Computer Organization & Architecture

Introduction
• What is Computer?
• Brief history of Computer Generations,
• Von Neumann Architecture.
Programmable electronic device:
• manipulates data, or information,
• it stores, retrieves, and process data,
• we can type documents, play game, browse WEB, etc…

Hardware+Software:
• Hardware - physical structure of computer like keyboards,
or mouse,
• Software – set of instructions which tell hardware what to
do, and how to do.
Computer case:
• metal and plastic box that contains CPU (Central
Processing Unit), PSU (Power Supply Unit),
motherboard, memory slots like RAM (Read Access
Memory),

Monitor:
• Output device that works with video card that
displays images, text on it.
Keyboard:
• input device that is used to
communicate with computer.

Mouse:
Pointer or pointing device that let us to
point, click and moves object on screen.
Optical disk drive - Often called a CD-ROM or DVD-ROM drive, this
lets your computer read CDs and DVDs.
The power button - it is used to power the computer on and off.
Audio In/Out - Many computers include audio ports on the front of
the computer case that allow you to easily
connect speakers, microphones, and headsets without fumbling with the
back of the computer.
USB (Universal Serial Bus) - Most desktop computers have
several USB ports. These can be used to connect almost any type of
device, including mice, keyboards, printers, and digital cameras. They will
often appear on the front and back of the computer.
Monitor port- This is where you'll connect your monitor cable. In this example,
the computer has HDMI port.
Other types of monitor ports:

DVI – Digital Video Interface

HDMI – High-Definition Multimedia Interface
VGA – Video Graphics Array
Ethernet port- this port for networking and connecting to the
Internet.
Serial port -this port is less common on today's computers. It was
frequently used to connect peripherals like digital cameras, but it has
been replaced by USB and other types of ports.
Expansion Slots - These empty slots are where expansion cards are
added to computers. For example, if your computer did not come with a
video card, you could purchase one and install it here.
Power Socket - This is where you'll connect the power cord to the
computer.
Generations of Computer Time-Period Evolving Hardware

First Generation 1940s – 1950s Vacuum Tube Based

Second Generation 1950s – 1960s Transistor Based

Third Generation 1960s – 1970s Integrated Circuit Based

Fourth Generation 1970s – Present Microprocessor Based

Fifth Generation Present – Future Artificial Intelligence Based

• It was based on fragile glass device that was called
vacuum tube,
• Large and heavy,
• Not reliable for programming,
• Used machine language, no OS (Operation Systems)
• Main usage: calculation and storage,
• Speed size: very slow,
• Examples: IBM 650, ENIAC, UNIVAC1.
• Electronic components: Transistor
• Smaller in size,
• Reliable for programming FORTRAN, ALGOL, COBOL,
• Used machine language, and Assembly language
• Had low power consumption, and generated less heat (in
comparison with the first-generation computers
• Examples: IBM 1400 series IBM 7090, IBM7094,UNIVAC
1107.
• Electronic components: Integrated Circuits,
• High Level Programming Language (BASIC),
• Memory magnetic tape/disk,
• Input/Output device: monitor, keyboard, printer,
• Examples: IBM 360, IBM370,UNIVAC 1108,
• Electronic components: Microprocessor,
• Memory: semiconductor memory like RAM, ROM, etc…
• Input / Output device: mouse, keyboard, monitor, printer,
• Examples: IBM PC, STAR1000, APPLE 2, APPLE Macintosh
• Based on AI (Artificial Intelligence) uses ULSI – Ultra Large
Scale Integration that has million transistors on a single
microchip, Parallel Processing method uses to run task
simultaneously,
• Portable and small size,
• Input / Output device: touchpad, mouse, keyboard,
monitor, printer, pen, speech input,
• Examples: Desktops, laptops, smartphones, tablets, etc…
• Based on AI (Artificial Intelligence) uses ULSI – Ultra Large
Scale Integration that has million transistors on a single
microchip, Parallel Processing method uses to run task
simultaneously,
• Portable and small size,
• Input / Output device: touchpad, mouse, keyboard,
monitor, printer, pen, speech input,
• Examples: Desktops, laptops, smartphones, tablets, etc…
• Term Architecture: Designing an object – how the parts of the object are
interconnected.
• In computer system the system architecture defines how various functional units are
interconnected and performance to achieve target.
• Term Organization: Arranging, classifying things together logically to maximize the
functional convenience.
• The main objective of computer organization is to understand the various computer
hardware and the interaction between these components.
• Proposed in 1945
• Historically we have two types of Computer
1) Fixed Program Computers
2) Stored Program Computers
Fixed Program Computer - can not be reprogrammed like
calculator,
Stored Program Computer – can be programmed for doing
many tasks
• Proposed in 1945
• Central Processing Unit
1) Control Unit (CU)
2) Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
3) Registers
Control Unit - A control unit (CU) handles all processor control
signals.,
Arithmetic Logic unit – The arithmetic logic unit is that part of the
CPU that handles all the calculations the CPU may need, e.g.
Addition, Subtraction, Comparisons. It performs Logical
Operations, Bit Shifting Operations, and Arithmetic operations.
Registers – Registers refer to high-speed storage areas in the CPU. The data processed by
the CPU are fetched from the registers.
There are different types of registers used in architecture :-
Accumulator: Stores the results of calculations made by ALU. It holds the intermediate of
arithmetic and logical operatoins.it act as a temporary storage location or device.
Program Counter (PC): Keeps track of the memory location of the next instructions to be
dealt with. The PC then passes this next address to the Memory Address Register (MAR).
Memory Address Register (MAR): It stores the memory locations of instructions that
need to be fetched from memory or stored in memory.
Memory Data Register (MDR): It stores instructions fetched from memory or any data
that is to be transferred to, and stored in, memory.
Current Instruction Register (CIR): It stores the most recently fetched instructions while it
is waiting to be coded and executed.
Instruction Buffer Register (IBR): The instruction that is not to be executed immediately
is placed in the instruction buffer register IBR.
Von Neumann bottleneck –
Whatever we do to enhance performance, we cannot get away from the fact that
instructions can only be done one at a time and can only be carried out sequentially. Both of
these factors hold back the competence of the CPU. This is commonly referred to as the ‘Von
Neumann bottleneck’.
That is all for the first lesson!