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 Cognitive Operations
Models that Open the Black
Box and Predict our
Decisions
Konstantinos V. Katsikopoulos
Cognitive Operations
 Konstantinos V. Katsikopoulos

Cognitive Operations
Models that Open the Black Box and Predict our
Decisions
Konstantinos V. Katsikopoulos
University of Southampton Business
School
Southampton, UK

ISBN 978-3-031-31996-9 ISBN 978-3-031-31997-6 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-31997-6

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer
Nature Switzerland AG 2023

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights
of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on
microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and
retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology
now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc.
in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such
names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for
general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and informa-
tion in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither
the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with
respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been
made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps
and institutional affiliations.

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature
Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
To Özgür
 Acknowledgments

This book benefited greatly from the input and support provided by
a number of people. I am grateful to Robert Aumann, Elliot Bendoly,
Craig Carter, Stephanie Eckerd, Alberto Franco, Gerd Gigerenzer, Paul
Goodwin, Werner Güth, Çağrı Haksöz, Raimo Hämäläinen, Stefan
Herzog, Martin Kunc, Stephen Leider, Gilberto Montibeller, Jon
Malpass, Laura Martignon, Thorsten Pachur, Fotios Petropoulos, Jochen
Reb, Hersh Shefrin, Enno Siemsen, Leonidas Spiliopoulos, Aris Syntetos,
Özgür Şimşek, Riccardo Viale, Jyrki Wallenius, and Rosanna Arquette. I
would also like to thank the organizers and participants of the First and
Second Summer Schools on Behavioural Operational Research at respec-
tively Aalto and Radboud Nijmegen Universities, and the First Innsbruck
Workshop on Behavioral Operations and Supply Chain Management, as
well as the students of the postgraduate module Behavioural Operations
at the University of Southampton. I am more than indebted to Juan
Pablo Fernández for preparing graphics, performing computational anal-
yses, and offering writing suggestions. Finally, a big thanks goes to Alec
Selwyn, Jessica Harrison, and Abarna Antonyraj, my editorial support at
Palgrave Macmillan and Springer Nature.

vii
 Contents

1 What Is Cognitive Operations? 1

1.1 Behavioral Operations 2
1.2 Cognitive Operations 3

Part I A Cognitive Perspective

2 Optimization and Simple Heuristics 13
2.1 When Do People Take Risks? 14
2.2 The Distinction Between Risk and Uncertainty 14
2.3 Expected Utility Theory 16
2.4 Minimax and Maximax 18
2.5 Two Approaches to Modeling Human Behavior 21
2.6 The Kind of Studies in This Book 25
2.7 Summary 28
3 Decision Under Risk 35
3.1 Empirical Phenomena 36
3.2 Prospect Theory 39
3.3 Priority Heuristic 42
3.4 Predictive Power 46
3.5 Cognitive Processes 50
3.6 Transparency 53
3.7 Usefulness of Output 56
3.8 Summary and Resources 61

ix
x CONTENTS

4 Strategic Interaction 75
4.1 Giving and Receiving Ultimatums: Theory and Data 77
4.2 Inequity Aversion 80
4.3 Fast-and-Frugal Trees 83
4.4 Predicting Response Time Patterns 87
4.5 Cognitive Processes and Transparency 91
4.6 Theory Integration: Behavioral Outcomes 93
4.7 Beyond Bargaining Games 94
4.8 Summary and Segue 95

Part II Benefits of Cognitive Modeling

5 Inventory Control 105
5.1 The Newsvendor Problem: Theory and Data 107
5.2 Optimization 110
5.3 Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic 114
5.4 Correction Heuristic 116
5.5 Predictive Power 121
5.6 Assessment and Integration of Models 125
5.7 Bounded Rationality and AI in Operations 128
5.8 Summary 131
6 Decision Under Uncertainty 143
6.1 A Peace-Keeping Operation: Compliance Heuristic 145
6.2 Making Supply Chains Flexible and Robust 151
6.3 Ecological Rationality 154
6.4 Summary and a Guide 161
7 Behavioral and Cognitive Interventions 171
7.1 Behavior with AI 172
7.2 Nudge and Boost 174
7.3 Summary 178
8 Lessons Learned and a Positive Look Ahead 183

Appendix 187
Bibliography 199
Author Index 225
Subject Index 231
 About the Author

Konstantinos V. Katsikopoulos is Professor of Behavioral Science at the

University of Southampton, where he is also the director of research for
the Business School. He has been a visiting assistant professor at the Naval
Postgraduate School and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, as
well as a senior research scientist and deputy director at the Max Planck
Institute for Human Development. Konstantinos is the first author of
Classification in the Wild: The Science and Art of Transparent Decision
Making (MIT Press). He has received a German Science Foundation
fellowship for young researchers, is a fellow of the Psychonomics Society,
an associate editor of the Journal of Mathematical Psychology and Judg-
ment and Decision Making, and chair of the Behavioural OR special
interest group of the OR Society.

xi
 List of Figures

√ √
Fig. 2.1 The utility function u(x) = x for x ≥ 0 and −2 −x
for x < 0 17
Fig. 2.2 Graphical representation of the minimax heuristic
for the choice between an option X with minimum
outcome x min and an option Y with minimum outcome
y min . For simplicity we assume that x min / = y min 20
Fig. 2.3 Graphical representation of the maximax heuristic
for the choice between an option X with maximum
outcome x max and an option Y with maximum outcome
y max . For simplicity we assume that x max / = y max 20
Fig. 3.1 Prospect theory’s utility function u(x) = x 0.88 for x ≥ 0
and −2.25(−x)0.88 for x < 0, as estimated by Tversky
and Kahneman 41
Fig. 3.2 Prospect theory’s probability-weighting functions

p 0.61
w( p) = 1 for p corresponding to x ≥ 0
[ p 0.61 +(1− p)0.61 ] 0.61
p 0.69
and 1 for p corresponding to x < 0,
[ p 0.69 +(1− p)0.69 ] 0.69
as estimated by Tversky and Kahneman 42
Fig. 3.3 Representation of the priority heuristic for gains
as a fast-and-frugal tree. To simplify the last step we
assume that xmax / = ymax 45

xiii
xiv LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 3.4 Representation of the priority heuristic for losses

as a fast-and-frugal tree. To simplify the last step we
assume that xmin / = ymin 45
Fig. 3.5 Median response times (in seconds) of participants
in the experiment by Brandstätter et al., when the priority
heuristic would lead to a choice at its Step 1 or Step 3,
for gambles with two or four outcomes 53
Fig. 3.6 The utility function u(x) = x 0.82 for x ≥ 0
and −1.37(−x)0.82 for x < 0, characterizing the priority
heuristic in the cognitive psychometrics exercise by Pachur
et al., where prospect theory was fitted to the heuristic’s
choices 58
Fig. 3.7 The probability-weighting functions,
0.05 p 0.17
w( p) = for p corresponding
0.05 p 0.17 +(1− p)0.17
0.62 p 0.17
to x ≥ 0 and for p corresponding
0.62 p 0.17 +(1− p)0.17
to x < 0, characterizing the priority heuristic
in the cognitive psychometrics exercise by Pachur et al.,
where prospect theory was fitted to the heuristic’s choices 59
Fig. 3.8 The probability-weighting function
wpriority ( p) = 0.05 + 0.5 p, for p < 0.1, p
for 0.1 ≤ p ≤ 0.9, and 0.45 + 0.5 p for p > 0.9, that can be
mapped to the priority heuristic based on the threshold
value of 0.1 in its Step 2 60
Fig. 4.1 Proportions of participants making various
ultimatum-game offers, and of rejecting each offer,
in the experiment by Güth and Sutter 80
Fig. 4.2 Inequity-aversion theory’s utility function u(x) = 3x − 1
for 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5 and −0.2x + 0.6 for 0.5 < x ≤ 1,
proposed by Fehr and Schmidt as characterizing 30%
of the population 82
Fig. 4.3 Inequity-aversion theory’s utility function u(x) = 2x − 0.5
for 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5 and 0.5x + 0.25 for 0.5 < x ≤ 1,
proposed by Fehr and Schmidt as characterizing 30%
of the population 83
Fig. 4.4 A mini-ultimatum game and its four, offered and foregone,
payoffs 85
Fig. 4.5 The mirror tree of Hertwig et al., for predicting
whether the responder to the mini-ultimatum game
accepts or rejects an offer of Ro 86
 LIST OF FIGURES xv

Fig. 4.6 The priority tree of Hertwig et al., for predicting

whether the responder to the mini-ultimatum game
accepts or rejects an offer of Ro . The proposer’s payoff
equals Po and the foregone payoff of the responder is R f 87
Fig. 4.7 Example of a screen shown to responders in the experiment
by Hertwig et al.; adapted from Fischbacher et al. 88
Fig. 4.8 Median response times (in seconds) of participants
in the Hertwig et al. mini-ultimatum game experiment,
for participants classified as users of the selfish tree and all
other participants 90
Fig. 4.9 Median response times (in seconds) of participants
in the Hertwig et al. mini-ultimatum game experiment,
when the priority tree leads to a choice at its Step 2
or Step 3 91
Fig. 5.1 Mean orders q placed in the Bolton et al. experiment
by students and practitioners, given sample and distribution
information about demand 109
Fig. 5.2 The equation of Ockenfels and Selten’s impulse balance

equilibrium model, q = √ 1 112

( 1−q ∗ )(2−q ∗ )
1+ q∗
Fig. 5.3 Illustration of the anchoring and adjustment heuristic
for w = 0.33, which means q = 0.67q ∗ + 0.17; w = 0.5,
which leads to q = 0.5q ∗ + 0.25; and w = 0.67, which
means q = 0.33q ∗ + 0.33 115
Fig. 5.4 Illustration of the correction heuristic for t = 0.33,
which means q = 0.5q ∗ + 0.17 for q ∗ < 0.33, q ∗
for 0.33 ≤ q ∗ ≤ 0.67, and 0.5q ∗ + 0.33 for q ∗ > 0.67;
for t = 0.5 which leads to q = 0.5q ∗ + 0.25;
and for t = 0.67, which means that q = 0.5q ∗ + 0.33
for q ∗ < 0.33, 0.5 for 0.33 ≤ q ∗ ≤ 0.67, and 0.5q ∗ + 0.17
for q ∗ > 0.67 119
Fig. 5.5 The performance of the two heuristics and the two
benchmarks as a function of the training set size. The
curves for the heuristics are identical 123
Fig. 5.6 Histograms of best-fitting parameter estimates for the two
heuristics when the training set has six data points; each
bin has a width of 0.02 125
Fig. 6.1 The compliance heuristic represented as a fast-and-frugal
tree 150
xvi LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 6.2 A fast-and-frugal tree for classifying vehicles approaching

a checkpoint as civilian or hostile (Adapted from Keller
and Katsikopoulos 2016) 151
Fig. 6.3 A fast-and-frugal tree that puts together the three
simple rules discussed in this section, for describing
and prescribing successful practice in supplier sourcing
(Adapted from Haksöz et al.). It is assumed that supply
chain managers go through the tree repeatedly
until the bottom-left exit is reached 154
Fig. 7.1 Mean completion times of a manufacturing production
task, when instructions were readily available (guided
learning) and when instructions were not available (free
recall); in both cases instructions were provided by an AI
system or on paper (Adapted from Wuttke et al.) 174
Fig. 7.2 Mean rates of compliance with a hand hygiene hospital
protocol, when a nudge was presented and when a boost
was provided; in both cases participants were tested
immediately after the intervention and then a second time
with a delay of one week (Adapted from Roekel et al.) 177
Fig. A.1 A game tree model of the checkpoint problem 194
 List of Tables

Table 2.1 Summary of the comparative analysis of expected utility

theory and the minimax/maximax heuristics 25
Table 2.2 When a fair coin is flipped three times, the average
probability that heads follow heads is counted to be
2.5 = 41.7% 27
6
Table 3.1 Estimates of the parameters of prospect theory from two
datasets 47
Table 3.2 Proportion of people’s majority choices predicted
correctly by prospect theory and the priority heuristic
in four datasets 48
Table 3.3 Summary of the comparative analysis of prospect theory
and the priority heuristic 62
Table 4.1 The 24 decision scenarios in the Hertwig et al.
mini-ultimatum game experiment, and the observed
rejection rates 89
Table 4.2 Summary of the comparative analysis of inequity-aversion
theory and fast-and-frugal trees 95
Table 5.1 Summary of the theoretical results on how the models
presented in the chapter can describe the empirical data 120
Table 5.2 Mean size of the pull-to-center effect s from empirical
studies where demand is uniformly distributed, high
∗ = 0.75 and low profit case q ∗ = 0.25
profit case q H L
(from Zhang and Siemsen, 2018, Table 2) 121
Table 5.3 Summary of the analyses of optimization and heuristic
models for describing people’s newsvendor behavior 132

xvii
xviii LIST OF TABLES

Table 6.1 Analysis of the soldier classifications in non-routine

encounters at Afghanistan checkpoints between 2004
and 2009 (from Keller and Katsikopoulos 2016) 147
Table 6.2 Best-performing family of methods for each type of task 161
Table 8.1 Lessons from research on models of and interventions
for human decision making 184
Table A.1 The payoff matrix of the checkpoint problem,
where the numbers are expected payoffs based
on the information in the game tree of Fig. A.1 195
 CHAPTER 1

What Is Cognitive Operations?

The American classic Cheaper by the Dozen is the story of a family of

twelve children and their parents Frank and Lillian Gilbreth, pioneers of
quantitative management in the early twentieth century. At one point,
Frank goes on a rant about surgeons1 :

Surgeons really aren’t much different from skilled mechanics, except that
they’re not so skilled. If I can get to study their motions, I can speed them
up. The speed of an operation often means the difference between life and
death.

Frank studied the physical movements of surgeons performing abdom-

inal operations and redesigned them so that patient time under ether was
reduced by 15%. Encouraged by this success, Frank wanted to repeat the
study for his children’s removal of tonsils. In doing so, Lillian and he
considered the psychology of the doctors and the children. They ascer-
tained that the doctors would not get nervous and underperform when
they were observed. In addition, Frank offered moral support to the chil-
dren by volunteering to have his tonsils taken out as well. The operations
were successful, even though the father had a longer recuperation period
than the children.

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature 1

Switzerland AG 2023
K. V. Katsikopoulos, Cognitive Operations,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-31997-6_1
2 K. V. KATSIKOPOULOS

1.1 Behavioral Operations

Operations management and operations, or operational, research2 are
prescriptive sciences. They aim at suggesting what customers, retailers,
suppliers, managers, and other decision makers should do, and at
supporting them in doing so. As Frank Gilbreth’s rant says, the improve-
ment of an operation is easier to accomplish when the behavior of the
people involved in it is well understood. In order to prescribe what deci-
sions one should make, it is important to first describe what decisions one
actually does make.3
This approach is taken in the fields of behavioral operations manage-
ment and behavioral operational research,4 or as referred to jointly here,
behavioral operations. In a handbook edited by Karen Donohue and
her colleagues, behavioral operations is defined as the ‘study of how
individuals behave and make decisions within operational settings’.5 For
example, behavioral operations studies under which conditions customers
choose to pay a fixed price now or an uncertain price later, to what extent
inventory orders are calibrated to demand, or how retailers bargain with
suppliers.
Human behavior can be described in various ways. Observational
studies, lab experiments, case studies, and secondary data sources can all
help build a base of empirical knowledge. A standard method of summa-
rizing knowledge on human behavior is by representing it formally. This
method also allows for deducing clear and precise predictions about future
behavior. A review of 238 behavioral operations articles published in five
leading journals between 2012 and 2017 found that formal modeling was
the most prevalent method, employed in 44% of the articles.6
This book presents models that describe mathematically how practi-
tioners and laypeople make decisions under risk and uncertainty. Such
descriptive models can be plugged into and expand the scope of existing
prescriptive models. For instance, modeling how people experience and
react to waiting in a queue can be used to revise standard queueing
theory.7 Behavioral modeling is critical in the operation of systems during
a crisis such as a pandemic, by helping estimate the impact of behavioral
interventions (e.g., quarantine rules) and resource management strate-
gies (e.g., hospital admission rules) within epidemiological and simulation
approaches.8 An important part of the science of crisis management is
behavioral science.
 1 WHAT IS COGNITIVE OPERATIONS? 3

Some of the descriptive models in this book are well known in behav-
ioral operations, while others are little or not at all known to the field
and are imported from core behavioral sciences such as psychology and
economics, and yet other models are developed for the first time here.
The selection of models presented serves three goals. The first goal is, as
suggested by Stephanie Eckerd and Elliot Bendoly,9 to enhance pluralism
in the study of behavioral operations and to ensure the openness of the
field to new points of view. As we will see, most models in the field to
date come from a single approach to descriptive modeling. The book
introduces an alternative approach as well. The second goal is to support
readers in selecting a modeling approach that suits the decision problem
at hand. The third goal is to point out cases where the approaches have
been integrated, and show the benefits that integration brings. These
goals are achieved by introducing a spectrum of modeling ideas that have
been used fruitfully in disciplines such as cognitive psychology, behav-
ioral economics, and machine learning,10 and by applying these ideas to
the study of operations.

1.2 Cognitive Operations

Most modeling in behavioral operations follows the approach of optimiza-
tion. For example, take prospect theory that is often used to describe
people’s decisions under risk.11 This theory proposes that people maxi-
mize the expectation of a utility function that includes not only money
but also other factors such as loss aversion and the non-linear perception
of probability. Given that operations research and operations management
have been employing optimization for developing prescriptive models—
despite criticism by leading figures such as Russell Ackoff—it is perhaps
not surprising that behavioral operations embraced optimization for
developing descriptive models as well.12 But note that optimization in
prescriptive models is performed by computers. It is less clear how people
could be processing information optimally. Economics, a source of inspi-
ration for behavioral operations, is of little help on this issue which it
traditionally circumvents by suggesting that people behave ‘as if’ they
optimize a utility function, and pronouncing irrelevant the study of how
they do so.13
An alternative approach to describing human behavior is based on
Herbert Simon’s14 idea that people do not optimize but satisfice 15
4 K. V. KATSIKOPOULOS

For example, a retailer can choose a particular supplier without eval-

uating other suppliers, as long as the price and delivery schedule are
deemed acceptable.16 Such simple ways of processing information might
be more psychologically plausible than postulating that people are able
to compute and integrate probabilities and utilities, deduce strategic
equilibria, or calculate expected revenues and costs. One approach to
formally modeling the information processing that underlies people’s
non-optimizing behavior is that of simple heuristics 17 sometimes also
called simple rules 18 two terms that will be used interchangeably here.
Models of simple heuristics have received scarce attention in the behav-
ioral operations literature, and the presentations mostly referred to their
prescriptive, not descriptive, use.19
This notion of heuristics is related, but distinct, from other notions of
heuristics used in the operations literature. Unlike purely computational
shortcuts developed in ‘hard’ operations research, simple heuristics are
derived from human psychology. And, unlike verbal heuristics and biases
studied in ‘soft’ operations research or behavioral operations, simple
heuristics are formally modeled.
Cognitive Operations studies in-depth models of human behavior based
on optimization as well as simple heuristics. The book puts emphasis on
clarifying the differences and similarities between these two approaches,
and the opportunities for their integration. In order to better understand
models and support the choice of a modeling approach for a particular
situation, the models are analyzed on the following criteria:

Are the cognitive processes underlying behavior specified in the model?

Are decisions predicted or fitted by the model?

How transparent is the model?

How can the output of the model be used?

Cognitive processes. Cognitive Operations is inspired by the ‘cog-

nitive revolution’ of the 1960s, which was launched, among others,
by Simon (again). This revolution proclaimed that researchers should
specify the mental processes leading to an agent’s, human or artificial,
observed behavior.20 In other words, researchers should open the black
box. Specifying the underlying processes improves the understanding of
 1 WHAT IS COGNITIVE OPERATIONS? 5

why a behavior was observed. For example, it is insightful to know that a

retailer chose a supplier because the proposed price and delivery schedule
met her aspirations. The models presented in this book are assessed on
the degree to which they specify cognitive processes.
Predictive power. The Gilbreths did not just assume that Frank’s
method for reducing the duration of abdominal operations would neces-
sarily succeed for tonsil operations as well. Rather, they tested this
proposition empirically. Statistics and machine learning place a premium
on testing models according to their power to perform well in new tasks,
which are different from the tasks in which the models were trained.21
In other words, predicting future observations is more valuable than
fitting past ones. In operations, retailers need to predict future, not past,
demand. In their 20-year retrospective of research on behavioral opera-
tions, Karen Donohue, Özalp Özer, and Yanchong Zheng point out the
importance of prediction and how it can enhance the understanding of
processes: ‘Prediction-focused research helps separate out which behav-
ioral theories are robust to different situations and, in the process, often
identifies a new attribution that provides a deeper understanding of the
underlying mechanisms’.22 The present book measures quantitatively how
well models predict unknown, rather than fit known, human behavior.
Transparency. Cognitive Operations aims at building mathematical
models that are transparent to their users. A model is transparent to
someone when she can understand, apply, and explain it to other people.
This definition includes components of transparency commonly put forth
in computer science, such as usability and explainability.23 Transparent
models facilitate the development of narratives and stories. Operational
research can be viewed as a process-based practice of storytelling, where
the purpose of model-based stories is to bring positive change.24 With
the increasing use of data-driven analytics in sensitive domains such as
wealth, health, and justice, stakeholders such as citizens, practitioners, and
lawmakers deserve access to transparent models.
Usefulness of output. Finally, the book focuses on the kind of output
provided by various models. Optimization models such as prospect theory
provide a numerical valuation of each decision option, whereas satisficing
models typically just state which option is preferred (although, as we will
see, sometimes they can also be augmented to make valuations). In which
contexts is one kind of output more useful than the other? One should
not rush to assume that the more complex or quantitatively sophisticated
the output of a model is, the more useful it is for the model users. If you
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and Niheu, 444.
sword-fish of Kapepeekauila, 444.
warrior in charge of the ocean, 444.
warrior of Kapepeekauila meets and attacks the double canoe; is struck and
killed by Niheu, 444.

Keaumiki and Keauka, tides or demigods, 160–62.

from Kauai, return with Makolea, 510.
gods of tides, 510.
guardians and attendants on Kaikipaananea, 510.

Keawe, 25, 240, 388, 405;

dwelt at Piilani’s, 240.
Hauoa of, 242.
Lono sacred chief by, 356.
lord of Hawaii, 394.
was given birth, 356.

Keawekekahialiiokamoku, 364.
Kualii likened to, 388, 392.
[xxiv]ruled Hawaii four generations before Kamehameha, 388.
turned salt water into fresh, 388.

Keawenuiaumi, 25, 220, 228, 256, 405.

after the death of, 256.
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at Kaipalaoa at Mainele’s arrival, 460.
awards his daughter and land to Pikoiakaalala, 462.
battle of Puumaneo, a rebellion against, 314.
bones of six rebellious chiefs killed at battle of, on Puumaneo, 314–20.
circuits Hawaii with Lonoikamakahiki, 264.
contends with his son for the retention of weapons, etc., 260.
father of Lonoikamakahiki, 256.
god of; in charge of Lono; worshipped by Hauna and Loli; thought to be Kaili,
292.
hears report of son’s orders that his war and game implements be destroyed,
260.
high priest with long hair to below his waist in presence of, 264.
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king of Hawaii, cautioned by birds against cutting a hollow tree, 458.
orders four men to carry the basket and builds a house for the god and
Kauakahi, 460–62.
ponders upon the future of his boy, 260.
requests Lono to take charge of government, but he declines, 266.
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the birds, 458.
sought out Lonoikamakahiki, 260.
told again by the birds of the hollow tree, 462;
vexed, seeks skillful archers to kill them, 458.
vacancy left by, 270.

Keawewai, Hoamakeikekula enveloped in thick fog, arrives at, 536.

Kalamaula lizard king of, 534.

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Keehi, sea for mullet is at, 378.

Keelekoha, 382.

Keeumoku, 25. (See Keeaumoku.)

Kehoni, priest, permitted to save himself, 568.

Keiki a kaua, our son, an elastic term, 500.

Keiki, hookama, 182.

Keinohoomanawanui again sees an armed company and says “Our death is close
upon us,” 466.
credited by Kakuhihewa as the cause of victories, 468.
definition of, 466.
discredited by a farmer for the victories, 468.
fears at dagger sign of being discovered, 466.
fears for the result of Kalelealuaka’s wish, 464.
gains victory in battles with Pueonui’s men, 468.
made an officer of Kakuhihewa’s, 468.
 seeing an armed company approaching, fears death, 466.
termed by Kalelealuaka a coward, 466.

Keaka, chiefess; has produced eight; sacred bud of, 240.

Kekaa, 284, 302; fleet of war canoes at, 424.

Kekaha battle at Kalamaula, prepared for, by, 418.

chiefs of Koolau and Kona battle against those of, 418.
chiefs of, value their fishing grounds, 416.
Koi and companions land at; thence to Makaeo, 234.
Koolau (Molokai) chiefs desire, 416.
Paepae, a chief of, visits Maui seeking aid of Kauhi, 416.
rain comes by way of, 396.
section of country from Kawela to Maamomi, 416.

Kekaihawewe, son of Moikeha, 118, 132–34, 144–46.

Kekamakahinuiaiku, 32, 48, 80;

almost dead of hunger, 50;
has a double portion, 98.
of bad temper, thrown into the sea, 36.
pretends friendliness, 38.
throws Aukele into pit of Kamooinanea, 38.

Kekamaluahaku, 24.

Kekauilani, 24, 404.

Kekea, or Albino, 8.

Kekea Kapu, 4.

Kekela, 25, 405.

Kekele, a handsome woman, becomes wife of Kaulu, 532.

hala at, planted for her, 530.

Kekohi, the priest, deserts Hakau, 16.

Kekuaokalani’s stick, 96.

Kekuapoiwa, 25, 405.

Kekuapololi, 396.

Kekuawalu, 394.

Kekupuaiawaawa, 284, 302.

Kekuuna, the waters of, 386, 416.

Keliiokaloa, 25, 220, 228, 405.

Kemamo, above Waipio, 200.

Kemau, 192.

Keohe, 344.

Keohokalani, 370, 404.

Keolewa, a mountain of Kauai, spread low is, 372.

Kiki and party are at, 372.

Keoloewa, Kauai chief victorious in revolt, 152.

Kila returned with, to Kauai, 152.
king Puuonale living at, 538.
prime minister of Kila’s, 152.
sails for Waipio: urges Kila to become King, 152.
spirit chief on Maui, 476.

Keoneoio (Maui), Koi returning from Kauai stayed over at, 232.

Keopu, cave of Umi in, at Kailua, 232.

Keopuolono, Kapolei daughter of, sent to entertain Kualii, 418.

Keoua, chiefs rebelled during reign of, 362.

Kepakailiula, adopted through fear by Kakuhihewa; brought to and given Oahu,

510.
acceding to messengers’ overtures, sails for Oahu with his two wives, landing at
Waikiki, 510.
Aiakoake and Kuaikalolo, elders of, 498.
and Makolea became husband and wife, 502.
and wife do nothing but sleep, 502.
at rush of chiefs and warriors of Maui, drops his war club for a hand encounter,
508.
became the fire that lighted Paliuli, 500.
befriends the king’s crier, Kukaea, 512.
besmears the mat of Kakaalaneo, 504.
boards a canoe and sails for Hana, Maui, 504.
born in Keaau, Puna, as an egg, 498.
by aid of young wife, Kukuipahu furnishes canoes and men for invasion of Maui,
506.
called first-born of the beloved one of, 500.
definition of, 498.
favored by king of Kohala, 504.
friend and Kukaea slay in great numbers and force the people to flee, 514–16.
given the daughter of Kukuipahu for wife, 504.
gives charge of Kauai to his friend, 516.
gives his people choice to remain or return, 508.
gives Makolea’s attendant to foster-parents for wife, 502.
hears of king’s sports and joins therein; in contest, defeats Kaikipaananea, 512.
informs foster-parents and moves to Kohala, 502–04.
in hiding, takes Makolea from Kakaalaneo, 504.
in return for kindness, is given answers to king’s riddles, 512–14.
in small canoe, arrives at Waimea, Kauai, 512.
is stayed in his slaughter by his young wife in arms of her father, 508.
[xxv]landing at Hana, the crowd shout in admiration, 506.
led the fight with uprooted trees and rocks, 508.
left asleep at wife’s departure, 502.
legend of, 498.
makes his foster-fathers become kings of Oahu, 510.
makes Kukuipahu king of Maui, 510.
Makolea, wife of, in surf-riding at Waikiki, is taken to Kauai by Keaumiki and
Keauka, 510.
meets and is befriended by a high chief, 512.
name of, assumed by Kakuhihewa, 510.
placed in a canoe sent to Maui, 502.
receives harmless the spear thrusts of Kakaalaneo, 508.
rejecting ordinary food, ate bananas only, 500.
remains on Oahu with Kapuaokeonaona, 510–12.
repeats his visit to Hana and to Makolea from Kakaalaneo, 504.
replies to Makolea’s fears through her husband’s skill, 504.
 returns unseen to Hawaii, 504.
says Makolea was taken by order of the king of Kauai, 510.
sets out for Kohala to return on third day, 506.
stands Kakaalaneo on his head, 504.
to enjoy Paliuli, 498.
with war club, cuts his opponent in two, 508.
with war club, meets Kakaalaneo holding two spears, 506.
with young wife on his back, retraces his steps, 508.
young wife, his foster-fathers and their wives in one canoe; the only one that
landed at Hana, 506.

Kiakia, bird-catching, 380.

Kiha, 25, 284, 302, 405.

Kihapaewa, or Kihapea, 336, 340.

Kihapiilani, advised to confer with Pao at Waikapu, 238.

advises wife of his departure, 242.
Aihakoko’s attendant killed by, 232.
and Piikea placed under Piilani, 236;
suggested as parents, 248.
arrives at Waipio; exchange greetings with his sister Piikea, and seeks Umi’s
aid, 244.
at Kalepolepo, sets out for Hawaii, 244.
beaten as he gathers potato tops; pays no attention, 238.
bids his discoverers “be quiet”, 238.
chief, unknown as such to the people, 236.
greets Pao and is instructed, 244.
neglected and ill-treated by Piilani; ran away secretly to Kalaniwai; marries
there, 236.
recognized as of high rank while getting potato tops, 238.
reveals himself, relates his ill-treatment and seeks for someone to avenge him,
236.
reveals his rank, 244.
sacred chief; a male through Piilani, 240.
searches for an avenger, 242;
seeks Pao, 244.
shall see bitterness, 240.
son of Piilani, chief of Maui, 242.
 story of; to uplands of Kalaniwai, 242.
termed lazy by his wife’s parents, 236.
Umi turned Maui over to, 254;
went to the defence of, 232.
younger brother of Piikea, 236.

Kiholo and Kapalaoa, white sands of, 560.

Kii, 24, 404;

red rain of, 398.

Kiihele chides Kiinoho at his strange inaction, 502.

great runner, could circuit Hawaii in one day, 498.
questions Kiinoho who is to benefit by Paliuli’s delights, 498.
returns to Paliuli and reports his journey; narrates meeting with Makolea and
extols her beauty, 502.
sent to various districts for a suitable wife, 500–02.
takes Kepakailiula by the hand and leaves the house, 502.
told of Kiinoho’s dream; is indifferent and dreams same thing; traveler, 498.
unsuccessful till meeting Makolea in Kona, 500–02.

Kiinoho, a stay-at-home fortune-teller, 498.

bids Kiihele get Hina’s child, 500.
develops the egg in a feather cape into a beautiful child, 500.
dreams of Paliuli and tells Kiihele, 498.
sends Kiihele in search of wife for Kepakailiula, 500.

Kiinoho and Kiihele accompany Kepakailiula to Hana but not permitted to land,
506.
brothers of Hina, 498.
decide to find a wife for Kepakailiula, 500.
definition of, 498.
directed by dream, start for Paliuli, 498.
join in the fight, 508.
left Paliuli in charge of the gods, 502.
made joint kings of Oahu by Kepakailiula, reserving to himself and Kakuhihewa
rulers’ rights, 510.
mourn on leaving Paliuli, 502.
Puna chiefs of high rank, 498.
Kikakapu, butterfly-fish, 576.
put up in place of kapu stick, 576.
sacred fish, 240.

Kikenuiaewa, 24;
of Ewa, 342.

Kiki and party at Keolewa, 372.

hair dressing, 378.

Kila adjusts government of Kauai; declines the kingship, 152.

admired as a handsome young man, 134.
advised to delay departure, meets a priestess whose aid he invokes, 124.
again enters the temple, 144.
and brothers at Waipio, 132.
and Kamahualele seek in vain for place of Laamaikahiki’s hiding, 124.
and Laamaikahiki, arrival at Kauai, 128;
return to Tahiti with the bones of their father, 154.
and party set sail for Hawaii, 128.
anxious to find Laamaikahiki, 126.
arranges to take Moikeha’s bones to Tahiti, 154.
arrives at Luukia’s place and extends greetings, 124.
as Lena, questions Kaialea pointedly, to which false replies are given, 138.
asleep, is taken off the canoe and left at Waipio, 132.
assumes the reins of government on death of Moikeha, 128.
awakens and finds himself deserted, 132–34.
brings his mother and aunt into the temple, 148.
brothers questioned, orders them confined, 148.
bundled on the canoe platform, 164.
calls the people to witness the sacrifice, 148.
chants of Moikeha’s life of ease, 162.
chief ruler of Kauai, 152.
contends with Luukia, 172.
defers putting his brothers to death, 150.
did not think Kaialea would be killed, 148.
disregards mother’s desire that companions-in-death be offered up with their
sons, 150.
does not intend sacrifice, 144, 148.
does not wish the sacrifice of Kaialea, but his realization of the gravity of the evil
deed committed, 140.
drawn into a plot on pretext of brothers to obtain their father’s bones for removal
to Tahiti, 130.
elicited partial truth from Kaialea, 144.
falsely accused of violating kapus, flees to Pakaalana, 134.
follows the aged priestess; hides in the Mua house of the temple, 126.
former inhabitants wail on arrival of, 170.
[xxvi]gave up looking for Laamaikahiki; orders Kamahualele to prepare the canoe
for return, that Moikeha may send others, 124.
given the name of Lena, 134.
greets Laamaikahiki and is questioned, 128.
greets relatives at various points, 122.
handsome man, 164.
hearing of a canoe from Kauai, he sends for the men, 142.
Hooipoikamalanai and sister bewail the death of, 132.
informed of prayer’s interruption, 148.
insects, animals and the elements rejoice, at arrival of, in testimony of his high
chief rank, 168.
instructs a friend as to questioning Kaialea, 138.
instructs his men as to treatment of Mua; his wit avenges his father, 166.
instructs his men, in contest with two warriors, 166–68.
instructs the priests, on their course, 140.
Kaialea often questioned by, but found stubborn, 140.
Kaialea ordered confined again by, 144.
Kaialea search party questioned by, 142.
king and chief priest with, enter the kapu house, 148.
king of Kauai; jealousy of brothers thereat; reign of, not satisfactory, 130.
life of, in Waipio at first menial, 134.
lit the lamp and laid down on the couch, 170.
Luukia consenting, unfastens the cords, 172.
makes himself known, and relates his experiences, 150.
master of all the lands, victorious in his battle, 170.
meditates on his brothers’ actions, 134.
offers to die first; loved his brothers more than self, 152.
on the covered platform, 130.
orders food to be taken to Kauai for his mother and aunt, 140.
orders his officers to arrest the men, 142.
orders release of other men, 144.
orders reservation of food under penalty of death, 136.
originates the working system, 134–36.
otherwise known as Lena, 138.
prepares for the trip to Tahiti for Laamaikahiki, 120, 160.
prevailed on to be Kauai’s king, 152.
proclaims himself the offspring of Moikeha, 122–24, 128, 150, 162.
questions his mother; tells her Kaialea will surely die, 146.
questions Kamahualele, 124.
recognized by certain high chief signs, a priest directs the king of Waipio to take,
as a son, 134.
recognizes Kaialea’s canoe, and sees his brother; orders the canoe confiscated,
136.
recognizes Makalii, offers to meet him in contest, 168.
reported eaten by a shark, his hands only left, 132.
resembles Moikeha, 172.
restrained by his father from accompanying his brothers, 120.
retires to Lanikeha, 124.
returns to Waipio, 152;
to Kauai, 150.
returns to his father’s house; the guards come to life, 170.
reveals himself and the object of his journey, 126.
sails for main island, 164.
saw his mother and relatives; orders houses made ready, 146.
seen by Luukia asleep, is mistaken for Moikeha; embraces him, is startled, 172.
sends men to take Kaialea to the king’s strong house, 138.
sets sail for Oahu on voyage to Tahiti, 122.
son of Moikeha, 118;
and Hooipoikamalanai, 160.
spared from death through intervention, 134.
standing by the anuu, faces his brothers, 148.
suggests a god be provided his brothers, 120.
suggests to his mother and aunt that Umalehu and the rest be saved; is
opposed by them, 150.
taken by the brothers, they sail for Oahu, 130.
tells his men to return to Kauai if he is slain in contest with Makalii, 168.
tells history of his brother’s treatment, 134.
the crowd shout in praise at sight of, 168.
the shells advise there are no more chiefs, 170.
told of the food delivery to his people, whereas it was all squandered at Molokai,
140.
told of Kaialea’s weeping, he questions him, 144.
 tries to conceal his emotions, 140.
upon death of Moikeha the land descended to, 128.
visits and exchanges greetings with Kanepohihi, 162.
wins in contest with his brothers, 120, 160.

Kila’s brothers dissuade the mothers from joining, 130.

fear their scheme will fall through, 130.
hear there is food at Waipio, 136.
kidnap a young man from Waipio and slay him, 132.
plan concealment of their jealousy and hatred; professing obedience, plot
against him, 130.
prepare the double canoe, planning to include Kila, 130.
propose to bring the bones of their father for removal to Tahiti, 130.
report Kila as eaten by a shark and bones of father lost, 132.
swearing to take good care of Kila, the mother’s fears are allayed, 130.
take Kila and sail for Oahu, 130.

Kila-pa-Wahineikamalanai, 122–24, 128, 150.

Kilauea, pit at, dug by Pele and Hiiaka, 106.

to Kalihi, 358.

Ki-leaf (or Ti-leaf) fishing coat, 224;

knotted, 366.

Kilohi begs Wahanui to return to Hawaii, 518.

not the priest Wahanui had thought him to be, 518.
prophet of Wahanui, joins him on voyage to Tahiti, 516.
refuses Kaneapua to board their canoe, 516.
terms Kanehunamoku the man-eating dog of Hina, 518.

Kilou, cliff of Lehua at, 306.

Kinau, a sand-eel, 358.

King of Hawaii, Kapawa, 22.

of Kauai, Ku, 372.
of Kauai meets Kualii and gives over his island to him, 400.
of Koolau (Kualii), 402.
of Koolauloa ceded the districts to Kualii, 400.
 of Kauai, Moikeha became, 118;
Kiha made, 130.

King’s loin cloth and kapa, 278.

King’s riddles, Kepakailiula given the answer to, 512–14;

invited to join in solving, 514.
Kepakailiula solving the; Kukaea throws the king into the oven, 514.
Kukaea summons the people to answer the, 512.
oven-baking the penalty in contest of, 514.

Kini (40,000), 364;

from word Kinikini, 400.

Kinilauaemano, 370, 404.

Kino, or miraculous powers, 72.

Kio, 24, 404.

Kipahulu, Koi and companion sail from, 234.

Kipapai, 288, 304.

Kipapalaulu, asked by daughter, sends Aiai a ten-fathom canoe, 558.

asked for a pearl fish-hook, 556.
[xxvii]king of Honolulu, at success of Kuula in aku fishing steals his pearl hook
Kahuoi, 556.
living at Kapuukolo, 546.
on further request by daughter, gives up the stolen hook Kahuoi, 556.

Kipu, mischief-maker of Palaau, 396.

Kipunuiaiakamau and companion on Moikeha voyage from Tahiti, 116.

navigators and sailing masters with Kila, 122.

Kiss on the nose, 350.

Kissing of olden time, “honi ka ihu”, 308.

Kiu ahiu, wild spy, 396.

Kiwaawaa, a coarse kapa, 584.

Kiwaha gives Aukele a way of escape by rainbow, 66.
mate of Halulu, 66.
one of three bird-guards of Namakaokahai, 42.

Kiwalao, overthrow of, 4.

Koa, 25, 405.

Koa tree, sounding-leafed, 358.

trunkless, 350–52;
without roots, 356.

Koae (bird), 70, 234, 340;

that soars high, 394.
bos’n bird (Phaethon lepturus), 340, 394.

Koaie (tree) of Kauai, 386.

Koakea, 186;
heights of, adjoining Waipio, 208.
Umi meets Piimaiwaa at, 182.

Koauli, chant, 342.

Koeleele powerful man of bad temper, 528.

runs away from Kaulu, 528.
younger brother of Makalii hurls the rock Ikuwa at Kaulu, 528.

Kohala, aeloa the favorite wind of, 566.

ahupuaa of Hihiu nui in, 354;
Kapaihiahilina lands at, 356.
and Hamakua rebels met at Nakikiaianihau, 324.
beautiful country, 314.
bones of chief of, 314;
boundary between Kona, 362.
depopulated, 336–38.
did not see people of, 338.
dividing line of, 360.
east of, without growing food, 570.
forsake the proud land of, 568.
given to Koi, 206.
 got their fish from Mumu and brothers, 562.
heiau of Muleiula in, 324;
in Kapaau of, 328.
is in darkness, 28.
Kaiopihi, the slain general, 330.
Kapua and Kukuipahu in, 380.
Kauhiakama arrived at, 334;
reports on his tour through, 336.
lies level, face down, 314.
Lono and forces reach; victory followed into, 328.
lowland country noted as a proud land, 540.
making and worshipping of idols originated in, 540.
men all at, awaiting slaughter by Lono, 320.
men had also been assembled and guarded, 344.
of Wakiu, 306.
Palahalaha, chief of, 314.
people of, attached to, 540.
Puuonale, king of, 538.
rebels stationed from Anaehoomalu to distant, 322.
small district, to be fought last, 324.
stretches forth, 374.

Kohana, naked, 378.

Kohenemonemo, wife of Hauna and Loli, 256.

Kohia, from Ko, 372.

Kohikohiokalani, 24.

Koholalele, Liloa journeys to, 178;

Umi and companions journey to, 186.
shallow sea of, 398.

Koi accompanies Umi to Laupahoehoe beach, 210.

and co-counselors ordered to prepare canoes, 246.
and companions with the king reside at Waipio, 214;
become courtiers, 220.
and companions in spear practice with Umi, 210.
and companions without bundles of stones, 200–02.
and officers ordered to war on stronghold of Kauiki, 248.
 at call of Piimaiwaa followed him up, 254.
brother-in-law and, select Umi’s burial place, 234.
charged with secretion of Umi’s bones at his death, 232.
directed to kill Paiea; returns with the body for sacrifice, 214.
dispossessed of his lands, 232.
enters home of his sister, 234.
finds the guards asleep, takes the body of Umi, 234.
hearing of Umi’s fatal illness, sets out for Hawaii, 232.
hears of Umi’s death, 234.
kills a man as a substitute corpse for Umi, 234.
met at Kukuihaele and taken along by Umi, 186.
Omaokamau and Piimaiwaa aku fishing; farm daily, 186;
taught the arts of warfare, 190.
recognized, enjoins quiet and secrecy, 234.
report of, makes Umi sad at heart, 250.
said to have taken Umi’s bones to Maui, 234.
sees Umi’s hurt, vows to slay Paiea, 210.
sent to scale Kauiki; after two attempts, in fear of the giant guard he returns,
250.
Waimanu to Pololu the lands of, 232.
wanders away to Kauai, 232.
with Umi and Omaokamau, confined for sacrifice, 220.
with valuables, sails secretly for Maui, 234.

Koihalawai, 25, 405.

Kokio, Ku not like the, 392.

medicinal, 390.

Koko, a net, 530.

Kualii held up in his, 388;
network, 364, 400.

Kokoiki, Kohala, Maile sisters met Hikapoloa at, 562.

Kolea and mate fly up and inquire of Makalii of the loud-voiced god Kaeha, 524.
reports Makalii’s message, 524.
said to Ulili, “Let us fly high above Kana and call to him”, 444.
told of Kaulu hiding in the palm leaf, 524.
Kolea and Ulili are told by Hina wherein Niheu’s strength lies, 446.
fall down on the hill of Haupu, 444.
met Kapepeekauila, barely escaped death; sent to tell Keauleinakahi, his
warrior, 444.
not a formidable pair, 444.
seeing Hina being taken, flew and held Niheu by the hair, 446.
swift messengers of Kapepeekauila, sent to look for Kana and Niheu, 444.

Kolohia, 374.

Kolowalu (Royal) Statute, a beneficent law of Kualii, 432.

Kona (Oahu), 300, 384;

another wing of army from, 410.

Kona and Kau, kukui first introduced into, 570.

Kona and Koolau (Molokai) continue the battle against Kekaha, 418.
bones of chief of, 320;
rebels from, arrive, 330.
district, defeated king of, 394.
district, the largest, 338.
dividing line of, 360–62.
dwell in; house stands in, 286, 304.
Ehunuikaimalino king of, 228.
first meets the eye, 374.
given to Ehu, 206;
Kapalilua, 336.
Heapae chief of, 320;
Lono at temples in, 330.
Kapaihiahilina sails for, 356;
returns to, 362.
Kauhi through, sees not its people, 338.
Kauhiakama reports on, 336.
[xxviii]known from below, 378.
men from, 344.
Moihala chief of, son of Heapae, 320.
stands forth to sight, 28;
plainly seen, 374.
term for the lower regions, 378.
the sun warmed the selfish chiefs of, 394.
 Umi desired to live in, 228–30.
whose stone floor burns, 394.

Konane board, Lono strikes his wife with, 272.

chant, 56, 272;
quoted in contests, 272.
engaged in playing, Lono strikes Pupuakea on the head with the board, 334.
game of, 56, 270–72;
resembling checkers, 270.
Hauna plays, against two women, wagering his canoe load of feathers and wins,
312.
Kakuhihewa challenges Lono to a game of, 300.
Kama and Lono played, 334.

Koniewalu, 370, 404.

Konohiki, 24, 404.

Kookookumaikalani, 25, 404.

Koolau, 284–86, 300, 304, 392;

army from, 410.
bracing up the house of, 392.
chief of, 366;
flower of, 314.
Lonokaeho, king of, 530.
tea plant (Campylotheca), 386.
trembles, 396.

Koolau and Kona (Molokai) chiefs battle against those of Kekaha, 418.
chiefs of, gave up to Kualii all Molokai, 420.
chiefs of, hear war is to be carried into Kalaupapa, 418.
defeated, lands on the, side come into Paepae’s possession, 418.
war canoes from all the side of, go to battle, 418.

Koolaukahili, 25, 405.

Koolauloa, 300, 364, 388.

armies of chiefs of Waianae and, routed, 414
and Koolaupoko ceded to Kualii, 400.
Koolaupoko, Kailua in, Kualii’s favorite residence, 432.
Kualii and boy returned to Kailua in, 430.
Kualii died at Kailua, in, 432.

Kou, Honolulu harbor, 452–54.

Kahaookamoku’s party lauded at, 478.
scattering blossoms of the, 392.

Koukou, drank the awa of, 378.

mother of Pikoiakaalala, a son, and Iole and Opeapea born before him, 450.

Kowali or Koali, 530.

Kowili, 372.

Ku (deity), 26, 30, 394.

Ku enamored of Kaunoa while bathing, 548.

father of Kalanimanuia, 548.
king of Lihue, takes Kaunoa to wife, 548.
leaves Kaunoa with expectant child, 548.
leaves name and tokens for the child, 548.
not recognizing the lad, orders him killed, 548.
on hearing strict kapu violated, orders his female attendant killed, 542.
on priests’ questions, owns the relationship with Kaunoa, 550.
realizing having killed his own son, seeks to regain him, 550.
searched for by Kalanimanuia, 548.
thou unnatural father, 548.

Ku (Kualii), 30, 372, 376, 380, 386, 390–96, 414–16, 420, 428.
arrayed in his feather cloak, 384, 416.
encompassed by, is the island, 400.
haole from Tahiti, a god, 394.
has left but few priests, 386, 416.
holds up the rain, 378;
led to earth, 380.
indeed, whose is Tahiti for, 374.
is brought forth in the forest, 384.
is indeed king, 384–86, 416.
puts on his loin-cloth for war, 382.
returning to Oahu; sailing to Kauai, 374.
 the lehua eater, 286, 304.
uncomparable, 390–94.
urged to be merciful and spare his wrath, 388.

Ku and Hina, male attendant reports the conduct of their two charges to, 542.
parents of Kepakailiula, 498, 540.
son and daughter of, brought up under strict kapu, 540.

Kua, maile vines creep down to, 400.

Kuaihelani, 32, 46–48, 68.

Aukelenuiaiku the hero of, 78;
his departure for, 108.
Bambu stalk shoots up till it reached, 598.
boy from, 56, 80.
brother or sister to be banished to, 540.
brothers of Aukele depart for, but meet disaster and perish, 106.
champions, visit Kauai, Oahu, and Maui; give exhibition of games, 34.
deserted and overgrown with weeds, 108.
fine rain of, 94.
Hina originally belonged to, 546.
home of Makiioeoe, where, as king, he had one child, Kahikiula, 596.
Kanemoe accompanies Aukele to, 108.
Kapuaokaoheloai and messengers embark for, 542.
king of, desires to know his daughter’s opinion, 544.
king of, questioned the priests relative to rank of Kapuaokaoheloai, 544.
land in Tahiti, 540.
land of, origin of Aukelenuiaiku, 32.
Laukiamanuikahiki told her father has gone back to, 596;
said “Here I am returning to,” 608.
Makiioeoe prepares and returns to, 596.
messengers of, cautioned Kapuaokaoheloai regarding the king’s daughter, 542–
44.
messengers of king of, in search of a wife, 542.
popular mythical land, 32.
the chief reminded that banishment to, would be the penalty for violating the
kapu, 542.

Kuaikalolo and Aiakoake, elders of Kepakailiula, 498.

Kuaiku, 32, 36;
has his arms broken, 36.

Kuaimakani, 180.

Kuaiwa, 25, 405.

Kuaiwilu, a voyager with Kila to Tahiti, 122.

Kuala, current of, 240.

Kualii, 364–66, 370.

accompanies his soldiers in battle usually, 426.
advised by priest of Pumaia’s spirit as the thief, 476.
and Maheleana take war club lessons, 412.
and warriors sail to Kauai for war clubs; armies different, closing in on, 412.
arrival of, reported to Haloalena and Kamalalawalu, 424.
arrives at Kahaluu, 428.
arriving at Laupahoehoe, Haalilo prepares for war, 414.
asks Kauhi’s authority for his mischievous acts, 426.
assumes a royal right to dedicate Kawaluna temple, 408.
astrologers fail to find auguries for defeat of, 366.
at advice of priest, builds houses and cares for bones of Pumaia, 476.
awakens his companions to meet the advancing armies; refuses to flee, 408–10.
battle of Kalena, names it the, 414.
battles and battle grounds of, 406;
fights three more battles, conquering Oahu, 414.
began fighting in childhood; story of, 364.
bestows great riches and favors on Kapaahulani; orders share sent the brother
at Puuloa, 402.
body of Pumaia thrown into pit of temple of, 472.
[xxix]bones of, to be secreted at death by his trusted kahu, are powdered and
hidden in one hundred living tombs, 434.
calls and questions the boy, deeming him very brave, 430.
celebrated for strength and bravery, 364.
chant composed to name of, 364–66;
supplementary chant for, 394.
charged with having overstepped himself, 408.
chief officer of, remarked, 378.
compared to a god and an early king, 388.
declares the battle prepared by Haloalena off, 426.