ENGINEERING DRAWING II

TME 222

Department of Mechanical Engineering

University of Ibadan
COURSE OUTLINE

Cams

Interpenetration of Solids

Development of Surfaces

Detail Drawing of Belts, Chains and Gears

Bearing and Lubrication Arrangement

Couplings, Brakes, Flexible Shafts and Universal Joints

Assembly Drawing
 GEARS
Gears are machine elements, which
are used for power transmission
between shafts, separated by small
distance.

When two gears are in mesh, the teeth

of one gear enter the spaces of the
other. Thus, the drive is positive and
when one gear rotates, the other also
rotates; transmitting power from one
shaft to the other

To keep the ratio of the angular

velocities constant the teeth must have
profiles of either cycloidal or involute
form. The involute form is common
because it is easier to manufacture
 Types of Gears
The gears or toothed
wheels may be
classified as according
to the position of axes
of the shafts

(a) Spur Gears

(b) Helical Gears

(c) Herringbone Gears

(d) Bevel Gears

(e) Helical Bevel Gears

(f) Skew Bevel or Spiral Gears

(g) Worm Gears

Conventional representation of Gears
Involute Gears and Terms Used
Terms used in Gears
1. Pitch circle. It is an imaginary circle which by pure rolling action, would give the same
motion as the actual gear.
2. Pitch circle diameter. It is the diameter of the pitch circle. The size of the gear is usually
specified by the pitch circle diameter. It is also called as pitch diameter.
3. Pitch point. It is a common point of contact between two pitch circles.
4. Pitch surface. It is the surface of the rolling discs which the meshing gears have replaced at
the pitch circle.
5. Pressure angle or angle of obliquity. It is the angle between the common normal to two gear
teeth at the point of contact and the common tangent at the pitch point. The standard pressure
angles are 14.5° and 20°. The British recommendation is 20°
6. Addendum. It is the radial distance of a tooth from the pitch circle to the top of the tooth.
7. Dedendum. It is the radial distance of a tooth from the pitch circle to the bottom of the tooth.
8. Addendum circle. It is the circle drawn through the top of the teeth and is concentric with the
pitch circle.
9. Dedendum circle. It is the circle drawn through the bottom of the teeth. It is also called root
circle.
10. Circular pitch. It is the distance measured on the circumference of the pitch circle from a
point of one tooth to the corresponding point on the next tooth.
11. Diametral pitch. It is the ratio of number of teeth to the pitch circle diameter in millimetres.
12. Module. It is the ratio of the pitch circle diameter in millimetres to the number of teeth. It is
usually denoted by m.
13. Clearance. It is the radial distance from the top of the tooth to the bottom of the tooth, in a
meshing gear. A circle passing through the top of the meshing gear is known as clearance circle.
14. Total depth. It is the radial distance between the addendum and the dedendum circle of a
gear. It is equal to the sum of the addendum and dedendum.
15. Working depth. It is radial distance from the addendum circle to the clearance circle. It is
equal to the sum of the addendum of the two meshing gears.
16. Tooth thickness. It is the width of the tooth measured along the pitch circle.
17. Tooth space. It is the width of space between the two adjacent teeth measured along the pitch
circle.
18. Backlash. It is the difference between the tooth space and the tooth thickness, as measured on
the pitch circle.
19. Face of the tooth. It is surface of the tooth above the pitch surface.
20. Top land. It is the surface of the top of the tooth.
21. Flank of the tooth. It is the surface of the tooth below the pitch surface.
22. Face width. It is the width of the gear tooth measured parallel to its axis.
23. Profile. It is the curve formed by the face and flank of the tooth.
24. Fillet radius. It is the radius that connects the root circle to the profile of the tooth.
25. Path of contact. It is the path traced by the point of contact of two teeth from the beginning
to the end of engagement.
26. Length of the path of contact. It is the length of the common normal cut-off by the addendum
circles of the wheel and pinion.
27. Arc of contact. It is the path traced by a point on the pitch circle from the beginning to the
end of engagement of a given pair of teeth. The arc of contact consists of two parts, i.e.
(a) Arc of approach. It is the portion of the path of contact from the beginning of the engagement
to the pitch point.
(b) Arc of recess. It is the portion of the path of contact from the pitch point to the end of the
engagement of a pair of teeth.
 Proportions and Relationships of Standard
Involute Spur Gear Teeth

𝑃𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟, 𝑃𝐶𝐷

Module, m=
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ, 𝑇

PCD = 𝑚 × 𝑇
Circular pitch, p = 𝜋 × 𝑚
𝑝
Circular tooth thickness =
2
Addendum = module

Clearance = 0.25 × module

Dedendum = Addendum + Clearance
Base circle diameter, BCD = 𝑃𝐶𝐷𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑

𝜑 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒

Construction of Spur Gear Teeth with Involute Curve
 Construction of Spur Gear Teeth with Involute Curve

1. With O as centre and radius equal to the pitch circle radius, draw an arc.
2. At any point P on it, drawn a line T-T, tangential to the above arc.
3. Through the point P, draw the line of action N-N, making an angle equal to the pressure
angle with the tangent line T-T.
4. From the centre O, draw the line OQ, perpendicular to the line of action (it will make an
angle φ with OP).
5. With O as centre and radius equal to OQ, draw an arc, representing the base circle.
6. With O as centre, draw arcs, representing addendum and dedendum circles.
7. Starting from any point on the base circle, construct an involute curve, as shown at X.
8. Trace the curve and a part of the base circle, on a piece of tracing paper, as shown at Y.
9. On the pitch circle, mark points 1, 2, 3, 4, etc., separated by a distance equal to half of the
circular pitch.
10. Place the tracing paper, such that the arc AB coincides with the base circle and the curve
passes through the point 1.
11. Prick a few points on the curve, lying between the addendum and base circles.
12. Join these points by a smooth curve.
13. Draw a radial line below the base circle and join it with the bottom land, by means of fillet
of radius r, which may be taken as 0.125 pc.
14. Reverse the tracing paper, follow the steps 11 to 13 and complete the curve through the
point 2; obtaining one tooth profile.
15. Repeat the steps 11 to 14 and construct the other tooth profiles.
 Approximate Construction of Spur Gear Teeth

Gear Data: Pressure Angle = 200, module =10, number of teeth = 25

Steps to be listed in Class

Not completed