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T H E S O U RC E S O F I N T E R N AT I O N A L L AW
ii
The Sources
of International Law
Second Edition
H U G H T H I R LWAY
1
iv
1
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP,
United Kingdom
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© Hugh Thirlway 2019
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First Edition published in 2014
Second Edition published in 2019
Impression: 1
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Preface
For a new edition of a work of this kind to be called for only five years after
the original was published is an indication of the extent to which its subject-
matter is still in continuous development. This is not to say that new sources
are being discovered or devised: one of the contentions advanced in this book
is that in this respect international law is fully developed, that what may ap-
pear to be a new source of law will turn out, on inspection, to be a variant,
or a derivation, of one of those classically recognized. But that does not mean
that the law itself deriving from those sources is static; it is continually called
upon to apply to new questions, or to mould itself to new requirements, and
these may be revelatory of particular aspects of sources-theory.
It is one recognized source in particular that goes on requiring or at-
tracting the attention of international scholars and judges: customary inter-
national law, to use the form of reference preferred by the International Law
Commission; also referred to in the past simply as ‘custom’. Despite a very
visible presence in international relations of major multilateral treaties and
other documentary material (some in effect codificatory, e.g., ILC reports
and conclusions), custom continues to attract the most attention, and this for
two reasons. First, being a more flexible concept and process than treaty law,
it is continually being revised and re-examined in practice and, significantly,
in judicial decisions; and secondly, it is the most fertile field for the enunci-
ation of new theories of how it operates, or how it ought to operate. These,
or some of them at least, whether one agrees with them or not, demand to be
noticed, if not necessarily discussed, if a study of sources is to make a claim
to completeness.
In this context, a development since the first publication of this work that
required to be taken into account was the completion, by the International
Law Commission, of its study of the Identification of Customary International
Law, with the adoption of a restatement in the form of sixteen conclusions,
with detailed annotations (see Chapter III). However, in addition, new
treaties have been adopted, and new judicial and arbitral decisions given, and
the nature of the sources of law is such that they have been in background of
most of these, avowedly or not. The work of preparation of this new edition
has not lacked material.
As in the case of its predecessor, many of the ideas presented in this edition
have benefitted from discussion with my good friend and former colleague
vi
vi Preface
Dr Cristina Hoss, Legal Officer, ICJ. Once again also, I owe a great debt of
gratitude to the Library of the International Court of Justice, now directed
by Mr Cyril Emery, Librarian (the successor to Juliana Rangel, whose assist-
ance I acknowledged in the previous edition), for help and support in my re-
searches. I wish particularly to thank Mr Artur Brodowicz, Deputy Librarian;
not only was he able to find everything I asked for, with great promptitude,
but in other respects he went out of his way to be helpful. The staff of the
Oxford University Press have guided the text from draft to publication with
their usual courtesy and efficiency.
The Hague, 27 January 2019
Hugh Thirlway
Table of Contents
VII. Specialities: jus cogens, Obligations erga omnes, Soft Law 162
1. Superior norms and their sources: jus cogens
and obligations erga omnes 162
1(a) The source or sources of obligations erga omnes 166
1(b) The source or sources of norms of jus cogens 173
2. Soft law 186
Index 241
x
Glossary of Latin Phrases
OTHER
US/Iran Claims Tribunal
Harza et al v Islamic Republic of Iran, Award No. 232-97-2������������������������������������������������ 122–23
Arbitral Tribunals
Abu Dhabi arbitration, 1951, 18 ILR 144���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 108–9
Advisory Opinion of the Arbitral Tribunal constituted in virtue of the Compromise
signed at Rome on 30 June 1964 (USA/Italy), RSA xvi 100������������������������������������������ 73–74
Amco Asia Co v Indonesia, ICSID, Award para 267 ������������������������������������������������������������ 108–9
Arbitration Commission on Yugoslavia, Opinion No 3 of 4 July 1992�������������������������������� 176–77
Argentina/Chile Boundary Dispute, 1966 UNRIAA xvi 109������������������������������������������������ 108–9
Bulama Island arbitration, J. B. Moore, History and Digest of the International Arbitrations
to which the United States has been Party, together with appendices containing the
treaties relating to such arbitrations and historical and legal notes (Washington:
Government Printing Office, 1898)���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 120
Chaco case, UNRIAA iii 1819�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 120
Goldenberg & Sons v Germany, AD 4 (1927–8), No 369���������������������������������������������������� 108–9
Hormones case (WTO Report of the Appellate Body: Australia–Measures Affecting
Importation of Salmon, 6 November 1998, WT/DS18/AB/R) ������������������������������������ 5, 213
Mondev International Ltd v USA (ICSID Award, 11 Oct 2002)������������������������������������������ 85–86
Rainbow Warrier (New Zealand v France), France–New Zealand Arbitration Tribunal,
82 ILR 500 (1990)������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 153–54
Sarropoulos v Bulgarian State, AD 4 (1923–4), No 173�������������������������������������������������������� 108–9
Texaco v Libya (1977) 53 ILR 422�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 102
US–Stainless Steel (Mexico) Appellate Body Report, 30 April 2008������������������������������������������ 214
NATIONAL
Austria
Holubek v Government of the United States of America, Supreme Court of Austria,
Juristische Blätter (Wien), 84 (1962), 43; ILR, vol 40 p 73 ���������������������������������������������� 141
Belgium
Botelberghe v German State, 18 February 2000, Court of First Instance of Ghent�������������� 141–42
Canada
Schreiber v Federal Republic of Germany [2002] Supreme Court of Canada,
Supreme Court Reports (SCR), vol 3, p269���������������������������������������������������������������������� 141
Table of Cases xvii
France
SOS Attentat and Castelnau d’Esnault v Qadaffi, Head of State of the State of Libya,
Court of Cassation, Criminal Chamber, 13 March, No 1414�������������������������������������� 140–41
Greece
Margellos v Federal Republic of Germany, Case No 6/2002, ILR, vol 129, p 529 �������������� 141–42
Ireland
McElhinney v Williams, 15 December 1995, Irish Supreme Court, [1995] 3 Irish
Reports 382; ILR, vol 104, p 69���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 141–42
Poland
Natoniewski v Federal Republic of Germany, Supreme Court, Polish YIL
(2010), xxx 299���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 141–42
Slovenia
Constitutional Court, Case No Up-13/99, para 13 ������������������������������������������������������������ 141–42
United Kingdom
Freedom and Justice Party and Ors [2018] WLR (D) 460���������������������������������������������������������� 64
R v Bow Street Metropolitan Stipendiary, ex parte Pinochet Ugarte (Amnesty
International Intervening) (No 3) [1999] UKHL 17; [2000] AC 147; [1999]
2 All ER 97 ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 140–41
United States
Schooner Exchange v Mcfaddon, 11 US (7 Cranch) 116 (1812) ���������������������������������������������� 160
xvi
Table of Legislation
LAW-M AKING INSTRUMENTS General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade, 55 UNTS 187, Art XXI����� 168–69
Arab Charter on Human Rights, Geneva Convention on the Continental
22 May 2004������������������������������������� 205 Shelf (29 April 1958), 499
Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in UNTS 311������������������������ 13–14, 44, 88,
Islam, 1990 ��������������������������������������� 205 149–50, 157–58, 163–64
Chicago Convention on Civil Aviation Art 1 ����������������������������������������������������� 184
(7 December 1944) Doc 7300 Art 2 ����������������������������������������������������� 184
ICAO������������������������������������������������� 195 Art 3 ����������������������������������������������������� 184
Convention on the Elimination of all Art 6 ����������������������������������������� 75, 157–58
Forms of Discrimination against Art 12 ��������������������������������������������� 183–84
Women (8 December 1979) 1249 Geneva Conventions I, II, III and IV
UNTS 13��������������������������������������� 205–6 of 1949 (75 UNTS 31, 85,
Convention on the Prevention and 135, 287)����������������������������� 39, 209, 210
Punishment of the Crime of Genocide Hague Convention of 1899 with Respect
(78 UNTS 277)�������� 39, 54–55, 169–70, to the Laws and Customs of War on
184–85, 220–21, 232–33 Land, Preamble ��������������������������������� 210
Art III(1)(c)��������������������������������������������� 23 Hague Convention No IV of 1907
Art IX�������������������������������������������� 183, 202 respecting the Law and Customs
Convention on the Settlement of of War on Land ��������������������������� 115–16
Investment Disputes between States Art 3 ����������������������������������������������� 150–51
and Nationals of other States Additional Protocol I (1977),
(18 March 1965), 575 UNTS Art 1(2)����������������������������������� 212–13
159, Art 25 ����������������������������������� 28–29 Hague Convention No. VIII of 1907
Declaration by the Government of relative to the Laying of Automatic
Egypt on the Suez Canal and the Submarine Contact Mines������������� 208–9
Arrangements for its Operation Hague Regulations of 1907 concerning
(24 April 1957) 265 UNTS 299���������� 59 the Laws and Customs of War on
Declaration by the King of Jordan Land, Art 42�������������������������������� 150–51
(‘Address to the Nation’, 31 July 1988) Inter-American Convention on Asylum
waiving claims to the West Bank (Havana, 1928) 22 AJIL 158������������� 130
Territories��������������������������������������������� 59 ICJ Practice Directions������������������������� 138–39
Declaration on Principles of International ICJ Resolution concerning the Internal
Law Concerning Friendly Relations Judicial Practice of the Court������� 138–39
and Cooperation among States ICJ Rules of Court
(GA Res. 2625 (XXV))����������������� 150–51 Art 47 ��������������������������������������������������� 117
European Convention for the Protection Art 88 ����������������������������������������������������� 53
of Human Rights and Fundamental Art 89 ����������������������������������������������������� 53
Freedoms 213 UNTS 22, Art 19����� 48–49 Interim Accord between Greece and the
European Convention on State Immunity Former Yugoslav Republic of
(16 May 1972), Council of Europe, Macedonia (13 September 1995)
ETS NO.74��������������������������������� 141–42 1891 UNTS I-32193��������������������� 44–45
General Act for the Pacific Settlement of International Covenant on Civil and
International Disputes (26 September Political Rights
1928) 93 LNTS 343 ��������������������� 49–50 Art 6 ����������������������������������������������� 154–55
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Language: English
[Year 1529]
DAWNINGS OF LIGHT.
BY
AUTHOR OF
"LADY BETTY'S GOVERNESS;" "WINIFRED."
NEW EDITION.
LONDON:
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER
II.
VIII.
XI. August 1.
XII. August 2.
XIX. Nov. 4.
XXIII.
XXVII. June 1.
XXVIII.
XXXIV. Aug. 3.
XXXV. Aug. 5.
THE PREAMBLE.
Stanton Court, August 21.
DEBORAH CORBET.
LADY ROSAMOND'S BOOK.
CHAPTER I.
"And you would like to fill it?" said Mother, smiling: "Well,
well, you have been a good maid, and deserve a reward.
You shall have the book, and write a chronicle of your life
therein, as did your great grandame of hers. You are a true
Corbet, and 'Corbys will have quills,' is an old saying of your
house."
I was well pleased, for I do love to write; but what can I say
about my own life, only the little things which happen every
day, and much the same to every one. To be sure, in the
lives of saints, as well as in the history books, I do love best
to read about the common things, even such as what they
ate, and how they slept, and so on. It seems to bring them
nearer to one. Not that I shall ever be a saint, I am sure.
Sister Catherine was right there. I should be more likely to
make a good housewife. Sometimes I fear I have no
vocation at all, though I have, as it were, grown up with a
veil on my face. Richard Stanton used to say I should never
make a nun.
* So she did, but not so that I could not read it, and I
judged best to write it out with the rest.—D. C.
CHAPTER II.
"Child, child! Would you make matters worse than they are
now, by taking back what your mother gave? What is my
comfort for a few days or years? Go—go, and pray for your
mother's soul!"
She did not answer me, but continued coming down a step
and stopping, till Mother Gertrude herself came to see what