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Strategy in the Contemporary World
New to this edition
SIXTH EDITION
Edited by
John Baylis,
James J. Wirtz,
Colin S. Gray
1
1
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP,
United Kingdom
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship,
and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of
Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries
© Oxford University Press 2019
The moral rights of the authors have been asserted
Third edition 2010
Fourth edition 2013
Fifth edition 2016
Impression: 1
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the
prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted
by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics
rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the
above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the
address above
You must not circulate this work in any other form
and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer
Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press
198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Data available
Library of Congress Control Number: 2018949229
ISBN 978–0–19–253689–1
Printed in Great Britain by
Bell & Bain Ltd., Glasgow
Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and
for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials
contained in any third party website referenced in this work.
This book is dedicated to the grandchildren of John Baylis—
Leo, Connie-Jo, and Olly—in the hope that they will live in a
more peaceful world
Brief Contents
Acknowledgements xv
List of Contributors xvi
Guided Tour of Textbook Features xx
Guided Tour of the Online Resources xxii
4 Strategic Theory 56
Thomas G. Mahnken
6 Strategic Culture 89
Jeffrey S. Lantis and Darryl Howlett
12 The Second Nuclear Age: Nuclear Weapons in the Twenty-First Century 202
C. Dale Walton
Bibliography 421
Index 439
Detailed Contents
Acknowledgements xv
List of Contributors xvi
Guided Tour of Textbook Features xx
Guided Tour of the Online Resources xxii
4 Strategic Theory 56
Thomas G. Mahnken
Introduction 56
The Logic of Strategy 57
Clausewitz’s On War 61
Sun Tzu and Mao 66
Conclusion 69
6 Strategic Culture 89
Jeffrey S. Lantis and Darryl Howlett
Introduction 89
Thinking about Culture and Strategy 90
Sources of Strategic Culture 93
Constructivism and Strategic Culture 96
Continuing Issues: Change or Continuity? 98
Delineating Non-State, State, and Multistate Strategic Cultures 101
Strategic Culture and Weapons of Mass Destruction 103
Conclusion 105
12 The Second Nuclear Age: Nuclear Weapons in the Twenty-First Century 202
C. Dale Walton
Introduction 202
The First Nuclear Age 204
Risks in the Second Nuclear Age 206
xii Detailed Contents
Bibliography 421
Index 439
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Sarah Iles and Emily Spicer of Oxford University Press for their advice
and support with the sixth edition of our text. We benefited greatly from their very efficient
analysis of a wide range of reviewers’ comments on the previous edition of the book. These
comments, as with previous editions, have proved invaluable to us in improving the text and
adding new chapters. We also owe a great debt to Danielle Cohen of Lake Forest College. Her
great efficiency, eye for detail, and hard work during the production of the book have been of
considerable assistance to the editors.
Amitav Acharya is the UNESCO Chair in Transnational Challenges and Governance and Distin-
guished Professor of International Relations at American University. He is the author of Whose
Ideas Matter? (Cornell, 2009); The Making of Southeast Asia (Cornell, 2013); Rethinking Power,
Institutions and Ideas in World Politics (Routledge, 2013), and The End of American World Order
(Polity, 2014; Oxford, 2015).
John Baylis is Emeritus Professor of Politics and International Relations and a former Pro-Vice
Chancellor at Swansea University. Prior to that he was Professor of International Politics and
Dean of Social Sciences at Aberystwyth University. He has published more than 20 books
and over a hundred chapters and articles. His books include Anglo-American Defence Rela-
tions 1939–1984 (Macmillan, 1984); Anglo-American Relations since 1939: The Enduring Alliance
(Manchester University Press, 1997); Alternative Nuclear Futures: The Role of Nuclear Weapons
in the Post-Cold War World, with Robert O’Neill (Oxford University Press, 2000); The Makers of
Nuclear Strategy, with John Garnett (Pinter, 1991); The Globalization of World Politics, with Steve
Smith and Patricia Owens (7th edn, Oxford University Press, 2016); An Introduction to Global
Politics, with Steven Lamy, Steve Smith, and Patricia Owens (4th edn, Oxford University Press,
2016); and The British Nuclear Experience: The Role of Beliefs, Culture and Identity, with Kristan
Stoddart (Oxford University Press, 2015). He has a BA, MSc (Econ), PhD, and DLitt from Swansea
and Aberystwyth Universities.
Eliot A. Cohen is Robert E. Osgood Professor of Strategic Studies at Johns Hopkins University’s
School of Advanced International Studies. His books include Supreme Command: Soldiers, States-
men, and Leadership in Wartime (Simon & Schuster, 2002); Conquered into Liberty: Two Centuries
of Battles Along the Great Warpath that Made the American Way of War (Free Press, 2011); and,
most recently, The Big Stick: The Limits of Soft Power and the Necessity of Military Force (Basic
Books, 2017). From 2007 to 2009 he served as Counselor of the Department of State.
John Ferris is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, and a Professor of History at the University
of Calgary. He is an Honorary Professor at The Department of International Politics, The Univer-
sity of Aberyswyth, and The Department of Law and Politics at Brunel University, and an Associ-
ate Member of Nuffield College, Oxford. He publishes widely in military, international, strategic,
and intelligence history, and strategic studies. He is the authorized historian of The Government
Communications Headquarters, and his history of GCHQ will be published in 2019, the cente-
nary of that institution.
Sir Lawrence Freedman is Emeritus Professor of War Studies at King’s College London, where he
has taught since 1982, and served as Vice-Principal. Elected a Fellow of the British Academy in
1995 and awarded the CBE in 1996, he was appointed Official Historian of the Falklands Cam-
paign in 1997. He was awarded the KCMG in 2003. In June 2009 he was appointed to serve as
a member of the official inquiry into Britain and the 2003 Iraq War. Professor Freedman has
written extensively on nuclear strategy and the cold war, as well as commentating regularly
on contemporary security issues. His most recent books are Strategy: A History (2013) and The
Future of War: A History (2017).
The late John Garnett was Woodrow Wilson Professor of International Politics at the University
of Wales, Aberystwyth, and, until his retirement, Chairman of the Centre for Defence Studies at
King’s College London. He was educated at the London School of Economics where he received
a first-class honours degree and master’s in international relations. He was the author of nu-
merous books on international relations and strategic studies, including Contemporary Strategy
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS xvii
(Croom Helm, 1975) with John Baylis, Ken Booth, and Phil Williams; and Makers of Nuclear
Strategy (Pinter, 1991) with John Baylis.
Roger Z. George has been Professor of National Security Practice at Occidental College and for-
merly taught strategy at the National War College. He was a career CIA intelligence analyst who
served at the State and Defense departments and has been the National Intelligence Officer for
Europe. He is co-editor (with James B. Bruce) of Analyzing Intelligence: Origins, Obstacles, and
Innovations (2nd edn, 2014) and co-editor (with Harvey Rishikof) of The National Security Enter-
prise: Navigating The Labyrinth (2017).
Colin S. Gray is Emeritus Professor of Strategic Studies at the University of Reading. He has ad-
vised the American and British governments for many years. Among his books are a trilogy on
strategy with Oxford University Press: The Strategy Bridge: Theory for Practice (2010); Perspectives
on Strategy (2013); and Strategy and Defence Planning: Meeting the Challenge of Uncertainty
(2014). His latest book, also with Oxford University Press, is Theory of Strategy (2018).
Sheena Chestnut Greitens is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Political Science at the
University of Missouri. Her research focuses on international and domestic security issues, par-
ticularly in East Asia and under non-democratic regimes. Her first book, Dictators and Their
Secret Police, was published by Cambridge University Press in 2016, and won the International
Studies Association’s best book award.
Jiajie He is a lecturer in the Department of International Politics at Fudan University, China. Her
research interests include norm diffusion and localization theory, nation building in China and
India, and ASEAN normative influence.
Beatrice Heuser has a Professorship of International Relations at the University of Glasgow. She
holds degrees from the Universities of London (BA, MA) and Oxford (DPhil), and a Habilitation
from the University of Marburg. She has taught at the Department of War Studies, King’s College
London, at five French universities/higher education institutions, and at two German universi-
ties, and has briefly worked at NATO headquarters. Her publications include The Evolution of
Strategy (2010); Reading Clausewitz (2002); Strategy before Clausewitz (2018), and many works
on nuclear strategy, NATO, and transatlantic relations.
Darryl Howlett obtained his master’s degree from Lancaster University and his PhD from South-
ampton University. His publications include ‘The Emergence of Stability: Deterrence-in-Motion
and Deterrence Reconstructed’, in Ian R. Kenyon and John Simpson (eds), Deterrence and the
Changing Security Environment (Routledge, 2006).
Jeannie L. Johnson is an Assistant Professor in Political Science at Utah State University. She is
the author of The Marines, Counterinsurgency, and Strategic Culture: Lessons Learned and Lost
in America’s Wars (Georgetown University Press, 2018) and the co-editor of Crossing Nuclear
Thresholds: Leveraging Socio-Cultural Insights into Nuclear Decisionmaking (Palgrave Macmillan,
2018). Dr Johnson previously worked for the CIA’s Directorate of Intelligence and the US State
Department. She received her doctorate from the University of Reading in 2013.
James D. Kiras is Professor at the School of Advanced Air and Space Studies, Air University, Max-
well Air Force Base, Alabama, where he directs the courses on irregular warfare, military theory,
and graduate-level research methods. He received his PhD from the University of Reading (UK),
is a Senior Fellow of the Joint Special Operations University, United States Special Operations
Command, Tampa, Florida, and consults and lectures frequently on the subjects of special op-
erations and terrorism. Dr Kiras co-authored Understanding Modern Warfare (Cambridge Uni-
versity Press, rev. edn, 2016) and his first book was Special Operations and Strategy: From World
War II to the War on Terrorism (Routledge, 2006).
xviii LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Jeffrey S. Lantis is Chair of Global and International Studies and Professor of Political Science at
the College of Wooster. He earned a PhD in political science from Ohio State University. A for-
mer Fulbright Senior Scholar in Australia, he is an expert on strategic culture, international secu-
rity, and nuclear non-proliferation. Among his many books and academic journal articles, Lantis
is author of Arms and Influence: US Technology Innovations and the Evolution of International
Security Norms (Stanford University Press, 2016) and editor of Strategic Cultures and Security
Policies in the Asia-Pacific (Routledge, 2015).
Thomas G. Mahnken is President and Chief Executive Officer of the Center for Strategic and
Budgetary Assessments and Senior Research Professor at the Philip Merrill Center for Strategic
Studies at The Johns Hopkins University’s Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies
(SAIS). His books include Strategy in Asia (Stanford University Press, 2014), Competitive Strate-
gies for the 21st Century (Stanford University Press, 2012); Technology and the American Way of
War Since 1945 (Columbia University Press, 2008); and Uncovering Ways of War: US Intelligence
and Foreign Military Innovation, 1918–1941 (Cornell University Press, 2002). He is editor of The
Journal of Strategic Studies.
Daniel Moran is Professor of International and Military History in the Department of National
Security Affairs at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California. He was educated at
Yale and Stanford Universities, and has been a member of the Institute for Advanced Study at
Princeton, and professor of strategy at the Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island. Profes-
sor Moran teaches and writes about strategic theory, American foreign relations, and the history
of war and international relations since the nineteenth century.
Justin Morris is Senior Lecturer in the School of Law and Politics at the University of Hull, UK. He
was Head of (the then) Department of Politics and International Studies from 2007 to 2013. His
primary research interests include: the great powers and the notion of great power responsibil-
ity, the United Nations Security Council, and the Responsibility to Protect (specifically in relation
to forcible intervention), topics on which he has authored a number of articles. He is co-author
(with the late Professor Hilaire McCoubrey) of Regional Peacekeeping in the Post-Cold War Era
and co-editor (with Dr Richard Burchill and Professor Nigel White) of International Conflict and
Security Law: Essays in Memory of Hilaire McCoubrey.
Stefanie Ortmann is a Lecturer in International Relations at the University of Sussex. Her research
interests include Russia as a great power in the post-cold war world and the return of a narra-
tive of ‘rising powers’ in world politics as well as critical geopolitics. She has written about the
geopolitical concept of spheres of influence, Russia as a great power and its influence in Central
Asia, and conspiracy theories.
Columba Peoples is Senior Lecturer in International Relations in the School of Sociology, Politics
and International Studies at the University of Bristol, UK. He received his PhD from the Uni-
versity of Wales, Aberystwyth in 2007, and is the author of Justifying Ballistic Missile Defence:
Technology, Security and Culture (Cambridge University Press, 2010) and co-author (with Nick
Vaughan-Williams) of Critical Security Studies: An Introduction (Routledge, 2015).
Michael Sheehan is Professor of International Relations at Swansea University. He is a graduate
of Aberystwyth University (BSc in International Politics 1976, PhD 1985). He is the author of
11 books on security, the most recent being International Security: An Analytical Survey (Lynne
Rienner, 2005); The International Politics of Space (Routledge, 2007); and Securing Outer Space
(Routledge, 2009, co-edited with Natalie Bormann). He is currently researching Arctic security
issues.
John B. Sheldon is Chairman of ThorGroup GmbH, a space and cyberspace consulting company.
He was previously a Senior Fellow in Global Security Studies at the Munk School of Global
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS xix
Affairs at the University of Toronto in Canada. A former British diplomat, John holds bachelor
and master’s degrees from the University of Hull, UK, and a PhD in politics and international
relations from the University of Reading, UK.
C. Dale Walton is Program Chair and Associate Professor of International Relations at Linden-
wood University in St Charles, Missouri, as well as a Senior Research Fellow with the John W.
Hammond Institute for Free Enterprise. Prior to coming to Lindenwood, he taught at the Univer-
sity of Reading (UK) and Missouri State University. Dr Walton has published three monographs:
Grand Strategy and the Presidency: Foreign Policy, War, and the American Role in the World (2012);
Geopolitics and the Great Powers in the Twenty-First Century: Multipolarity and the Revolution in
Strategic Perspective (2007); and The Myth of Inevitable US Defeat in Vietnam (2002). He also is
one of the co-authors of Understanding Modern Strategy (2nd edn, Cambridge University Press,
2016).
Nick Whittaker teaches international relations and sociology at the International Study Centre,
University of Sussex. His research interests include critical geopolitics and British identity and
foreign policy. He has recently been published in Geopolitics with the article ‘The Island Race:
Ontological Security and Critical Geopolitics in British Parliamentary Discourse’.
James J. Wirtz is the Dean of the School of International Graduate Studies, Naval Postgraduate
School, Monterey, California. He is the author of Understanding Intelligence Failure (Routledge,
2017).
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*****