Unit

studvin
thie Unit. vou will be Solutong
abeto formation of different
describethhe Aimost all prooessesin helu
(Vpeso soutions ortr in sotme irir1cl of lttrl
ntirio
concentration of solution
eNpress
in different units In normal life we rarely
come across pure
slafe and explain Henry's law and Most of these are mixtures
containing substances
two or more ptire
Raoult's law: substances. Their utility or
distinguish between ideal and 0n their composition. For importance life depends
in
non idealsolutions: brass (mixture of copper and example. the properties of
zinc) are quite
explain deviations of real solutions from thOse of German silver (mixture different
of copper. zinc
from Raoult
's lav: and nickel) or bronze (nixture of copper and tin):
describe colligative properties of l part per million (ppm) of fluoride ions in water
solutions and correlate these
with prevents tooth decay. while 1.5
the solutes: Ppm causes the tooth
molar masses of to become mottled and high
concentrations of fluoride
Cxplain abnormal colligative ions can be poisonous (for example,
properties exhibited by some used in rat sodium fluoride is
solutes in solutions, poison); intravenous injections are always
dissolved in water containing salts at
concentrations that match with particular ionic
blood plasma
concentrations and so on.
In this Unit, we will
solutions and their formation.consider mostly liquid
This will be followed by
studying the properties of the solutions, like vapour
pressure and colligative properties. We will begin with
types of solutions and then various
which concentrations of a solute can bealternatives
in
liquid solution. expressed in

L! Iypes of Solutions are homogeneous mixtures of two or more than two

Solutions components. By homogenous mixture we mean that its composition
and properties are uniform throughout the mixture. Generally. the
component that is present in the largest quantity is known as solvent.
Solvent determines the physical state in which solution exists. One or
more components present in the solution other than solvent are called
solutes. In this Unit we shall consider only binary solutions (i.e.
emistry

Expressing 1.2
Solutions
Solid
Solutions of
Concentration Solutions
Liquid
Soutions
Gaseus
Solution
yPe or

(i)
Volume percentage
Volume percentage of thesolute).
For
resulting mass, For () solution.
the
oflot
solution or or
concentration.
Composition
Mass
solutionMass There
example, of it
quantitatively.
example, Mass solution confusion SolidLiquid Gas
percentage
% it % is SolidLiquid Gas liquid
solid,
consisting
of means percentage are But SolidLiqutd Gas
Solute,i8olvent
in of is concentrated is
a of is Total of defined several
component commercial sodium
commonly a
if the
a
quantitatively. indilute Types
Table
1.1:
100 that component of
(V/V); a and real The
solution mass
component a Solid or of
g (w/w):
as:
ways (i.e., Forsolution Solid Solid
Liquid Liquid Liquid components).
gaseousInHere two
hypochlorite solution. 10 thus life latter Gas Gas Gas
The used g of by example.
The which relatively(i.
= bleaching
volume of is the ththese
e e.. can
Volume described
glucose
Total
Concentration in solution in mass relatively
needkinds
can Copper
Amalgam Solution GlucoseEthanolOxygen Camphor Solutlons of state
industrial the we qualitatively be
be Chloroform Mixture
percentage solution
volume in solution percentage can for
very
expressed Ixamples
Common
of water. is described dissolved and
dissolved by of of of dissolved dissolved
dissolved
the describe a small in of
chemical 10% description very
quantitative hydrogen
mercury are
component of x nitrogen mixedoxygen
contains 100 we summarised
Tab \n cach
solution is described glucose of quantity
large either in
in in
defined a the by gold in
in
component can with in water water water with and componentmny
applications. 90 concentration expressing gas
quantity say palladium nltrogen
ases
3.62 g in description can qualitatively sodium nltrogen
x100 as: bywater
of of
mass masswater add solute) that
(1.2) (1.1)
by of
a to of the its