tv) Molality Molality (rrg in defired an rnber

perkilgtrarn (k) of the orert srdthein f meles f the shste

Molality (m) Moles of sotute

expresne as
(1 9)
Mass of sotvent in kg
For
I molexarnple. 1.00 mol kg' (or 1.00 m) sotuticr of KCi means that
(74.5 g of KCI ia disnotved in 1kg
Each mnethod of of water
oWn merits and expressing concentration of the soutions has its
are independent of dernerits. Mass %. ppprn. mole fraction and nolality
temperature. ternperature
This is whereas molarity is a fuTiC
and the mass does because volume denends on ternperature
not.
Calculate molality of 2.5 gof ethanoic acid (CH,COOH) in 75 gof benzene. Cxample 3

mass of C,H,0, 12 2 + 1 4 + 16 2 = 60 g mor

Molar Salalsos
= 2.5 g
MolesofC,H,0, 60g mol!
= 0.0417 mol

Mass of benzene in kg = 75 g/1000 g kg =75 x 10 kg

Moles of C,H,0, 0.0417 molx 1000 g kg
MolalityofCH,0, = kg of benzene 75 g
= 0.556 mol kg

Intext Qestions
1.1 Calculate the mass percentage of benzene (C&He and carbon
tetrachloride (Ccl) if 22 g of benzene is dissolved in 122 g of
carbon tetrachloride.
,2 Calculate the mole fraction of benzene in solution containing 30%
by mass in carbon tetrachloride.
,a Calculate the molarity of each of the following solutions: (a) 30 g of
CoNOJ2. 6H,0 in 4.3 L of solution (b) 30 mL of 0.5 MH,So, diluted to
500 mL.
14 Calculate the mass of urea (NH,CONH) required in making 2.5 kg of
0.25 molal aqueous solution.
L.5 Calculate (a) molality (b) molarity and (c) mole fraction of KI if the density
of 20% (mass/mass) aqueous KI is 1.202 g mL.
dissolved
3Solability Solubility of a substance is its maximumn amount that can be
temperature. It depends
in aspecified amount of solvent at a specifiedwell as temperature and
upon the nature of solute and solvent asfactors in solution of a solid
these
pressure. Let us consider the effect of
or a gas in aliquid.
Solutions
 Solubility of Every solid does not dissolve in a given liquld While
a Solid in a And sugar dissolve readily in water, naphthalene and
sdissolodhivem re
It is anthrAte
Liquid not. Onthe other hand, naphthalene arnd anthracene
benzene but sodium chloride and sugar do not.

sWeaoloolbusvteentervsed In I
polar solutes dissolve in polar solvents and non polar
polar solvents. In general. a solute dissolves in a
intermolecular interactions are similar in the two or
dissolves like.
When a solid solute is added to the solvent,
may
and its concentration increases in solution. Some solute di
This process
dissolution. Some solute particles in solution collide with is
particles and get separated out of solution. This the solid
crystallisation. Astage is reached when the two process is s
same rate. Under such conditions, number of processes
occur kno
into solution will be equal
astate of dynamic
to the solute particles solute particles
equilibrium is reached.
Solute + Solvent Solution
separating
out
At this stage the
constant under the given concentration of solute in solution
Similar process is followed conditions,
Such a solution when gases
i.e.,
are andwilDrese
temperature rerna
in which no more
solute dissolved in liquid
temperature
unsaturated
and pressure is
called
the same solution one in which more solute
is
can
a
be
solvenita
dissolved at the s
saturated solution
with temperature.
undissolved The can be
solution which is in dynamic dissolved.
solute is the
maximum
Thus, the amount solute
of saturated equilibriu
solution and contains the
dissolved in
Earlier concentration of solute in a givern
we have such a solutionamount of solvent
another depends on theobserved that is its
solubility
two other nature of thesolubility one
of
variables, substance int
i.e., substances. In addition to these
control this phenomenon.
Effect of temperature
parameters, temperature and pressure alsc
The solubility of a
changes. solid in a liquid is
Consider
being dynamic the equilibrium significantly
general, if in a nearly must follow Le affected
by
equilibrium, represent ed by temperature
equation 1.10.This,
endot hermi
temperature c (Asol H> 0),saturated Chateliers
solution, the
and if it is the solubility dissolution Principle. In
decrease. These trends are also (Asashould
exothermic increase process
with
is
Effect of pressure H<0) the rise in
observed solubility should
Pressure
liquids. does not
It is so have any
sigrificant
experim enta l y .
pf
and
practically because solids and effect on
solubility of solids in
remain unaffected byliquids are highly
Many
the
gases dissolve in
in water. It is this water. O:xygen
other hand, dissolved oxysgen which
changes in pressure.
dissolves
incompressible
only to a small
Solubility of gaseshydrogen
in chlorideis gas (HCI)sustains
is all
aquatic
liquids greatly highly soluble in water.On
extent
life.
affected by pressure and