stiffness properties
in heavy machinery applications. Most of these designs do not allow
much flexibility with damping as most metal springs offer relatively low
material damping. Coil springs, disc springs, slotted springs, etc. are some
examples of metal springs commonly used in vibration isolation applications
(Rivin, 2003).
 Vibration isolation—background 3

Table 1.1 Commonly used elastomeric materials.

Material Key characteristics
Natural rubber or Good processability, high elongation, high
polyisoprene (NR) tensile strength, relatively low damping
ratio, good bonding to metals,
moderate-to-low oil resistance,
moderate-to-low chemical resistance,
operating temperature: −30 to 160 °F.
Neoprene or Good abrasion resistance, good tear strength,
polychloroprene mechanical properties similar to NR,
moderate oil resistance, moderate chemical
resistance, flame retarding, operating
temperature: −20 to 180 °F.
Nitrile or acrylonitrile Good abrasion resistance, high oil resistance,
butadiene resistance to swelling, conductor of
electricity, operating temperature: −30 to
250 °F
Styrene butadiene High abrasion resistance, moderate-to-high
oil resistance, moderate-to-high chemical
resistance, good electrical insulator,
operating temperature: −20 to 210 °F
Ethylene-propylene-diene High abrasion resistance, relatively higher
terpolymer damping ratio, moderate tear resistance,
low oil resistance, low chemical resistance,
operating temperature −40 to 300 °F

In some cases, it is common to use a separate damper to augment

damping of the vibration isolation system. Viscous dampers are designed
to offer resistance to relative motion between two surfaces that are typically
separated through a fluid film. Some of these dampers can exhibit nonlinear
behavior due to strong temperature dependence. Since the early 1990s,
magnetorheological (MR) dampers have been developed by researchers and
manufacturers to provide smart damping properties that can be controlled
through input current to an electromagnet that in turn governs the behavior
of the damper. MR fluids consist of micron-sized particles in a carrier
fluid, an MR damper allows control over the apparent viscosity of the
fluid by controlling the magnetic flux of the electromagnet. Such a damper
is considered to be a semi-active system that can be used for vibration
isolation and control (Choi & Wereley, 2008; Dominguez, Sedaghati, &
Stiharu, 2004). Friction dampers and electromagnetic dampers are other
4 Modeling and analysis of passive vibration isolation systems

examples of dampers that have been used in some vibration isolation

applications.
A hydraulic mount, also called a hydromount, is another vibration isola-
tor that has been used in automotive applications. Such an isolator provides
properties that are amplitude dependent as well as frequency dependent. The
isolator typically consists of two chambers connected through a channel that
allows fluid passage from one chamber to the other. This design allows the
vibration isolator to exhibit low stiffness and high damping for dynamic
excitations with large amplitude and low frequency while demonstrating
low damping at small amplitude and high frequency vibrations (Truong
& Ahn, 2010). Different designs of hydromounts have been used in some
automotive applications to provide dynamic characteristics that can be tuned
to provide a frequency-dependent behavior.

1.3 Common elastomeric isolator designs

Some of the common designs of passive vibration isolators involve elas-
tomeric material bonded to metal plates or a metal core with a static member
that is assembled to a rigid frame and a dynamic member that separates
the isolated components from the source of dynamic excitation. There are
some designs that consist of elastomeric materials without being bonded to a
metal plate or a metal core, such designs typically do not need to withstand
high static loads. Passive elastomeric isolators are generally designed to be
under compression loading or shear loading with circular or rectangular
cross sections being the most commonly used. Grommets, bushings, etc.
are also common examples of passive elastomeric isolators. Some of the
commonly used design configurations of elastomeric isolators are shown in
Table 1.2.
Most elastomeric isolators exhibit varying amounts of creep. Creep is ex-
hibited in the form of an increasing deformation even when the load is static.
Creep behavior is exponential and time dependent. Upon removal of the
static load, creep is mostly reversible but leaves some residual strain or per-
manent set in the elastomer. Dynamic loads can also result in an increasing
deformation in elastomeric isolators with every loading cycle,this property is
often referred to as the dynamic set. In elastomeric isolator design, it is com-
mon to allow for 10% deflection to account for creep and dynamic set. Some
specific characteristics of elastomeric isolators will be discussed in detail in
Chapter 5.
 Vibration isolation—background 5

Table 1.2 Examples of passive elastomeric isolator designs.

6 Modeling and analysis of passive vibration isolation systems

1.4 Stiffness and damping

Stiffness and damping are two main characteristics sought from a vibration
isolator and are used for characterizing a dynamic model. Stiffness identifies
the ability of a material to withstand applied force. The stiffness constant
or the spring constant (k) of an isolator is defined as the force per unit
deflection, expressed as follows:
F
k= (1.1)
x
In Eq. (1.1), F is the force and x is the corresponding deflection. A
relatively higher stiffness indicates a higher value of k, in turn implying that a
higher force is necessary to obtain the same amount of deflection. For linear
elastic behavior, the stiffness constant is directly related to the modulus of
elasticity of the material. The modulus of elasticity of elastomeric materials
is significantly lower, and the material regains its original shape and size very
quickly after undergoing significant deformation. Eq. (1.1) identifies a linear
relationship, some of the passive isolator designs may not be represented by
this stiffness model. Such cases will be discussed in the chapter on nonlinear
vibration isolators. Often, an equivalent stiffness is computed for developing
a dynamic model when multiple isolators (or spring elements) are connected
together. An example of calculating the equivalent stiffness is presented in
Example 1.1.
Example 1.1: Find the equivalent stiffness for the system of springs in (A)
parallel and (B) series shown in Fig. 1.1.
For the two springs in parallel F = (k1 + k2 )x, this can be identified
from the free-body diagram as an external force causes the same deflection
in both the springs. This relationship can be used to write the ratio of force

A B
Figure 1.1 Springs in parallel and springs in series.
 Vibration isolation—background 7

and deflection as Fx = k1 + k2 . Therefore, for the two springs in parallel,

the equivalent spring constant can be expressed as the sum of the spring
constants: keq = k1 + k2 , thereby expressing the force-deflection ratio as
F
x
= keq . It can be seen that the equivalent spring constant (keq ) of the
springs in parallel is higher than the spring constant of each spring.In general,
the equivalent spring  constant for any number of springs in parallel can be
calculated as keq = ki .For the two springs in series,F = k1 x1 = k2 x2 = keq x
i
as the force in both the springs remains the same. The overall deflection, x,
is the sum of the individual deflection x1 and x2 of each spring, x1 + x2 = x.
Substitution from the force equation results in the following: kF1 + kF2 = kFeq .
These two equations can be used to calculate the equivalent spring constant
of the two springs in series as keq = 1 +1 1 . The overall equivalent spring
k1 k2
constant keq of the springs in series is lesser than the spring constant of each
spring. In general, the equivalent spring constant for any number of springs
in series can be calculated as keq = 1 1 . It may be noted that spring
ki
elements may be connected through a combination of series and parallel
configurations. However, the equivalent spring constant of the system can
be calculated by using a term-by-term reduction of the series and parallel
configurations.
As vibration isolation systems can be subject to a wide range of excitation
frequencies, it is common to represent the force-deflection relationship in
terms of complex stiffness. For an input displacement of x = Xejωt and an
output force of f = Fej(ωt + ϕ ) , complex stiffness is the ratio between the force
and the corresponding displacement and is expressed as
 

f F F F  k
k∗ = = e jϕ = cos(ϕ) + j sin(ϕ) = k + jk = k 1 + j 
x X X X k
(1.2)
In Eq. (1.2), k∗ is complex stiffness that is often expressed in terms of the
magnitude and phase from Eq. (1.2) as

|k∗ | = k 2 + k 2 (1.3)


η= k
k
= tan(ϕ) (1.4)

In Eq. (1.3), |k∗ | is the magnitude of complex stiffness, often called

dynamic stiffness, and η is called the loss factor that is directly related to
the phase angle, ϕ, as seen in Eq. (1.4). This form of stiffness is commonly
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 7. Râmtonoo is probably meant for Râmatanu, body of Râma, but when a
name has once become familiar in its modern Bengali form, I do not always like to
put it back into its classical Sanskrit form.
8. A full account of this Saint is to be found in a book lately published by me,
“Râmakrishna, his Life and Sayings,” by F. M. M., 1898.
9. The Interpreter, Nov. 1898, p. 303.
10. See an excellent account of his life by Karkaria.
11. Kâmesvar Aiyar, Sandhyâvandana, pp. 58, 105, 113.
12. Sandhyâ is derived from Sandhi, literally the joining, the coming together
of day and night, or night and day. Sandhivelâ is twilight, and Sandhyâ has the
same meaning. Sandhyâvandana was originally the twilight-worship, the morning
and evening prayer, to which a third was added (the Mâdhyâhnika) the noon
prayer, when the sun culminated. These prayers were once incumbent on every
Brâhman, though they have now assumed a very perfunctory form, or are omitted
altogether.
13. I still have a letter from the late M. Bergaigne, in which he asks when my
Index would be published, and adds: “Je m’étais décidé pendant ces vacances à
écrire tout le Rig-Véda sur des fiches, et à me composer ainsi un index qui pût me
permettre des essais d’interprétation indépendante. Je suis arrivé à la moitié de ce
travail, et grâce à la rapidité que je suis parvenu à atteindre, et aussi à une grande
puissance de travail, je puis le terminer en moins d’un mois ... S’il n’était pas trop
exiger, je vous prierais de me dire aussi si vous citez tous les emplois de chaque
mot sans aucune exception, ou si vous êtes départi de cette rigueur pour les mots
très usuels, et enfin si vous adoptez l’ordre alphabétique pur et simple.” I could
answer all these questions in the affirmative.
14. Giuseppe Turrini, Raccolta degli Inni del Vèda, Libro I, Fascicolo I,
Bologna, 1899.
15. Rig-Veda X, 39, 1.
16. Rig-Veda III, 29, 6.
17. Rig-Veda III, 20, 1.
18. Rig-Veda I, 116, 17.
19. Rig-Veda X, 39, 12.
20. Dawn.
21. The cloud.
22. Name of the Dawn. It requires a considerable acquaintance with phonetic
laws to doubt the identity of the names Ushas in Sanskrit and Eos in Greek. Yet I
believe that even this has been achieved by those who seem to imagine that
scepticism is the best proof of knowledge.
 23. Savitri, the sun-god, but distinct from Sûrya, the sun and sun-god.
24. Name of Dawn.
25. Day and Night, Dawn and Twilight are conceived as sisters, and spoken of
as Ahanî, the two days, one bright, the other dark, like the Asvins.
26. Varuna, sometimes the highest god, whose laws have to be obeyed by all
creatures.
27. Their appointed course.
28. Kratu, thought, will, here command.
29. The order in which the heavenly bodies come and go, which gave the first
intimation of order in the universe.
30. The sun.
31. Dawn is often spoken of in the plural, being conceived as new every day, or
being considered manifold in her wide expanse.
32. Perhaps it should be remembered that in the Mahâbhârata the wife of
Kasyapa, the mother of the Âdityas, was called Dakshâyanî; see Pramatha Nâth
Mullick, “Origin of Caste,” p. 33.
33. Cf. “Chips,” IV, p. 385.
34. The two words are used together, as ubhayor antaram veda,
sûnritânritayor api, Mahâbh. V, 5667.
35. Agni, fire, is here, as often, taken for the light of day.
36. Mitra and Varuna stand for morning and evening, or day and night.
37. Râtrî, night, sometimes called the black day, Krishnam ahar, opposed to
Argunam ahar, the bright day. Cf. Rig-Veda VI, 9, 1.
38. Evil, physically darkness, morally sin.
39. Pins of the chariot.
40. The departed.
41. Explained as stars.
42. The sun.
43. Bergaigne, Vol. II, p. 277: ‘Les interprétations purement naturalistes,
appliquées à l’analyse des mythes du Rig-Véda, laissent toujours, ou presque
toujours, un résidu liturgique, et ce résidu, le plus souvent négligé jusqu’alors, en
est précisément la partie la plus importante pour l’exégèse des hymnes.’
44. See M. M., “Physical Religion,” p. 120.
45. I have tried to preserve some of the Vedic rhythm in these translations, but
I must apologise for these poetic efforts of mine in English. I have consulted, of
course, the translations of Grassmann, Ludwig, Griffiths, and Bergaigne, and
others where accessible, and have adopted some of the renderings which seemed to
me particularly happy.
46. Flowers and plants in general are supposed to be supported by warmth
within them.
47. The clouds that give their milk, the rain.
48. The culminating point of the sun, between sunrise and sunset.
49. The milk of the clouds, or the rain.
50. The fire on the hearth, in which oblations were offered.
51. On the altar or the omphalos of the earth.
52. Made visible.
53. The rubbing of the fire-sticks required great strength and skill to bring out
the fire that was supposed to be hidden in the wood. The fire, when lighted on the
hearth, was supposed to bring the gods to their offerings; nay, by a change of cause
and effect the fire kindled on the hearth was identified with the light kindled in the
sky at the approach of the dawn.
54. The fire on the altar was supposed to call the gods, like a priest.
55. Heaven and earth, gods and men.
56. The place where the fire was kept.
57. X, 3, 3.
58. X, 4, 4.
59. The darkness of the night is lighted by the light of the moon and stars.
60. The dawn or bright day that lasts from morning till evening.
61. The darkness, caused by the retreat of Dawn or Day, is lighted up by the
brilliant Night.
62. See “A Sketch of the Life of Gokulaji Zâlâ and of the Vedânta.” By
Manassukharâma Sûryarâma Tripâthi. 1881.
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 A Classified Catalogue
OF WORKS IN
GENERAL LITERATURE
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 CONTENTS.

PAGE
BADMINTON LIBRARY (THE) 1010
BIOGRAPHY, PERSONAL MEMOIRS, &c. 1007
CHILDREN’S BOOKS 1025
CLASSICAL LITERATURE TRANSLATIONS, &c. 1018
COOKERY, DOMESTIC MANAGEMENT, &c. 1028
EVOLUTION, ANTHROPOLOGY, &c. 1017
FICTION, HUMOUR, &c. 1021
FUR, FEATHER AND FIN SERIES 1012
HISTORY, POLITICS, POLITY, POLITICAL MEMOIRS, &c. 1003
LANGUAGE, HISTORY AND SCIENCE OF 1016
LONGMANS’ SERIES OF BOOKS FOR GIRLS 1026
MANUALS OF CATHOLIC PHILOSOPHY 1016
MENTAL, MORAL, AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY 1014
MISCELLANEOUS AND CRITICAL WORKS 1029
MISCELLANEOUS THEOLOGICAL WORKS 1032
POETRY AND THE DRAMA 1019
POLITICAL ECONOMY AND ECONOMICS 1016
POPULAR SCIENCE 1024
SILVER LIBRARY (THE) 1027
SPORT AND PASTIME 1010
STUDIES IN ECONOMICS AND POLITICAL SCIENCE 1017
TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE, THE COLONIES, &c. 1008
VETERINARY MEDICINE, &c. 1010
WORKS OF REFERENCE 1025
 INDEX OF AUTHORS AND EDITORS.
Abbott (Evelyn), 1003, 1018
—— (T. K.), 1014
—— (E. A.), 1014
Acland (A. H. D.), 1003
Acton (Eliza), 1028
Adeane (J. H.), 1007
Æschylus, 1018
Ainger (A. C.), 1011
Albemarle (Earl of), 1010
Allen (Grant), 1024
Allingham (F.), 1021
Amos (S.), 1003
André (R.), 1012
Anstey (F.), 1021
Archer (W.), 1008
Aristophanes, 1018
Aristotle, 1014, 1018
Armstrong (G. F. Savage), 1019
—— (E. J. Savage), 1007, 1019, 1029
Arnold (Sir Edwin), 1008, 1019
—— (Dr. T.), 1003
Ashbourne (Lord), 1003
Ashby (H.), 1028
Ashley (W. J.), 1016
Atelier du Lys (Author of), 1029
Ayre (Rev. J.), 1025

Bacon, 1007, 1014

Baden-Powell (B. H.), 1003
Bagehot (W.), 1007, 1016, 1029
Bagwell (R.), 1003
Bain (Alexander), 1014
Baker (Sir S. W.), 1008, 1010
Balfour (A. J.), 1011, 1032
Ball (John), 1008
—— (J. T.), 1003
Baring-Gould (Rev. S.), 1027, 1029
Barraud (C. W.), 1019
Baynes (T. S.), 1029
Beaconsfield (Earl of), 1021
Beaufort (Duke of), 1010, 1011
Becker (W. A.), 1018
Beddard (F. E.), 1024
Bell (Mrs. Hugh), 1019
—— (Mrs. Arthur), 1007
Bent (J. Theodore), 1008
Besant (Sir Walter), 1003
Bickerdyke (J.), 1011
Bicknell (A. C.), 1008
Bird (R.), 1032
Bland (Mrs. Hubert), 1020
Boase (Rev. C. W.), 1004
Boedder (Rev. B.), 1016
Boevey (A. W. Crawley-), 1007
Bosanquet (B.), 1014
Boyd (Rev. A. K. H.), 1029, 1032
Brassey (Lady), 1009
—— (Lord), 1003, 1008, 1011, 1016
Bray (C. and Mrs.), 1014
Bright (Rev. J. F.), 1003
Broadfoot (Major W.), 1010
Brögger (W. C.), 1008
Browning (H. Ellen), 1009
Buck (H. A.), 1011
Buckland (Jas.), 1025
Buckle (H. T.), 1003
Buckton (C. M.), 1028
Bull (T.), 1028
Burke (U. R.), 1003
Burrows (Montagu), 1004
Butler (E. A.), 1024
—— (Samuel), 1018, 1029

Cameron of Lochiel, 1012

Campbell (Rev. Lewis), 1032
Camperdown (Earl of), 1007
Cannan (E.), 1017
Channing (F. A.), 1016
Cheancy (Sir G.), 1003
Chisholm (G. G.), 1025
Cholmondeley-Pennell (H.), 1011
Churchill (W. Spencer), 1009
Cicero, 1018
Clarke (Rev. R. F.), 1016
Clodd (Edward), 1017
Clutterbuck (W. J.), 1009
Coleridge (S. T.), 1019
Comparetti (D.), 1030
Comyn (L. N.), 1026
Conington (John), 1018
Conway (Sir W. M.), 1011
Conybeare (Rev. W. J.) & Howson (Dean), 1027
Coolidge (W. A. B.), 1008
Corbett (Julian S.), 1003
Corder (Annie), 1019
Coutts (W.), 1018
Coventry (A.), 1011
Cox (Harding), 1010
Crake (Rev. A. D.), 1025
Creighton (Bishop), 1003, 1004
Crozier (J. B.), 1007, 1014
Cuningham (G. C.), 1003
Curzon of Kedleston (Lord), 1003
Custance (Col. H.), 1012
Cutts (Rev. E. L.), 1004
Dellinger (F. W.), 1004
Davidson (W. L.), 1014, 1016, 1032
Davies (J.F.), 1018
Deland (Mrs.), 1021, 1026
Dent (C. T.), 1011
Deplolge (S.), 1017
De Salis (Mrs.), 1028, 1029
De Tocqueville (A.), 1003
Devas (C. S.), 1016
Dickinson (G. L.), 1004
Diderot, 1021
Dougall (L.), 1021
Douglas (Sir G.), 1019
Dowden (E.), 1031
Doyle (A. Conan), 1021
Dreyfus (Irma), 1030
Du Bois (W. E. B.), 1004
Dufferin (Marquis of), 1011
Dunbar (Mary F.), 1020

Eardley-Wilmot (Capt. S.), 1008

Ebrington (Viscount), 1012
Ellis (J. H.), 1012
—— (R. L.), 1014
Evans (Sir John), 1030

Farrar (Dean), 1016, 1021

Fitzwygram (Sir F.), 1010
Folkard (H. C.), 1012
Ford (H.), 1012
Fowler (Edith H.), 1021
Foxcroft (H. C.), 1007
Francis (Francis), 1012
Freeman (Edward A.), 1004
Freshfield (D. W.), 1011
Frothingham (A. L.), 1030
Froude (James A.), 1004, 1007, 1009, 1021
Furneaux (W.), 1024

Galton (W. F.), 1017

Gardiner (Samuel R.), 1004
Gathorne-Hardy (Hon. A. E.), 1012
Gerard (Dorothea), 1026
Gibbons (J. S.), 1012
Gibson (Hon. H.), 1013
—— (C.H.), 1014
—— (Hon. W.), 1032
Gilkes (A. H.), 1021
Gleig (Rev. G. R.), 1008
Goethe, 1019
Gore-Booth (Eva), 1019
—— (Sir H. W.), 1011
Graham (P. A.), 1013, 1021
—— (G. F.), 1016
Granby (Marquis of), 1012
Grant (Sir A.), 1014
Graves (R. P.), 1007
Green (T. Hill), 1014
Greener (E. B.), 1004
Greville (C. C. F.), 1004
Grey (Maria), 1026
Grose (T. H.), 1014
Gross (C.), 1004
Grove (F. C.), 1011
—— (Mrs. Lilly), 1010
Gurdon (Lady Camilla), 1021
Gwilt (J.), 1025

Haggard (H. Rider), 1021, 1022

Hake (O.), 1011
Halliwell-Phillipps (J.), 1008
Hamlin (A. D. F.), 1030
Hammond (Mrs. J. H.), 1004
Harding (S. B.), 1004
Harte (Bret), 1022
Harting (J. E.), 1012
Hartwig (G.), 1024
Hassall (A.), 1006
Haweis (Rev. H. R.), 1007, 1030
Heath (D. D.), 1014
Heathcote (J. M. and C. G.), 1011
Helmholtz (Hermann von), 1024
Henderson (Lieut-Col. G. F.), 1007
Henry (W.), 1011
Henty (G. A.), 1026
Herbert (Col. Kenney), 1012
Hewins (W. A. S.), 1017
Hill (Sylvia M.), 1021
Hillier (G. Lacy), 1010
Hirne (Lieut.-Col. H. W. L.), 1030
Hodgson (Shadworth H.), 1014
Holroyd (Maria J.), 1007
Homer, 1018
Hope (Anthony), 1022
Horace, 1018
Hornung (E. W.), 1022
Houston (D. F.), 1004
Howell (G.), 1016
Howitt (W.), 1009
Hudson (W. H.), 1024
Hullah (I.), 1030
Hume (David), 1014
Hunt (Rev. W.), 1004
Hunter (Sir W.), 1005
Hutchinson (Horace G.), 1011

Ingelow (Jean), 1019, 1026

James (W.), 1014
Jefferies (Richard), 1030
Jerome (Jerome K.), 1022
Johnson (J. & J. H.), 1030
Jones (H. Bence), 1025
Jordan (W. L.), 1016
Jowett (Dr. B.), 1017
Joyce (P. W.), 1005, 1022, 1030
Justinian:, 1014

Kant (I.), 1014

Kaye (Sir J. W.), 1005
Kerr (Rev. J.), 1011
Killick (Rev. A. H.), 1014
Kingsley (Rose G.), 1030
Kitchin (Dr. G. W.), 1004
Knight (E. F.), 1009, 1011
Köstlin (J.), 1007

Ladd (G. T.), 1015

Lang (Andrew), 1005, 1010, 1011, 1013,, 1017, 1018, 1019, 1020, 1022,
1026, 1030, 1032
Lascelles (Hon. G.), 1010, 1011, 1012
Laughton (J. K.), 1008
Laurence (F. W.), 1017
Lawley (Hon. F.), 1011
Layard (Nina F.), 1019
Leaf (Walter), 1031
Lear (H. L. Sidney), 1029
Lecky (W. E. H.), 1005, 1019
Lees (J. A.), 1009
Lejeune (Baron), 1007
Leslie (T. E. Cliffe), 1016
Lester (L. V.), 1007
Levett-Yeats (S.), 1022
Lillie (A.), 1013
Lindley (J.), 1025
Lodge (H. C.), 1004
Loftie (Rev. W. J.), 1004
Longman (C. J.), 1010, 1012, 1030
—— (F. W.), 1013
—— (G. H.), 1011, 1012
Lowell (A. L.), 1005
Lubbock (Sir John), 1017
Lucan, 1018
Lutoslawski (W.), 1015
Lyall (Edna), 1022
Lyttelton (Hon. R. H.), 1010
—— (Hon. A.), 1011
Lytton (Earl of), 1019

Macaulay (Lord), 1005, 1006, 1019

MacColl (Canon), 1006
Macdonald (G.), 1009