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Advanced Machining and Finishing

Editors

Kapil Gupta

Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Technology, University of

Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa

Alokesh Pramanik
Table of Contents

Cover image

Title page

Copyright

Contributors

Foreword

Preface
Part I. Advanced machining

Chapter 1. Advances in conventional machining processes for

machinability enhancement of difficult-to-machine materials

Chapter 2. Advances in machining of particulate-reinforced metal

matrix composites

Chapter 3. Gun drilling of difficult-to-machine materials

Chapter 4. Advancements in conventional machining: a case of
vibration and heat-assisted machining of aerospace alloys

Chapter 5. Recent developments in spark erosion–based machining

processes: A state of the art in downscaling of spark erosion
based machining processes

Chapter 6. Developments in abrasive water jet machining process

—from 1980 to 2020

Chapter 7. Advances in conventional and nonconventional high-

speed machining

Chapter 8. Hybrid machining and finishing processes

Chapter 9. Relevance of micromachining in microfluidics and

biomedical devices

Chapter 10. Advancements in electrochemical machining

Chapter 11. Machining of polymeric composite materials by water

jet with abrasive: defectology and influence of cutting parameters

Chapter 12. Laser-based machining – an advanced manufacturing

technique for precision cutting

Chapter 13. An insight on ultrasonic machining technology

Part II. Advanced finishing
Chapter 14. Advances in burnishing technology

Chapter 15. Advanced thermal energy method for finishing

precision parts

Chapter 16. Micro–nano surface texturing, characterization, and

their impact on biointerfaces

Chapter 17. Fundamental understanding and latest developments

in magnetic field assisted finishing processes

Chapter 18. Laser surface texturing as a finishing process for

aerospace alloys

Index
Copyright

Elsevier
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This book and the individual contributions contained in it are

protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be
noted herein).

Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As
new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in
research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may
become necessary.

Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own

experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information,
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and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a
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liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any
methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material
herein.

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A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of
Congress

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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-0-12-817452-4

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Publisher: Matthew Deans
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Contributors

of Electrical Engineering, St. Joseph’s College of Engineering &

Technology, Choondacherry, Kerala, India

of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM)

Dhanbad, Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India

of Mechanical Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur,

Rajasthan, India

of Engineering, University of Cadiz, Avda de la Universidad de

Cádiz, Puerto Real, Spain

of Engineering, University of Cadiz, Avda de la Universidad de

Cádiz, Puerto Real, Spain

Neeraj of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Information

Technology, Design and Manufacturing, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh,
India

of Aerohydrodynamics, National Aerospace University “Kharkiv

Aviation Institute,” Kharkiv, Ukraine
of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology
Palakkad, Palakkad, India

of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore,

Singapore

of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology

Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India

J. of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, Campus

Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal

of Mechanics and Machine Elements, Technical University of

Varna, Bulgaria, Varna

Vocational School, ESOGU, Eskişehir, Turkey

Muhammad of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Miami

University, Oxford, OH, United States

Pramod of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Indian Institute

of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India

Engineering Department, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University,

Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India

of Mechanical Engineering and Machine Tools, Technical University

of Varna, Bulgaria, Varna
A. of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore,
Singapore

Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology Calicut,

Kozhikode, Kerala, India

Maan of Mechanical Engineering, National University of

Singapore, Singapore

University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand

RI Entities, Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology

(SIMTech), Singapore

Md of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Miami

University, Oxford, OH, United States

Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology Calicut,

Kozhikode, Kerala, India

of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar,

Rupnagar, Punjab, India

Dennis Wee RI Entities, Singapore Institute of Manufacturing

Technology (SIMTech), Singapore
Chandrakant of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab, India

Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute

of Technology Patna, Bihta, Bihar, India

of Mechanical Engineering, St. Joseph’s College of Engineering &

Technology, Choondacherry, Kerala, India

Sergiy Plankovskyy
Department of Physics, O.M. Beketov National University of Urban
Economy in Kharkiv, Kharkiv, Ukraine
Department of Aircraft Manufacturing Technology, National
Aerospace University “Kharkiv Aviation Institute,” Kharkiv, Ukraine

University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand

Stock Company “FED,” Kharkiv, Ukraine

Tej Pratap
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Motilal Nehru National
Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India
Micro-fabrication Laboratory, Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihta, Bihar,
India

Ravi of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology

(ISM) Dhanbad, Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India
of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM)
Dhanbad, Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India

of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Miami University,

Oxford, OH, United States

of Engineering, University of Cadiz, Avda de la Universidad de

Cádiz, Puerto Real, Spain

of Engineering, University of Cadiz, Avda de la Universidad de

Cádiz, Puerto Real, Spain

of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore,

Singapore

of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay,

Mumbai, India

of Aircraft Manufacturing Technology, National Aerospace

University “Kharkiv Aviation Institute,” Kharkiv, Ukraine

S.L., Parque Científico Tecnológico, C/Inteligenccia, Jerez de la

Frontera, Spain

of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Information

Technology, Design and Manufacturing, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh,
India
of Mechanical Engineering and Machine Tools, Technical University
of Varna, Bulgaria, Varna

Engineering Department, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu

Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

Mehmet of Mechanical Engineering, ESOGU, Eskişehir, Turkey

Irene Del Sol of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Design,

Faculty of Engineering, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain

of Aircraft Manufacturing Technology, National Aerospace

University “Kharkiv Aviation Institute,” Kharkiv, Ukraine

of Aircraft Manufacturing Technology, National Aerospace

University “Kharkiv Aviation Institute,” Kharkiv, Ukraine

Eneko Ukar of Mechanical Engineering (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain

Juan of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Design, Faculty of

Engineering, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain

of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, The University of

New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia

of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, The University of

New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of
Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
Foreword

Dear Readers,

This series of handbooks on advanced manufacturing covers four

major areas, namely advanced machining and finishing, advanced
welding and deforming, additive manufacturing, and sustainable
manufacturing. The series aims to not only present the
advancements in various manufacturing technologies, but also
provide a fundamental and detailed understanding about them. It
encompasses a wide range of manufacturing technologies with
their mechanisms, working principles, salient features, applications,
and research, development, and innovations in there. Fundamental
research, latest developments, and case studies conducted by
international experienced researchers, engineers, managers, and
professors are mainly presented. Handbook 1 on advanced
machining and finishing majorly covers advanced machining of
difficult-to-machine materials; hybrid, high-speed, and
micromachining; and burnishing, laser surface texturing, and
advanced thermal-energy-based finishing processes. Handbook 2 on
advanced welding and deforming covers ultrasonic welding, laser
welding, and hybrid welding-type advanced joining processes and
also describes advanced forming techniques such as microwave
processing, equal channel angular pressing, and energy-assisted
forming etc. Handbook 3 additive manufacturing sheds light on 3D
and 4D printing, rapid prototyping, laser-based
additive manufacturing, advanced materials, and postprocessing in
additive manufacturing. Handbook 4 on sustainable manufacturing
presents advancements, results of experimental research, and case
studies on sustainability interventions in production and industrial
technologies.

We hope that this series of handbooks would be a good source

of knowledge and encourage researchers and scientists to conduct
research, developments, and innovations to establish these fields
further.

J Paulo Davim and Kapil Gupta

Preface

Process productivity and part quality are two major groups of

machinability indicators in case of machining and finishing
processes. Conventional approaches in machining and finishing
merely fulfill the current mass production and precision quality
requirements. To overcome the limitations and address the
challenges, technological advancements have been in place for
both machining and finishing processes. Developments in machine
tool structure and tooling, process hybridization, microtechnology
and miniaturization, and utilizing unique energy sources and
process principles are some of the technological advancements
that have been found successful to a large extend to fulfill
machining and finishing requirements.

This handbook covers such technological advancements in case of

various important machining and finishing processes. Working
principle, mechanism, process parameters, technical details, salient
features, case studies, and manufacturing of micro and precision
parts from a wide range of materials, etc., are majorly focused in
this handbook.

The latest research in this area and possible avenues of future

research are also highlighted to encourage the researchers.
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 ⎱ bardaqūsch (S.)
Ormocarpum hhemrūr, hhomrūr (H. Hodj.)
bibracteatum Bak.
Orobanche cernua Löffl. 'oddār, raúel (U.)
Orobanche minor Sutt. subb-el-qa' (M.)
áthaq (U.)
⎧
Osyris abyssinica H. ⎨ assáq (H.)
⎩
tssanddal-hēge (W.)

⎰ hhómoda (M.)
Oxalis corniculata L.
⎱ hhomēd (W. H.)

Oxygonum sinuatum hhómuda (U.)

Bth. Hk.

Pancratium maximum ⎰ batssal-er-robách (U.)

Forsk. ⎱ bissár-er-robách (H.)

Panicum geminatum thalīg (Hodj.)

Forsk.
Panicum miliaceum L. rumi (Schugra, Südküste) (= tta'm-
rumi?)
Panicum scalarum uóbal (M.)
Schwf.
Panicum turgidum bokkár, bokkúm (T.)
Forsk.
Papaver somniferum L. abū-en-nōm (S.)

⎰ schūass (H.)
Pavetta longiflora V.
⎱ sserr (H. W.)

bunn-el-baqar (H.)
⎧
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⎪ fassele (W.)
Pavetta villosa Vahl. ⎨
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⎪ sser (U.), ssár (W.)
⎩
ssorä'r, ssorrer (W.)
Pavonia arabica H. gára' (U.)
Pedicellaria pentaphylla chódesch (T.)
⎰
Schr. (=
⎱ nimr (W.)
Gynandropsis)

Pelargonium ⎰ gáhdab (U.)

multibracteatum H. ⎱ tahīje (M.)

Pennisetum ciliare Link. 'ihhbet (H.)

Pennisetum dichotomum thummām (T.)
Del.
ghoris.si (H.)
⎧
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⎨ haússefe (W.)
Steud.
⎩
silet-arēg (M.)
Pennisetum spicatum duchn, dochn (T. S.)
Kcke.
Pentas lanceolata W. fuē' (W.)
Pentatropis spiralis 'orqäss (B.)
Dcne.

⎧ deféss (H.)
⎪ march (U.)
Periploca ephedriformis
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(Defl.) Schwf.
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Petroselinum hortense baqdūniss (S.)

Hoffm.
Phagnalon scalarum rend-el-kelb (U.)
Schwf.
Phaseolus aconitifolius qottn, qattn (T.)
Jacq.
Phaseolus Mungo L. qúscheri (W.)
Phoenix dactylifera L. nachl (S.)

⎰ schega (U.)
Phoenix reclinata Jacq.
⎱ schótb (Hodj.)

Phyllanthus cholf (H.)

maderaspatanus
Müll.Arg.

⎰ hhōqam (Hodj.)
Pisonia aculeata L.
⎱ schuēk (Hodj.)

⎰ 'átar, 'áter (M.)

Pisum sativum L.
⎱ bissīlle (S.)

Pittosporum hhóbbe (M.)

abyssinicum Del.
Plectranthus adhān-el-garia (U.)
 cylindraceus H.
scha-ūss (U.)
⎧
Plectranthus hadiensis
⎨ scha'ra (W.)
(F.) Schw.
⎩
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Plectranthus ⎰ míbisse (W.)

quadridentatus Schwf. ⎱ dān (H.)

Plectranthus tomentosus uāle (H.)

Bth.
Plectronia Schimperiana qurt (W.)
Vtke.
Plumbago zeylanica L. lussēq (W.)
Polanisia viscosa D.C. 'odār (H.)
sambaq (H.)
⎧
Polianthes tuberosa L. ⎨ missk-er-rūmi (S.)
⎩
réngess (H.)
Polygala erioptera D.C. bissere (H.)
Polygala obtusissima ssōram (H.)
(H.)

⎧ brābra (S.)
⎪ dérfess (H.)
Portulaca oleracea L. ⎨
⎪ dhéneb-el-fárass (Hodj.)
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Portulaca quadrifida L. ⎧ naufe (U.)

⎪
sebīb-el-dhān (U.)
⎨

⎪
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⎩
kemb (H.)
Premna resinosa schúgab (H.)
Schum.

Primula verticillata ⎰ heinān (M.)

Forsk. ⎱ chā' (M.)

Priva dentata Juss. hhassáq (H.)

Prosopis spicigera L. ghāf (Bolhaf, Südküste)

⎰ barqūq (M.)
Prunus Armeniaca L.
⎱ mischmisch (S.)

⎰ barqūq (S.)
Prunus domestica L.
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fettách (H.)
⎧
Psiadia punctulata Vke. ⎨ schaúsam (U.)
⎩
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Pterolobium ⎰ kélab (U.)

abyssinicum R. ⎱ kilbān (W.)

Pulicaria orientalis J. Sp. mōnass (H.)

Punica granatum L. rummān (W. S.)

⎰ hhámsched (H.)
Pupalia lappacea Mq.T.
⎱ hhássaq (U.)

Pyrethrum Parthenium chōsam (M.)

Sm.
Pyrus communis L. ⎰ ambarūt (M.)
 ⎱ ingāss (S.)
Pyrus Malus L. tiffáhh (H. S.)

Raphanus sativus L. figl (S.)

Reichardia tingitana Rth. ⎰ murrä́ ' (W.)

(= Picridium) ⎱ merēr (U.)

Rhamnus Deflersii schaúsam (U.)

Schwf.
mēru (H.)
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Rhoicissus jemensis
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Rhus abyssinica H. thuēleb (U.)

⎰ gumä' (W.)
Rhus glaucescens R.
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⎰ thālub (U.)
Rhus retinorrhoea St.
⎱ thálab (M. H.)

⎧ 'arscháq (H.)
⎪ hhēge, hhāga (W. H.)
Rosa abyssinica R.Br. ⎨
⎪ hhómmess (U.)
⎩ qarauan (M.)

Rosmarinus officinalis L. hhatssā-lubān (S.)

Rottboellia exaltata L.f. qorēn (Hodj.)

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Rottboellia hirsuta V.
⎱ tua'm (T.)

Rubus arabicus (Defl.) ⎰ hhámatss (U. M.)

Schwf. ⎱ hhámmetss (Hodj.)

Ruellia longiflora (F.) V. bē'da (U.)

Ruellia patula Ness. usara (H.)
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Rumex Steudelii H.
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Sansevieria Ehrenbergii séleb (Hodeida)

Schwf.

Sansevieria guineensis ⎰ dénaq, déneq (H.)

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Sarcostemma stipitatum ⎰ rīdd (W.)

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Salsola foetida Del. fedehhedān (Hodeida. T.)

Salsola Forsskalii Schwf. harm (T.)

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Scrophularia arguta Sol.
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Scutellaria peregrina L. gúfade (M.)

Scabiosa columnaria L. uard-el-hhamām (M.)
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Sempervivum tiflúk (M.)

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Senecio Schimperi Sz.B. gúrrere (U.)

Sesamum indicum L. gulgulān (S.)
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Solanum dubium Fres.
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Solanum enneme (M. U.)

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Solanum tuberosum L. battāttass (S.)

Sonchus oleraceus L. murrēr (W.)
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Tagetes erecta L. rangiss (S.)

Talinum portulacifolium helégleg (U.)
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camphoratus L.
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hhuēre, hhauēre (H.)

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Trichodesma tuchān-rēb (H.)

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Tricholaena grandiflora hämmere (H.)
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⎰ marrār (M.)
Tripteris Vaillantii L.
⎱ jahhdāb (M.)

Triticum vulgare Vill. var. 'álas (M.)

dicoccum Schr.

Triticum vulgare Vill. var. ⎰ berr (M.)

durum Desf. ⎱ burr (S.)

Triticum vulgare Vill. var. berr-maissēni, berr-maissāni (M.)

durum Df. f. caesium
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erythrospermum Kcke.
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Urospermum picroides go'scheb (H.)

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Ustilago Tulasnei Kühn. 'oqāb (T.)
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Vernonia abyssinica fessīss (H.)

Sz.B.
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Vigna sinensis Endl.
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Vincetoxicum 'elb (U.)

sarcostemmoides
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Withania somnifera Dun. 'obab, 'obö́ b (H.)

Woodfordia floribunda sahret-el-baqar (W.)
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Zea Mays L.
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Zingiber officinale L. sengebīl (H.)

'arg (T.)
⎧
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⎪ 'erg, 'errēg, 'orrēg (W.)
Ziziphus mucronata W. ⎨
⎪ ssolām (Hodj.)
⎪ togāch (W.)
⎩
togāsch (H.)

⎰ ssidr (M.)
Ziziphus spina-Christi L.
⎱ 'elan (S.)

Ziziphus vulgaris Lam. árig (S.)

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‫ا‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ج‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ه‬
hh i. j k l m n
‫ح‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ل‬ ‫م‬ ‫ن‬
o' q r s sch ss
‫ا‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ش‬ ‫س‬
t th tss tt u
‫ت‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ط‬ ‫و‬
NACHTRAG ZU b ‫ب‬

a'
‫ا‬

'abd-er-rahhmān (W.) Laggera pterodonta Sz.B.

abū-en-nōm (S.)
abu-thalāt (T.)
'aden (W. U.)
adhān-el-garia (U.)
afār (M.)
ahhger (W.)
'ain-lahhlahh (H.)
Papaver somniferum L.
Croton lobatus L.
Adenium obesum (Forsk.) R. Sch
Plectranthus cylindraceus H.
Buddleja polystachya Fres.
Batatas edulis Ch.
Abrus precatorius L.
'álas (M.) Triticum vulgare Vill. var. dicoccum
Schr.
'ámmak (U.) ⎫
⎪ Euphorbia Ammak Schf.
'ámmak-ferssi (M.) ⎬
⎪ Euphorbia Cactus Ehrbg.
'ámmak-abjadd (H.) ⎭

ambarūt (M.) Pyrus communis L.

'ambe-bérisch (W.) ⎱
Annona squamosa L.
'anbe-béresch (W.) ⎰

'ammet-el-heï̄ss (H.) Rhus glaucescens R.

'ánatss (U.) Linaria scalarum Schwf.
'annātss (H.) Melhania velutina Forsk.
'anba, 'anba-ssaua (H.) ⎱
Mangifera indica L.
'anbai-hindi (M.) ⎰

'arrár (H. U.) Aloe pendens Forsk.

'arg (T.) ⎱ Ziziphus mucronata W.
árig (S.) ⎰ Ziziphus vulgaris Lam.
'arscháq (H.) Rosa abyssinica R.Br.
'ássam (W.) ⎱
Combretum trichanthum Fres.
'assm (Hodj.) ⎰

ássanab (H.) Debregeasia bicolor Wedd.

assáq (H.) Osyris abyssinica H.
'asb, 'asd (W.) Abrus Bottae Defl.
'asnab (U.) Campanula edulis Forsk.
asnāb (U.) Erythrococca abyssinica Pax.
'asnāb (U.) Ziziphus mucronata W.
'assb-el-biss (H.) Erucastrum arabicum F. Mey.
'átar, 'áter (M.) Pisum sativum L.
athāb, athēb (M. H. B.) Ficus salicifolia V.
áthaq (U.) Osyris abyssinica H.
'áthar (U.) ⎱
Buddleja polystachya Fres.
attár ⎰

'áthbīr, athbēr (Hodj.) Acokanthera Deflersii Schwf.

'athl (Ch. H.) ⎱
Tamarix nilotica Ehrbg.
'atle (S.) ⎰

'athum (U.) Olea chrysophylla Lam.

'attáqa (H.) Lavandula pubescens Dcne.

b
‫ب‬

babūnag (S.) Matricaria Chamomilla L.

bä'dr-ess-ssimssim (A.) Jatropha spinosa (F.) V.
baghl-el-hhadád (H.) Sonchus sp.
bāmije (S.) Hibiscus esculentus L.
baqdūniss (S.) Petroselinum hortense Hoffm.
bardaqūsch (S.) Origanum Majorana L.
barqūq (M.) Prunus Armeniaca L.
barqūq (S.) Prunus domestica L.
batddangān (S.) Solanum Melongena L.
bátssal (S.) Allium cepa L.
batssal-el-hhánnesch Haemanthus arabicus R. Sch.
(M.)
batssal-er-robách (U.) Pancratium maximum Forsk.
battāttass (S.) Solanum tuberosum L.
batt.ttīch (S.) Citrullus edulis Schrad.
bechqīm (M.) Ustilago segetum Bull.?
bē'da (U.) Ruellia longiflora (F.) V.
bédahh (W.) Ficus glumosa Del.
behhssēn (H.) Chenopodium opulifolium Schrad.
beijdé, begde (H.) Coleus barbatus Bth.
béless (B.) Ficus Carica L.
béless-el-hhége (U.) Ficus palmata Forsk.
belessinān (M.) Lemna gibba L.
belssīm, belssīn (U.) Lens esculenta Mch.
benefssig (S.) Viola odorata L.
benge (B.) Datura fastuosa L. var. alba Nees.
berr (M.) ⎱
Triticum vulgare Vill. var. durum Desf.
burr (S.) ⎰

berr-damāri (M.) Triticum vulgare Vill. var. durum Df. f.

 ferrugineum Kcke.
berr-hhalba (M.) Triticum vulgare Vill. var. durum Df. f.
erythrospermum Kcke.
bérriqe (H.) Grewia villosa W.
berr-maissēni, berr- Triticum vulgare Vill. var. durum Df. f.
maissāni (M.) caesium Kcke.
beschér (W.) Cuscuta palaestina B.
birbāss, bissbä́ ss (H.) Capsicum frutescens L.
birq-el-'agūs (U.) Grewia villosa W.
bischām (B. Chal. T.) Commiphora Opobalsamum (F.) Engl.
bissbáss (U.) Plectranthus hadiensis (F.) Schwf.
bissár-er-robách (H.) Pancratium maximum Forsk.
bis.sé (H.) Euclea Kellau Hochst.
bis.sé (H.) Ochna inermis Forsk.
bissēl (H.) Albersia caudata Boiss.
bissere (H.) Polygala erioptera D.C.
bissēss (W.) Diospyros mespiliformis H.
bissīlle (S.) Pisum sativum L.
bogám, boqám (W.) ⎱
Solanum coagulans Forsk.
bugēm, buqēm (S.) ⎰

bokkár, bokkúm (T.) Panicum turgidum Forsk.

boqēm (T.) ⎱
Solanum dubium Fres.
baqma (T.) ⎰

bórriqe (H.) Grewia villosa W.

bórttom (H. U. W.) Grewia Schweinfurthii Burr.
bortuqān-hhālib (H. M.) Citrus Aurantium Risso.
brābra (S.) Portulaca oleracea L.
bssīl (H.) Portulaca quadrifida L.
bunn (S.) Coffea arabica L.
bunn-el-baqar (H.) ⎱
Pavetta villosa Vahl.
bunn-er-robách (H. M.) ⎰

burra' (T.), búrrä' (W.) Ficus Sycomorus L.

burruqai (H.) Grewia villosa W.
bus.sé (H.) Euclea Kellau Hochst.

ch
‫خ‬

chā' (M.) Primula verticillata Forsk.

chábaq (M.) Chara foetida L.
chádasch (Hodj.) Commiphora abyssinica Engl.
chaddār, choddār (H. T. Grewia tembensis Fres.
Hodj.)
chádder, cháddes (H.) Myrtus communis L.
chaférab (U.) Blepharis edulis Pers.
challa (H.) Antiaris Challa Schwf. (= Ficus Challa
Schwf.)
cháness (H. S.) Ficus Sycomorus L.
chantssūr (H.) Ficus capensis Thbg.
charchar (H.) Aloe vacillans Forsk.
chardal Brassica campestris L.
chárdal (M. U.) ⎱
Boerhavia plumbaginea Cav.
chardel (H.) ⎰

⎰ Senecio hadiensis Forsk.

chárrua (U.)
⎱ Senecio subscandens H.

charre'ä (H.) Kedrostis foetidissima Cogn. (=

Rhynchocarpa)
charrūb (S.) Ceratonia Siliqua L.
cháschraf Ficus serrata Forsk.
chaség (U.) Cyperus articulatus L.
chassāss, chosséss (U.) Euclea Kellau Hochst.
chássere (M.) Eleusine floccifolia Spr.
chēr (M. U.) Aloe vacillans Forsk.
chermisch, chirmisch Annona squamosa L.
(H.)
chérress (W.) Berchemia yemensis Defl.
chobbēsa (W.) Malva verticillata W.
chódesch (T.) Pedicellaria pentaphylla Schr. (=
Gynandropsis)
cholf (H.) Phyllanthus maderaspatanus
Müll.Arg.
chommēsch (T. W.) Citrus Bigaradia Lois.