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Full download A Grammar of the Ethics of John: Reading the Letters of John from an Ethical Perspective. Volume 2 Jan G. Van Der Watt file pdf all chapter on 2024
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Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen
zum Neuen Testament
Herausgeber / Editor
Jörg Frey (Zürich)
502
Jan G. van der Watt
Mohr Siebeck
Jan G. van der Watt, born 1952; emeritus professor of New Testament at Radboud Univer-
sity Nijmegen (the Netherlands) and the University of Pretoria (South Africa) and research
associate at the University of the Free State (South Africa).
orcid.org/0000-0003-1525-396X
This volume on the Letters of John is the second part of a research project on
the grammar of ethics of John, of which the first volume, A Grammar of the
Ethics of John: Reading John from an Ethical Perspective, Volume 1, dealing
with the Gospel, was published in 2019. The original intention was to publish
the material on both the Gospel and Letters in one volume, but for several
reasons it was not feasible. For practical reasons, for instance, the length of
such a volume, and theoretical reasons like the recent tendency to read the
Letters as independent documents, it made more sense to publish the material
on the Letters in a separate volume.
The same general exegetical methodology that was applied in reading the
Gospel is used in analysing the documents, that is a close reading of the text
within its literary, social, historical and religious situation. Obviously, the
difference in genre and situations is duly taken into account, which required
suggesting detailed scenarios for understanding the different Letters. As was
the case with the first volume and for the same reasons, some of the research
presented in Volume 2 has previously been published during the period of
research.1 However, this material is integrated into the general arguments
presented in this volume. The translations from Greek (NA 28) are my own.
In some cases the translations of ESV or NRSV are given where I concur
with the translation.
A challenge was to combine or connect the material in Volumes 1 and 2,
since the aim is that a prospective reader should be able to read either of the
two volumes independently of the other as stand-alone documents (i.e. not
needing consistent back-referencing to Volume 1 for understanding the argu-
ments in Volume 2), since it is presumed that some would only be interested
in the Gospel while others might be interested in the Letters alone.
Due to the overlaps and similarities between these documents, like the
concepts of love, truth, eternal life, the use of the cross, the Spirit, and so on,
overlaps in the material discussed in the two volumes are inevitable in order
to make sense of the discussions. Obviously it should not automatically be
assumed that overlapping concepts or words are identical in meaning. The
uses in particular instances are checked and considered on their own. Use of
cross references (mostly in the footnotes) aims at connecting the discussions
1
For the motivation, see the Preface of Volume 1.
VIII Preface
in the two volumes. The last section (Section 4) also deals with the simi-
larities and differences in order to illustrate both the connections and
differences between the ethical material of the Gospel and Letters.
Due to the spiral or cyclical Johannine style it was necessary to structure
the material under topics like God, Jesus, family relations, etc. as these issues
presented themselves. Because of John’s spiral-like working, he consistently
returns to topics during his arguments. Since the information about different
topics is therefore spread throughout the documents (in spiral-like repetition),
both a syntagmatic and a paradigmatic approach were necessary in order to
ensure a more comprehensive view of the concept or topic. The paradigmatic
overviews are often expressed in tables with accompanying discussions. The
aim was to present an overall and logical picture of how the different aspects
related to ethics are mutually linked and developed in the Letters.
I am grateful to the people who supported me while busy with this project.
I want to thank the Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung for financing several
research trips, as well as the University of the Free State, where I am a
research associate. I am grateful to my Alexander von Humboldt hosts in
Berlin (Prof. Cilliers Breytenbach) and Munich (Prof. David du Toit), as well
as to Prof. Matthias Konradt who hosted me in Heidelberg. Discussions with
Prof. Alan Culpepper on Johannine literature also proved to be very valuable,
and for this, he also deserves my gratitude. Not the least, I also want to thank
my wife Shireen who has patiently walked the long road with me, assisting
me in any way she could. I also want to express my gratitude to Nanette
Lötter for correcting my English.
Special thanks go to Prof. Jörg Frey and to Mohr Siebeck for publishing
the results of this project in WUNT.
Abbreviations ............................................................................................XIX
Introduction ............................................................................................... 1
1. Ethics of the Johannine Letters in Research .............................................. 1
1.1 Negative attitudes ............................................................................... 1
1.2 Interest in the ethics of the Letters ...................................................... 2
1.3 Possibe reasons for the limited interest in
the ethics of the Letters by scholars .................................................... 2
1.4 The aim of this volume ....................................................................... 3
2. The genre of the Letters ............................................................................ 4
2.1 Ancient conventions in letter writing and the Letters of John ............. 5
2.1.1 Ancient letters served as a substitute for physical presence ....... 5
2.1.2 Expected friendly tone and style of ancient letters .................... 6
2.1.3 Ancient letters somehow reflected the authentic character
of the author.............................................................................. 7
2.1.4 Letters are a versatile means of communication ........................ 7
2.1.5 The preferred style of ancient letters ......................................... 8
2.1.6 Letters or not? ........................................................................... 8
3. The relation between the Gospel and Letters of John ...............................10
Excursus: What came first, the Gospel or the Letters? .............................13
4. Do the Letters of John belong together? ...................................................15
5. Defining some key terms..........................................................................16
5.1 Ethics.................................................................................................16
5.2 Morals ...............................................................................................17
5.3 Ethos .................................................................................................17
6. The grammar of ethics: logical and coherent structuring ..........................18
X Table of Contents
Chapter 13: Comparison between the Letters and the Gospel ...367
13.1 Introduction .......................................................................................367
13.1.1 Different theories ....................................................................367
13.1.2 Approach ................................................................................368
13.1.3 Some preliminary remarks ......................................................370
13.2 Literary similarities in the Gospel and the Letters
related to the grammar of ethics .........................................................371
13.3 God the Father and Jesus the Son (similarities and differences) .........372
13.3.1 Similarities in theological thought structure
when it comes to the roles of the Father and the Son...............372
13.3.2 A shift in the roles of God the Father and Jesus the Son..........373
13.3.2.1 Love ...........................................................................373
13.3.2.2 Light...........................................................................377
13.3.2.3 Commandments ..........................................................378
13.3.2.4 Knowledge of God......................................................379
13.3.2.5 Truth and lie ...............................................................381
13.3.2.6 Strict dualism?............................................................383
13.3.3 The invisible God is made known ...........................................384
13.3.4 God the Father and Jesus the Son: distinction and overlap ......385
13.4 Ethics and the Spirit...........................................................................386
13.5 Ethics and salvation ...........................................................................387
13.5.1 People are spiritually dead, in darkness
and in need of salvation...........................................................387
13.5.2 Faith and ethical behaviour .....................................................388
13.5.3 The cross and ethical behaviour ..............................................389
13.5.4 Ethics and the family of God...................................................389
13.5.4.1 The family of God ......................................................389
13.5.4.2 Koinōnia and Immanenz (unity) ..................................392
13.5.4.3 Mimesis and reciprocity..............................................393
13.6 Ethics, ethos and tradition..................................................................394
13.6.1 Ethics and tradition .................................................................394
13.6.2 Ethics and ethos in everyday life .............................................396
13.6.3 Ethics and vilification .............................................................397
13.7 Sin, forgiveness, eschatology and judgment.......................................397
13.7.1 Sin ..........................................................................................397
13.7.2 Forgiveness .............................................................................398
13.7.3 Eschatology and judgment ......................................................399
Table of Contents XVII
Addenda
Addendum 1: Different ethical systems (grammars of ethics) ....................407
Addendum 2: Mimesis and reciprocity.......................................................409
Addendum 3: Concepts contextually networked with the term ‘love’.........419
Addendum 4: What was the background of the opponents?........................421
Addendum 5: Some expressions of unity in 1 John catalogued ..................425
Addendum 6: Paraenesis ............................................................................429
Addendum 7: Occurrences of the concept of truth in the Letters of John....435
Addendum 8: The ethical language of the Letters of John ..........................439
Addendum 9: The use of ‘us/we/I’, ‘you’, ‘they’
and third person ‘neutral’ .....................................................451
Bibliography...............................................................................................465
Index of Biblical Sources ...........................................................................479
Index of Non-Biblical Sources ...................................................................487
Index of Modern Authors ...........................................................................491
Abbreviations
Tributi e imposizioni
straordinarie.