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Robert Brinkmann
Editor

The Palgrave
Handbook of
Global
Sustainability
The Palgrave Handbook of Global
Sustainability
Robert Brinkmann
Editor

The Palgrave Handbook of

Global Sustainability

With 267 Figures and 128 Tables

Editor
Robert Brinkmann
Northern Illinois University
DeKalb, IL, USA

ISBN 978-3-031-01948-7 ISBN 978-3-031-01949-4 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-01949-4
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023
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Preface

Sustainability remains a contested term. Indeed, as some of the chapters of this

volume note, it can be a challenging term in academic literature because it is so
widely used and misused. However, as we face many environmental, social, and
economic problems because of the distinctly unsustainable times in which we live, it
remains a term that deserves contextualization. This book seeks to provide a degree
of definition around the concept of sustainability in order to create the structure of the
idea. While I have no doubt that we will be debating the meaning of sustainability for
decades to come, I hope that this book provides some framing of the term so we
collectively better understand significant themes.
This book has dozens of chapters, yet despite best efforts remains incomplete. For
example, there are several individuals I would have liked to have profiled, such as
Rachel Carson. However, it was surprisingly challenging to recruit authors for
particular chapters, and in some cases, authors were unable to meet deadlines due
to family or work obligations. This is totally understandable and I am sorry we were
not able to include their contributions. Nevertheless, this book serves as the largest
compendium of sustainability information ever published. For this alone, it would be
noteworthy in its scope. However, care was taken to recruit a range of senior and
emerging voices on sustainability from around the world. Thus, this volume pro-
vides a range of global thought on the topic. I am so grateful to all of the authors of
this book for their ideas and knowledge.
I think it is important to recognize that at the time of writing this, many areas of
the world were experiencing abnormally high summer temperatures. Wildfires have
broken out and there have been unprecedented floods in places like the Arabian
Peninsula and in eastern Kentucky in the United States. It seems that the pace of
climate change and its consequences is quickening. This book, then, serves as a way
for us to understand how the world sees sustainability at this important moment of
time. Are we doing enough? Have we failed future generations? Have we, as
sustainability experts, provided enough of a roadmap for moving forward into a
more sustainable future? Time will tell.
While each chapter stands alone, I believe that many of these chapters work well
together in groups for either teaching or expanding one’s knowledge base. For
example, the chapters that focus on travel and tourism provide a set of readings
that could serve as a foundation for better understanding this important sustainability

v
vi Preface

theme. Thus, as readers look to this book for information, I urge them to browse the
contents widely to find materials that may be useful in other classes or settings.
I think it is also important to recognize that the chapters in this book were written
during the global COVID pandemic. At this time, the world is currently facing a
brutal war in Ukraine and many areas of the world are experiencing significant
political turmoil. The environment is changing as sea levels rise and rain forests
disappear. As many authors have noted, we are in a time of great pessimism. I think
that the pandemic and many other world problems informed how many of these
chapters were written. As we begin to emerge from the pandemic, and as many
awake to the sustainability challenges we face, I hope that this book provides some
light and guidance for a generation left with the task of saving our planet.
A couple of years ago, I was in New York City and walked through the Manhattan
neighborhood of Greenwich Village. I ran into a group of activists in a public park
who were protesting the lack of US action on climate change. They were mainly
white academic types who were largely talking to an audience in the park who
clearly already bought into the need for climate change action. I kept thinking about
that moment as I put together this book. While I think we all need to do what we can
to advance a more sustainable world, there is a need for serious real action now that
changes the direction of key sustainability indicators. Those protesters were doing
what they felt they needed to do, but their protest had little real impact given that
New York City, particularly Greenwich Village, is a part of the world where there is
significant action and support for sustainability and climate action. I imagine that
some of these protesters went back to their comfortable middle class and upper
middle class lives (at least relative to the developing world) after the protest and did
not change themselves or their unsustainable behavior. Still the Amazon burned and
the seas got more acidic. This book highlights that there are a range of systems –
economic, environmental, and social – that make our world unsustainable. We need
to understand them in order to improve them. We need to change systems and
ourselves.
I don’t mean to overly criticize those Greenwich Village protesters. Indeed,
knowledge about the problems we face makes all of us want to protest, scream, or
otherwise erupt. We are all trying to figure out what to do as we face those
entrenched systems that keep us on an unsustainable trajectory. We have to face
the eco-grief head-on and continue to educate ourselves and others. We cannot just
protest at the converted. We need to take personal action to help transform our
families, our communities, our institutions, and our nations. This book provides a
base of knowledge that I hope helps us take the right steps forward toward action and
greater sustainable systems.

DeKalb, USA Robert Brinkmann

March 2023
Acknowledgments

I would like to thank the authors of individual chapters who contributed to this book.
In addition, I would like to thank my family who provided tremendous support –
especially Mario Gomez and Elis Vera de Gomez. I would also like to thank the
many students who provided editorial support over the last two years including Sai
Nikhil Medasani, Ryan Dobner, and Angela Patricia Bello Rodriguez. I would also
like to thank my assistant Renee Page and specialist Ellen Smith who kept me on
track. I would also like to thank the terrific editorial team at Palgrave including
Divya Rajakumar and Jacob Arun Raj. I would also like to thank Rachael Ballard
who helped me conceptualize this book and Ruth Lefevre who provided great
support along the way.

vii
Contents

Volume 1

Part I Introduction ....................................... 1

1 Defining Sustainability ................................. 3

Robert Brinkmann

Part II Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

2 Global Energy Use .................................... 25

Volkan Ş. Ediger
3 Oil and Natural Gas and Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Alban Echchelh
4 Coal and Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Sanne Akerboom
5 Nuclear Power and Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Aviel Verbruggen and Ben Wealer
6 Solar Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Anish Modi
7 Wind Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Yi Liu and Zhenzhong Zeng
8 Geothermal Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Rosalind Archer
9 Energy Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Miriam Aczel
10 Ocean Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
M. Luisa Martínez, Valeria Chávez, Víctor De la Cruz,
Octavio Pérez-Maqueo, Astrid Wojtarowski, and Rodolfo Silva

ix
x Contents

Part III Climate Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

11 The Science of Climate Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

Mukhtar Ahmed

12 The Evidence for Climate Change on Our Planet . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

Michael Osei Asibey and Patrick Brandful Cobbinah

13 Low-Carbon Technology and the Energy Grid .............. 239

Grazia Todeschini

14 Climate Change and the Spatial Concentration of Population . . . 255

David Castells-Quintana, Melanie Krause, and
Thomas K. J. McDermott

15 Climate Change Challenges in the Arctic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

Kamrul Hossain

16 The Evidence of Climate Change for Terrestrial Mammals . . . . . 285

Diane L. Saraiva and Melissa M. Grigione

17 Greenhouse Gas Management ........................... 309

Cevat Yaman

Part IV Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327

18 Global Water Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329

Hannes Müller Schmied, Martina Flörke, and Petra Döll

19 Water Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345

Meena Kapahi, Roopa Rani, Ritika Choudhary, and Nikita Thakkur

20 Water Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357

Sudhakar Madhav Rao and Nitish Venkateswarlu Mogili

21 Innovations in Water Management: Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381

Isaac Kwadwo Mpanga, David Sewordor Gaikpa, Eric Koomson,
and Harrison Kwame Dapaah

22 Innovations in Water Management: Systems Efficiency

and Energy Applications in the Water Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
Helena M. Ramos

23 Learning from the Past: What Cultural Heritage Can Teach

Us About Water Storage and Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
Carlos Hiroo Saito and Maria Manuela Morais
Contents xi

Part V Natural Resource Management ...................... 459

24 The State of the World’s Natural Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461

Gerry Nagtzaam and Ute Brady
25 Using Remote Sensing for Sustainable Forest Management
in Developing Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
W. D. K. V. Nandasena, Lars Brabyn, and Silvia Serrao-Neumann
26 The Pantanal: A Seasonal Neotropical Wetland Under
Threat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
Solange Kimie Ikeda-Castrillon, Ernandes Sobreira Oliveira-Junior,
Onelia Carmem Rossetto, Carlos Hiroo Saito, and Karl M. Wantzen
27 Ocean Ecosystem and Its Multidimensional Eco-functionality
and Significance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537
Susanta Kumar Chakraborty
28 Global Biodiversity: Trends and Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583
Gerry Nagtzaam and Ute Brady
29 Mining and Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605
Jóżef Dubiński and Aleksandra Koteras
30 Agriculture and Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631
Amer Ait Sidhoum and Maria Vrachioli
31 Local Food, Slow Food, and the Small Farm Movement . . . . . . . 655
Hiran Roy
32 Aquaculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679
Danielle Cantrell

Part VI Waste and Pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703

33 An Overview of Waste Management (Fly Ash): A Life Cycle

Analysis Approach to Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705
Aarti Singh
34 Sewage and Sewage Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719
Sonia Boudjabi, Nawal Ababsa, and Haroun Chenchouni
35 Municipal Waste and Its Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 747
Christia Meidiana, Sekito Tomoo, and Aris Subagiyo
36 Medical Waste and Its Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761
Lynda Andeobu
37 On the Sustainability of Graveyards in Urban Milieus ........ 791
Zaheer Allam
xii Contents

38 Plastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 807
Tony R. Walker and Eamonn McGuinty
39 Radioactive Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819
Céline Kermisch
40 Air Pollution and Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829
Wilma Subra
41 Water Pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 853
Linda Schweitzer
42 Nutrient Pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 873
Gabrielle Rabelo Quadra and Emília Marques Brovini

Part VII Sustainability and Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 895

43 Defining the Social Equity Issues in Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . 897

Florianna Lendai Michael and Shanti Faridah Salleh

Volume 2

Part VIII Sustainability in the Developing World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 909

44 The State of Sustainability in Developing Countries .......... 911

Karpagam Dhandapani and Hrishikesh Venkataraman
45 “Business and Human Rights” and the United Nations
Sustainable Development Goals: Complementary or
Conflicting Agendas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 939
Jordi Vives Gabriel and Florian Wettstein
46 The Global South and Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 955
Innocent Chirisa and Zebediah Muneta
47 Islands and Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 969
John Connell
48 Building More Sustainable and Resilient Urban Energy
Infrastructures in Southern Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 985
Innocent Chirisa and Gift Mhlanga

Part IX Environmental Justice and Racism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1005

49 Background on Environmental Justice and Racism . . . . . . . . . . . 1007

Alice Kaswan
50 Social Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1027
Sean McCandless
Contents xiii

51 Indigenous Sustainable Development: Shaping Our Future . . . . 1041

Deborah McGregor
52 Negotiated Gender Subjectivity of Muslim Women and
Sustainability in Pakistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1055
Musarat Yasmin and Muhammad Safdar
53 Environmental Racism and Environmental Justice in
North America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1073
Etsuko Kinefuchi
54 Environmental Justice in Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1093
Attila Antal
55 Environmental Justice in Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1107
Khohchahar E. Chuluu
56 Environmental Justice in Latin America and the Caribbean . . . . 1121
Belén Olmos Giupponi
57 Stakeholder Engagement for Sustainable Communities . . . . . . . . 1143
E. Christian Wells, Gabrielle R. Lehigh, and Abby M. Vidmar

Part X Education and Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1157

58 Environmental Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1159

Sally McPhee
59 Children and Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1181
Ria Dunkley
60 K-8 Sustainability Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1197
Allison Antink-Meyer
61 Sustainability Curriculum in Secondary Education:
Two Case Studies Assess Progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1213
Stephanie Fattizzi and Melissa M. Grigione
62 Sustainability Education: A Review Toward Developing
Higher Education for Sustainable Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1225
Randa El Bedawy
63 Sustainability at Universities and Colleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1237
Leslie North and Catherine Walters

Part XI International Benchmarking and National

Sustainability Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1253

64 The Sustainable Development Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1255

Marzia Traverso and Rose Nangah Mankaa
xiv Contents

65 International Organization for Standards ISO 26000 . . . . . . . . . 1279

Matjaž Mulej and Anita Hrast
66 Human Development Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1303
Simona Šarotar Žižek, Matjaž Mulej, and Nomi Hrast
67 National Sustainability Planning: Australian National
Strategy for Ecologically Sustainable Development . . . . . . . . . . . 1319
Michael Howes
68 National Sustainability Planning in Malaysia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1331
Florianna Lendai Michael and Shanti Faridah Salleh
69 National Sustainability Planning: China’s Experiences and
Lessons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1351
Jingyuan Xu and XiaoHu Wang

Part XII Urban and Regional Planning and Sustainability . . . . . . . 1371

70 Background on Urban and Regional Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1373

Constance Carr
71 Urban Approaches to Sustainability: Transportation . . . . . . . . . 1387
Michelle Oswald Beiler
72 Urban Approaches to Sustainability: Transportation and
Walkability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1399
Adriane Hoff
73 Urban Approaches to Sustainability: Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1411
Leticia Canal Vieira
74 Urban Approaches to Sustainability: Zoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1429
Thomas Skuzinski
75 Urban Approaches to Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1439
Jenni Cauvain
76 Resiliency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1451
Mathilde Tomine Eriksdatter Giske and Rómulo Pinheiro
77 Green Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1465
Dat Tien Doan, Binashi Kumarasiri, and Ali GhaffarianHoseini
78 Green Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1479
Ian Mell
79 Regional Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1499
Eva Purkarthofer
80 Tiny Homes, Co-housing, and Community Land Trusts . . . . . . . 1511
Elizabeth Strom
Contents xv

81 Proximity-Based Planning and the “15-Minute City”:

A Sustainable Model for the City of the Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1523
Zaheer Allam, Carlos Moreno, Didier Chabaud, and Florent Pratlong
82 Individual Carbon and Environmental Footprints . . . . . . . . . . . . 1543
Miriam Aczel
83 Low-Consumption Lifestyles and Well-Being . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1571
Kasey Lloyd
84 Intentional Communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1585
Paula Escribano

Part XIII Economics and Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1597

85 Introduction to Economics and Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1599

Éloi Laurent

Part XIV Business and Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1609

86 Sustainable Business Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1611

Juan Castañeda-Ayarza
87 The Circular Economy and Planned Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . 1629
David Gibbs
88 Supply Chain Management and Procurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1647
Andrea Caccialanza
89 Green Fashion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1665
Luis Almeida
90 Green Investing and Financial Services: ESG Investing for a
Sustainable World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1683
Artie Ng
91 Green Information and Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1695
Quang N. Nguyen
92 Just-in-Time Production and Eco-efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1717
Francisco Moreira
93 Zero-Emission Delivery for Logistics and Transportation . . . . . . 1729
Janfizza Bukhari, Abhishek G. Somanagoudar, Luyang Hou,
Omar Herrera, and Walter Mérida
94 Greenwashing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1751
Riccardo Torelli
95 Business Ethics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1763
John Nkeobuna Nnah Ugoani
xvi Contents

Volume 3

Part XV Economic Development and Sustainability ........... 1783

96 Background on Economic Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1785

Aaron Deslatte
97 The Meaning of Place and Space in Research & Development
for Sustainability: A Case Study of Special Economic Zones in
Zimbabwe, Post-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1799
Tafadzwa Mutambisi, Percy Toriro, and Innocent Chirisa
98 Economic Development and Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1815
Jacob Dahl Rendtorff
99 Green Entrepreneurship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1835
Ada Domańska
100 Global Sustainability in the Presence of Green Technology
Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1851
Festus Fatai Adedoyin
101 Green Economic Incentives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1863
Razvan Hoinaru
102 Microcredit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1881
Elisabete Gomes Santana Félix

Part XVI Regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1897

103 A Proposal for the Crypto-Funding of Climate Change

Mitigation and Conservation Efforts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1899
Zaheer Allam, Can Biyik, and Yusra Raisah Takun
104 Introduction to Environmental Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1913
Jason M. Walter
105 The EPA and Its Regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1925
Aaron A. Elrod
106 Environmental Regulation in Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1945
Haeyeon Yoon
107 Environmental Injustice and Disposal of Hazardous Waste
in Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1957
Workineh Kelbessa
108 Protecting Water and Wetlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1977
Josephine Gillespie
Contents xvii

Part XVII Culture, Travel, Tourism, and Recreation and

Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1991

109 Culture and Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1993

John Clammer
110 Ecotourism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007
Valeriya Shapoval
111 Green Conventions and Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2025
Hung-Che Wu
112 Green Restaurants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2043
Dayanne da Costa Maynard, Renata Puppin Zandonadi, and
Raquel Braz Assunção Botelho
113 Cruise Ships and Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2067
Daniela Buzova
114 Sport Ecology and the Environmental Sport Movement . . . . . . . 2079
Brian P. McCullough and Jessica R. Murfree
115 Green Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2091
Rizanna Rosemary

Part XVIII Consumerism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2117

116 Impacts of Consumption and the Role of Business . . . . . . . . . . . . 2119

N. Bocken, L. Niessen, and A. Tukker
117 Critical Reflection on Discourses of Sustainable Development . . . 2137
Talia Stough

Part XIX Tools in Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2153

118 A Right to an Age-Friendly Environment with a Focus on

the Rural Nordic Arctic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2155
Shahnaj Begum and Kamrul Hossain
119 Community Engagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2169
Christopher V. Hawkins

Part XX Human History and Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2179

120 History of the Environmental Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2181

László Erdös
121 Prehistoric Human Development and Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . 2195
Bastiaan van Dalen and Patrick Roberts
xviii Contents

122 The Archaeology of Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2235

Lynne Goldstein
123 Sustainability in the Neolithic and the Bronze Age Through
the Lens of Archaeobotany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2249
Anna Maria Mercuri, Assunta Florenzano, and Eleonora Clò
124 Sustainability and the Industrial Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2263
C. M. Vivek, P. Ramkumar, and P. K. Srividhya

Part XXI Great Figures of the Sustainability Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2273

125 Carl Sauer’s Contributions to Historical Geography and

Human Ecology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2275
Emilie J. Raymer
126 Henry David Thoreau and Modern Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . 2283
Jake A. McGinnis
127 Marjory Stoneman Douglas and an Everglades
Environmentalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2291
Laura Smith
128 Gro Harlem Brundtland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2305
Anneke Ribberink
129 Michael Mann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2325
Joanne Muller, Charles Paxton, Jennifer Collins, and Yi-Jie Zhu
130 Al Gore: Unpacking the Inconvenient Truths of Gore’s
Celebrity Activism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2341
P. David Marshall, Glenn D’Cruz, and Sharyn McDonald
131 Speculating Sustainability: Framing Octavia E. Butler’s
Science Fiction Writing Within Sustainability Issues . . . . . . . . . . 2361
Lisa-Marie Pierre
132 Bill McKibben’s Contributions to Organizing, Activism, and
Environmental Thought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2369
Nicholas A. Poggioli
133 Francia Márquez’s Soul Mining: Recovering Ecology in
Afro-Indigenous Activism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2379
Ellen W. Gorsevski
134 Vandana Shiva: Biodiversity Campaigner of the
Global South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2391
Manisha Rao
135 Jan Gehl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2397
Charles Musselwhite
Contents xix

136 Wangari Maathai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2407

Etsuko Kinefuchi
137 Paul Watson of the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society from
Activist to Iconoclast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2417
Gerry Nagtzaam
138 Jane Goodall’s Work for Animals, Nature, and the Human
Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2429
László Erdös
139 Dr. Robert D. Bullard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2441
Michael W. Murphy
140 Edward Abbey’s Misanthropic Vision of Sustainability . . . . . . . . 2447
Alexander Menrisky
141 Ray Anderson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2459
Jerry A. Carbo
142 Agnes Denes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2475
Clarissa Chevalier
143 Greta Thunberg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2491
Emily D. Ryalls and Sharon R. Mazzarella

Part XXII International Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2501

144 Contribution of United Nations in Fostering Global

Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2503
Atul Alexander
145 The Emergence of Greenpeace as a Global Eco-Advocate . . . . . . 2511
Meredian Alam
146 Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2525
James J. A. Blair
147 Good, Fair and Clean Food for All . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2533
Michele F. Fontefrancesco

Part XXIII National, Regional, or Local Organizations . . . . . . . . . . 2543

148 Passive House Institute and US Green Building Council . . . . . . . 2545

Alejandro Moreno-Rangel
149 Philanthropic Organisations and the Global Circulation
of Urban Resilience Practices – The Case of 100 Resilient
Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2557
Alessandro Coppola and Wolfgang Haupt
xx Contents

150 Entrenching Nature-Oriented Sustainability in Africa: Lessons

for Today and the Future from the Green Belt Movement of
Wangari Maathai of Kenya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2575
Christine Chivandire and Innocent Chirisa
151 The Uniqueness of National Park Attributes as the Tourism
Competitive Advantage: A Perspective from the Indonesia
National Parks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2587
Bhayu Rhama
152 World Heritage Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2597
Thomas E. Jones
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2609
About the Editor

Robert Brinkmann is the Dean of the College of

Liberal Arts and Sciences at Northern Illinois Univer-
sity. He is also a Professor of Earth, Atmosphere, and
Environment. He was born in 1961 in rural Wisconsin
and was greatly influenced by his experiences growing
up in a quaint, small-town environment. As a child he
spent many hours in nature hiking, fishing, and canoe-
ing, especially in the wilderness of northern Wisconsin.
In 1979, he entered the Geology program at the Univer-
sity of Wisconsin at Oshkosh. There, he earned a Bach-
elor of Science with a focus on lithology, mineralogy,
and field geology. During this period, he traveled
throughout North America and participated in a geology
field school in the Yukon. His first publication, on the
formation of the Berlin Rhyolite, was published in 1982.
After graduation, Brinkmann attended the University
of Wisconsin-Milwaukee where he earned an MS in
Geology in 1986 and a PhD in Geography in 1989.
During this period, he worked in diamond exploration,
ice crystallography, and soil chemistry. It was while
conducting fieldwork in diamond exploration that
Brinkmann began to be influenced by sustainability
issues. He found the surface of the world so altered,
that it was difficult to obtain undisturbed samples for
detailed analysis. He started to take courses with the late
Forest Stearns, one of the first ecologists to call for
research on urban ecosystems, and the late Robert
Eidt, a soil scientist noted for his definition and inter-
pretation of anthrosols, or humanly modified soils.
Brinkmann began to study a number of topics including
heavy metal geochemistry of garden soils in cities,
pre-Islamic agricultural soils in the Arabian Peninsula,
and soil and sediment erosion in mountainous regions.
Brinkmann also took courses with cave and karst expert,
xxi
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