Antarctic Climate Evolution, 2nd

Edition Fabio Florindo

Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://ebookmass.com/product/antarctic-climate-evolution-2nd-edition-fabio-florindo/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

European Economic Governance: Theories, Historical

Evolution, and Reform Proposals Fabio Masini

https://ebookmass.com/product/european-economic-governance-
theories-historical-evolution-and-reform-proposals-fabio-masini/

Evolution 2nd Edition, (Ebook PDF)

https://ebookmass.com/product/evolution-2nd-edition-ebook-pdf/

Genetics and Evolution of Infectious Diseases 2nd

Edition Michel Tibayrenc (Editor)

https://ebookmass.com/product/genetics-and-evolution-of-
infectious-diseases-2nd-edition-michel-tibayrenc-editor/

Global Climate Change and Human Health 2nd Edition Jay

Lemery

https://ebookmass.com/product/global-climate-change-and-human-
health-2nd-edition-jay-lemery/
Constituting Freedom: Machiavelli and Florence Fabio
Raimondi

https://ebookmass.com/product/constituting-freedom-machiavelli-
and-florence-fabio-raimondi/

Effects of Climate Change on Birds 2nd Edition Peter O.

Dunn

https://ebookmass.com/product/effects-of-climate-change-on-
birds-2nd-edition-peter-o-dunn/

The Economics of John Maynard Keynes Fabio Terra

https://ebookmass.com/product/the-economics-of-john-maynard-
keynes-fabio-terra/

The Domestic Dog: Its Evolution, Behavior and

Interactions with People 2nd

https://ebookmass.com/product/the-domestic-dog-its-evolution-
behavior-and-interactions-with-people-2nd/

Thorp and Covich's Freshwater Invertebrates: Keys to

Neotropical and Antarctic Fauna 4th Edition Cristina
Damborenea

https://ebookmass.com/product/thorp-and-covichs-freshwater-
invertebrates-keys-to-neotropical-and-antarctic-fauna-4th-
edition-cristina-damborenea/
Antarctic Climate Evolution
Antarctic Climate
Evolution

Second Edition

Edited by

Fabio Florindo
National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology, Rome, Italy

Martin Siegert
Grantham Institute and Department of Earth Science and Engineering,
Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

Laura De Santis
National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics—OGS,
Sgonico, Trieste, Italy

Tim Naish
Antarctic Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellington,
Wellington, New Zealand
Elsevier
Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands
The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom
50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek
permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our
arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright
Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the
Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and
experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or
medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in
evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein.
In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety
of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.

To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors,
assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of
products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods,
products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
ISBN: 978-0-12-819109-5

For Information on all Elsevier publications

visit our website at https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals

Publisher: Candice Janco

Acquisitions Editor: Marisa LaFleur
Editorial Project Manager: Andrea Dulberger
Production Project Manager: Paul Prasad Chandramohan
Cover Designer: Miles Hitchen
Typeset by MPS Limited, Chennai, India
Contents

List of contributors xiii

Preface xvii

1. Antarctic Climate Evolution second edition 1

Fabio Florindo, Martin Siegert, Laura De Santis and Tim R. Naish
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Structure and content of the book 4
Acknowledgements 5
References 5

2. Sixty years of coordination and support for Antarctic

science the role of SCAR 9
Fabio Florindo, Antonio Meloni and Martin Siegert
2.1 Introduction 9
2.2 Scientific value of research in Antarctica and the Southern
Ocean 10
2.3 The international framework in which SCAR operates 15
2.4 The organisation of SCAR 16
2.5 Sixty years of significant Antarctic science discoveries 20
2.6 Scientific Horizon Scan 22
2.7 Summary 25
References 26
Appendix 27

3. Cenozoic history of Antarctic glaciation and climate

from onshore and offshore studies 41
Robert M. McKay, Carlota Escutia, Laura De Santis, Federica Donda,
Bella Duncan, Karsten Gohl, Sean Gulick, Javier Hernández-Molina,
Claus-Dieter Hillenbrand, Katharina Hochmuth, Sookwan Kim,
Gerhard Kuhn, Robert Larter, German Leitchenkov, Richard H. Levy,
Tim R. Naish, Phil O’Brien, Lara F. Pérez, Amelia Shevenell
and Trevor Williams
3.1 Introduction 41
3.2 Long-term tectonic drivers and ice sheet evolution 44

v
vi Contents

3.3 Global climate variability and direct evidence for Antarctic ice
sheet variability in the Cenozoic 46
3.3.1 Late Cretaceous to early Oligocene evidence of
Antarctic ice sheets and climate variability 47
3.3.2 The Eocene-Oligocene transition and continental-scale
glaciation of Antarctica 50
3.3.3 Transient glaciations of the Oligocene and Miocene 51
3.3.4 Pliocene to Pleistocene 57
3.4 Regional seismic stratigraphies and drill core correlations,
and future priorities to reconstruct Antarctica’s Cenozoic
ice sheet history 59
3.4.1 Ross Sea 61
3.4.2 Amundsen Sea 71
3.4.3 Bellingshausen Sea and Pacific coastline of Antarctic
Peninsula 76
3.4.4 The Northern Antarctic Peninsula and South Shetland
Islands 81
3.4.5 The Eastern Margin of the Antarctic Peninsula 82
3.4.6 The South Orkney Microcontinent and adjacent
deep-water basins 84
3.4.7 East Antarctic Margin 88
3.5 Summary, future directions and challenges 120
Acknowledgements 124
References 125

4. Water masses, circulation and change in the modern

Southern Ocean 165
Lionel Carter, Helen Bostock-Lyman and Melissa Bowen
4.1 Introduction 165
4.1.1 Defining the Southern Ocean 166
4.2 Water masses characteristics and distribution 167
4.2.1 Upper ocean 167
4.2.2 Intermediate depth waters 171
4.2.3 Deep water 173
4.2.4 Bottom water 174
4.3 Southern Ocean circulation 176
4.3.1 Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) 176
4.3.2 Southern Ocean meridional overturning circulation
(SOMOC) 177
4.3.3 Deep western boundary currents 178
4.3.4 Subpolar circulation gyres, slope and coastal currents 180
4.4 Modern Southern Ocean change 182
4.4.1 Climate change 182
4.4.2 Ocean change 183
4.4.3 Change in dynamics and circulation 185
4.5 Concluding remarks 186
References 187
 Contents vii

5. Advances in numerical modelling of the Antarctic ice

sheet 199
Martin Siegert and Nicholas R. Golledge
5.1 Introduction and aims 199
5.2 Advances in ice sheet modelling 200
5.2.1 Grounding line physics 200
5.2.2 Adaptive grids 202
5.2.3 Parallel ice sheet model PISM 203
5.2.4 Coupled models 203
5.3 Model input bed data 204
5.4 Advances in knowledge of bed processes 206
5.5 Model intercomparison 208
5.6 Brief case studies 209
5.7 Future work 211
References 212

6. The Antarctic Continent in Gondwana: a perspective

from the Ross Embayment and Potential Research
Targets for Future Investigations 219
Franco Talarico, Claudio Ghezzo and Georg Kleinschmidt
6.1 Introduction 219
6.2 The Antarctic plate and the present-day geological setting
of the Ross Embayment 221
6.3 East Antarctica 224
6.3.1 The Main Geological Units during the
Paleoproterozoic Early Neoproterozoic
Rodinia Assemblage 224
6.3.2 From Rodinia breakup to Gondwana (c. 800 650 Ma) 230
6.3.3 The ‘Ross Orogen’ in the Transantarctic Mountains
during the late Precambrian early Paleozoic evolution
of the paleo-Pacific margin of
Gondwana (c. 600 450 Ma) 237
6.4 West Antarctic Accretionary System 241
6.4.1 West Antarctica in the Precambrian to Mesozoic
(c. 180 Ma) evolution of Gondwana until the middle
Jurassic breakup 244
6.5 Mesozoic to Cenozoic Tectonic Evolution of the
Transantarctic Mountains 255
6.6 Tectonic evolution in the Ross Sea Sector during the Cenozoic 259
6.7 Concluding remarks, open problems and potential research
themes for future geoscience investigations in Antarctica 264
6.7.1 Persistent challenges for onshore geoscience
investigations 264
6.7.2 Antarctica and the Ross Orogen in the Transantarctic
Mountains 265
viii Contents

6.7.3 Antarctica after Gondwana fragmentation 267

Acknowledgements 269
References 269

7. The Eocene-Oligocene boundary climate transition:

an Antarctic perspective 297
Simone Galeotti, Peter Bijl, Henk Brinkuis, Robert M. DeConto,
Carlota Escutia, Fabio Florindo, Edward G.W. Gasson, Jane Francis,
David Hutchinson, Alan Kennedy-Asser, Luca Lanci,
Isabel Sauermilch, Appy Sluijs and Paolo Stocchi
7.1 Introduction 297
7.2 Background 299
7.2.1 Plate tectonic setting 299
7.2.2 Antarctic paleotopography 301
7.2.3 Paleoceanographic setting 302
7.2.4 Global average and regional sea level response 302
7.2.5 Proxies to reconstruct past Antarctic climatic and
environmental evolution 303
7.2.6 Far-field proxies 304
7.3 Antarctic Sedimentary Archives 305
7.3.1 Land-based outcrops 305
7.3.2 Sedimentary archives from drilling on the Antarctic
Margin 313
7.4 Summary of climate signals from Antarctic sedimentary
archives 326
7.4.1 Longer-term changes 326
7.4.2 The climate of the Eocene-Oligocene transition 329
7.5 The global context of Earth and climate system changes
across the EOT 332
7.5.1 Climate modelling 333
7.5.2 Relative sea-level change around Antarctica 336
7.6 Summary 339
7.6.1 Early middle Eocene polar warmth 340
7.6.2 Late Eocene cooling 340
7.6.3 Eocene-Oligocene transition 341
Acknowledgements 342
References 342
8. Antarctic Ice Sheet dynamics during the Late Oligocene
and Early Miocene: climatic conundrums revisited 363
Tim R. Naish, Bella Duncan, Richard H. Levy, Robert M. McKay,
Carlota Escutia, Laura De Santis, Florence Colleoni,
Edward G.W. Gasson, Robert M. DeConto and Gary Wilson
8.1 Introduction 363
8.2 Oligocene-Miocene Transition in Antarctic geological records
and its climatic significance 366
 Contents ix

8.3 Conundrums revisited 371

8.3.1 What caused major transient glaciation of Antarctica
across the OMT? 371
8.3.2 Apparent decoupling of Late Oligocene climate
and ice volume? 374
8.4 Concluding remarks 378
Acknowledgements 379
References 380

9. Antarctic environmental change and ice sheet

evolution through the Miocene to Pliocene a
perspective from the Ross Sea and George
V to Wilkes Land Coasts 389
Richard H. Levy, Aisling M. Dolan, Carlota Escutia,
Edward G.W. Gasson, Robert M. McKay, Tim R. Naish,
Molly O. Patterson, Lara F. Pérez, Amelia E. Shevenell,
Tina van de Flierdt, Warren Dickinson, Douglas E. Kowalewski,
Stephen R. Meyers, Christian Ohneiser, Francesca Sangiorgi,
Trevor Williams, Hannah K. Chorley, Laura De Santis,
Fabio Florindo, Nicholas R. Golledge, Georgia R. Grant,
Anna Ruth W. Halberstadt, David M. Harwood, Adam R. Lewis,
Ross Powell and Marjolaine Verret
9.1 Introduction 390
9.1.1 Overview and relevance 390
9.1.2 Far-field records of climate and ice sheet variability 395
9.1.3 Southern Ocean Paleogeography and Paleoceanography 409
9.1.4 Land elevation change and influences on Antarctic Ice
Sheet evolution 411
9.2 Records of Miocene to Pliocene climate and ice sheet
variability from the Antarctic margin 412
9.2.1 Introduction to stratigraphic records 412
9.2.2 George V Land to Wilkes Land Margin 414
9.2.3 The Ross Sea Embayment and Southern Victoria Land 424
9.3 Numerical modelling 453
9.3.1 Miocene 453
9.3.2 Pliocene 456
9.4 Synthesis/summary of key climate episodes and transitions in
Antarctica through the Miocene and Pliocene 461
9.4.1 Early to mid-Miocene 461
9.4.2 Miocene Climate Optimum 463
9.4.3 Miocene Climate Transition 466
9.4.4 Late Miocene 473
9.4.5 Pliocene 475
9.5 Next steps 479
Acknowledgements 481
References 482
x Contents

10. Pleistocene Antarctic climate variability: ice sheet,

ocean and climate interactions 523
David J. Wilson, Tina van de Flierdt, Robert M. McKay
and Tim R. Naish
10.1 Background and motivation 523
10.1.1 Introduction 523
10.1.2 Orbital cyclicity and climate 526
10.1.3 Antarctic feedbacks in the global climate system 527
10.1.4 Strengths of Pleistocene research on Antarctica 528
10.2 Archives of Pleistocene Antarctic climate and
climate-relevant processes 529
10.2.1 Polar ice cores 529
10.2.2 Deep-sea paleoceanographic records 535
10.2.3 Ice-proximal sedimentary records 543
10.3 Records of global and Southern Ocean climate during
the Pleistocene 545
10.3.1 Global sea level 545
10.3.2 Sea surface temperatures 549
10.3.3 Intermediate and deep ocean temperatures 550
10.3.4 Antarctic temperatures and atmospheric CO2 551
10.3.5 Sea ice extent and dust supply 552
10.4 Late Pleistocene carbon cycle and climate dynamics 553
10.4.1 Controls on glacial interglacial atmospheric CO2 553
10.4.2 Southern Ocean mechanisms based on sea ice,
ocean circulation and deep stratification 553
10.4.3 Southern Ocean mechanisms based on dust supply,
productivity and nutrient utilisation 557
10.4.4 Sequence of changes through the last glacial cycle 558
10.4.5 Millennial climate variability and the bipolar seesaw 561
10.5 Antarctic Ice Sheet dynamics in the late Pleistocene 565
10.5.1 Climate context 565
10.5.2 Global evidence on the Antarctic Ice Sheet 566
10.5.3 Regional studies of Antarctic Ice Sheet behaviour
before the LGM 568
10.5.4 Regional evidence on the West Antarctic Ice Sheet 568
10.5.5 Regional evidence on the East Antarctic Ice Sheet 571
10.5.6 Mechanisms of Antarctic Ice Sheet retreat and insights
from ice sheet modelling 577
10.5.7 Millennial variability and ice sheet ocean climate
feedbacks 581
10.6 Antarctica during earlier Pleistocene climate states 583
10.6.1 Lukewarm interglacials 583
10.6.2 Super-interglacial MIS 31 585
10.6.3 Mid-Pleistocene Transition 586
10.7 Future research on Antarctica in the Pleistocene 591
10.7.1 Motivation and outlook 591
 Contents xi

10.7.2 IODP Expedition 374: Ross Sea West Antarctic Ice

Sheet History 592
10.7.3 IODP Expedition 379: Amundsen Sea West Antarctic
Ice Sheet History 593
10.7.4 IODP Expedition 382: Iceberg Alley and Subantarctic
Ice and Ocean Dynamics 593
10.7.5 IODP Expedition 383: Dynamics of Pacific Antarctic
Circumpolar Current 594
Acknowledgements 595
References 595

11. Antarctic Ice Sheet changes since the Last Glacial

Maximum 623
Martin Siegert, Andrew S. Hein, Duanne A. White,
Damian B. Gore, Laura De Santis and Claus-Dieter Hillenbrand
11.1 Introduction 623
11.2 Response of the ice sheets to glacial climate and late
Quaternary ice sheet reconstructions 625
11.3 Constraining late Quaternary ice sheet extent, volume and
timing 627
11.4 Last interglacial (Eemian, B130 116 ka) 629
11.5 Last Glacial Maximum, subsequent deglaciation and the
Holocene (B20 0 ka) 630
11.5.1 Queen Maud/Enderby Land 631
11.5.2 Mac.Robertson Land/Lambert Glacier-Amery Ice
Shelf/Prydz Bay 632
11.5.3 Princess Elizabeth Land to Wilkes Land 633
11.5.4 Ross Sea sector 636
11.5.5 Amundsen-Bellingshausen Seas 641
11.5.6 Antarctic Peninsula 646
11.5.7 Weddell Sea Embayment 650
11.6 Discussion: pattern and timing of post-LGM ice retreat
and thinning 659
11.7 Summary 661
Acknowledgements 662
References 662

12. Past Antarctic ice sheet dynamics (PAIS) and

implications for future sea-level change 689
Florence Colleoni, Laura De Santis, Tim R. Naish, Robert M. DeConto,
Carlota Escutia, Paolo Stocchi, Gabriele Uenzelmann-Neben,
Katharina Hochmuth, Claus-Dieter Hillenbrand, Tina van de Flierdt,
Lara F. Pérez, German Leitchenkov, Francesca Sangiorgi,
Stewart Jamieson, Michael J. Bentley and David J. Wilson
12.1 Research focus of the PAIS programme 689
xii Contents

12.2 Importance of evolving topography, bathymetry, erosion

and pinning points 695
12.3 Reconstructions of Southern Ocean sea and air surface
temperature gradients 701
12.4 Extent of major Antarctic glaciations 705
12.5 Antarctic ice sheet response to past climate warmings 712
12.6 Antarctica and global teleconnections: the bipolar seesaw 721
12.7 The PAIS legacy: bridging the past and the future 725
12.7.1 The PAIS legacy 725
12.7.2 Challenges for the next programmes 729
12.7.3 Long-term projections and role of PAIS and future
programs 731
12.8 Coauthors from the PAIS community 733
Acknowledgements 735
References 735
Further reading 766

13. The future evolution of Antarctic climate: conclusions

and upcoming programmes 769
Martin Siegert, Fabio Florindo, Laura De Santis and Tim R. Naish
13.1 Introduction: the past is key to our future 769
13.2 Upcoming plans and projects 771
13.3 Conclusions 774
References 774

Index 777
List of contributors

Michael J. Bentley Department of Geography, Durham University, Durham, United

Kingdom
Peter Bijl Laboratory of Palaeobotany and Palynology, Department of Earth
Sciences, Marine Palynology and Paleoceanography, Utrecht University, Utrecht,
the Netherlands
Helen Bostock-Lyman School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of
Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Melissa Bowen School of Environment, University of Auckland, Auckland, New
Zealand
Henk Brinkuis Laboratory of Palaeobotany and Palynology, Department of Earth
Sciences, Marine Palynology and Paleoceanography, Utrecht University, Utrecht,
the Netherlands; Coastal Systems Department, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea
Research, Utrecht University, Den Burg, the Netherlands
Lionel Carter Antarctic Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellington,
Wellington, New Zealand
Hannah K. Chorley Antarctic Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellington,
Wellington New Zealand
Florence Colleoni National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics –
OGS, Sgonico, Italy
Laura De Santis National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics –
OGS, Sgonico, Italy
Robert M. DeConto Department of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts,
Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States; Institute for Climate Change Solutions,
Frontone, Italy
Warren Dickinson Antarctic Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellington,
Wellington, New Zealand
Aisling M. Dolan School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds,
United Kingdom
Federica Donda National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics –
OGS, Sgonico, Italy
Bella Duncan Antarctic Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellington,
Wellington, New Zealand
Carlota Escutia Andalusian Institute of Earth Sciences, CSIC and Universidad de
Granada, Armilla, Spain

xiii
xiv List of contributors

Tina van de Flierdt Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College
London, London, United Kingdom
Fabio Florindo National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology, Rome, Italy;
Institute for Climate Change Solutions, Frontone, Italy
Jane Francis British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Simone Galeotti Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino
Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy; Institute for Climate Change Solutions, Frontone, Italy
Edward G.W. Gasson School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol,
Bristol, United Kingdom; Centre for Geography and Environmental Science,
University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, United Kingdom
Claudio Ghezzo Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences,
University of Siena, Siena, Italy
Karsten Gohl Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz-Center for Polar and Marine
Science, Bremerhaven, Germany; School of Geography, Geology and the
Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
Nicholas R. Golledge Antarctic Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellington,
Wellington, New Zealand
Damian B. Gore Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Macquarie
University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Georgia R. Grant GNS Science, Avalon, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
Sean Gulick Institute for Geophysics & Deptartment of Geological Sciences,
Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX,
United States
Richard H. Levy Antarctic Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellington,
Wellington, New Zealand; GNS Science, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
Anna Ruth W. Halberstadt Climate System Research Center, University of
Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
David M. Harwood Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of
Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, United States
Andrew S. Hein School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh,
United Kingdom
Javier Hernández-Molina Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway
University of London, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom
Claus-Dieter Hillenbrand British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Katharina Hochmuth School of Geography, Geology and the Environment,
University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; Alfred Wegener Institute,
Helmholtz-Center for Polar and Marine Science, Bremerhaven, Germany
David Hutchinson Department of Geological Sciences and Bolin Centre for Climate
Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
Stewart Jamieson Department of Geography, Durham University, Durham, United
Kingdom
 List of contributors xv

Alan Kennedy-Asser BRIDGE, School of Geographical Sciences, University of

Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
Sookwan Kim Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, Republic of Korea
Georg Kleinschmidt Institute for Geosciences, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt,
Germany
Douglas E. Kowalewski Department of Earth, Environment, and Physics, Worcester
State University, Worcester, MA, United States
Gerhard Kuhn Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz-Center for Polar and Marine
Science, Bremerhaven, Germany; School of Geography, Geology and the
Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
Luca Lanci Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo
Bo, Urbino, Italy; Institute for Climate Change Solutions, Frontone, Italy
Robert Larter British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, United Kingdom
German Leitchenkov Institute for Geology and Mineral Resources of the World
Ocean, St. Petersburg, Russia; Institute of Earth Sciences, St. Petersburg State
University, St. Petersburg, Russia
Richard H. Levy GNS Science, Avalon, Lower Hutt, New Zealand; Antarctic
Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
Adam R. Lewis Department of Geosciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo,
ND, United States
Robert M. McKay Antarctic Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellington,
Wellington, New Zealand; School of Earth and Environment, University of
Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
Antonio Meloni National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology, Rome, Italy
Stephen R. Meyers Department of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison,
Madison, WI, United States
Tim R. Naish Antarctic Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellington,
Wellington, New Zealand
Christian Ohneiser Department of Geology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New
Zealand
Phil O’Brien Department of Environment and Geography, Macquarie University,
Sydney, NSW, Australia
Molly O. Patterson Department of Geological Sciences and Environmental Studies,
Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, United States
Lara F. Pérez British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Ross Powell Department of Geology and Environmental Geosciences, Northern
Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, United States
Francesca Sangiorgi Laboratory of Palaeobotany and Palynology, Department of
Earth Sciences, Marine Palynology and Paleoceanography, Utrecht University,
Utrecht, The Netherlands
xvi List of contributors

Laura De Santis National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics,

Trieste, Italy
Isabel Sauermilch Laboratory of Palaeobotany and Palynology, Department of Earth
Sciences, Marine Palynology and Paleoceanography, Utrecht University, Utrecht,
the Netherlands; Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of
Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
Amelia E. Shevenell College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St.
Petersburg, FL, United States
Martin Siegert Grantham Institute and Department of Earth Science and
Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
Appy Sluijs Laboratory of Palaeobotany and Palynology, Department of Earth
Sciences, Marine Palynology and Paleoceanography, Utrecht University, Utrecht,
the Netherlands; Institute for Climate Change Solutions, Frontone, Italy
Paolo Stocchi Laboratory of Palaeobotany and Palynology, Department of Earth
Sciences, Marine Palynology and Paleoceanography, Utrecht University, Utrecht,
The Netherlands; Coastal Systems Department, Royal Netherlands Institute for
Sea Research, Utrecht University, Den Burg, the Netherlands; Institute for
Climate Change Solutions, Frontone, Italy
Franco Talarico Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences,
University of Siena, Siena, Italy; National Museum for Antarctica, University of
Siena, Siena, Italy
Gabriele Uenzelmann-Neben Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar
and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
Tina van de Flierdt Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College
London, London, United Kingdom
Marjolaine Verret Antarctic Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellington,
Wellington, New Zealand
Duanne A. White Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra,
ACT, Australia
Trevor Williams International Ocean Discovery Program, Texas A&M University,
College Station, TX, United States
David J. Wilson Institute of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University College
London and Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom;
Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, London, United
Kingdom
Gary Wilson GNS Science, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
Preface

In July 2008, we published the first edition of Antarctic Climate Evolution;

the first book dedicated to understanding the origin and development of the
world’s largest ice sheet and, in particular, how it responded to and influ-
enced climate change during the Cenozoic. The book’s content largely mir-
rored the structure of the Antarctic Climate Evolution (ACE) program,
which was an international initiative of the Scientific Committee on
Antarctic Research (SCAR), to investigate past changes in Antarctica by
linking climate and ice-sheet modelling studies with terrestrial and marine
geological and geophysical records. ACE was succeeded by another SCAR
programme named Past Antarctic Ice Sheet dynamics (PAIS), which existed
between 2013 and 2020. By building on the ACE legacy, and because of sig-
nificant improvements in ice-sheet modelling and the acquisition of palaeo-
climate records in key regions, PAIS led to new insights into Antarctica’s
contribution to former global sea-level change over timescales from centuries
to multiple millennia. PAIS also helped to understand better the interconnec-
tions between ice-sheet mass loss and atmospheric and oceanic processes at
local, regional and global levels.
The second edition of Antarctic Climate Evolution is a result of both SCAR
programmes, and serves to document the ‘state of knowledge’ concerning ice
and climate evolution of the Antarctic continent and its surrounding seas from
the beginning of the Cenozoic era to the present day. We hope the book will
continue to be of interest to research scientists from a wide range of disciplines
including glaciology, palaeoclimatology, sedimentology, climate change, envi-
ronmental science, oceanography and palaeoentology. We also anticipate that it
can serve as a guide to those wishing to understand how Antarctica has chan-
ged in the past, and how past change can inform our future.

Fabio Florindo1, Martin J. Siegert2, Laura De Santis3 and Tim R. Naish4

1
National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology, Rome, Italy, 2Grantham
Institute and Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial
College London, London, United Kingdom, 3National Institute of
Oceanography and Applied Geophysics—OGS, Sgonico, Trieste, Italy,
4
Antarctic Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington,
New Zealand

xvii
Chapter 1

Antarctic Climate Evolution

second edition
Fabio Florindo1, Martin Siegert2, Laura De Santis3 and
Tim R. Naish4
1
National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology, Rome, Italy, 2Grantham Institute and
Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United
Kingdom, 3National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics OGS, Sgonico, Italy,
4
Antarctic Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand

1.1 Introduction
The Antarctic continent and the Southern Ocean are influential components
of the Earth System. Central to the understanding of global climate change
(including increases in temperature, precipitation and ocean pH) is an appre-
ciation of how the Antarctic Ice Sheet interacts with climate, especially dur-
ing times of rapid change. To comprehend the rates, mechanisms and impact
of the processes involved, one must look into the geological record for evi-
dence of past changes, on time scales from centuries and up to millions of
years. For several decades, international efforts have been made to determine
the glacial, tectonic and climate history of Antarctica and the Southern
Ocean. Much of this information derives from studies of sedimentary
sequences, drilled and correlated via seismic reflection data in and around
the continent (e.g., Cooper et al., 2009). In addition, there have been numerous
terrestrial geological expeditions to the mountains exposed above the ice,
usually close to the margin of the ice sheet (e.g., GANOVEX expeditions).
Holistic interpretation of these data is now being made, and new challenging
hypotheses on the size and timing of past changes in Antarctica are being
developed.
In 2004 the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR)
commissioned a scientific research programme on Antarctic Climate
Evolution (ACE) to quantify the glacial and climate history of Antarctica by
linking climate and ice sheet modelling studies with terrestrial and marine
geological and geophysical evidence of past changes. ACE grew out of the
ANTOSTRAT (ANTarctic Offshore STRATigraphy) project, which was

Antarctic Climate Evolution. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819109-5.00007-4

© 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1
2 Antarctic Climate Evolution

sanctioned by SCAR in 1990 to reconstruct the Cenozoic palaeoclimatic and

glacial history of the Antarctic region from the study of the sedimentary
record surrounding the continent. The main achievements of ANTOSTRAT
and ACE were published in a set of special issues (Barrett et al., 2006;
Escutia et al., 2012; Florindo et al., 2003, 2005, 2008, 2009) and summarised
in the first edition of this book published in December 2008 (Florindo and
Siegert, 2008). ACE was followed from 2013 to 2020 by the Past Antarctic
Ice Sheet (PAIS) dynamics programme, which continued to work on con-
straining Antarctica’s contribution to sea level resulting from past changes in
ice sheet mass loss, and understanding its impacts on global environments
through changes to atmospheric and oceanic circulation. Based on paleo
analysis, PAIS aimed to bound the estimates of future ice loss in key areas
of the Antarctic margin with a multidisciplinary geoscientific approach
and, importantly, by integrating observations and records with numerical
models.
The PAIS research philosophy was based on data data and data model
integration and intercomparison, and the development of ‘ice-to-abyss’ data
transects, extending from the ice-sheet interior to the deep sea (Fig. 1.1). The
‘data transect’ concept links ice cores, ice sheet-proximal information, off-
shore sediments and far-field records of past ice sheet behaviour and sea
level change, allowing reconstructions of former ice sheet geometries, and ice
sheet ocean processes and their interactions. Different sectors respond dif-
ferently to external forcing due to a variety of constraints including bed
topography and geology, proximity to warm water masses and ice accumula-
tion rates (to list a few), so results from one sector are not necessarily repre-
sentative of the whole of Antarctica. Therefore PAIS aimed to develop
several transects across numerous regions. These integrated datasets enable
robust testing of a new generation of ice-sheet models (Siegert and Gollege,
2021), which are beginning to be coupled with glacial isostatic, atmosphere
and ocean models.
ANTOSTRAT, ACE and PAIS stratigraphic studies were based on a
huge compilation of multichannel seismic profiles, collected by many nations
and made freely available via the Antarctic Seismic Data Library System,
established and endorsed in 1991 by SCAR and by the Antarctic Treaty for
scientific cooperation and research purposes (see McKay et al., 2021).
Extensive PAIS-facilitated fieldwork on land and at sea has been planned
and undertaken within a framework of national and multinational projects,
including International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) expeditions 374
(in 2018) (McKay et al., 2019), 379 (Gohl et al., 2021) and 382 (Weber
et al., 2021) (in 2019). PAIS research addressed some of the key questions
formulated by the 20-year Scientific Horizon Scan for understanding
Antarctic and Southern Ocean processes (Kennicutt et al., 2014, 2015, 2016,
2019), was influential in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) (IPCC, 2014), the IPCC Special
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
honey. She will examine it, measure it with her eye, try it with her
antennæ, and recognise its insufficient depth. For a time she
hesitates, departs, returns, flies off again, and comes back in haste
to dispose of her load. Her embarrassment is visible; I could not help
saying inwardly: “Take some mortar—take some mortar, and finish
your storehouse. It will only require a few moments to make it deep
enough.” The bee was of a different opinion. She was laying in food,
and food she must lay up, happen what might. She could not decide
to lay aside the pollen brush for the mason’s trowel, and nothing
could induce her to delay the harvest which occupied her in order to
take up that work of building for which it is not the due moment.
Rather would she seek another cell, in the desired condition, and will
penetrate there to store the honey, even if received with fury by the
owner. In fact, this happened. I wished her success, knowing myself
to be the cause of this desperate act. My curiosity had turned an
honest worker into a thief.

Matters may take a yet more serious turn, so [314]obstinate and

imperious is the desire to harvest the store securely. The unfinished
cell that the bee refuses to accept instead of her own complete one,
with its honey, is sometimes, as I have said, among several
containing paste and egg, and newly closed. In this case I have
seen, though not always, the following sight. Having ascertained
unmistakably that the unfinished cell will not do, the bee begins to
gnaw the cover of a neighbouring one. With her saliva she softens a
spot in the mortar, and patiently digs away atom by atom in the hard
covering. A long half hour passes before the tiny dimple excavated is
big enough to receive a pin’s head. I waited. Then I got out of
patience, and, feeling sure that she wanted to open the storehouse, I
decided to help her and shorten the labour. With the point of my knife
I knocked off the top; but the crown of the cell came off too, and its
edge was a good deal broken. In my clumsiness I had made a
graceful vase into a wretched, shattered pot. I was right; the bee
wanted to break open the door, and without troubling herself as to
the fragmentary state of the orifice, she immediately established
herself in the cell opened to her. Many times did she bring honey and
pollen, though the store was already complete. Finally, in this cell
containing an egg not hers she laid her own egg, and then closed, as
best she could, the shattered mouth. Thus this bee, who was
engaged in bringing food, neither could nor would be baffled by the
impossibility brought about by me of continuing her work unless she
completed the cell which replaced hers. What she was doing she
persisted in doing in spite of obstacles. She accomplished her task
thoroughly, but in the [315]most absurd way,—by breaking into
another bee’s cell, continuing to store in a cell already overflowing,
placing an egg where the real owner had already laid one, and
finally, closing an orifice which needed serious repairs. Could one
desire a better proof of the irresistible impulse obeyed by the insect?

Finally, there are other rapid and consecutive actions so closely

connected that the execution of the second implies necessarily the
repetition of the first, even when this has become useless. I have
already said how Sphex flavipennis persists in going down into her
burrow alone, having brought near it the cricket which I cruelly
removed immediately. Her repeated discomfitures did not make her
give up the preliminary domiciliary visit, useless as it is when
repeated ten or twenty times. Chalicodoma muraria exhibits under
another form a like repetition of an act useless itself, but a necessary
prelude to the next one. Arrived with her booty, she goes through a
double act of storage. First she plunges head first into the cell to
disgorge the contents of her crop; then she comes out, returning at
once backward to brush off her load of pollen. At the moment when
she is about to enter, tail first, I gently put her aside with a straw, thus
hindering her second action. She begins all over again, going head
first into the cell, although her crop is empty. Then comes the turn of
going in backward. I instantly put her aside again, and again she
goes in head first. Once more I use my straw. And this goes on as
long as the observer pleases. Put aside just as she is about to
introduce her hinder parts into the cell, she returns to the orifice and
persists in [316]descending head first. Sometimes she goes quite
down—sometimes only half-way, or perhaps there is a mere
pretence at descending, and she only stoops her head in the
opening, but at any rate this quite useless action—for the honey is
already disgorged—invariably precedes the entrance backward to
deposit pollen. It is almost the movement of a machine, not a wheel
of which moves till the main one begins to turn. [317]
[Contents]
 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES

The following Hymenoptera appear new to me in the French fauna. I append their
description:—

Cerceris antoniæ, H. Fab.

Length—16–18 millimetres. Black, closely and strongly punctured; clypeus raised

like a nose, i.e. forming a convex projection, large at the base, pointed at the end
—like half a cone cut down its length; crest between the antennæ projecting; a line
above crest, cheeks, and a large dot behind each eye, yellow; hood—yellow with
black point; mandibles, rusty yellow; tips, black. The 4th and 5th joints of antennæ,
rusty yellow, the rest brown. Two dots on prothorax, wing scales and
postscutellum, yellow; first segment of abdomen with two dot-like spots; four next
on posterior edge having a yellow band sharply hollowed in triangle form, or even
broken, and this the more as the segment is a less distant one.

Under part of the body, black; feet entirely of rusty yellow colour; wings slightly
bronzed at tip. Female. Male unknown to me.

In colouring this species approaches Cerceris labiata, from which, however, it

differs remarkably in the form of the clypeus and the much larger size of the
insect. Observed round Avignon in July. I dedicate this species to my daughter
Antonia, whose help has often been valuable to me in my entomological
researches.

Cerceris julii, H. Fab.

Length—7–9 millimetres. Black, closely and strongly punctured; clypeus flat; face
covered with a fine silvery pubescence; [318]a narrow yellow band on each side, on
the inner edge of the eyes; mandibles—yellow with brown tips; antennæ—black
above, pale red below; lower face of their basal joint, yellow. Two small distant
points on the prothorax; scales of wings and postscutellum, yellow. A yellow band
on third segment of the abdomen, and another on the fifth; these two are deeply
hollowed on the anterior edge—the first in a semicircle, the second in a triangle.

Under part of the body all black; coxæ black; thighs of the hinder pair of legs quite
black; those of the two anterior pairs, black at base, yellow at the ends; legs and
tarsi, yellow; wings rather smoke-coloured. Female.—Var. (1) Prothorax without
yellow dots; (2) two small yellow dots on second segment of abdomen; (3) wider
yellow band on inner side of the eyes; (4) front of clypeus edged with yellow.

Male unknown to me. This Cerceris, the smallest of my part of France, feeds its
larvæ on the smallest kinds of weevils (Bruchus granarius and Apion gravidum).
Observed round Carpentras, where it builds in September in soft sandstone—
locally called safre.

Bembex julii, H. Fab.

Length—18–20 millimetres. Black, with bristling whitish hairs on head, thorax, and
base of first segment of the abdomen; labrum lengthened, yellow; clypeus, with a
sloping ridge, forming as it were an angle of three sides—one face—that of the
outer edge—is all yellow, while each of the two others is marked with a large
rectangular black patch bordering on its neighbour, and thus forming a stripe; both
marks, as well as the cheeks, are covered with a fine silvery down; cheeks on line
between the antennæ, yellow; posterior edge of eyes with a long yellow border;
mandibles—yellow, with brown tips; two first joints of antennæ yellow beneath,
black above, the rest black; prothorax—black; sides and dorsal division, yellow;
mesothorax—black; the callous point, and a small one on each side above the
base of the intermediate feet, yellow; metathorax—black, with two yellow dots
behind, and a larger one on each side above the base of the hind feet. The two
first dots are sometimes wanting.

Abdomen—bright black above and without hairs, except at [319]the base of the first
segment, which bristles with whitish ones. All the segments have a wavy
transverse band, wider on the sides than in the middle, and approaching the
posterior edge in proportion as the segment is further back. On the fifth segment
the yellow band reaches the posterior edge. Anal segment—yellow, black at the
base, bristling all over the dorsal surface with papillæ of a rusty red, which serve
as base to the hairs. A row of like hair-bearing tubercules occupies also the
posterior edge of the fifth segment. Below, the abdomen is a brilliant black, with a
triangular yellow mark on each side of the four intermediate segments.

Coxæ—black; thighs yellow in front, black behind; legs and tarsi—yellow; wings
transparent.

Male.—The zig-zag mark on the clypeus is narrower, or even absent; face then
entirely yellow; abdominal bands very pale yellow, almost white. The sixth
segment has a band like the preceding ones, but shorter and often reduced to two
dots. The second segment has underneath it a longitudinal keel, raised and spine-
shaped behind. The anal one has below it an angular, rather thick projection.
Otherwise like the female.

This Hymenopteron much resembles Bembex rostrata in size, shape, and

arrangement of the black and yellow colouring, but differs markedly in the
following characteristics:—The clypeus makes a triangle of three sides, while in
other Bembecids it is rounded and convex. Also at the base is a large zig-zag
band, formed by two rectangular marks joined together and softened by a silvery
down, very brilliant under certain lights. The upper surface of the anal segment
bristles with papillæ and reddish hairs—likewise the further edge of the fifth
segment. The mandibles are only black at the tips, while in Bembex rostrata the
base is also black. Their habits are equally unlike; B. rostrata especially hunts
gadflies, while B. julii never catches large Diptera, but takes smaller kinds of very
varying size. It is frequent in the sandy land of the Angles, round Avignon, and on
the hill of Orange.

Ammophila julii, H. Fab.

Length—from 16–22 millimetres. Stalk of abdomen composed of the first segment

and half the second; third cubital [320]narrowed towards the radial; head—black,
with silvery down on the face; antennæ—black; thorax—black, with transverse
stripes on its three segments, darker on prothorax and mesothorax. Two marks on
the sides and one behind either side of the metathorax, covered with silvery down;
abdomen bare, shining. First segment—black; second—red in the part narrowing
to the petiole and in the widened part; third segment all red; the rest of a beautiful
metallic blue. Legs—black, with silvery down on the coxæ; wings slightly reddish.
Builds in October, and lays up two smallish caterpillars in each cell. Nearly related
to A. holosericea, having the same shape, but differing markedly in the colour of
the legs, which are all black, by the much less downy head and thorax, and by the
transverse stripes on the three segments of the thorax.

I wish these three Hymenoptera to bear the name of my son Jules, to whom I
dedicate them.

Dear child! snatched so early from thy passionate love of flowers and insects!
Thou wert my fellow-worker; nothing escaped thy clear-sighted glance; it was for
thee that I was to write this book—for thee, to whom its recital gave such delight,
and thou wert one day to have continued it. Alas! thou didst leave us for a better
home, having heard but the first few lines of the book. But at least let thy name
appear in it—borne by some of these industrious and beauteous Hymenoptera so
dear to thee!

J. H. F.

Orange, 3rd April 1879.

THE END

[Contents]

Printed by R. & R. Clark, Limited, Edinburgh. [321]

[Contents]
 Macmillan’s Prize Library
A CAREFULLY SELECTED SERIES OF

Illustrated Books
Suitable for Presentation

In Ornamental Bindings. Crown 8vo. Price 2s. 6d. each

Cloth Elegant. Gilt Edges. 3s. 6d. each (except vols. marked *)

By Rev. J. C. Atkinson

WALKS, TALKS, TRAVELS AND SCENES IN

EXPLOITS OF TWO SCHOOLBOYS FAIRYLAND
PLAY-HOURS AND HALF-HOLIDAYS THE LAST OF THE
GIANT-KILLERS

By Jane Austen

PRIDE AND PREJUDICE EMMA

SENSE AND SENSIBILITY

By L. N. Badenoch

THE ROMANCE OF THE INSECT WORLD

By Rev. R. H. Barham

THE INGOLDSBY LEGENDS

By Edward Bertz
 THE FRENCH PRISONERS

By Sir Walter Besant

THE LIFE OF CAPTAIN COOK

By A. G. Bradley

THE LIFE OF WOLFE

By Frank Buckland

CURIOSITIES OF NATURAL HISTORY. In four volumes

By Sir W. Butler

THE LIFE OF GORDON. With Portrait

By J. Fenimore Cooper

THE LAST OF THE MOHICANS THE PIONEERS

THE DEERSLAYER THE PRAIRIE
THE PATHFINDER

By Julian Corbett

LIFE OF DRAKE. With Portrait

FOR GOD AND GOLD

[322]

By Mrs. Craik

OLIVE AGATHA’S HUSBAND

THE HEAD OF THE FAMILY
 By Sir Edward Creasy

THE FIFTEEN DECISIVE BATTLES OF THE WORLD

By Daniel Defoe

ROBINSON CRUSOE

By Charles Dickens

OLIVER TWIST CHRISTMAS BOOKS

THE OLD CURIOSITY SHOP * BARNABY RUDGE

By Maria Edgeworth

POPULAR LAZY LAWRENCE, AND OTHER

TALES STORIES

By J. H. Fabre

INSECT LIFE: Souvenirs of a Naturalist

By Violet G. Finny

THE REVOLT OF THE YOUNG MacCORMACKS

By W. Warde Fowler

TALES OF THE BIRDS A YEAR WITH THE BIRDS

By J. Gilmore
 STORM WARRIORS

By George Hooper

LIFE OF WELLINGTON. With Portrait

By Professor Herbert A. Howe

* A STUDY OF THE SKY

By Thomas Hughes

LIFE OF LIVINGSTONE. With TOM BROWN’S SCHOOL

Portrait DAYS

By Raymond Jacberns

* THE THREE RASCALS * THE NEW PUPIL

By A. and E. Keary

HEROES OF ASGARD

[323]

By Wardlaw Kennedy

BEASTS: THUMB-NAIL STUDIES IN PETS

By Charles Kingsley

WESTWARD HO! MADAM HOW AND LADY WHY

THE HEROES GLAUCUS
HEREWARD THE WAKE AT LAST
THE WATER BABIES

By Henry Kingsley

TALES OF OLD TRAVEL

By Rudyard Kipling

* THE KIPLING READER

By Sir J. K. Laughton

LIFE OF NELSON. With Portrait

By S. Lover

HANDY ANDY

By Captain Marryat

POOR JACK SNARLEYYOW

MASTERMAN READY PETER SIMPLE
NEWTON FORSTER MR. MIDSHIPMAN EASY
PIRATE AND THREE JAPHET IN SEARCH OF A
CUTTERS FATHER

By S. Weir Mitchell

* THE ADVENTURES OF FRANÇOIS

By Mrs. Molesworth

CARROTS * THE ORIEL WINDOW

THE TAPESTRY ROOM * SHEILA’S MYSTERY
GRANDMOTHER DEAR
A CHRISTMAS CHILD
THE CUCKOO CLOCK
US
THE ADVENTURES OF
HERR BABY
TELL ME A STORY
LITTLE MISS PEGGY
* CHRISTMAS-TREE LAND
* THE RECTORY CHILDREN
* ROSY
* TWO LITTLE WAIFS
* FOUR WINDS FARM
* MISS MOUSE AND HER
BOYS
* THE RUBY RING
* THE CARVED LIONS
* THE CHILDREN OF THE
CASTLE
* A CHRISTMAS POSY
* THE GIRLS AND I
* THE MAGIC NUTS
* MARY[324]
* MY NEW HOME
* NURSE HEATHERDALE’S
STORY
* THIS AND THAT
* THE HOUSE THAT GREW
* THE WOODPIGEONS
AND MARY
* PETERKIN
* JASPER
* THE LITTLE GUEST

By J. Morier

HAJJI BABA OF ISPAHAN

By Mowbray Morris

* TALES OF THE SPANISH MAIN

By H. E. Norton

A BOOK OF COURTESY

By Mrs. Oliphant

AGNES HOPETOUN

By C. W. C. Oman

WARWICK THE KING-MAKER

 By Eleanor C. Price

IN THE LION’S MOUTH

By Sir Walter Scott

* KENILWORTH * COUNT ROBERT OF PARIS

* THE TALISMAN

By W. M. Thackeray

* THE HISTORY OF HENRY ESMOND. (No Illustrations)

By Charlotte M. Yonge

THE LITTLE DUKE P’S AND Q’S AND LITTLE LUCY’S

THE LANCES OF WONDERFUL GLOBE
LYNWOOD UNKNOWN TO HISTORY
THE PRINCE AND THE DOVE IN THE EAGLE’S NEST
THE PAGE
THE ARMOURER’S
’PRENTICES

Further volumes will be added from time to time

MACMILLAN AND CO., LTD., LONDON

 Colophon
Availability

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
www.gutenberg.org ↗️.

This eBook is produced by the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at

www.pgdp.net ↗️.

Scans of this book are available from the Internet Archive (copy 1).

Metadata

Title: Insect Life: Souvenirs of a Naturalist

Info
Author: Jean-Henri-Casimir Fabre (1823–1915)
https://viaf.org/viaf/51689251/
Editor: F. Merrifield Info
Illustrator: M. Prendergast Parker Info
Info
Translator: Margaret Roberts (1833–1919)
https://viaf.org/viaf/85444675/
Info
Contributor: David Sharp (1840–1922)
https://viaf.org/viaf/53076883/
File
generation 2022-05-27 10:11:55 UTC
date:
Language: English
Original
publication 1913
date:
Open
OL17958944M
Library
https://openlibrary.org/books/OL17958944M
(Book):
Open
OL1809411W
Library
https://openlibrary.org/works/OL1809411W
(Work):

Revision History
 2022-05-19 Started.

External References

Project Gutenberg does not use active external links in its ebooks. The following
URLs are shown purely for information. If so desired, you can copy and paste them
into the address-bar of your browser.

Page URL
N.A. https://archive.org/details/insectlifesouven00fabr

Corrections

The following corrections have been applied to the text:

Edit
Page Source Correction
distance
7 he he he 3
38 Earth-piecer Earth-piercer 1
149, 153 Spex Sphex 1
231, 291,
[Not in source] . 1
294
253, 286 resistent resistant 1
271 naive naïve 1/0
272 hypothenuse hypotenuse 1
278 Rhone Rhône 1/0
281 ; [Deleted] 1
291 frees pace free space 2
316 anyrate any rate 1
323 . [Deleted] 1
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INSECT LIFE:
SOUVENIRS OF A NATURALIST ***

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions

will be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S.

copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright
in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and
distribute it in the United States without permission and without
paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General
Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and
distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the
PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. Project
Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if
you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the
trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the
Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for
copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is
very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such
as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
research. Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and
printed and given away—you may do practically ANYTHING in
the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright
law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially
commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
 PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the

free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this
work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase
“Project Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of
the Full Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or
online at www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and

Redistributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works
1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand,
agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual
property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to
abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using
and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for
obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg™
electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms
of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only

be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by
people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.
There are a few things that you can do with most Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works even without complying with the
full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There
are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg™
electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and
help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™
electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.