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T H E S O U RC E S O F I N T E R N AT I O N A L L AW
ii
The Sources
of International Law
Second Edition

H U G H T H I R LWAY

1
iv

1
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP,
United Kingdom
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship,
and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of
Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries
© Hugh Thirlway 2019
The moral rights of the author have been asserted
First Edition published in 2014
Second Edition published in 2019
Impression: 1
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the
prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted
by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics
rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the
above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the
address above
You must not circulate this work in any other form
and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer
Crown copyright material is reproduced under Class Licence
Number C01P0000148 with the permission of OPSI
and the Queen’s Printer for Scotland
Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press
198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Data available
Library of Congress Control Number: 2018967692
ISBN 978–0–19–884182–1 (pbk.)
ISBN 978–​0–​19–​884181–​4 (hbk.)
Printed and bound by
CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY
Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and
for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials
contained in any third party website referenced in this work.
Preface

For a new edition of a work of this kind to be called for only five years after
the original was published is an indication of the extent to which its subject-​
matter is still in continuous development. This is not to say that new sources
are being discovered or devised: one of the contentions advanced in this book
is that in this respect international law is fully developed, that what may ap-
pear to be a new source of law will turn out, on inspection, to be a variant,
or a derivation, of one of those classically recognized. But that does not mean
that the law itself deriving from those sources is static; it is continually called
upon to apply to new questions, or to mould itself to new requirements, and
these may be revelatory of particular aspects of sources-​theory.
It is one recognized source in particular that goes on requiring or at-
tracting the attention of international scholars and judges: customary inter-
national law, to use the form of reference preferred by the International Law
Commission; also referred to in the past simply as ‘custom’. Despite a very
visible presence in international relations of major multilateral treaties and
other documentary material (some in effect codificatory, e.g., ILC reports
and conclusions), custom continues to attract the most attention, and this for
two reasons. First, being a more flexible concept and process than treaty law,
it is continually being revised and re-​examined in practice and, significantly,
in judicial decisions; and secondly, it is the most fertile field for the enunci-
ation of new theories of how it operates, or how it ought to operate. These,
or some of them at least, whether one agrees with them or not, demand to be
noticed, if not necessarily discussed, if a study of sources is to make a claim
to completeness.
In this context, a development since the first publication of this work that
required to be taken into account was the completion, by the International
Law Commission, of its study of the Identification of Customary International
Law, with the adoption of a restatement in the form of sixteen conclusions,
with detailed annotations (see Chapter III). However, in addition, new
treaties have been adopted, and new judicial and arbitral decisions given, and
the nature of the sources of law is such that they have been in background of
most of these, avowedly or not. The work of preparation of this new edition
has not lacked material.
As in the case of its predecessor, many of the ideas presented in this edition
have benefitted from discussion with my good friend and former colleague
vi

vi Preface
Dr Cristina Hoss, Legal Officer, ICJ. Once again also, I owe a great debt of
gratitude to the Library of the International Court of Justice, now directed
by Mr Cyril Emery, Librarian (the successor to Juliana Rangel, whose assist-
ance I acknowledged in the previous edition), for help and support in my re-
searches. I wish particularly to thank Mr Artur Brodowicz, Deputy Librarian;
not only was he able to find everything I asked for, with great promptitude,
but in other respects he went out of his way to be helpful. The staff of the
Oxford University Press have guided the text from draft to publication with
their usual courtesy and efficiency.
The Hague, 27 January 2019
Hugh Thirlway
Table of Contents

Glossary of Latin Phrases xi


Table of Cases xiii
Table of Legislation xix

I. The Nature of International Law and the Concept of Sources 1


1. Introduction 1
2. Formal and material sources 6
3. Enumeration of the recognized formal sources 8
4. Nature and operation of the sources 12
5. Whose law? States and non-​State actors 20
6. Are there additional formal sources, not in Article 38? 24
6(a) Unilateral acts 25
6(b) Decisions of international organizations 26
6(c) Agreements between States and international enterprises 28
6(d) Other proposals 29
7. Religious law as a rival or additional source 31
8. Is the theory of sources still sufficient? 34

II. Treaties and Conventions as a Source of Law 37


1. Pacta sunt servanda 37
2. The limits of treaty-​law: jus cogens and the relative effect
of treaties 41
3. Commitment to the treaty-​obligations 44
4. Unilateral acts as inchoate treaties? 51

III. Custom as a Source of International Law 60


1. Introduction 60
2. Constituent elements of custom 64
2(a) Two elements or one? 64
2(b) State practice 71
2(c) The opinio juris 84
2(d) The role of international organizations 92
3. Changes in customary law 94
4. The relevance of ethical and similar principles
to customary law 97
vi

viii Table of Contents


5. The extent of application of a rule of customary
international law 99
5(a) General customary law and the ‘persistent objector’ 99
5(b) Particular customary law 103

IV. General Principles of Law as a Source of Law 106


1. What are the ‘general principles of law’? 106
2. The role of equity 119
3. General principles of law and non liquet 125

V. The Subsidiary Sources 131


1. Introduction 131
2. Judicial decisions 134
2(a) International tribunals 134
2(b) Municipal courts 140
3. The teachings of publicists 143

VI. Interaction or Hierarchy between Sources 147


1. Simultaneous and identical obligations under treaty
and under customary law 148
2. The ‘hierarchy of sources’ 152

VII. Specialities: jus cogens, Obligations erga omnes, Soft Law 162
1. Superior norms and their sources: jus cogens
and obligations erga omnes 162
1(a) The source or sources of obligations erga omnes 166
1(b) The source or sources of norms of jus cogens 173
2. Soft law 186

VIII. Subsystems of International Law 195


1. ‘Self-​contained regimes’ and their limits 195
2. Human rights law 197
2(a) Human rights law under treaty and as custom 198
2(b) Human rights as deriving from general principles 203
2(c) Human rights and Islam 204
3. Humanitarian law 208
3(a) Treaties and conventions 208
3(b) Customary law or an independent source of law? 208
4. WTO, ICSID: trade and investment law dispute settlement 213
5. International environmental issues 218
6. International criminal law 220
Table of Contents ix
IX. Some Alternative Approaches 223
1. Inadequacy or irrelevance of recognized sources 230
2. The role of ethical principles 232
3. The insufficiencies of the theory of international
customary law 235

X. A Brief Note in Conclusion 238

Index 241
x
Glossary of Latin Phrases

a fortiori Indicates that if A is so, then B will be so


too, as the same reasons apply even more
strongly to B
contra legem (Of equity) contrary to law
erga omnes (Of an obligation) owed to all other
subjects of law
et hoc genus omne And this whole category
exceptio non adimpleti contractus The objection that the other party has not
performed his side of the litigated contract
inadimplementit non est adimplendum One side of a contract does not have to be
complied with if the other side has not been
complied with
infra legem (Of equity) within the law
in statu nascendi Coming to birth, not yet in existence
jure gestionis The opposite of jure imperii (defining the
class of acts that a State performs in another
State’s territory not as a State, but as e.g. a
commercial activity)
jure imperii By right of sovereignty (defining the class
of acts that a State performs in another
State’s territory as a State, and not as e.g. a
commercial activity)
jus cogens Peremptory norms
jus dispositivum Non-​peremptory norms, which can be
departed from by agreement
jus naturale Natural Law
lex ferenda Law to be created, desirable law
lex lata The law that exists
non liquet A judicial finding that no decision can be
given because there is no law on the point
obiter dictum A statement of law in a judicial decision
that is not necessary to the determination
of the case (and is thus, in Anglo-​American
law, not regarded as authoritative)
xi

xii Glossary of Latin Phrases


opinio juris sive necessitatis The view that something is required by
considerations of law or of necessity
pacta sunt servanda What has been agreed to must be respected
pacta tertiis nec nocet nec prodest No benefit is derived, and no injury
suffered, from something agreed between
third parties
par in parem non habet imperium Between equals, neither has dominion over
the other
praeter legem (Of equity) alongside the law
quod est absurdum Which is absurd (as conclusion,
demonstrating that the argument was
unsound)
ratio decidendi The legal considerations on which a
judgment is based; to be distinguished from
an obiter dictum (q.v.)
res inter alios acta Something done or agreed between other
parties (from which therefore no benefit or
burden arises: cf. pacta tertiis nec nocet nec
prodest)
res judicata [pro veritate habetur] What has been judicially determined
[counts as truth]
ubi judex, ibi jus The law is found in judicial decisions
(literally, ‘Where there is a judge, there
is law’)
usque ad coelum Vertically upwards to the sky (in full,
ab inferos usque ad coelum: from the
underworld up to the heavens: classical
description of the extent of sovereignty)
usus Usage: an alternative term for the practice
required to support the existence of
a custom
Table of Cases

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE


Accordance with International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence
in respect of Kosovo [2010] ICJ Rep 403�������������������������������������������������������� 4–​5, 18, 68–​69
Activities of Nicaragua in the Border Area [2013] ICJ Rep 170������������������������������������������������ 117
Aegean Sea Continental Shelf [1978] ICJ Rep 3�������������������������������������������������������������������� 49–​50
Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Compensation) [2012] ICJ Rep 324 �������������������������������������������� 121–​22
Anglo-​Iranian Oil Co [1952] ICJ Rep 93������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 28–​29
Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of
Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v Serbia and Montenegro) [2007-​II] ICJ Rep 27;
[2007-​II] ICJ Rep 89������������������������������������������������ 23, 37, 113, 163–​64, 176–​77, 183, 202
Application of the Genocide Convention (Bosnia and Herzegovina v Federal Republic
of Yugoslavia), Preliminary Objections [1996] ICJ Rep 595���������������������������������������� 134–​35
Application of the Genocide Convention (Bosnia and Herzegovina v Federal Republic
of Yugoslavia), [2007] ICJ Rep 43 ���������������������������������������������������������������������� 134–​35, 136
Application of the Genocide Convention (Croatia/​Serbia) [2015-​I]
ICJ Rep 3�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 117, 163–​64, 183, 202
Application of the Interim Accord of 13 September 1995 (Former Republic of
Macedonia v Greece) [2011] ICJ Rep 644������������������������������������������������������ 44–​45, 114–​15
Application of the Obligation to Arbitrate under Section 21 of the UN Headquarters
Agreement [1988] ICJ Rep 12�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 31
Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (DRC v Rwanda) [2006] ICJ Rep 6����������� 51–​52,
54–​55, 174–​76, 178–​79, 180–​81, 184–​85
Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (DRC v Uganda) [2005]
ICJ Rep 168�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 139, 150–​51
Arrest Warrant of 13 April 2000 (DRC v Belgium) [2002] ICJ Rep 3 ������������������� 73–​74, 135–​36,
140–​41, 174–​76
Asylum [1950] ICJ Rep 266�������������������������������������������������� 76–​78, 87, 100, 103–​4, 130, 148–​49
Avena and other Mexican Nationals [2004-​I] ICJ Rep 61 ������������������������������������������������ 112, 139
Barcelona Traction Light & Power Co Ltd [1970] ICJ Rep 3������������������������� 61–​62, 119, 122–​23,
125–​26, 166–​67, 169, 171, 172, 173–​75, 201, 216
Belgium v Senegal [2012] ICJ Rep 422 ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 115
Border and Transborder Armed Actions, Jurisdiction and Admissibility [1988]
ICJ Rep 69������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 113–​14
Certain Activities carried out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Compensation)
[2018] ICJ Rep 150�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 116–​17, 118
Certain Expenses of the United Nations [1962] ICJ Rep 151���������������������������������������������� 154–​55
Construction of a Road in Costa Rica [2013] ICJ Rep 170 ������������������������������������������������������ 117
Continental Shelf (Libya/​Malta) [1985] ICJ Rep 13 ������������������������������������������������������������ 66, 67
Continental Shelf (Tunisia/​Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) [1982] ICJ Rep 18 ���������������������������������� 2–​3
Corfu Channel, Merits [1949] ICJ Rep 4���������������� 27, 74, 106–​7, 112, 115–​16, 203–​4, 210, 212
Delimitation of the Continental Shelf (Nicaragua/​Colombia) [2016-​I] ICJ Rep 125���������������� 117
Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of Maine (Canada v United States
of America) [1984] ICJ Rep 165 �������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 124–​25
xvi

xiv Table of Cases


Diallo (Ahmadou Sadio Diallo) (Republic of Guinea v Democratic Republic
of the Congo), Preliminary Objections [2007] ICJ Rep 582������������������������������������������ 83–​84
Dispute concerning Navigational and Related Rights between Costa Rica and
Nicaragua [2009] ICJ Rep 213���������������������������������������������������������������� 103, 104–​5, 152–​53
Fisheries Jurisdiction (United Kingdom v Iceland), Merits [1974] ICJ Rep 3�������� 120–​21, 131–​32
Fisheries [1951] ICJ Rep 116���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 100–​2, 131–​32
Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/​Mali) [1986] ICJ Rep 554 ���������������������� 51–​52, 54–​55, 120, 215
Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/​Niger) [2013] ICJ���������������������������������������������������������� 53, 107–​8
Gabčikovo-​Nagymaros Project [2011] ICJ Rep 706������������������������ 114–​15, 127–​28, 130, 153–​54
Haya de la Torre [1951] ICJ Rep 71�������������������������������������������������������������������� 103, 127–​28, 130
Judgment No 2867 of ILO [2012] ICJ Rep 10 ������������������������������������������������������������������������ 117
Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v Italy) [2012] ICJ Rep 99����������� 31, 67, 73–​74,
79, 82, 88, 94–​96, 141, 160, 174–​76, 180–​81
LaGrand (Germany v United States of America) [2001] ICJ Rep 275 ������������������������������ 116, 139
Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria, Preliminary
Objections [1998] ICJ Rep 275���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 134–​35
Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute [1992] ICJ Rep 351�������������������������������������� 133–​34
Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presence of South Africa in
Namibia (South West Africa) notwithstanding Security Resolution 276
[1971] ICJ Rep 16������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 26–​27, 114–​15
Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian
Territory [2004] ICJ Rep 3���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 150–​51, 211
Legality of the Threat of Use of Nuclear Weapons [1996] ICJ Rep 226 ������������������� 17, 18–​19, 52,
68–​69, 92, 93, 100–​1, 127–​29, 154–​55, 209–​11
Legality of the Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v UK) [2004]
ICJ Rep 1307������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 134–​35, 150–​51
Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain,
Jurisdiction and Admissibility [1994] ICJ Rep 112 ���������������������������������������������������� 190–​91
Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain, Merits
[2001] ICJ Rep 40������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 129–​30
Maritime Delimitation between Peru and Chile [2014] ICJ Rep 3���������������������������������� 25–​26, 51
Maritime Delimitation in the Area between Greenland and JanMayen [1993] ICJ Rep 38������� 157, 158–​59
Maritime Delimitation in the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean (Costa Rica v
Nicaragua), Judgment of 2 February 2018������������������������������������������������������������������������ 117
Maritime Delimitation in the Indian Ocean [2018] ICJ Rep 3��������������������������������������������������� 41
Maritime Delimitation in the Pacific Ocean (Somalia v Kenya) [2018] ICJ Rep 3���������������������� 44
Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v United States)
[1986] ICJ Rep 14����������������������������������������������������������������������� 64, 66, 68, 76, 78–​79, 102,
131–​32, 156–​57, 159, 179, 209
Monetary Gold (Italy v France, United Kingdom and United States) [1954] ICJ 2 ������������������ 117
Northern Cameroons, Preliminary Objections [1963] ICJ Rep 15�������������������������������������������� 126
North Sea Continental Shelf [1969] ICJ Rep 3 ������������� 19–​20, 43–​44, 65–​66, 70, 73–​76, 87–​88,
93, 94, 108–​9, 112, 121, 122, 124, 148–​49,
163–​64, 176–​77, 181–​82, 183–​84, 192
Nuclear Arms and Disarmament (Marshall Islands v United Kingdom) [2016] ICJ Rep 937������ 88
Nuclear Tests (Australia v France) [1974] ICJ Rep 253�������������� 9, 25, 49–​50, 51–​58, 113–​14, 215
Obligation to Negotiate Access to the Pacific Ocean (Bolivia v Chile) 1 October 2018 ������������ 196
Oil Platforms, Judgment on Preliminary Objections [1996] ICJ Rep 803 �������������������������� 189–​90
Oil Platforms, Judgment on the Merits [2003] ICJ Rep 161 �������������������������������������� 111, 158–​59
Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay [2010] ICJ Rep 14�������������� 37, 108, 109, 110–​11, 116, 218–​19
Table of Cases xv
Questions of Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters [2009] ICJ Rep 222���������������������������������� 37
Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite [2012]
ICJ Rep 422�������������������������������������������������� 37, 73–​74, 82, 84, 115, 169, 170, 179–​80, 199
Reparation for Injuries Suffered in the Service of the United Nations [1949]
ICJ Rep 178������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 20–​21
Reservations to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of
Genocide [1951] ICJ Rep 15���������������������������������������� 45, 46–​47, 171, 183–​84, 203–​4, 212
Right of Passage over Indian Territory [1960] ICJ Rep 6 ������������ 73–​74, 104, 108–​9, 112, 154–​55
Seizure and Detention of Certain Documents (Timor-​Leste v Australia)
[2014] ICJ Rep 153���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 117–​18
South West Africa, Preliminary Objections[1962] ICJ Rep 319�������������������������������������������� 26–​27
South West Africa, Second Phase, Judgment [1966] ICJ Rep 6 ��������������������������������������� 112, 133,
173–​74, 203, 209, 226
Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces [2016-​I] ICJ Rep 19�������������������������������������������������� 42–​43
Temple of Preah Vihear (Interpretation) [2011] ICJ Rep 537���������������������������������������������������� 139
Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the
Caribbean Sea [2007] ICJ Rep 659 ������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 43–​44
Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v Colombia) [2012] ICJ Rep 624����������79–​80, 123–​25
Territorial Dispute (Burkina Faso/​Niger) [2013] ICJ Rep, paras 41–​59. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Territorial Dispute (Libyan Arab Jamahariya/​Chad) [1994] ICJ Rep 6���������������������������������������� 37
Trial of Pakistani Prisoners of War, Order of 15 December 1973 [1973] ICJ Rep 347���������� 49–​50
United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran, Judgment
[1980] ICJ Rep 3�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 76, 195–​96, 203–​4

PERMANENT COURT OF INTERNATIONAL JUSTICE


Diversion of Waters from the Meuse, PCIJ Series A/​B No 70 (1937)���������������������������������������� 125
Factory at Chorzów, PCIJ Series A, No 17 (1928)�������������������������������������������������������������� 116–​17
“Lotus”, PCIJ Series A, No 10 (1927) ���������������������������������� 16, 17, 18–​19, 125–​26, 128–​29, 212
Wimbledon case, PCIJ Series A, No 1 (1925) ���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 41

HUMAN RIGHTS COURTS


European Court of Human Rights
Al-​Jedda v United Kingdom, Application No 27021/​08, Judgment of 7 July 2011,
ECHR Reports (2011)������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 121–​22
Bellilos v Switzerland, ECHR (1988) Ser A No 132������������������������������������������ 33, 47, 48–​49, 198
Gradinger v Austria, ECHR (1995) Ser A No 328-​C������������������������������������������������������������������ 47
Loizidou v Turkey, ECHR (1995) Ser A No 130 ������������������������������������������������������������������ 108–​9
Pla and Puncenau v Andorra (Application No 69498/​01, 13 July 2004) ���������������������������������� 202

Inter-​American Court of Human Rights


Benjamin et al v Trinidad and Tobago, Ser C No 81 (1 September 2001)������������������������������������ 47
Constantine et v Trinidad and Tobago, Ser C No 82 (1 September 2001) ���������������������������������� 47

INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNALS


International Criminal Court
Prosecutor v Omar Hassan Ahmed Al-​Bashir, July 2017������������������������������������������������������ 135–​36
xvi

xvi Table of Cases


International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
Hadžihasanovic and Kabura, Case No IT-​01-​47-​T, 15 March 2006�������������������������������������� 65–​66
Prosecutor v Tadič, Decision on the Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on
Jurisdiction (2 October 1995) IT-​94-​1-​T������������������������������������������������������������ 186, 220–​22

Special Court for Sierra Leone


Charles Taylor, Appeals Chamber, Case No SCSL-​2003-​01-​I, Decision on Immunity
from Jurisdiction, 31 May 2004���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 135–​36

OTHER
US/​Iran Claims Tribunal
Harza et al v Islamic Republic of Iran, Award No. 232-​97-​2������������������������������������������������ 122–​23

Arbitral Tribunals
Abu Dhabi arbitration, 1951, 18 ILR 144���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 108–​9
Advisory Opinion of the Arbitral Tribunal constituted in virtue of the Compromise
signed at Rome on 30 June 1964 (USA/​Italy), RSA xvi 100������������������������������������������ 73–​74
Amco Asia Co v Indonesia, ICSID, Award para 267 ������������������������������������������������������������ 108–​9
Arbitration Commission on Yugoslavia, Opinion No 3 of 4 July 1992�������������������������������� 176–​77
Argentina/​Chile Boundary Dispute, 1966 UNRIAA xvi 109������������������������������������������������ 108–​9
Bulama Island arbitration, J. B. Moore, History and Digest of the International Arbitrations
to which the United States has been Party, together with appendices containing the
treaties relating to such arbitrations and historical and legal notes (Washington:
Government Printing Office, 1898)���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 120
Chaco case, UNRIAA iii 1819�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 120
Goldenberg & Sons v Germany, AD 4 (1927–​8), No 369���������������������������������������������������� 108–​9
Hormones case (WTO Report of the Appellate Body: Australia–​Measures Affecting
Importation of Salmon, 6 November 1998, WT/​DS18/​AB/​R) ������������������������������������ 5, 213
Mondev International Ltd v USA (ICSID Award, 11 Oct 2002)������������������������������������������ 85–​86
Rainbow Warrier (New Zealand v France), France–​New Zealand Arbitration Tribunal,
82 ILR 500 (1990)������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 153–​54
Sarropoulos v Bulgarian State, AD 4 (1923–​4), No 173�������������������������������������������������������� 108–​9
Texaco v Libya (1977) 53 ILR 422�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 102
US–​Stainless Steel (Mexico) Appellate Body Report, 30 April 2008������������������������������������������ 214

NATIONAL
Austria
Holubek v Government of the United States of America, Supreme Court of Austria,
Juristische Blätter (Wien), 84 (1962), 43; ILR, vol 40 p 73 ���������������������������������������������� 141

Belgium
Botelberghe v German State, 18 February 2000, Court of First Instance of Ghent�������������� 141–​42

Canada
Schreiber v Federal Republic of Germany [2002] Supreme Court of Canada,
Supreme Court Reports (SCR), vol 3, p269���������������������������������������������������������������������� 141
Table of Cases xvii
France
SOS Attentat and Castelnau d’Esnault v Qadaffi, Head of State of the State of Libya,
Court of Cassation, Criminal Chamber, 13 March, No 1414�������������������������������������� 140–​41

Greece
Margellos v Federal Republic of Germany, Case No 6/​2002, ILR, vol 129, p 529 �������������� 141–​42

Ireland
McElhinney v Williams, 15 December 1995, Irish Supreme Court, [1995] 3 Irish
Reports 382; ILR, vol 104, p 69���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 141–​42

Poland
Natoniewski v Federal Republic of Germany, Supreme Court, Polish YIL
(2010), xxx 299���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 141–​42

Slovenia
Constitutional Court, Case No Up-​13/​99, para 13 ������������������������������������������������������������ 141–​42

United Kingdom
Freedom and Justice Party and Ors [2018] WLR (D) 460���������������������������������������������������������� 64
R v Bow Street Metropolitan Stipendiary, ex parte Pinochet Ugarte (Amnesty
International Intervening) (No 3) [1999] UKHL 17; [2000] AC 147; [1999]
2 All ER 97 ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 140–​41

United States
Schooner Exchange v Mcfaddon, 11 US (7 Cranch) 116 (1812) ���������������������������������������������� 160
xvi
Table of Legislation
LAW-​M AKING INSTRUMENTS General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade, 55 UNTS 187, Art XXI����� 168–​69
Arab Charter on Human Rights, Geneva Convention on the Continental
22 May 2004������������������������������������� 205 Shelf (29 April 1958), 499
Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in UNTS 311������������������������ 13–​14, 44, 88,
Islam, 1990 ��������������������������������������� 205 149–​50, 157–​58, 163–​64
Chicago Convention on Civil Aviation Art 1 ����������������������������������������������������� 184
(7 December 1944) Doc 7300 Art 2 ����������������������������������������������������� 184
ICAO������������������������������������������������� 195 Art 3 ����������������������������������������������������� 184
Convention on the Elimination of all Art 6 ����������������������������������������� 75, 157–​58
Forms of Discrimination against Art 12 ��������������������������������������������� 183–​84
Women (8 December 1979) 1249 Geneva Conventions I, II, III and IV
UNTS 13��������������������������������������� 205–​6 of 1949 (75 UNTS 31, 85,
Convention on the Prevention and 135, 287)����������������������������� 39, 209, 210
Punishment of the Crime of Genocide Hague Convention of 1899 with Respect
(78 UNTS 277)�������� 39, 54–​55, 169–​70, to the Laws and Customs of War on
184–​85, 220–​21, 232–​33 Land, Preamble ��������������������������������� 210
Art III(1)(c)��������������������������������������������� 23 Hague Convention No IV of 1907
Art IX�������������������������������������������� 183, 202 respecting the Law and Customs
Convention on the Settlement of of War on Land ��������������������������� 115–​16
Investment Disputes between States Art 3 ����������������������������������������������� 150–​51
and Nationals of other States Additional Protocol I (1977),
(18 March 1965), 575 UNTS Art 1(2)����������������������������������� 212–​13
159, Art 25 ����������������������������������� 28–​29 Hague Convention No. VIII of 1907
Declaration by the Government of relative to the Laying of Automatic
Egypt on the Suez Canal and the Submarine Contact Mines������������� 208–​9
Arrangements for its Operation Hague Regulations of 1907 concerning
(24 April 1957) 265 UNTS 299���������� 59 the Laws and Customs of War on
Declaration by the King of Jordan Land, Art 42�������������������������������� 150–​51
(‘Address to the Nation’, 31 July 1988) Inter-​American Convention on Asylum
waiving claims to the West Bank (Havana, 1928) 22 AJIL 158������������� 130
Territories��������������������������������������������� 59 ICJ Practice Directions������������������������� 138–​39
Declaration on Principles of International ICJ Resolution concerning the Internal
Law Concerning Friendly Relations Judicial Practice of the Court������� 138–​39
and Cooperation among States ICJ Rules of Court
(GA Res. 2625 (XXV))����������������� 150–​51 Art 47 ��������������������������������������������������� 117
European Convention for the Protection Art 88 ����������������������������������������������������� 53
of Human Rights and Fundamental Art 89 ����������������������������������������������������� 53
Freedoms 213 UNTS 22, Art 19����� 48–​49 Interim Accord between Greece and the
European Convention on State Immunity Former Yugoslav Republic of
(16 May 1972), Council of Europe, Macedonia (13 September 1995)
ETS NO.74��������������������������������� 141–​42 1891 UNTS I-​32193��������������������� 44–​45
General Act for the Pacific Settlement of International Covenant on Civil and
International Disputes (26 September Political Rights
1928) 93 LNTS 343 ��������������������� 49–​50 Art 6 ����������������������������������������������� 154–​55
Another random document with
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Lady
Rosamond's book
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
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Title: Lady Rosamond's book


or, Dawnings of light

Author: Lucy Ellen Guernsey

Release date: December 15, 2023 [eBook #72426]

Language: English

Original publication: London: John F. Shaw and Co, 1903

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LADY


ROSAMOND'S BOOK ***
Transcriber's note: Unusual and inconsistent spelling is as
printed.

She climbed over the wall by the beehives.


The gardener had left his ladder close by.
The Stanton-Corbet Chronicles.

[Year 1529]

Lady Rosamond's Book;


OR,

DAWNINGS OF LIGHT.

BY

LUCY ELLEN GUERNSEY

AUTHOR OF
"LADY BETTY'S GOVERNESS;" "WINIFRED."

NEW EDITION.
LONDON:

JOHN F. SHAW & CO.

48 Paternoster Row, E.C.

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER

I. St. Swithin's Day, in the year of Grace, 1529.

II.

III. Feast of St. Agnes, April 20.

IV. Feast of St. Catherine, April 29.

V. Eve of St. John, May 5th.

VI. May 15th.

VII. St. John Baptist's Day, June 24.

VIII.

IX. July 14.


X. St. Mary Magdalene, July 21.

XI. August 1.

XII. August 2.

XIII. August 12, Feast of St. Clare.

XIV. August 14.

XV. August 25.

XVI. St. Michael's Eve, Sept. 28.

XVII. October 28.

XVIII. All Saints' Day, Nov. 2.

XIX. Nov. 4.

XX. Nov. 8th.

XXI. Corby End, April 20, 1530.

XXII. April 23.

XXIII.

XXIV. April 25, Sunday.

XXV. April 30.

XXVI. May 12.

XXVII. June 1.

XXVIII.

XXIX. June 20.


XXX. June 30.

XXXI. June 30.

XXXII. July 20, Tremador, in Cornwall.

XXXIII. July 30.

XXXIV. Aug. 3.

XXXV. Aug. 5.

XXXVI. Aug. 18.

XXXVII. Aug. 20.

XXXVIII. Aug. 30—the day after.

XXXIX. Coombe Ashton, Sept. 10.

XL. Sept. 12.

XLI. St. Ethelburga's Shrine, Sept. 30.

XLII. Tremador, All Saints' Day, Nov. 1.

XLIII. Stanton Court, May 12, 1590.

THE PREAMBLE.
Stanton Court, August 21.

I FOUND the original of this book (1710) in my father's


library. Remembering well, when I was a child, how my dear
and honored mother used to value it, and how she used
sometimes to read to us young ones little bits therefrom, I
was led to peruse it myself; and since that time I have
amused my leisure hours by making a fair copy of the
chronicle (for such it really is) as a present to my dear child
and charge, the Lady Lucy Stanton.

Amy Rosamond Stanton, spoken of at the end of the book,


was my grandmother, my father's mother. She was in many
respects a peculiar person, very beautiful and
accomplished, but uncommonly retiring and serious in her
tastes, given to study and solitary meditation, specially
after the death of her husband. My mother ever loved her
as an own mother, and we have still her portrait. It
represents a beautiful woman indeed, but so absolutely fair
and colorless as to seem almost unreal.

There is a tradition in the family that this wonderful fairness


is derived from a certain personage called "The Fair Dame
of Stanton," whom one of the Lords of Stanton married in
foreign parts. The story goes that this fair dame was one of
those strange creatures, neither quite spiritual nor yet
wholly human, a kind of Melusina or Tiphane Le Fee, and
that she vanished at last in some strange fashion, leaving
two children. The common people, and some who should be
above such notions, believe that the Fair Dame doth
sometimes return in the person of one of her descendants,
and that such a return always bodes woe to the family. But
this is all nonsense. So much is true that the lady came
from foreign parts, and that she was possessed of this
curious fair beauty, which now and then reappears in the
person of some descendant of hers, as in the case of my
grandame. She had some peculiarities of religious belief,
probably inherited from her Albigensian ancestors, and 'tis
certain that she possessed a copy of Holy Scripture as done
into English by Wickliffe. This book was found concealed in
the apartment known as the Fair Dame's bower, and is still
preserved in our library.

My mother also wrote a chronicle of her young days, which


is one of my most precious possessions. I would fain have
my Lucy do the same, but she is a true Stanton, and cares
little for books, being a born housewife. Her father has
married a second time, and has a son, so that Lucy is no
longer the sole hope of the race. She gets on well with her
stepmother, who is an amiable young lady, not so many
years her senior as I could wish, but still she loves best to
pass her time here with me, in this home of my youth,
which my Lord has most kindly fitted up and given me for
my life. I have a widowed daughter, who lives with me, and
plenty of grandchildren to visit me, so that I am never
lonely. But I meant not to write the history of my own life,
but only to give an account of this book.

DEBORAH CORBET.
LADY ROSAMOND'S BOOK.

Edmund Andrews, for sea fisshe . . . . . . . £0. ivs. xd.

John Earle, for spice. . . . . . . . . . . . ixs. ixd.

Thomas Smith, dried ling . . . . . . . . . . vs. iiiid.

Mistress Ashe, a webbe of white hollands . . xivs.

John Earle, spices, dates and almond . . . . £0. is. xd.

Mistress Ashe, needles, silk and thread. . . viiis.

Mistress Ashe, a webbe of fine diaper. . . . xls. ixd.

CHAPTER I.

I SUPPOSE I had better begin by telling how I came by this


book, though that is not the beginning either, but perhaps it
will do as well as any other to start from. Dear Mother says
I am to write a chronicle of my life, as it seems some ladies
of our family have done before me. So here I begin by first
putting the date:

St. Swithin's Day, in the year of Grace, 1529.

Dear Mother Superior was in the library this morning,


looking at the work I have been helping Sister Gertrude to
finish, of putting the books in order, and writing out a fair
list of them. Sister Gertrude cannot write on account of her
eyes, and she does not know Latin, and as I do, and can
write a fair hand, I was able to help her, which pleased us
both well.

[I do shrewdly suspect there was another hindrance more


vital than the dear Sister's eyes, but I would not have
hinted such a thing for the world. If she did not know
writing, she knew many another thing better worth
knowing.] *

Well, Mother Superior did commend our diligence, and gave


Sister Gertrude much praise, which she in turn transferred
to me, at which Sister Catherine, who must be on hand as
usual, exclaimed:

"What holy humility Sister Gertrude shows!"

"Nay, I thought not of humility, but only of justice, and


giving the child her due," answered Sister Gertrude.

"I fear 'twill be long before our dear young Rosamond


emulates your example," continued Sister Catherine, as if
Sister Gertrude had not spoken. "I fear her gifts are but a
snare to her in that respect. Dear Rosamond, remember
nothing was so dear to St. Frances as humility."
* The sentences in brackets were writ on the margin of
Lady Rosamond's book, but in transcribing I have put
them in the body of the work. Most of them seem to have
been added at a later date.—D. C.

"Sister Catherine, is not your charge in the wardrobe at this


hour?" asked Mother Superior (methought somewhat dryly).
Sister Catherine retired without a word, but I can't say she
looked very humble. If she were not a devoted religious, I
should say she looked ready to bite.

"You have made a good piece of work between you, my


children," said Mother; "and now we are in order, we must
keep in order. 'Tis not often that a lady's house possesses
so many books as ours, and we have, I fear, hardly prized
them as we ought. When Rosamond comes to be abbess,
she will make our poor house a seminary of learning."

"What have you got there, child?"

"'Tis a great book of blank paper, dear Mother," said I,


showing this book to her. "It has been begun as an
accompt, as I think, and then as a receipt, but it is mostly
empty."

"And you would like to fill it?" said Mother, smiling: "Well,
well, you have been a good maid, and deserve a reward.
You shall have the book, and write a chronicle of your life
therein, as did your great grandame of hers. You are a true
Corbet, and 'Corbys will have quills,' is an old saying of your
house."

I was well pleased, for I do love to write; but what can I say
about my own life, only the little things which happen every
day, and much the same to every one. To be sure, in the
lives of saints, as well as in the history books, I do love best
to read about the common things, even such as what they
ate, and how they slept, and so on. It seems to bring them
nearer to one. Not that I shall ever be a saint, I am sure.
Sister Catherine was right there. I should be more likely to
make a good housewife. Sometimes I fear I have no
vocation at all, though I have, as it were, grown up with a
veil on my face. Richard Stanton used to say I should never
make a nun.

Now I am going to begin my life. My name is Rosamond


Corbet, and I was born in Devonshire. My father is a
worshipful knight, Stephen Corbet by name, and my mother
Alice Stanton, a niece of my Lord Stanton, at the great
house. The Corbets are the elder family, having lived at
Fresh Water long before the Stantons, who only came in
with the Conqueror. The name used to be writ Corby, and
the common folk call it so to this day. The corby, or hooded
crow, is the cognizance of our house, and this bird,
commonly of evil omen, is said to be lucky to our race. 'Tis
not a nice bird, and I could wish we had an eagle or a falcon
to our crests; but after all they are alike birds of prey. They
say we are not Saxon, but British in descent, and that is
how we come by our black hair and eyes. The Stantons,
who should, methinks, be dark, are all fair.

I was the youngest of my family. My mother was a great


friend of the Lady Margaret Vernon, our dear Mother
Superior. It was thought at one time she had herself a
strong vocation, but she met with Sir Stephen, and there
was an end of that. So to make amends, I suppose, she
promised her second girl to this house, or her first, if she
had but one. So I, being the second maid, the lot fell on
me, and I have spent at least half my time here since I was
five years old. I like it well enough too, though I confess I
am now and then glad to get back home and run about the
woods' and sands, and play with the babes in the cottages.
I do love children, specially young children. I think my
vocation will be to teaching, or else to the pantry and
pastry-room. Once I told Sister Gertrude so, and she said it
reminded her of her younger brother, who when asked what
he would do when he was grown up, answered that he
would be a bishop, or else a fisherman, like old Will Lee.

Once I stayed at home six years. It was then I learned to


write and to construe Latin, from my brother's tutor, Master
Ellenwood. I was always a great pet of his, and when he
offered to teach me Latin, my father made no objection,
saying that a little learning would do me no harm, and
might sometime stand me in good stead.

That was a happy time. We three young ones and Dick


Stanton studied together all the morning, and played
together all the afternoon, save for the two hours or so of
needlework, and the like, which my mother exacted from us
girls. I may say without vanity that brother Henry and I
were the best scholars. Alice was passable, but poor Dick
was always in disgrace. In all the manly exercises, such as
riding the great horse, shooting with both long and cross-
bow, sword play, and so on, however, Dick was far beyond
any of the other lads. So he was in managing a horse, a
dog, or a hawk, and 'twas wonderful how all dumb
creatures loved him. Now he is a squire in France, with my
Lord his uncle, and I am here. I don't suppose I shall ever
see him again in this world.

My mother was alive then. She was a most notable lady,


always very still and quiet, but attending well to the ways of
her household, and keeping all in their places, not by any
assumption of greatness, but by the dignity and kindness of
her own manners. She was a most kind mother, but not so
fond as some, at least to me. It used to trouble me
sometimes, till one day, by chance, I found out the reason,
by overhearing some words spoken between her and an old
gentlewoman, a kinswoman of hers, who stayed some time
with her.

"Methinks Rosamond is no favorite," said my old lady. "And


yet 'tis a good, docile little maid, more to my mind than
Alice, with all her beauty."

"You are right, kinswoman," replied my mother; "but he


who has the keeping of another's treasure, if he be wise,
does not suffer himself to be overmuch looking upon or
handling, the same. Rosamond is not mine. She is given to
the Church, and I dare not give my mother's heart its way
with her, lest my natural affections should rise up against
my Lord's demands."

[I remember my own heart rather rose against this


doctrine, even then. It seemed to me that our Lord cared
for His own mother even on the cross. I knew that much,
though I had never seen the Scriptures at that time, and I
could not see why He should have given people natural
affections only to be trampled on. Now I know that St. Paul
places them who are without natural affection in no
flattering category.]

When I showed this that I have written to dear mother, she


said I must run my pen through what I wrote about Sister
Catherine.* She said we must concern ourselves with our
own faults and not with those of others. But somehow our
own faults and other people's will get mixed together.

* So she did, but not so that I could not read it, and I
judged best to write it out with the rest.—D. C.
CHAPTER II.

TO go on with my own life. One year ago my dear mother


died, leaving us young ones to comfort my father, who
sorely needed comfort, for he and mother were all in all to
each other. Alice, who is three years older than I am, was
betrothed to Sir John Fulton's eldest son, and by mother's
special desire the wedding was hastened that she might
have the pleasure of seeing, as she said, both her
daughters settled in life. I think she would have liked me to
make my profession also, though she would have grieved to
part with me, but both my father and our good parish priest
were against it, and even Mother Superior did not favor the
notion. They all said I was far too young to know mine own
mind, and that I ought not to take the irrevocable vows till I
was eighteen at the least. So mother gave way.
Her death followed my sister's marriage so quickly, that the
flowers I had gathered for her that day were not fairly
withered when I plucked rosemary and rue to lay on her
winding sheet. She passed sitting in her chair, and so
quickly, that there was no time for the last sacraments: for
we had not thought her in any imminent danger, though we
all knew she must die soon. My father has spent much
money in masses, and talks of building a chantry, with
endowment for a priest to sing for her soul. The thought of
my dear mother in purgatory ought to make me a saint, if
nothing else did.

Father clung to me very closely, and could hardly bear me


out of his sight after mother died, and yet he himself
hurried my return to this place. It seemed hard that I could
not stay and comfort him, Alice being away; but when I
hinted at it, he reproved me, even sternly.

"Child, child! Would you make matters worse than they are
now, by taking back what your mother gave? What is my
comfort for a few days or years? Go—go, and pray for your
mother's soul!"

What could I say but that I would go? Besides, it really is no


great hardship. I love this house, and the Sisters, and they
are all very good to me; even Sister Catherine means to be,
I am sure, only she is so very strict. She says we are a
shame to our order—we are Bernardines—and that if St.
Francis were to come to earth again, he would not own us.
Sister Catherine says the very fact of Amice and myself
being in the house, as we are not novices, nor yet regular
postulants, shows how far we have degenerated, and that it
is enough to bring down a judgment on us. She talks about
going to London and joining a house of Poor Clares, notable
for the extreme strictness of their rule. I wish she would, I
am sure.
I don't think myself that we are very strict—not nearly so
much so as St. Clare was when she was on earth. Still we
observe the canonical hours carefully, at least the nuns do,
for Mother will not let us young ones be called up at night—
and we do a great deal for the poor. Some half dozen
families in the village here are clothed and fed by our
community almost entirely. That same Roger Smith has help
all the time, and yet he will not bring us so much as an eel
without having the full price for it.

There are twenty professed nuns in this house, besides the


Superior, Margaret Vernon, the Sacristine, Mother Agnes,
Mother Gertrude, who has the principal charge of the
novices and of us young ones, and Sister Catherine, whose
charge is the wardrobe and linen-room and whose business
is everyones but her own. Then there are three novices,
Anne, Clara, and Frances, and Amice and myself, who for
fault of a better name, are called pupils.

Amice Crocker is an orphan girl, niece to Mother Gertrude,


and has no home but this. She is very devout, and seems to
have a real vocation. She is always reading lives of the
Saints, and trying to imitate their example, but her
imitations do not always work very well. For instance, the
other day Mother Gertrude sent her to the wardrobe to
bring down some garments which were wanted in a hurry
for a poor woman. She was gone fully half an hour, and at
the last I was sent to look for her. I found her coming down
very slowly; indeed she was pausing a minute or more on
every stair.

"Amice, what makes you so slow?" I exclaimed, rather


vexed. "Don't you know Mother is waiting?"

She did not answer me, but continued coming down a step
and stopping, till Mother Gertrude herself came to see what

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