Technical Document_Transformer

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Technical : Diagnostic test on Transformer

Following Basic Testing are carried out for Power Transformer
 Capacitance & Tan Delta Testing

 SFRA (Sweep Frequency Response Analysis)
 Excitation Current Measurement
 Trans Ratio/Voltage Ratio Measurement
 Magnetic Balance Test
 Leakage Reactance Measurement
 Winding Resistance Measurement
 IR & PI Measurement
 Oil Testing (Furan, 1886, DGA)
 Publication/Reproduction of this document is not permitted without written consent of ABB Ltd
Power System Consulting, ABB Ltd, Maneja, Vadodara – 390 013 INDIA.
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Capacitance and Tan delta test
Purpose: -
Capacitance Test:
The electrical equipment considered in this guide is very much like a simple capacitor.
Both contain a dielectric material (insulation) between two electrodes (conductors). The
capacitance is dependent on the characteristics of the dielectric material, and on the
physical configuration of the electrodes. In electrical apparatus, if the insulating material
characteristics or the conductor configurations change, a difference in the measure
capacitance will occur. These changes are caused by deterioration of the insulation,
contamination, or physical damage.
Power factor and dissipation factor (Tan Delta Test:

The dielectric loss in an insulation system is the power dissipated by the insulation when
subjected to an applied alternating voltage. All electrical insulation in power apparatus
has a measurable quantity of dielectric loss, regardless of condition. Good insulation
usually has a very low loss. A high loss may indicate problems in the insulation structure.
Normal aging of an insulating material will cause dielectric loss to increase.

Contamination of insulation by moisture or chemical substances may cause losses to be
higher than normal. Physical damage from electrical stress or other outside forces also
affects the level of losses.
Loss factor is a dimensionless ratio expressed in percent which gives an indication of the
condition of insulation. It is measured in terms of dissipation factor (tan ) or power
factor. When an ac voltage is applied to insulation, current flow occurs in the insulation
(see figure). The total current has two components, one resistive and the other
capacitive, which can be measured separately. Very simply, dissipation factor is the ratio
of resistive current to capacitive current, and power factor is the ratio of current to total
current flowing through insulation. For most applications involving power apparatus
insulation, both quantities are very similar.
V = Applied voltage
IT = Total current
IR = Resistive current
IC = Capacitive current
Dissipation factor = tangent = IR/IC
Tan delta = cosine = IR/IT
A dielectric loss-testing program provides several important benefits. Initial tests on new
equipment as it arrives from the manufacturer determine the presence of manufacturing
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defects or shipping damage, and also provide benchmark test values for future
comparison.
Periodic tests performed during the service life of the equipment can indicate that the
insulation is either aging normally or deteriorating rapidly. Diagnostic tests on suspect or
failed equipment may disclose the location of a fault, or the reason for failure. Dielectric
loss tests provide greatest benefit when performed periodically as part of a complete
maintenance program.
Values obtained at the time of the original tests are used as benchmarks to determine
the amount of insulation deterioration on subsequent tests. Tan delta is best compared
to these benchmark values when performing field tests. However, it is also possible to
determine a degree of insulation conditions by comparing test results to other similar
equipments.
This test can be applied to monitor the condition of equipments like Current transformer,
Capacitor voltage transformers, Power transformers, HV Cables, Rotating machines.
Conditions: - Transformer should be fully isolated.
Circuit Diagram: -
Basic circuit diagram of Tan delta measurement of bushing
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Basic circuit diagram of Tan delta measurement Winding
Procedure: -
1. With proper work permit isolate the transformer completely & discharge all the windings
using discharge rods.
2. All terminals of each winding including neutrals, must be connected together. The object
is, to short-circuit each winding, to eliminate any effect of winding inductance on the
insulation measurements. Neutrals must be ungrounded.
3. Place the High Voltage hook on High voltage winding terminal (the Energize column in
the examples above), LV Lead to the Low Voltage winding for the test 1 2 and
4. Place the High Voltage hook on Low voltage winding terminal (the Energize column in
the examples above), LV Lead to the High Voltage winding for the test 5 6 and 7.
Testing Equipment: -
Instrument used for Capacitance & Tan Delta measurement:

Doble make M4100 Insulation Analyzer.
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SFRA test
Purpose: -
To detect the winding movement of Transformer:

– Due to large electromagnetic forces from fault currents
– Winding Shrinkage causing release of clamping pressure
– Transformer Relocations or Shipping of transformer.
Circuit Diagram: -
Two-Winding Transformers – Tests
3φ 3φ 3φ 3φ
Test Type Test # Delta- Wye- Delta- Wye- 1φ
Wye Delta Delta Wye
Test 1 H1-H3 H1-H0 H1-H3 H1-H0
HV Open Circuit (OC)

Test 2 H2-H1 H2-H0 H2-H1 H2-H0 H1-H2(H0)
All Other Terminals Floating
Test 4 X1-X0 X1-X2 X1-X3 X1-X0
LV Open Circuit (OC) X1-X2

All Other Terminals Floating (X0)
Short Circuit (SC) H1-H2(H0)

High (H) to Low (L) Test 8 H2-H1 H2-H0 H2-H1 H2-H0 Short
Short [X1-X2-X3]* X1-X2(X0)*
* Indicates short-circuit tests where the terminals are shorted together with three sets of
jumpers, to provide symmetry (X1-X2, X2-X3, X3-X1) OR (Y1-Y2, Y2-Y3, Y3-Y1). The neutral
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A
is not included for 3φ wye
w connectio
ons but may be
b included fo
or 1φ test con
nnections.
Responsses for Onee Phase of a Transform mer –

Open Ciircuit HV (Bllue), Open Circuit LV (Red),
( and S
Short Circuiit (Green)
 Publica
ation/Reproductio
on of this document is not permittted without writte
en consent of AB
BB Ltd
Power Sy
ystem Consu ulting, ABB Ltd,
L Maneja, Vadodara
V –3
390 013 INDIA
A.
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Basic SFRA Connection Diagram
Procedure: -
1. With proper work permit isolate the transformer completely & discharge all the windings
using discharge rods.
2. Neutrals must be ungrounded.
3. For HV Open Circuit test (test 1, 2, &3) signal injected on one end of the HV winding and
measured from other end of corresponding winding with respect to ground terminal. In
this test mode all other terminals are floating.
4. For HV short circuit test (test 4, 5, 6) signal injected on one end of the HV winding and
measured from other end of corresponding winding with respect to ground terminal. At
that time LV windings are shorted together.
5. For measurement of LV winding (test 7, 8, 9) signal injected on one end of LV winding
and measured from other end of corresponding LV winding with respect to ground
terminal. At that time all other terminals are floating.
Instrument used for SFRA measurement:

Doble make M5300 Sweep Frequency Response Analyzer.
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Magnetizing current
Purpose: -
To check the excitation current trend, which is helpful in locating core and winding faults.
The single-phase exciting-current test is very useful in locating problems such as defects in
the magnetic core structure, shifting of the windings, failures in the turn-to-turn insulation, or
problems in the tap changing devices. These conditions result in a change in the effective
reluctance of the magnetic circuit, which affects the current required to force a given flux
through the core.
Conditions: - All loads should be disconnected and the transformer should be de-energized.
Circuit Diagram: -
If the standard method is used, the results will be two similar and one high current. This unusual
combination is due to the fact that we are measuring two-phase currents together each time. If
we consider that the two outside phases (H1-H0 and H3-H0) have a “high” current, and the
middle phase (H2-H0) has a “low” current, then the resulting measurements are as follows: H1-
H2 is a “high”, H2-H3 is a “low”, H3-H1 is a “high”.
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Normally, the pattern of currents recorded for the three phases would be the typical two high
similar currents and one lower current. Data has been received on Delta windings, which did not
follow this pattern, but rather included the one lower current with two higher but dissimilar
currents. This latter pattern was attributed to residual magnetism or the shunting effect of the
un-energized or static winding. To eliminate the question of the shunting effect of the static
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winding, the procedure outlined in above Figure (Alternative method) can be used. A normal
pattern of currents for this parallel measurement of two phases of a Delta-connected winding
would be two similar currents, with the third current being higher rather than lower as nominally
observed on the individual phases.
Results cross-check interpretation table: -
Procedure: -
1. Isolate the transformer completely & discharge all the windings using discharge rods.
2. Follow the above circuit diagrams according to the winding configuration to be tested.
3. During Delta connection don’t forget to ground the floating point. For example according
to the circuit diagram shown H3 is grounded & guard. Just connect the other cable to H3
& select UST mode, the equipment automatically grounds & guards the point connected.
4. If the readings are not as usual in delta windings I.e. two high similar currents on the
outer limbs and one lower current, then follow the alternate method as explained in the
above paragraph.
5. After testing please go through “Results cross-check interpretation table: -“and compare
the patterns.
Note:-
• It is recommended that the dc measurements of the winding resistance be performed
after the excitation current tests to avoid the effects of residual magnetism on
excitation current test.
• Tests usually can be confined to the high-voltage windings. Defects in the low-
voltage windings will still be detected, and the charging current required will be
reduced. In the case of suspected problems or defects in transformers, consideration
may be given to attempting excitation-current measurement in low-voltage
winding(s).
Instrument used for Excitation Current measurement:

Doble make M4100 Insulation Analyzer.
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Turns Ratio
Aim: - To calculate the turns ratio between windings of a transformer.
Purpose: - To check the transformation ratio.
Circuit Diagram: -
Basic turns ratio circuit diagram.
Guide to proper connections: -
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In order for the Turns Ratio test to yield positive results, the connections must be made to
corresponding phases and in the right polarity. This information is contained in the vector
diagram located on the transformer nameplate. Corresponding Phases means the HV and the
LV windings must be represented by parallel lines on the vector diagram. The Right Polarity
means that the same end of each of these parallel lines must be grounded for the test. For
example, using the above Figure, the line H1-H2 is parallel to the line X0-X2, so we know they
both correspond to the same phase. To get the polarity right, H2 is at the same end of the H1-
H2 line as X2 is on the X0-X2 line, so H2 corresponds to X2 in polarity, as does H1 to X0. So if
we decide to energize the H2 end of the H1-H2 winding, and ground the H1 end, then we must
place the Doble Capacitor on the corresponding end of the corresponding phase of the X
winding; that is, the Doble Capacitor goes on the X2 end of the X2-X0 winding, and the X0 end
is grounded.
Test Setup For One Phase Of A Delta-Wye Transformer
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A
Test Se
etup For On
ne Phase Of
O A Wye-D
Delta Trans
sformer
Procedu
ure: -Turns Ratio Test, Three Phasse Transform
mers,Two W
Windings
1. Record
R the high and low voltage wind ding voltage
es for the tapp positions yyou intend to
o ratio
frrom the trans sformer nammeplate, as well
w as the ta ap positions themselvess.
2. Record
R the “True” capaccitance of the
e Doble capa acitor as desscribed in ”M
Measuring T The
Doble
D Capacitor”
3. Place
P the Higgh Voltage hook on one end of the w winding termminal (the Energize colum mn in
th
he examples s below), andd ground thee other end oof the windin
ng.
4. Place
P the Doble capacito or hook on onne low voltagge winding tterminal and d attach the Low
Voltage
V lead to the other end of the Doble
D capaccitor.
5. To
T determine e the corresp
ponding wind ding termina
als to use, alwways observve the name eplate
ve ector diagram.
6. Ground
G the other
o end of the
t low volta age winding..
7. All
A other bush hings remainn floating.
Note: -
Since thiis is a single phase test, a separate test is made
e for each ph
hase. In the case of a th
hree
winding transformer,
t three sets of High to Low, High to Tertiary, and L
o ratio tests are made: H Low
to Tertiarry.
Testing
g Equipmen
nt: -
In
nstrument us
sed for Turns
s ratio meassurement:
Doble
D make M4100
M Insulation Analyz
zer.
 Publica
ation/Reproductio
en consent of AB
BB Ltd
Power Sy
L Maneja, Vadodara
V –3
390 013 INDIA
A.
Phone: +91-(0)
+ 265-26
604432, Fax: +91-(0) 265--2633511 Page 14
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Magnetic Balance
Aim: - To conduct magnetic balance test.
Purpose: - To check the condition of core.
Guide to proper connections: -
In order for the Magnetic balance test to yield balanced results, the connections must
be made to corresponding phases and in the right polarity. This information is contained in the
vector diagram located on the transformer nameplate. Corresponding Phases means the HV
and the LV windings must be represented by parallel lines on the vector diagram. The Right
Polarity means that the same end of each of these parallel lines must be grounded for the test.
For example, using the above Figure, the line H1-H2 is parallel to the line X0-X2, so we know
they both correspond to the same phase. To get the polarity right, H2 is at the same end of the
H1-H2 line as X2 is on the X0-X2 line, so H2 corresponds to X2 in polarity, as does H1 to X0.
So we have to compare the voltage of H1-H2 winding with Xo-X2 on LV side.
Follow the tables below which have been tabulated for the respected vector
groups.
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For Delta-Star Windings: -
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For Star -Delta Windings: -
Procedure: -
1. Isolate the transformer completely & discharge all the windings using discharge rods.
2. Follow the above tables according to the vector group of the transformer under test for
test connections.
Enter the readings and verify the same.
Instrument used for Magnetic Balance measurement: Test board, cables and multimeter
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A
Le
eakage Reactan
R nce Test
Aim: - To
T conduct leakage
l reac
ctance test.
Purpose
e: -
1. Confirm na
ameplate imp pedance
2. Detect winding movem ment:
•Rediaal dimensionn of winding
ance between inner and outer windin
•Dista ng
•Heighht of winding
g
Conditio
ons: - Tran
nsformer sho
ould be fully isolated.
Circuit Diagram:
D - Model of a Two Windiing Transfo
ormer
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ation/Reproductio
en consent of AB
BB Ltd
Power Sy
L Maneja, Vadodara
V –3
390 013 INDIA
A.
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+ 265-26
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A
Test Co
onnection: 3-Phase Equivalent
E
onnection: Per Phase

Test Co e Test
Procedu
ure: -
Three
T phase equivalent test
t ( winding):
• The impedance of one phase will be in parall el with the o
other two phases with se
eries.
• Three succcessive rea
adings are ta
aken on the tthree pairs o
of terminals (H1-H2, H2--H3
and H3-H
H1)
Three
T phase equivalent test
t (Y winding):
• The impedance of one phase will be in seriess with anothe er phase and one phase e will
be floating
g.
• Three suc ccessive rea
adings are ta
aken on the tthree pairs o
of terminals (H1-H2, H2--H3
and H3-H H1)
 Publica
ation/Reproductio
en consent of AB
BB Ltd
Power Sy
L Maneja, Vadodara
V –3
390 013 INDIA
A.
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+ 265-26
604432, Fax: +91-(0) 265--2633511 Page 19
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Per phase test ( winding):
• The magnetizing impedance of the phase under test will be shorted by the leakage
reactance.
• In the remaining two phases the secondary windings are open-circuited and any
current trying to flow will encounter the much higher impedance of the magnetizing
branches for those phases.
Per phase test (Y winding):

• In this case, the instrument is connected across one phase (i.e. H1-H0) and the
measured leakage reactance is associated only with the phase under test.
• This is also valid for single-phase transformers.
Instrument used for Leakage Reactance measurement:

Doble make M4100 Insulation analyzer and M4110 Leakage reactance meter.
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Winding Resistance Test
Aim: - To conduct winding resistance test.
Purpose: - To check condition of winding.
Circuit Diagram: -
Basic operation diagram
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Procedure: -
Take readings from the top of each bushing to neutral for wye connected windings
and across each pair of bushings for delta connected windings. If the neutral
bushing is not available on wye windings, take each one to ground (if the neutral is
grounded), or take readings between pairs of bushings as if it were a delta winding.
Be consistent each time so that a good comparison can be made. The tap changer
can also be changed from contact to contact, and the contact resistance can be
checked. Make sure to take the first test with the tap changer “as found.” Keep
accurate records and connection diagrams so that later measurements can be
compared.
Instrument used for Winding Resistance measurement:

Eltel make TWRM-10
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IR & PI Tests
Aim: - To conduct Insulation Resistance and Polarization Index test.
Purpose: - To check insulation condition of transformer.
Insulation Resistance:
Insulation resistance measurements are usually performed in order to verify that the
state of dryness of the insulation of the various windings and the core are of acceptable
values. Insulation resistance testing may also reveal important information about
concealed damage to bushings.
Polarization index:
The polarization index test is an insulation resistance test that lasts for 10 min. The
insulation resistance is recorded after 1 min, then again after 10 min. The polarization
index is the quotient of the 10 min and 1 min readings as shown below:
PI = R10 R1(dimensionless)
Where
PI is polarization index
R is resistance
Conditions: -
The tank and core should be grounded for this test and the windings should be short-
circuited. The windings not being tested should be grounded. The bushings should be
carefully wiped to remove traces of condensation or contamination.
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Transformer Oil Test
Oil test as per IS 1866:
Mineral oil is used as an insulating fluid in most types of electrical power equipment.
Besides acting as an insulating fluid, in many situations it also acts as a heat transfer
medium to carry off excess heat generated by the losses of the power equipment. Tests
cover the determination of certain qualities, primarily degradation constituents, in
service-aged oil and the diagnosis of these results with respect to the condition of the
power equipment.
List of tests to be performed on oil to check properties of oil for its proper functioning as
a liquid insulation and heat transfer media:
a. Dielectric Strength (BDV)

b. Water Content
c. Neutralization value (total acidity)
d. Sediment & sludge
e. Dielectric dissipation factor
f. Specific resistance (Resistivity)
g. Interfacial Tension
h. Flash Point
Dissolved Gas Analysis

It is the first indicator of a problem and can identify deteriorating insulation and oil,
overheating, hot spots, partial discharge, and arcing. The “health” of the oil is reflective
of the health of the transformer itself. Insulating materials within transformers and related
equipment break down to liberate gases within the unit. The distribution of these gases
can be related to the type of electrical fault and the rate of gas generation can indicate
the severity of the fault. The identity of the gases being generated by a particular unit
can be very useful information in any preventative maintenance program. Obvious
advantages that fault gas analyses can provide are:
a. Advance warning of developing faults

b. Determining the improper use of units
c. Status checks on new and repaired units
d. Convenient scheduling of repairs
e. Monitoring of units under overload
Fault Gas Obtained on DGA

The causes of fault gases can be divided into three categories; corona or partial
discharge, pyrolysis or thermal heating, and arcing. The major (minor) fault gases can be
categorized as follows by the type of material that is involved and the type of fault
present:
1. Corona
a. Oil -H2
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b. Cellulose -H2, CO , CO2
2. Pyrolysis
a. Oil
Low temperature-CH4 , C2H6
High temperature-C2H4 , H2 ( CH4 , C2H6 )
b. Cellulose
Low temperature-CO2 ( CO )
High temperature-CO ( CO2 )
3. Arcing-H2, C2H2 (CH4, C2H6, C2H4)
Furan Analysis
Furanic compounds are generated by the degradation of cellulosic materials used in the
solid insulation systems of electrical equipment. Furanic compounds that are oil soluble
to an appreciable degree will migrate into the insulating liquid. The presence of high
concentrations of furanic compounds is significant in that this may be an indication of
cellulose degradation from aging or incipient fault conditions.
Conditions:
Oil test cannot be performed on at site; it will be performed on oil test lab. We can take
sample on either online or offline condition.
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Technical : Diagnostic test on Transformer

 Capacitance & Tan Delta Testing

Power factor and dissipation factor (Tan Delta Test:

Normal aging of an insulating material will cause dielectric loss to increase.

Conditions: - Transformer should be fully isolated.

Basic circuit diagram of Tan delta measurement of bushing

Basic circuit diagram of Tan delta measurement Winding

Instrument used for Capacitance & Tan Delta measurement:

To detect the winding movement of Transformer:

Conditions: - Transformer should be fully isolated.

Two-Winding Transformers – Tests

Test 1 H1-H3 H1-H0 H1-H3 H1-H0

HV Open Circuit (OC)

Test 3 H3-H2 H3-H0 H3-H2 H3-H0

Test 4 X1-X0 X1-X2 X1-X3 X1-X0

LV Open Circuit (OC) X1-X2

Test 6 X3-X0 X3-X1 X3-X2 X3-X0

Test 7 H1-H3 H1-H0 H1-H3 H1-H0

Short Circuit (SC) H1-H2(H0)

Test 9 H3-H2 H3-H0 H3-H2 H3-H0

Responsses for Onee Phase of a Transform mer –

Instrument used for SFRA measurement:

Results cross-check interpretation table: -

Instrument used for Excitation Current measurement:

Aim: - To calculate the turns ratio between windings of a transformer.

Purpose: - To check the transformation ratio.

Conditions: - Transformer should be fully isolated.

Basic turns ratio circuit diagram.

Guide to proper connections: -

Test Setup For One Phase Of A Delta-Wye Transformer

Aim: - To conduct magnetic balance test.

Purpose: - To check the condition of core.

Conditions: - Transformer should be fully isolated.

Guide to proper connections: -

onnection: Per Phase

Per phase test (Y winding):

Instrument used for Leakage Reactance measurement:

Aim: - To conduct winding resistance test.

Purpose: - To check condition of winding.

Conditions: - Transformer should be fully isolated.

Basic operation diagram

Instrument used for Winding Resistance measurement:

Purpose: - To check insulation condition of transformer.

a. Dielectric Strength (BDV)

Dissolved Gas Analysis

a. Advance warning of developing faults

Fault Gas Obtained on DGA

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