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Iranian Syntax in Classical Armenian
O X F O R D ST U D I E S I N D I A C H R O N I C A N D
H IST O R I C A L L I N GU IST I C S
General editors
Adam Ledgeway and Ian Roberts, University of Cambridge
Advisory editors
Cynthia L. Allen, Australian National University; Ricardo Bermúdez-Otero,
University of Manchester; Theresa Biberauer, University of Cambridge;
Charlotte Galves, University of Campinas; Geoff Horrocks, University of Cambridge;
Paul Kiparsky, Stanford University; David Lightfoot, Georgetown University;
Giuseppe Longobardi, University of York; George Walkden, University of Konstanz;
David Willis, University of Oxford
For a complete list of titles published and in preparation for the series, see pp. 311–15
Iranian Syntax in
Classical Armenian
The Armenian Perfect and Other Cases
of Pattern Replication
R O B I N M E Y ER
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP,
United Kingdom
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship,
and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of
Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries
© Robin Meyer 2023
The moral rights of the author have been asserted
Some rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, for commercial purposes,
without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly
permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate
reprographics rights organization.
This is an open access publication, available online and distributed under the terms of a
Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial – No Derivatives 4.0
International licence (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), a copy of which is available at
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.
Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of this licence
should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above
Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press
198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Data available
Library of Congress Control Number: 2023908025
ISBN 9780198851097
DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198851097.001.0001
Printed and bound by
CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY
The open access publication of this book has been made possible by the support
of the Swiss National Science Foundation.
Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and
for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials
contained in any third party website referenced in this work.
Meiner Familie gewidmet
***
In Erinnerung an meine Großeltern
Horst Meyer (1923–1970)
Gerda Meyer geb. Sebastian (1922–2016)
Georg Burkhardt (1929–2020)
Ilse Burkhardt geb. Arlt (1928–2020)
Contents
Appendix 260
References 280
Index 308
Series preface
For better or worse, many projects, ideas, and plans at Oxford and elsewhere have
their beginning in conversations held over a cup of tea or coffee, or alternatively
over a glass of wine or beer. It will not surprise anyone, then, that this book, too,
was initially conceived at such an occasion. Somewhere between the Oriental In-
stitute and Little Clarendon Street, the first words about the elements of Iranian
syntax in Armenian presented in these pages tickled the ears of one of my future
supervisors.
The spark that kindled this idea, however, sprang from a different source, ema-
nating from the person who first introduced me to the Iranian languages. Without
the instruction in Old and Middle Iranian languages that Ilya Yakubovich provided
during my years as an MPhil student, and without his continuous encouragement
to write about various matters Armenian and Iranian, the idea for my doctoral the-
sis, and subsequently for this book, would likely never have taken shape. Thus it
is to him, as the prime mover, to whom my initial thanks are due.
During my years as a doctoral student at Wolfson College, it was chiefly my two
stellar supervisors, Elizabeth Tucker and Theo Maarten van Lint, who provided
much food for thought with their comments on my writing and pointed questions
concerning my findings; add to that their sheer inexhaustible patience in waiting
for the submission of new chapters, and their speed at considering my outpour-
ings, and you will know why I shall forever be indebted to them for their support
and kindness.
Equally, however, thanks are due not only to those who helped feed the prover-
bial flame, but also to those who kept it in check: Peter Barber, Wolfgang de Melo,
John Penney, Philomen Probert, and Andreas Willi—or, in short, all the Oxford
philologists—have at some point helped me see flaws in my arguments or errors
in my ways, and have provided invaluable insights in one form or another. I am
particularly grateful to John Penney and Philomen Probert, as it was they who
introduced me to comparative philology during my undergraduate days.
Finally, at least from a purely academic perspective, my thanks are due to James
Clackson, who together with Wolfgang de Melo examined my thesis and, under the
condition that I talk more about tigers (see p. 54), let it pass, thus confirming that
this flame was worth the fuel it had used up. Both James and Wolfgang have been
very kind in lending me their support even after the end of my doctoral studies.
As for many young researchers, a project like this rarely takes shape in isola-
tion, but is usually accompanied by smaller projects, which help both to divert the
xiv PREFACE
RM
Lausanne, March 2023
List of figures
2.1. Simplified map of Armenia and surrounding area c.70 BCE, at its largest
extent under Tigran II, the Great 9
2.2. Simplified map of Armenia and surrounding area in c.379 CE, at the death of
the Sasanian King Šāhpuhr II 11
5.1. Incidence and trend of non-standard argument-marking in the perfect 145
5.2. Incidence and trend of the copula in the perfect 150
5.3. Incidence and trend of non-standard argument-marking in converbs 156
7.1. Simplified superstrate language shift schema 224
7.2. Pivot-matching in Armenian and Parthian 228
7.3. Contact-induced grammaticalization 234
List of tables
Below are set out the glosses and abbreviations used in this study. The translitera-
tion of the Armenian script used here is that of Hübschmann–Meillet–Benveniste
with the modifications commonly applied in, for example, the Revue des Études
Arméniennes. Where transliterations for other languages have been used, they are
quoted in the standard format or in the form used in the secondary literature
from which examples have been taken. References to Armenian texts follow the
Matenagirk‘ Hayoc‘.
Glosses
ABL ablative IOBJ indirect object-marker
ABS absolutive IPFV imperfective
ACC accusative ITR intransitive
AGR agreement JUSS jussive
ANA anaphor LOC locative
AOR aorist M masculine
COMP complementizer MID middle
CON connective N neuter
CONJ conjunction NEG negative
CVB converb NFUT non-future
DAT dative NOM nominative
DECL declarative OBJ object marker
DEM demonstrative OPT optative
DET determiner PASS passive
DIR direct case PATR patronymic
DU dual PF perfect
ERG ergative PFV perfective
EZ ezāfe marker PL plural
F feminine PN proper noun
GEN genitive POSS possessive
IMP imperfect PRS present
IMPRS impersonal PST past
IMV imperative PTC particle
INF infinitive PTCP participle
INJ injunctive QUOT quotative
INS instrumental REFL reflexive
INT intensifier REL relativizer
ABBREVIATIONS xix
— Pistä poskeesi!
Ja hän kääntyi valoa kohti, riensi portaita ylös ja tuli pihalle, jolla
talon palvelusväki hyöri kuumeisesti juosten edes ja takaisin,
ikäänkuin olisi sillä ollut tavattoman tärkeä ja kiireinen asia
toimitettavana. Lo Ta jäi talon eteen seisomaan, nojasi sauvaansa ja
puhutteli palvelusväkeä huutamalla, mutta kohteliaasti.
— Munkki, mitä asiaa on teillä näin myöhäiseen aikaan tähän
taloon? — kysyttiin häneltä.
— Minä en pidä sitä niin suurena asiana, jos syönkin lihaa ja juon
väkeviä juomia, — arveli Syvähenki, — ja sanoakseni teille totuuden,
minä en ole pahoin nirsu mitä viinaan tulee, olkoonpa se sitten
puhdasta tai sekotettua, valkoista tai värikästä.
— Minun täytyy pyytää teitä, — virkkoi nyt vanha Liu, — ensi yön
nukkumaan eräässä sivurakennuksessa ja pysyä siellä ulos
tulematta, vaikka kuulisittekin melua ja meteliä ulkoa.
— Minä olen koko ajan luullut, — höpisi hän itsekseen, — että tuo
munkki tulisi jotenkin käyttämään järjenkeinoa eikä väkivaltaa
saadakseen rosvon luopumaan aikeestaan. Mutta mitä merkitsi tämä
avunhuuto? Ukko otti lyhdyn ja huusi hämmentyneenä
rosvokuninkaan saattojoukon koolle mennäkseen sen kanssa taloon
katsomaan, mitä siellä oikein tapahtui.