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Periodic Table of the Elements
Hydrogen
1
H MAIN GROUP METALS
Uranium
1.008
1
1A 2A
TRANSITION METALS 92 Atomic number
(1)
Lithium
(2)
Beryllium
METALLOIDS U Symbol
3 4 NONMETALS 238.03 Atomic weight

2
Li Be
6.94 9.0122
Sodium Magnesium
11 12
3 8B
Na Mg 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B
22.990 24.305 (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
4
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni
39.098 40.078 44.956 47.867 50.942 51.996 54.938 55.845 58.933 58.693
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46
5
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd
85.468 87.62 88.906 91.224 92.906 95.95 (98) 101.07 102.91 106.42
Cesium Barium Lanthanum Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78
6
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt
132.91 137.33 138.91 178.49 180.95 183.84 186.21 190.23 192.22 195.08
Francium Radium Actinium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110
7 Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds
(223) (226) (227) (267) (268) (269) (270) (277) (276) (281)
Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium

Note: Atomic weights are 58 59 60 61 62 63
Lanthanides
IUPAC values. For elements Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu
for which IUPAC recommends 140.12 140.91 144.24 (145) 150.36 151.96
ranges of atomic weights,
conventional values are shown. Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium
Numbers in parentheses are 90 91 92 93 94 95
Actinides
mass numbers of the most Th Pa U Np Pu Am
stable isotope of an element. 232.04 231.04 238.03 (237) (244) (243)
For the latest information see: https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/
and https://www.nist.gov/pml/periodic-table-elements
Copyright 2023 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Standard Colors for Atoms
8A in Molecular Models
(18)
Helium carbon atoms
2
3A 4A 5A 6A 7A He hydrogen atoms
(13) (14) (15) (16) (17) 4.0026
Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon oxygen atoms
5 6 7 8 9 10
B C N O F Ne nitrogen atoms
10.81 12.011 14.007 15.999 18.998 20.180
Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
13 14 15 16 17 18 chlorine atoms
1B 2B Al Si P S Cl Ar
(11) (12) 26.982 28.085 30.974 32.06 35.45 39.95
Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
63.546 65.38 69.723 72.630 74.922 78.971 79.904 83.798
Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
107.87 112.41 114.82 118.71 121.76 127.60 126.90 131.29
Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
196.97 200.59 204.38 207.2 208.98 (209) (210) (222)
Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson
111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
(282) (285) (286) (289) (290) (293) (294) (294)
Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium

64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
157.25 158.93 162.50 164.93 167.26 168.93 173.05 174.97
Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium
96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
(247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (262)
Chemistry
11th Edition
& Chemical Reactivity
Kotz
Treichel
Townsend
Treichel
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Rebecca Heider
Printed in the United States of America

Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2023
Brief Contents
Part One The Basic Tools of Chemistry Part Five The Chemistry of the Elements
1 Basic Concepts of Chemistry 2 20 Nuclear Chemistry 992
1R Let’s Review: The Tools of Quantitative 21 The Chemistry of the Main Group Elements 1038
Chemistry 30 22 The Chemistry of the Transition Elements 1104
2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions 62 23 Carbon: Not Just Another Element 1150
3 Chemical Reactions 138 24 Biochemistry 1206
4 Stoichiometry: Quantitative Information about 25 Environmental Chemistry—Earth’s Environment,
Chemical Reactions 190 Energy, and Sustainability 1244
5 Principles of Chemical Reactivity: Energy and
Chemical Reactions 254 List of Appendices
A Using Logarithms and Solving Quadratic
Part Two Atoms and Molecules
Equations A-2
6 The Structure of Atoms 304 B Some Important Physical Concepts A-6
7 The Structure of Atoms and Periodic Trends 344 C Abbreviations and Useful Conversion Factors A-9
8 Bonding and Molecular Structure 386 D Physical Constants A-13
9 Bonding and Molecular Structure: Orbital E A Brief Guide to Naming Organic
Hybridization and Molecular Orbitals 458 Compounds A-15
F Values for the Ionization Energies and Electron
Part Three States of Matter Attachment Enthalpies of the Elements A-18
10 Gases and Their Properties 498 G Vapor Pressure of Water at Various
Temperatures A-19
11 Intermolecular Forces and Liquids 540
H Ionization Constants for Aqueous Weak Acids at
12 The Solid State 580
25 °C A-20
13 Solutions and Their Behavior 626
I Ionization Constants for Aqueous Weak Bases at
25 °C A-22
Part Four The Control of Chemical Reactions J Solubility Product Constants for Some Inorganic
14 Chemical Kinetics: The Rates of Chemical Compounds at 25 °C A-23
Reactions 672 K Formation Constants for Some Complex Ions in
15 Principles of Chemical Reactivity: Equilibria 736 Aqueous Solution at 25 °C A-24
16 Principles of Chemical Reactivity: The Chemistry of L Selected Thermodynamic Values A-25
Acids and Bases 776 M Standard Reduction Potentials in Aqueous Solution
17 Principles of Chemical Reactivity: Other Aspects of at 25 °C A-32
Aqueous Equilibria 830 N Answers to Study Questions, Check Your
18 Principles of Chemical Reactivity: Entropy and Free Understanding, and Applying Chemical Principles
Energy 886 Questions A-36
19 Principles of Chemical Reactivity: Electron Transfer
Reactions 932 Index of Names I-1
Index and Glossary I-4
iii

Contents
Preface xii A Closer Look: Isotopic Abundances and Atomic

Weights 70
Key Experiments: The Nature of the Atom and Its
Part One The Basic Tools of Chemistry Components 72
2.3 The Periodic Table 74
1 Basic Concepts of Chemistry 2 A Closer Look: Mendeleev and the Periodic

Table 78
1.1 Chemistry and Its Methods 3 A Closer Look: Marie Curie (1867–1934) 82
1.2 Sustainability and Green Chemistry 7 2.4 Molecules: Formulas, Models, and Names 84
1.3 Classifying Matter 8 2.5 Ions 89
1.4 Elements 12 2.6 Ionic Compounds: Formulas, Names, and
1.5 Compounds 13 Properties 93
1.6 Properties and Changes 15 A Closer Look: Hydrated Ionic Compounds 98
1.7 Energy: Some Basic Principles 20 2.7 Atoms, Molecules, and the Mole 99
Applying Chemical Principles 1.1: A Closer Look: Amedeo Avogadro and His
CO2 in the Oceans 21 Number 100
A Closer Look: The Mole, a Counting Unit 103
2.8
1R Let’s Review: The Tools of Chemical Analysis: Determining Compound
Formulas 106
Quantitative Chemistry 30
2.9 Instrumental Analysis:
1R.1 Units of Measurement 31 Determining Compound Formulas 114
A Closer Look: The SI Base Units 34 Applying Chemical Principles 2.1:
Using Isotopes: Ötzi, the Iceman of the Alps 117
A Closer Look: Energy and Food 37
Applying Chemical Principles 2.2:
1R.2 Making Measurements: Precision, Accuracy, Arsenic, Medicine, and the Formula of
Experimental Error, and Standard Deviation 37 Compound 606 118
1R.3 Mathematics of Chemistry 41 Applying Chemical Principles 2.3:
1R.4 Problem Solving by Dimensional Analysis 47 Argon—An Amazing Discovery 118
1R.5 Graphs and Graphing 48
1R.6 Problem Solving and Chemical Arithmetic 49
Applying Chemical Principles 1R.1:
Out of Gas! 51
3 Chemical Reactions 138
Applying Chemical Principles 1R.2: 3.1 Introduction to Chemical Equations 139

Ties in Swimming and Significant
A Closer Look: Antoine Laurent Lavoisier
Figures 52
(1743–1794) 141
3.2 Balancing Chemical Equations 142
2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions 62 3.3

3.4
Introduction to Chemical Equilibrium 145
Aqueous Solutions 147
2.1 Atomic Structure, Atomic Number, and Atomic 3.5 Precipitation Reactions 151
Mass 63 3.6 Acids and Bases 156
2.2 Atomic Weight 67 A Closer Look: Sulfuric Acid 162
iv
3.7 Acid–Base Reactions 163
3.8 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions 167 5 Principles of Chemical
Reactivity: Energy and Chemical
A Closer Look: Are Oxidation Numbers Reactions 254
Real? 171
3.9 Classifying Reactions in Aqueous 5.1 Energy: Some Basic Principles 255
Solution 173
A Closer Look: What Is Heat? 257
A Closer Look: Alternative Organizations of 5.2 Specific Heat Capacity: Heating and Cooling 258
Reaction Types 174
5.3 Energy and Changes of State 262
Superconductors 177
5.4 The First Law of Thermodynamics 266
Applying Chemical Principles 3.2: A Closer Look: P–V Work 268

Sequestering Carbon Dioxide 177 A Closer Look: Enthalpy, Internal Energy, and
Applying Chemical Principles 3.3: Non-Expansion Work 270
Black Smokers and Volcanoes 178 5.5 Enthalpy Changes for Chemical Reactions 271
5.6 Calorimetry 274
5.7
4 Stoichiometry: Quantitative Enthalpy Calculations 278
Information about Chemical A Closer Look: Hess’s Law and Equation
Reactions 190 5.7 284
5.8 Product- or Reactant-Favored
4.1 Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions: Reactions and Thermodynamics 285
Stoichiometry 191 Applying Chemical Principles 5.1:
4.2 Reactions in Which One Reactant Gunpowder 286
Is Present in Limited Supply 195 Applying Chemical Principles 5.2:
4.3 Percent Yield 200 The Fuel Controversy—Alcohol and
4.4 Chemical Equations and Chemical Gasoline 287
Analysis 202
A Closer Look: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
(NMR) Spectroscopy 208
Part Two Atoms and Molecules
4.5 Measuring Concentrations of Compounds in
Solution 209 6 The Structure of Atoms 304
A Closer Look: Serial Dilutions 215
4.6 pH, a Concentration Scale for Acids and 6.1 Electromagnetic Radiation 305
Bases 215 6.2 Quantization: Planck, Einstein, Energy, and
4.7 Stoichiometry of Reactions Photons 308
in Aqueous Solution—Fundamentals 217 6.3 Atomic Line Spectra and Niels Bohr 312
4.8 Stoichiometry of Reactions in A Closer Look: Niels Bohr (1885–1962) 314
Aqueous Solution—Titrations 220
6.4 Wave–Particle Duality: Prelude to Quantum
4.9 Spectrophotometry 227 Mechanics 319
Applying Chemical Principles 4.1: 6.5 The Modern View of Electronic Structure:
Atom Economy 232 Wave or Quantum Mechanics 321
Applying Chemical Principles 4.2: 6.6 The Shapes of Atomic Orbitals 325
Bleach 232
A Closer Look: More about H Atom Orbital
Shapes and Wavefunctions 329
How Much Salt is There in
Seawater? 233 6.7 One More Electron Property: Electron Spin 330
Applying Chemical Principles 4.4: Applying Chemical Principles 6.1:
The Martian 234 Sunburn, Sunscreens, and Ultraviolet
Radiation 330
Contents v
Applying Chemical Principles 6.2: A Closer Look: A Scientific Controversy—Resonance,
What Makes the Colors in Fireworks? 331 Formal Charges, and the Question of Double
Applying Chemical Principles 6.3: Bonds in Sulfate and Phosphate Ions 417
Chemistry of the Sun 332 8.9 Molecular Polarity 424
A Closer Look: Measuring Molecular Polarity and
Debye Units 426
7 The Structure of Atoms
and Periodic Trends 344 A Closer Look: Visualizing Charge Distributions
and Molecular Polarity—Electrostatic Potential
7.1 The Pauli Exclusion Principle 345 Surfaces and Partial Charge 428
7.2 Atomic Subshell Energies and Electron 8.10 Bond Properties: Order, Length,
Assignments 347 and Dissociation Enthalpy 432
7.3 Electron Configurations of Atoms 350 8.11 DNA 437
A Closer Look: Orbital Energies, Z*, and Electron
Ibuprofen, A Study in Green Chemistry 441
Configurations 359
7.4 Electron Configurations of Ions 360
van Arkel Triangles and Bonding 442
A Closer Look: Questions about Transition Element Applying Chemical Principles 8.3:
Electron Configurations 361 Linus Pauling and the Origin of the Concept
A Closer Look: Paramagnetism and of Electronegativity 443
Ferromagnetism 364
7.5 Atomic Properties and Periodic Trends 364
A Closer Look: Photoelectron Spectroscopy 371 9 Bonding and Molecular Structure:
Orbital Hybridization and
7.6 Periodic Trends and Chemical Properties 374 Molecular Orbitals 458
The Not-So-Rare Earths 375 9.1 Valence Bond Theory 459
Applying Chemical Principles 7.2: 9.2 Molecular Orbital Theory 473
Metals in Biochemistry 376
A Closer Look: Molecular Orbitals for Molecules
Formed from p-Block Elements 481
9.3 Theories of Chemical Bonding:
8 Bonding and Molecular
Structure 386
A Summary 483
A Closer Look: Three-Center Bonds in HF22, B2H6,
8.1 Lewis Electron Dot Symbols and Chemical Bond and SF6 484
Formation 388 Applying Chemical Principles 9.1:
8.2 Electronegativity and Bond Polarity 390 Probing Molecules with Photoelectron
8.3 Lewis Structures of Molecules and Polyatomic Spectroscopy 485
Ions 393 Applying Chemical Principles 9.2:
8.4 Common Patterns of Bonding in Lewis Green Chemistry, Safe Dyes, and Molecular
Structures 399 Orbitals 486
8.5 Resonance 404
A Closer Look: Resonance 405 Part Three States of Matter
8.6 Exceptions to the Octet Rule 406
A Closer Look: Structure and Bonding for
Hypervalent Molecules 409 10 Gases and Their Properties 498
8.7 Formal Charges in Covalent Molecules and

Ions 410 10.1 Modeling a State of Matter: Gases and Gas
Pressure 499
A Closer Look: Comparing Oxidation Number
and Formal Charge 411 A Closer Look: Measuring Gas Pressure 500
8.8 Molecular Shapes 416 10.2 Gas Laws: The Experimental Basis 502
vi Contents
A Closer Look Studies on Gases—Robert Boyle 12.3 Bonding in Ionic Compounds: Lattice
and Jacques Charles 508 Energy 594
10.3 The Ideal Gas Law 508 12.4 Bonding in Metals and Semiconductors 596
10.4 Gas Laws and Chemical Reactions 513 12.5 Other Types of Solid Materials 602
10.5 Gas Mixtures and Partial Pressures 514 A Closer Look: Glass 605
10.6 The Kinetic-Molecular Theory of Gases 517 12.6 Phase Changes 609
10.7 Diffusion and Effusion 521 Applying Chemical Principles 12.1:
A Closer Look: Surface Science and the Need for Lithium and Electric Vehicles 613
Ultrahigh Vacuum Systems 523 Applying Chemical Principles 12.2:
10.8 Nonideal Behavior of Gases 524 Nanotubes and Graphene: Network
Solids 614
The Atmosphere and Altitude Sickness 526 Applying Chemical Principles 12.3:
Tin Disease 615
The Chemistry of Airbags 527
13 Solutions and Their Behavior 626
11 Intermolecular Forces and

Liquids 540 13.1 Units of Concentration 627
13.2 The Solution Process 630
11.1 States of Matter and Intermolecular Forces 541
11.2 Interactions between Ions and A Closer Look: Supersaturated Solutions 631
Molecules with a Permanent Dipole 543 13.3 Factors Affecting Solubility: Pressure and
Temperature 637
A Closer Look: Hydrated Salts: A Result of Ion–
Dipole Bonding 545 13.4 Colligative Properties 640
11.3 Interactions between Molecules with a Permanent A Closer Look: Growing Crystals 641
Dipole 546 A Closer Look: Hardening of Trees 646
A Closer Look: Hydrogen Bonding in A Closer Look: Reverse Osmosis for Pure
Biochemistry 551 Water 649
11.4 Intermolecular Forces Involving Nonpolar A Closer Look: Osmosis and Medicine 651
Molecules 552
13.5 Colloids 655
11.5 A Summary of van der Waals Intermolecular
Forces 555
Distillation 659
A Closer Look: Geckos Can Climb Up der Applying Chemical Principles 13.2:
Waals 556 Henry’s Law and Exploding Lakes 660
11.6 Properties of Liquids 557 Applying Chemical Principles 13.3:
Applying Chemical Principles 11.1: Narcosis and the Bends 661
Chromatography 567
Applying Chemical Principles 11.2: Part Four The Control of Chemical Reactions
A Pet Food Catastrophe 568
14 Chemical Kinetics: The Rates

12 The Solid State 580 of Chemical Reactions 672
14.1 Rates of Chemical Reactions 673
12.1 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells 581 14.2 Reaction Conditions and Rate 678
A Closer Look: Packing Oranges, Marbles, and 14.3 Effect of Concentration on Reaction Rate 680
Atoms 588 14.4 Concentration–Time Relationships: Integrated
12.2 Structures and Formulas of Ionic Solids 589 Rate Laws 686
A Closer Look: Using X-Rays to Determine Crystal 14.5 A Microscopic View of Reaction Rates 694
Structures 593
Contents vii
A Closer Look: Rate Laws, Rate Constants, and 16.7 Calculations with Equilibrium Constants 796
Reaction Stoichiometry 695 16.8 Polyprotic Acids and Bases 805
A Closer Look: More about Molecular Orientation 16.9 Molecular Structure, Bonding, and Acid–Base
and Reaction Coordinate Diagrams 697 Behavior 807
14.6 Catalysts 702 A Closer Look: Acid Strengths and Molecular
A Closer Look: Thinking about Kinetics, Catalysis, Structure 811
and Bond Energies 702 16.10 The Lewis Concept of Acids and Bases 812
14.7 Reaction Mechanisms 706 Applying Chemical Principles 16.1:
A Closer Look: Organic Bimolecular Substitution Would You Like Some Belladonna Juice in
Reactions 709 Your Drink? 816
Enzymes–Nature’s Catalysts 716 The Leveling Effect, Nonaqueous Solvents,
Applying Chemical Principles 14.2: and Superacids 817
Kinetics and Mechanisms: A 70-Year-Old
Mystery Solved 717
17 Principles of Chemical Reactivity:
Other Aspects of Aqueous
Equilibria 736
Equilibria 830
17.1 Buffers 831
15.1 Chemical Equilibrium: A Review 737 17.2 Acid–Base Titrations 843
15.2 The Equilibrium Constant and Reaction 17.3 Solubility of Salts 853
Quotient 738
A Closer Look: Minerals and Gems—The
A Closer Look: Activities and Units of K 740 Importance of Solubility 859
A Closer Look: Equilibrium Constant Expressions A Closer Look: Solubility Calculations 860
for Gases—Kc and Kp 742 17.4 Precipitation Reactions 863
15.3 Determining an Equilibrium Constant 746 17.5 Equilibria Involving Complex Ions 867
15.4 Using Equilibrium Constants in Calculations 748 Applying Chemical Principles 17.1:
15.5 More about Balanced Equations and Equilibrium Everything that Glitters . . . 871
Constants 754 Applying Chemical Principles 17.2:
15.6 Disturbing a Chemical Equilibrium 757 Take a Deep Breath 872
Applying Equilibrium Concepts—
The Haber–Bosch Ammonia Process 762
Entropy and Free Energy 886
Trivalent Carbon 763
18.1 Spontaneity and Dispersal of Energy:
Entropy 887
The Chemistry of Acids and 18.2 Entropy: A Microscopic Understanding 889
Bases 776 A Closer Look: Reversible and Irreversible
Processes 890
16.1 The Brønsted-Lowry Concept of Acids and 18.3 Entropy Measurement and Values 894
Bases 777 18.4 Entropy Changes and Spontaneity 898
16.2 Water and the pH Scale 780
A Closer Look: Entropy and Spontaneity? 899
16.3 Equilibrium Constants for Acids and Bases 783
18.5 Gibbs Free Energy 902
16.4 Acid–Base Properties of Salts 789
18.6 Calculating and Using Standard Free Energies,
16.5 Predicting the Direction of Acid–Base DrG° 906
Reactions 791
18.7 The Interplay of Kinetics and
16.6 Types of Acid–Base Reactions 794 Thermodynamics 914
viii Contents
Thermodynamics and Living Things 916 Technetium-99m and Medical Imaging 1028
Are Diamonds Forever? 917 The Age of Meteorites 1029
19 Principles of Chemical Reactivity: 21 The Chemistry of the Main

Group Elements 1038
Electron Transfer Reactions 932
21.1 Abundance of the Elements 1039
19.1 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions 933 21.2 The Periodic Table: A Guide to the
19.2 Voltaic Cells 940 Elements 1040
19.3 Commercial Voltaic Cells 946 21.3 Hydrogen 1046
19.4 Standard Electrochemical Potentials 951 A Closer Look: Hydrogen in
A Closer Look: EMF, Cell Potential, and Transportation 1049
Voltage 952 21.4 The Alkali Metals, Group 1A (1) 1049
19.5 Electrochemical Cells Under Nonstandard
A Closer Look: The Reactivity of the Alkali
Conditions 960
Metals 1054
19.6 Electrochemistry and Thermodynamics 964
21.5 The Alkaline Earth Elements,
19.7 Electrolysis: Chemical Change Using Electrical Group 2A (2) 1054
Energy 968
A Closer Look: Alkaline Earth Metals and
A Closer Look: Electrochemistry and Michael Biology 1057
Faraday 970
A Closer Look: Cement—The Second Most Used
19.8 Counting Electrons 973 Substance 1058
19.9 Corrosion: Redox Reactions in 21.6 Boron, Aluminum, and the Group 3A (13)
the Environment 975 Elements 1059
A Closer Look: Complexity in Boron
Electric Batteries versus Gasoline 978
Chemistry 1064
Sacrifice! 978
21.7 Silicon and the Group 4A (14) Elements 1065
21.8 Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and the Group 5A (15)
Elements 1070
Part Five The Chemistry of the Elements
A Closer Look: Alchemists Making
Phosphorus 1072
20 Nuclear Chemistry 992
A Closer Look: Ammonium Nitrate—A Mixed
Blessing 1075
20.1 Natural Radioactivity 994 21.9 Oxygen, Sulfur, and the Group 6A (16)
20.2 Nuclear Reactions and Radioactive Decay 995 Elements 1079
A Closer Look: Radioactive Decay Series 997 21.10 The Halogens, Group 7A (17) 1082
20.3 Stability of Atomic Nuclei 1000 A Closer Look: Iodine and Your Thyroid
20.4 Origin of the Elements: Nucleosynthesis 1006 Gland 1084
20.5 Rates of Nuclear Decay 1008 A Closer Look: The Many Uses of Fluorine-
20.6 Artificial Nuclear Reactions 1014 Containing Compounds 1085
20.7 Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion 1018 21.11 The Noble Gases, Group 8A (18) 1087
A Closer Look: Lise Meitner (1878–1968) 1020 A Closer Look: The Noble Gases—Not So
20.8 Radiation Health and Safety 1021 Inert 1088
20.9 Applications of Nuclear Chemistry 1023 Applying Chemical Principles 21.1:
Lead in the Environment 1089
A Primordial Nuclear Reactor 1027 Applying Chemical Principles 21.2:
Hydrogen Storage 1090
Contents ix
22 The Chemistry of the
Transition Elements 1104
24.3 Nucleic Acids 1219
A Closer Look: Genetic Engineering with
CRISPR-Cas9 1222
22.1 Overview of the Transition Elements 1105
24.4 Lipids and Cell Membranes 1225
22.2 Periodic Properties of the Transition
Elements 1107 A Closer Look: mRNA Vaccines 1228
22.3 Metallurgy 1111 24.5 Metabolism 1230
22.4 Coordination Compounds 1114 Applying Chemical Principles 24.1: Polymerase
Chain Reaction 1236
A Closer Look: Hemoglobin: A Molecule with a
Tetradentate Ligand 1118
22.5 Structures of Coordination Compounds 1122
22.6 Bonding in Coordination Compounds 1128
25 Environmental Chemistry—Earth’s
Environment, Energy, and
22.7 Colors of Coordination Compounds 1133 Sustainability 1244
Blue! 1137 25.1 The Atmosphere 1246
Applying Chemical Principles 22.2: A Closer Look: The Earth’s Atmosphere 1247
Cisplatin: Accidental Discovery of a A Closer Look: Methane Hydrates 1256
Chemotherapy Agent 1138
25.2 The Aqua Sphere (Water) 1256
The Rare Earth Elements 1139 A Closer Look: Perfluoroalkyl Substances
(PFAS) 1263
25.3 Energy 1263
23 Carbon: Not Just Another
Element 1150
A Closer Look: Fracking 1266
25.4 Fossil Fuels 1267
23.1 Why Carbon? 1151 A Closer Look: Petroleum Chemistry 1271
A Closer Look: Writing Formulas and Drawing 25.5 Environmental Impact of Fossil Fuels 1271
Structures 1153 25.6 Alternative Sources of Energy 1277
23.2 Hydrocarbons 1155 25.7 Green Chemistry and Sustainability 1281
A Closer Look: Flexible Molecules 1161 Applying Chemical Principles 25.1:
23.3 Alcohols, Ethers, and Amines 1170 Chlorination of Water Supplies 1282
23.4 Compounds with a Carbonyl Group 1176 Applying Chemical Principles 25.2: Hard
Water 1283
A Closer Look: Omega-3 Fatty Acids 1180
23.5 Polymers 1184 List of Appendices A-1
A Closer Look: Green Chemistry: Recycling
PET 1190 A Using Logarithms and Solving Quadratic
Equations A-2
An Awakening with l-DOPA 1192 B Some Important Physical Concepts A-6
Applying Chemical Principles 23.2: C Abbreviations and Useful Conversion Factors A-9
Green Adhesives 1193
D Physical Constants A-13
Bisphenol A (BPA) 1193 E A Brief Guide to Naming Organic Compounds A-15
F Values for the Ionization Energies and Electron
24 Biochemistry 1206
G
Attachment Enthalpies of the Elements A-18
Vapor Pressure of Water at Various
Temperatures A-19
24.1 Proteins 1208
24.2 Carbohydrates 1216 H Ionization Constants for Aqueous Weak Acids at
25 °C A-20
x Contents
I Ionization Constants for Aqueous Weak Bases at M Standard Reduction Potentials in Aqueous Solution at
25 °C A-22 25 °C A-32
J Solubility Product Constants for Some Inorganic N Answers to Study Questions, Check Your
Compounds at 25 °C A-23 Understanding, and Applying Chemical Principles
Questions A-36
K Formation Constants for Some Complex Ions in
Aqueous Solution at 25 °C A-24 Index of Names I-1
L Selected Thermodynamic Values A-25
Index and Glossary I-4
Contents xi
Preface
The first edition of this book problems as a scientist. We have

was conceived over 40 years ago. tried to provide the tools to help
Since that time, there have been you become a chemically and
ten editions, and over one mil- scientifically literate citizen.
lion students worldwide have
used the book to begin their Audience for
study of chemistry. Although the Chemistry &
details of the book and its orga-
nization have changed over the
Chemical Reactivity
years, our fundamental goal has
remained the same: to provide a This textbook is designed for
broad overview of the principles students interested in fur-
of chemistry, the reactivity of the ther study in science, whether
chemical elements and their com- that science is chemistry, biol-
pounds, and the applications of ogy, medicine, e ngineering,
chemistry. To reach this goal, we geology, physics, or related
have tried to show the close rela- subjects. Our assumption is
tionship between the observa- that students in a course using
tions of chemical and physical this book have had some prep-
changes made by chemists in the aration in algebra and general
science. Although u ndeniably
David Kotz
laboratory and in nature and the

way these changes are viewed at helpful, a previous exposure to
the atomic and molecular levels. Fireworks. See Chapter 6 for the chemistry of chemistry is neither assumed
We have also tried to convey the fireworks. nor required.
sense that chemistry not only has
a lively history but is also interesting and dynamic, with Philosophy and Approach of
important new developments occurring every year. Further- Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity
more, we wanted to provide some insight into the chemical
aspects of the world around us. We have had several major but not independent objectives
The authors of this text have collectively taught chem- since the first edition of the book. Our first goal has been
istry for over 100 years, and we have engaged in years of to write a book that students will find useful and interest-
fundamental research. Like countless other scientists, our ing and that presents chemistry and chemical principles in
goals in our research and in writing this textbook have a format and organization typical of college and university
been to satisfy our curiosity about areas of chemistry, to courses today. Second, we want to convey the utility and
document what we found, and to convey that to students importance of chemistry by introducing the properties of
and other scientists. Our results, and many others, may the elements, their compounds, and their reactions.
be used, perhaps only years later, to make a better mate- The American Chemical Society has been urging edu-
rial or better pharmaceutical. Every person eventually cators to put chemistry back into introductory chemistry
benefits from the work of the worldwide community of courses. We agree wholeheartedly. Therefore, we have
scientists. tried to describe the elements, their compounds, and
In recent years, when people around the world have their reactions as early and as often as possible by:
experienced various epidemics and increasing evidence of
climate change has been published, science has come under • Bringing material on the properties of elements and
attack. Some distrust the scientific community and dismiss compounds into the Examples and Study Questions.
the results of carefully done research. Therefore, a key objec- • Using numerous photographs of the elements and com-
tive of this book, and of a course in general chemistry, is to mon compounds, of chemical reactions, and of com-
describe basic chemical “facts”—chemical processes and mon laboratory operations and industrial processes.
principles; how chemists came to understand those prin-
ciples and new ideas; how they can be applied in industry,
• Each chapter incorporates Applying Chemical Prin-
ciples questions that delve into the applications of
medicine, and the environment; and how to think about chemistry.
xii
General Organization units are introduced in Chapter 1, and thermochemistry
is introduced in Chapter 5.
Through its many editions, Chemistry & Chemical
Reactivity has had two broad themes: Chemical Reactivity Sections of the Book — Organization
and B onding and Molecular Structure. The chapters on and Purpose
P rinciples of Reactivity introduce the factors that lead
chemical r eactions to be successful in converting Part One: The Basic Tools of Chemistry
reactants to products: common types of reactions, the
The basic ideas and methods of chemistry are i ntroduced
energy involved in reactions, and the factors that affect
in Part One. Chapter 1 defines important terms, and
the speed of a reaction. One reason for the enormous
the accompanying Chapter 1R reviews measurement
advances in chemistry and molecular biology in the last
units and some fundamental mathematical methods
several decades has been an understanding of molecu-
used throughout the text. Chapter 2 introduces atoms,
lar structure. The sections of the book on Principles of
molecules, and ions as well as the most important
Bonding and Molecular Structure lay the groundwork for
organizational device in chemistry, the periodic table. In
understanding these developments. Particular attention
Chapter 3, we begin to discuss the principles of chemi-
is paid to an understanding of the structural aspects of
cal reactivity. Writing chemical equations is covered
such biologically important molecules as hemoglobin
here, and there is a short introduction to the concept of
and DNA.
chemical equilibrium. In addition, some major types of
chemical reactions in aqueous solution are introduced.
Flexibility of Chapter Organization Then, in Chapter 4, we describe the numerical methods
As we look at the introductory chemistry texts currently used by chemists to extract quantitative information
available and talk with colleagues at other universities, from chemical reactions. Chapter 5 is an introduction to
it is evident there is a generally accepted order of topics the energy changes involved in chemical processes.
in the course. With minor variations, we followed that
order. That is not to say that the chapters in our book
cannot be used in some other order. We have w ritten
this book to be as flexible as possible. An example is the
flexibility in covering the behavior of gases (Chapter 10).
It has been placed with the chapters on liquids, solids,
and solutions (Chapters 11–13) because it logically
fits with those topics. However, it can also be read and
understood after covering only the first four chapters of
the book.
© Charles D. Winters/Cengage
Similarly, the chapters on atomic and molecular

structure (Chapters 6–9) can be used in an atoms-first
approach before the chapters on stoichiometry and com-
mon reactions (Chapters 3 and 4). To facilitate this, there
is an introduction to energy and its units in C hapter
1. Also, the chapters on chemical equilibria (Chap-
ters 15–17) can be covered before those on solutions Elemental sulfur.
and kinetics (Chapters 13 and 14). Although organic
chemistry (Chapter 23) is one of the final chapters in
Part Two: Atoms and Molecules
the textbook, the topics of this chapter can also be pre-
sented to students following the chapters on structure The current theories that explain the arrangement of
and bonding (Chapters 9 and 10). electrons in atoms and monatomic ions are presented in
The order of topics in the text was also devised Chapters 6 and 7. This discussion is tied closely to the
to introduce as early as possible the background arrangement of elements in the periodic table and to
required for the laboratory experiments that are usually their periodic properties. In Chapter 8, we discuss the
performed in introductory chemistry courses. For this details of chemical bonding and the properties of these
reason, chapters on chemical and physical properties, bonds. In addition, we show how to derive the three-
common reaction types, and stoichiometry begin the dimensional structure and charge distribution of simple
book. In addition, because an understanding of energy is molecules. Finally, Chapter 9 considers the major theo-
very important for the study of chemistry, energy and its ries of chemical bonding in more detail.
Preface xiii
Part Four: The Control of Chemical
Reactions
This section is wholly concerned with the Principles
of Reactivity. Chapter 14 examines the rates of chemi-
cal processes and the factors controlling these rates.
Next, Chapters 15–17 describe chemical equilibrium.
After an introduction to equilibrium in Chapter 15,
we highlight reactions involving acids and bases in
water (Chapters 16 and 17) and reactions leading to
slightly soluble salts (Chapter 17). To tie together the
discussion of chemical equilibria and thermodynam-
ics, we explore entropy and free energy in C hapter 18.
As a final topic in this section, we describe in
C hapter 19 chemical reactions that involve the trans-
fer of e lectrons and the use of these reactions in elec-
trochemical cells.
Liquid oxygen is attracted to a strong magnet. See Chapter 9 for

an explanation of the magnetic properties of oxygen.
Part Three: States of Matter

The behavior of the three states of matter—gases, liq-
uids, and solids—is described in Chapters 10–12. The
discussion of liquids and solids is tied to gases through
the description of intermolecular forces in Chapter 11,
with particular attention given to liquid and solid water.
In Chapter 13, we describe the properties of solutions—
intimate mixtures of gases, liquids, and solids.
The explosive reaction of hydrogen and oxygen.
Part Five: The Chemistry of the Elements

Although the chemistry of many elements and com-
pounds is described throughout the book, Part Five con-
siders this topic in a more systematic way. Chapter 20
is an overview of nuclear chemistry. C hapter 21 is
devoted to the chemistry of the main group elements,
and Chapter 22 is a discussion of the transition ele-
John C. Kotz
ments and their compounds. Chapter 23 is a brief

introduction to organic chemistry with an emphasis
Hot air balloon takes off. See Chapter 5 for an introduction to on molecular structure, basic reaction types, and poly-
transfers of energy as heat and work. See Chapter 10 for a mers, and Chapter 24 is an introduction to biochem-
discussion of the gas laws. istry. Finally, Chapter 25 brings together many of the
xiv Preface
concepts in earlier chapters into a discussion of “Envi- What’s New to this Edition?
ronmental Chemistry—Earth’s Environment, Energy,
and Sustainability.”
The entire book was thoroughly reviewed. Many parts are
rewritten, and new Study Questions were added. In addi-
tion, there are several new features that occur in each chapter.
Think–Pair–Share Questions
Questions values per mole and per gram. Which provides more energy
Many instructors
per mole? have
Which provides more experimented
energy per gram? with moving
For the purposes of this analysis, octane (C8H18) is used as a
substitute for the complex mixture of hydrocarbons in gaso-
beyond
2. Comparesimply
the energylecturing
produced perin liter
general
of the chemistry.
two fuels. One
Which produces
approach more
that has energy for
worked a given volume
especially well(something
has been to take
line. Data needed for this question (in addition to the data in
useful to know when filling your gas tank)?
Appendix L) are: class time for students to work together on questions that
Photos: © Charles D. Winters/Cengage

3. What mass of CO2, a greenhouse gas, is produced per liter of
∆fH° [C8H18()] = −250.1 kJ/mol
help
fuelthem learn
(assuming course
complete topics. This is the purpose of the
combustion)?
Think–Pair–Share
4. Now compare the fuels q uestions. Studentsbasis.
on an energy-equivalent work indepen-
What
Density of ethanol = 0.785 g/mL volumeon of the
ethanol would havefirst,
to bethen
burnedform
to getsmall
the same
dently questions groups to
Density of octane = 0.699 g/mL energy as 1.00 L of octane? When you burn enough ethanol
discuss their answers, and finally, present their results to
to have the same energy as a liter of octane, which fuel pro-
1. Calculate ∆rH° for the combustion of ethanol and octane pro- theduces
class. These
more CO2? questions do not generally require many
ducing carbon dioxide gas and liquid water, and compare the calculations. Instead, they focus on helping students to
think more deeply about the concepts of the chapter.
Elements: yellow phosphorus in water (left) and shiny They are placed after the A pplying Chemical P rinciples
potassium under oil (right). questions and before the Chapter Goals Revisited.
Think–Pair–Share
1. You are tasked with determining the specific heat capacity

(in J/g ? K) for an unknown metal. The following equipment Fuel ∆H° ∆H° ∆H°
and supplies are available: a 25.0-g piece of the metal, a (kJ/mol) (kJ/L) (kJ/g)
200-mL insulated container, a graduated cylinder, water, Hydrogen, −285.8 −11.7 −141.8
ice, and a thermometer that can measure temperature H2(g)
changes accurately to ±0.02 °C.
Methane, −890.2 −36.4 −55.5
(a) Outline the steps for an experimental procedure to deter-
CH4(g)
mine the specific heat capacity of the metal using the
available equipment and supplies. Ethane, −1560.6 −63.8 −51.9
(b) Identify possible sources of error in your experimental pro- C2H6(g)
cedure that might cause an inaccurate result. (Assume the Ethanol, −1376.5 −23,590 −29.9
graduated cylinder and thermometer are both accurate C2H6O()
and precise, and that human error is not a source of error.) Octane, −5490 −33,814 −48.1
(c) Suggest some ideas for how to correct for some of these C8H18()
error sources.
(a) When determining which fuel provides the most energy
2. For introductory laboratories, resealable plastic bags are a
convenient way to conduct experiments involving gas-forming in a car engine, is it best to compare the enthalpy change
reactions. Energy as heat or work can transfer in or out of in a combustion reaction by moles, volume, or mass?
the plastic bag, but reactants and products remain trapped. Explain your reasoning? Based on your decision, which fuel
In an experiment, nitric acid reacts with a small amount of provides the most energy (at the given temperature and
copper in a sealed plastic bag according to the following bal- pressure).
anced chemical equation: (b) Gasoline sold in the United States is often a blend of 10%,
15%, or even up to 85% ethanol by volume. Identify at least
Cu(s) + 4 HNO3(aq) n Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2 NO2(g) + 2 H2O()
one advantage and one disadvantage of using gasoline
As the reaction proceeds, the contents of the bag become blended with ethanol versus ethanol-free gasoline?
warm, and the bag inflates with a brown gas (NO2). (c) Why are the enthalpies of combustion per liter of hydro-
(a) Define the system and the surroundings for this gen, methane, and ethane much lower than those of etha-
experiment. nol and octane?
(b) Does energy as heat (q) flow into the system or out of the (d) The enthalpy of combustion of hydrogen per gram is
system? What is the sign of q? nearly three times that of a hydrocarbon. And unlike a
(c) Is work (w) done in this experiment? If so, is work done by hydrocarbon, which produces the greenhouse gas CO 2
the system on the surroundings, or by the surroundings on upon combustion, the combustion of hydrogen pro-
the system? What is the sign of w? duces only water. Unfortunately, there are multiple issues
3. The following table shows the enthalpy of combustion for in replacing gasoline with hydrogen as a fuel. What are
some fuels in units of kJ/mol, kJ/L, and kJ/g. The enthalpy of
some of the problems that must be overcome if hydrogen
combustion per volume assumes a temperature of 25 °C and
is to compete with, or possibly replace, gasoline as a fuel
atmospheric pressure (1 atm). Note that although gasoline
is a mixture of many hydrocarbons, it is often represented in vehicles?
as octane.
288 Chapter 5 / Principles of Chemical Reactivity: Energy and Chemical Reactions

Preface xv
Dr. Jessica N. Isaac
Jessica N. Isaac is a Clinical Assistant Professor at at the chemical interactions between medications
Binghamton University’s School of Pharmacy and and the chemicals in the human body; creating
Chemistry in Your Career Pharmaceutical Sciences, where her work students that they
is “a com- have amolecules
and refining place inforchemistry and STEM
drug development; and
research, clin- combining, mixing, or altering chemicals to create
bination of administration, teaching,courses.
All of us have students who have gone on to wonderful
ical pharmacy, and mentorship.” As an instructor, a medication tailored to the needs of a patient.
careers, some in traditional chemistry careers,
one of Dr. Isaac’s goalsbut
is tooften
help “student pharma- Dr. Isaac describes how her identity as a an
in some other field where acistsbackground in chemistry Redesigned Strategy Maps
develop the skills necessary to safely and African American/Jamaican American woman has
Dr. Jessica N. Isaac

is useful. Each chapter features a short biography of
accurately prepare medications.” a For many students, a visual Strategy and
shaped her both personally can be a useful
Mapprofessionally. “Being
person who studied chemistry and “Thenow
studyworks, perhaps
of chemistry tool
is integral in problem
to the study a solving
Black woman(as onand
page 194). These have
a first-generation been
student in
as a chemist, but more generally in a profession
of pharmacy,” explains Dr.where redesigned
Isaac, including “stoi-to be more school
pharmacy fully presented
incorporated into thehowever,
many obstacles; Solu-
they use their background chiometry,
in chemistry.dimensional tion section
analysis, acid–base
This feature prop- of these
the Example
experiencesproblems.
also helpedThere
me toare 44 Strategy
develop certain
highlights people from diverseerties, and physiochemical
backgrounds to show properties.”
all Maps The study strengths.
accompanying . .including
Example social intelligence,
problems perseverance/
in the book.
of pharmacy has three core components: looking resilience, creativity, gratitude, and critical thinking.”
Exam pl e 4 .1
Strategy Map Mass Relations in Chemical Reactions

Problem Problem Glucose, C6H12O6, reacts with oxygen to give CO2 and H2O. What mass of
Calculate mass of O2 required oxygen (in grams) is required to completely react with 25.0 g of glucose? What masses
for combustion of 25.0 g of of carbon dioxide and water (in grams) are formed?
glucose.
What Do You Know? You are given the mass of one of the reactants (glucose)
and are asked to determine the masses of the other substances in the reaction. You know
Data/Information formulas for the reactants and products and need to calculate their molar masses.
Formulas for reactants and
products and the mass of one Strategy Write the balanced chemical equation for this reaction. Then, follow the
reactant (glucose) scheme outlined in Problem Solving Tip 4.1 and in the Strategy Map for this example.
Solution
Step 1 Write the balanced equation.
C6H12O6(s) + 6 O2(g) n 6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(ℓ)
Step 2 Convert the given mass (grams) to amount (moles).

Use the molar mass of glucose to convert its mass (25.0 g) to the amount of glucose.
1 mol glucose
25.0 g glucose 0.1387 mol glucose
180.2 g glucose
Step 3 Use the stoichiometric factor to convert the amount (moles) of glucose to the
amount (moles) of O2.
Use the coefficients of the balanced equation to obtain the stoichiometric factor of 6 mol
O2 per 1 mol glucose, and then convert the amount of glucose to the amount of O2.
6 mol O2
0.1387 mol glucose 0.8324 mol O2
1 mol glucose
Step 4 Convert the amount (moles) of the requested substance to its mass (grams).
Use the molar mass of O2 to convert from the amount of O2 to the mass of O2.
32.00 g O2
0.8324 mol O2 26.6 g O2
1 mol O2
194 Chapter 4 / Stoichiometry: Quantitative Information about Chemical Reactions
xvi Preface
Another random document with
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of their food.
Challis was forced to ask permission to open one of the tins of preserved
meat which formed part of the men's loads. The Tubus gathered round him,
and watched with childish curiosity as he cut the tin open. They were mute
with astonishment when they saw what it contained. They hardly allowed
Challis time to take from it sufficient for his supper, before they began to
quarrel about the ownership of the tin.
Goruba, hearing the noise, came and settled the matter by swallowing the
rest of the meat in two or three great gulps, and taking the tin as a present for
one of his wives.
Challis was too tired and weak to care what was done. There was no bed
but the hot dry sand; but after eating a little he stretched himself on the spot
assigned to him in the centre of the encampment, and forgot his sufferings
for a time in a troubled sleep.
CHAPTER VI
THE NORTHWARD TRAIL
The information which the old chief had given Royce influenced his
choice of route when he started on his return journey.
"You see, John," he said to the headman, "we don't want to meet this
Goruba again. No doubt he stumbled on us by accident, and we have no
reason to suppose that he has any particular spite against white men;
certainly I had done nothing to upset him. But as he appears to be a
dangerous character, we had better keep out of his way. Don't you think so?"
"Dat all same berry good, sah," said John.

"Then we won't go back by way of the fort," Royce pursued. "I dare say,
indeed, these men know a nearer way to the village. Ask them."
The carriers assured John, when he questioned them, that they knew a
much nearer way, by which they would leave the fort a long distance on their
right. Royce therefore left the leadership to their headman, who carried no
load, and went on with him, slightly ahead of the rest, to keep a good look-
out in case of possible danger.
It was not until they had been marching for an hour or more that the
suspicion flashed upon him that Goruba might have been concerned in the
raid on the ruined village. True, John had said that the raiders were Tubus,
and Goruba was not a Tubu, but probably, from his appearance, and from
what the chief had said, a Nubian. But, remembering that Rabeh, Goruba's
former master, had himself been a slave, who had gradually worked his way
up to the lordship of a considerable empire, Royce wondered whether
Goruba had raised himself to a similar position among the Tubus.
A puzzling fact was that he had appeared at the fort alone. As Rabeh's
lieutenant he no doubt had made himself so much hated in this part of the
country that he could expect no mercy if he fell into the hands of any of his
former victims. It seemed therefore unlikely that he was really quite alone.
He must belong to a party, and what could be more probable than that he was
a member, if not the leader, of the party who had burnt the village?
The more he thought about it, the more troubled Royce became. If the
raiders had not returned to their own country across the Yo, it was at least
possible that they might discover Challis's camp. He was uneasy at the idea
of Challis, with his few men, of whom half were sick, having to sustain an
attack by a large body of the most ferocious warriors known in that part of
Africa. Anxious to rejoin his friend, Royce grew impatient at the slow pace
at which the carriers walked, heavily burdened as they were, and would have
gone on far ahead but that he felt himself responsible to the chief for their
safety.
It was fortunate that he had decided to avoid the fort on his return
journey. Goruba had dispatched a small band of his best men to lie in wait
there, and ambush the white man and his follower. They were lurking in the
precincts of the fort at the very moment when Royce and his party were
making a bend to the south about a mile distant.
The route followed by the headman of the carriers led through a

considerable stretch of wooded country. The headman told John that he
would not have chosen that way but for his master's desire to avoid the fort,
although it was shorter. When John asked him why, he explained that the
woodland was the resort of large herds of elephants, of which the carriers
were somewhat afraid. It would have been different had they not been
carrying loads. They were bold enough when they accompanied the chief on
hunting expeditions, and had spears in their hands. But with heavy loads on
their heads they felt helpless if the great beasts should chance to cross their
path.
Once or twice, as they pressed on at their best pace, they heard a great
crashing among the trees. Their scent, carried on the breeze, had disturbed
the elephants browsing in the thickets. The sound alarmed the men, but
Royce, when John told him what caused it, explained that the elephants were
just as anxious to avoid them as they were to avoid the elephants.
"What the white man says may be true," said the headman. "But
sometimes the scent of men makes the elephants angry, and then they seek
the men, and do not run away."
They passed through the woodland without encountering elephants, and

found themselves on the low shore of an extensive lake, the remoter border
of which was overhung by low cliffs. The negroes were careful to keep at a
good distance from the brink of the water. Alligators might often be met with
on the mud flats, lying so still, and being so much the colour of the ground,
that their presence was sometimes only known by the shrieks of some
hapless victim whom one had seized.
As they were skirting the lake, John suddenly gave a shout, and pointed
to what appeared to be a greyish-black ridge just projecting above the
surface of the water. This object seemed to swell, the water was disturbed,
and at one end of the ridge emerged the ugly head of a hippopotamus.
"Hippo meat berry fine, sah!" said John longingly.

"I daresay, but I am not going to shoot when I don't know who may be
about," Royce returned. "And don't shout again, John, whatever you may
see. I am not anxious to meet that giant Goruba again."
They left the lake behind, and by dint of hard marching through rough
and scrubby country reached the neighbourhood of the ruined village a little
before nightfall. Approaching it on a different side from that by which he
had left it, Royce would not have recognised it but for the assurance of his
guides.
He hurried along with John at the head of the party through the desolate
blackened street until he reached the palm-trees, where he expected to find
the camp. To his surprise there was no sign of an encampment having been
there, nor, looking round, could he discover Challis or any of the boys.
"What does this mean, John?" he asked, feeling very uneasy.
John looked puzzled for a moment or two; then his face lightened as the
explanation struck him.
"Boys 'fraid of debbils, sah," he said. "Massa Chally find 'nother place."
Somewhat relieved, Royce hastened on with the man, hoping to see his
friend at no great distance. In a few minutes they caught sight of the
scattered material of the zariba. In the enclosure was a round mark upon the
ground, indicating where the tent had stood, and blackened spots where the
men had kindled their fires. But all the baggage was gone, except one tent-
peg. There was nothing else save a number of empty banana skins.
Royce paused in dismay. John looked about with the air of a man in fear.
And then there was a sudden cry from one of the carriers, as they came up
toiling under their loads. They halted, dropped their burdens, and, collecting
in a group, stood staring at the ground.
Royce and John hurried to them, wondering what had attracted their
attention. They were looking with terror at some dull reddish splashes on the
soil.
Royce's heart sank. It was inconceivable that Challis had moved camp of
his own accord. He must have been attacked. The bloodstains seemed to
indicate that there had been a fight; yet they were very few, and all at one
spot. He looked about, dreading to see dead bodies in the neighbourhood of
the enclosure. The relief he felt at finding none was smothered by a great
anxiety. It seemed only too certain that, fight or no fight, the camp had been
captured, and all within it carried away.
For some little time they all stood silent. Then the headman suddenly
started, threw up his arms, and with a howl of fright took to his heels, and
ran fleetly back along the way he had come. Instantly his companions
followed him; in a few seconds they had disappeared. Royce was left alone
with John.
The Hausa had already discovered the cause of their sudden stampede.
He had caught sight of a black form skulking among some thin bush at no
great distance from the camp.
Just as he pointed him out to his master, looking much inclined to bolt
after the carriers, the figure moved towards them, hastening its steps, and
revealing itself to be that of one of their own men. The carriers, no doubt,
had supposed him to be one of the party who had rushed the camp, and
feared that the rest were somewhere near.
John ran to him, asking eagerly what had become of Massa Chally. The
man explained that he and another had accompanied Massa Chally when he
went shooting birds, and on their return had seen thousands of Tubus swoop
down on the camp. Being himself somewhat in the rear of the other two, he
had concealed himself, and the birds he carried, in the bush, and remained
there until the prisoners had been taken away. So far as he knew, he was the
only one who had escaped. Fearing to leave the spot, he had waited there,
knowing that Massa Royce would return by-and-by.
"Was there a fight?" asked Royce.
The man replied that Massa Chally had fired his gun, but was himself
wounded and ridden down by the horsemen. No one else had fired. Most of
the men were laden with bananas, and the horsemen had come upon them so
suddenly that there was no time to do anything.
Bad as the news was, Royce recognised a reason for thankfulness in that
Challis had not been killed. The carrier was firm on that point. He had seen
the white man tied to a saddle, and taken away with the rest.
"Which way did they go?" Royce asked.
The man pointed towards the north.
Royce stood pondering. What was to be done? It was unthinkable that he

should leave Challis and the faithful boys to their fate, even though by
following them up he should share it. Challis might escape, in which case he
would need help, and the nearer Royce was to him the better. But Challis
was not the man to desert his negroes, and the chance that all would be able
to escape together was slight.
The longer Royce thought over the problem, the less likely did it appear
that he could do anything for his friend. Yet he must make an attempt. Were
the positions reversed, he knew that Challis would try to do something for
him.
"We must go after them, John," he said at last.
"Save Massa Chally, sah—oh yes!" replied John, trying to look cheerful.
The other man was too much terrified of solitude to raise any objection,
though he was inwardly trembling at the thought of meeting the Tubus.
"What can we do with these provisions?" said Royce, indicating the

calabashes which the frightened carriers had dropped. "We ought not to
leave them for the birds; they may come in handy some day."
John suggested that they should be carried into the bush, and covered up
as well as possible with the material of the dismantled zariba. This plan
seemed to be the only one possible, and the three spent half an hour in
stowing the calabashes under a thick layer of thorn branches.
Then, providing themselves with enough food for a couple of days, they
set off on the trail of the raiders. There was no difficulty in following it. The
soil was sandy, and the horses had left unmistakable traces.
"Keep your eyes open, John," said Royce. "We must see the Tubus before
they see us."
"Savvy all same, sah," said John. "Berry good eyes, sah—oh yes!"
CHAPTER VII
THE PYTHON
Royce and the two negroes marched steadily on, stopping only for brief
intervals of rest. The track led northwards towards the River Yo and the
Tubus' country beyond.
Late in the afternoon they came to a spot where the trail forked. It was
clear that part of the enemy's force had continued on the direct northward
course, while another part, apparently the smaller, had diverged to the east. It
took John only a few seconds to determine which of the two parties included
the prisoners. Besides the hoof marks, there were many prints of bare feet on
the soil, and among these John detected the impressions made by Challis's
boots. These were in the direct track going northwards. The track diverging
to the east was made by hoofs only.
"Dem go to fort, sah—oh yes!" said John.
"Why do you think so?" Royce asked.
John grinned.
"No savvy what for," he said; "savvy all same."

Royce was aware that the fort lay eastward of them, but he had supposed
that it was rather to the south than to the north. Like many negroes, John, as
was afterwards proved, had almost as keen a sense of locality as a wild
animal.
"If you are right," said Royce, "some of the men have probably ridden to
the fort to waylay us on our return. That big fellow must be one of the
Tubus."
"Him no Tubu, sah," said John decisively. "Big fella too much ugly."
As Royce had never seen a Tubu, this statement conveyed nothing to him.
Goruba's countenance was certainly of a Nubian cast. But he felt assured that
the man had some position of authority among the raiders, and had either
sent or led a party to attempt his capture.
He was much troubled in mind at the thought of leaving some of the

enemy in his rear. His only chance—a slight one at the best—of helping
Challis would be wholly destroyed if the party from the fort came up behind
him, and discovered him before he had time to go into hiding. There was no
sign of that party having already returned and rejoined the main body. The
one hope he had was that the men in ambush at the fort, after waiting there
all day, had now given up the idea of waylaying him, and had struck into the
northward route at some point far ahead.
Less than an hour of daylight remained; it would soon be dark, and the
Tubus were not more likely than any other native tribe to continue their
journey in darkness. So Royce felt that if he escaped notice until sunset he
would be pretty safe until next morning dawned.
The sun went down, and the three men halted.
"Where are we to camp, John?" asked Royce.
The Hausa looked around. There was no shelter anywhere on the ground,
but at a little distance from the track a solitary large tree reared itself to a
height of some fifty feet.
"Dat's him, sah!" cried the man. "Sleep in tree; berry nice."
"It won't be the first time," thought Royce, remembering a certain hot
afternoon years before, when he and Challis, happy-go-lucky schoolboys,
had dozed the hours away in the fork of an elm overlooking the cricket-field.
They sat down on the ground to eat their frugal supper. John was quite
concerned at having nothing better to offer his master than some parched
grain and a few nuts, and vigorously rated the carrier for not bringing some
of the birds Challis had shot. He wanted to kindle a fire and give the food at
least a little flavour by roasting, but Royce would not allow it.
"We don't know how near the Tubus are," he said. "They might see the
flame, or smell the smoke. I shall do very well as it is, John."
Then they climbed the tree one after another, Royce envying the agility
with which the barefooted negroes mounted, and selected, each for himself,
a secure perch among the branches.
The two Hausas fell asleep instantly. Royce, however, found his quarters
very unpleasant. They were not in the least like the cool elm he remembered
so vividly. Mosquitoes and a thousand other small insects buzzed about him,
settling upon face and arms, some to sting, others to bite, until he was in
torture. He swung his arms about to ward them off, and covered his face
with his handkerchief, tucking it under his helmet and into the collar of his
coat. But the terrible pests defied all his efforts to protect himself, and he
gave up at last, resigning himself to endure their torments with what patience
he was master of.
It was some time, too, before he lost his fear of toppling from his swaying
perch and crashing to the ground. The effort to secure himself made his
limbs stiff and cramped, and he looked forward to a night of sleeplessness
and pain. But sleep crept upon him unawares. He fell into a doze, uneasy
indeed, and fitful, but yet giving blessed intervals of oblivion.
From one of these spells of slumber, Royce suddenly started to

wakefulness and a strange feeling of terror. He had not been dreaming; by
this time he was so much accustomed to the stings of the insects as to be
almost unconscious of them. Yet he was bathed in sweat, and felt as though
some fearful doom were hanging over him. He lay panting in the crook of
the branches.
What was this strange, musty odour of which he was now aware? What
was the cause of the dreadful feeling of sickness that chilled his skin?
Unable to account for his wretched state, he lay still, hoping that the feeling
would pass.
The foliage rustled above and around him; insects hummed; in the
distance he heard the wailing call of some strange night bird, the booming
note of a giant frog, the bark of a beast of prey. In these there was nothing
alarming. But his uneasiness, the sense of impending danger, grew upon
him, and at last, unable to endure the mysterious feeling any longer, he was
on the point of awakening John, for the mere relief and pleasure of hearing a
human voice, when all at once the other man, farther from him, uttered a
shriek of mortal terror.
IN THE PYTHON'S TOILS
The effect upon Royce was as startling as the shock from an electric
current. He started up, almost losing his balance. The cry had this good
result, that it enabled him to shake off the numbing horror that had oppressed
him. Groping in his pocket, he drew out a small electric torch which he used
but sparingly, because of the impossibility of re-charging it. With the other
hand he seized his revolver.
A flash of the torch made all terribly clear. The hapless carrier was in the
toils of an immense snake. John crouched near him, paralysed with horror.
The snake was gradually tightening its hold, and its hideous head was
swaying within a few feet of its victim.
Royce snapped his revolver at the reptile's head. The shot went wide. He
fired again. This time his aim was true. For a moment the snake convulsively
tightened its coils about the inert black body, causing the man to groan under
the crushing pressure. Then the coils relaxed, the head drooped, and in a few
moments the monster dropped with a thud upon the ground.
CHAPTER VIII
SETTING A TRAP
There was no more sleep for any of the three that night. Royce's nerves
were on edge; the negroes, though they recovered sooner than he from the
shock, remained in a high state of excitement. John related a dismal story of
the absorption of a cousin of his by a snake, showing such a relish for
gruesome details that Royce ordered him to choose another subject.
With the earliest glimmer of dawn they descended from their perches. At
the foot of the tree lay an unusually large specimen of the African python,
measuring at least eighteen feet. Royce shuddered at the thought of the fate
which the Hausa had so narrowly escaped.
They made the best breakfast they could, and as soon as it was light
enough to mark the trail, they set off again in the track of the enemy.
Royce knew that, lightly burdened as he and his companions were, their
speed was likely to be much greater than that of the raiders, whose pace
must be regulated by the men carrying heavy loads. So he was not surprised,
after marching only two or three hours, to reach the spot where the party had
encamped during the night.
From the aspect of the place, and the still warm embers of fires, John
guessed that the camp had been broken up rather later in the morning than
usual, and not very long before his arrival. This conclusion led him to press
on with redoubled vigour, and at the same time with caution.
Royce asked himself more than once what he would do when he came up
with the raiders. Always he had to admit that he did not know. It was
hopeless to attempt to form a plan. Indeed, he acknowledged to himself that
the whole enterprise was pretty hopeless. The hoof marks and the prints of
feet were so numerous that the party must be a large one. The Hausa had
spoken of thousands of Tubus. That was no doubt an exaggeration; the negro
is always ready to magnify numbers; but it was almost certain that the
horsemen mustered a score or two. What was more surprising was the
character of the footprints. Royce's full party consisted of only sixteen
carriers, of whom two were now with him; but the depth of the impressions
on the sandy soil, rather than their number, indicated that there were many
more than fourteen prisoners. African natives march nearly always in single
file, each man stepping in the tracks of the man in front of him; the
footprints now before him were so deeply impressed that they must have
been made by a large number of men.
Of the three trackers, John went first, as the most experienced in

travelling over this kind of country. Every now and again he would point to
the marks of Challis's boots, when they were clearly distinguishable from the
other prints. Presently he declared that Massa Chally must be tied to a horse,
for his footprints corresponded regularly with the marks of four hoofs.
Towards midday the track struck into a well-beaten native path, on which
the foot-prints were less clearly marked. It ran northward over undulating
wooded country, broken now and then by open spaces of prairie-like land.
John declared that there were signs of their approaching a river.
When they came to the open spaces, he slackened pace, and scouted
forward with great caution, to make sure of not stumbling upon the rear of
the enemy. It was very unlikely that these had any idea of being pursued, but
they were in hostile country, the people in the far-distant villages were their
bitter foes, and they would hardly neglect the usual precautions against
surprise or sudden attack.
From one of these spaces, to which John had gone on ahead, he ran back
by-and-by, his eyes lit with excitement.
"See horses, sah!" he cried.
"Going from us?" asked Royce anxiously.
"Tails dis way, sah."
"Lead on slowly. Be sure to keep out of sight."
Since the horses were moving, clearly the only thing to be done was to
keep in touch with them for the present, and seek a favourable opportunity of
ascertaining the exact strength of the party and their order of march.
As a precaution against being discovered, Royce suggested that they

should leave the path, and pursue their course at some little distance on one
side of it or the other. John agreed that this was wise, though it would retard
their progress. This, however, mattered little, seeing that they were travelling
considerably faster than the raiders were.
A little later, Royce himself, on ascending a slight eminence, caught sight

of the horsemen.
The size of the party surprised him. At the rear were about a dozen
mounted men, more or less clothed, turbaned and armed; the sunlight flashed
on their weapons, though at the distance he could not yet discover what
those weapons were. Beyond them, strung out in a long line that wound like
a snake over the country, was a body of more than a hundred negroes on
foot, with mounted men among them at intervals. At some distance ahead
was another party of armed horsemen, larger than the one in the rear.
To determine their numbers exactly was impossible. Royce wished he had

thought of taking his field-glasses with him when he left the camp a few
nights before; they were now, he feared, among the captured baggage, but at
a rough estimate he felt sure that there could not be fewer than forty
mounted men, in charge of perhaps a hundred and twenty captives. It was
clear that the Tubus had raided several small villages, and that Challis and
the Hausas were the latest additions to their haul. No doubt they were now
making for their own district across the Yo, in high spirits at the successful
results of their expedition.
Only a few minutes after Royce caught sight of them, the straggling
column came to a halt. It was the time for their midday meal.
"Eat now, sah?" asked John.
"You can go on a bit longer?" said Royce.
"Can do same as Massa," John replied.
"Very well, then. I suppose they will rest for a couple of hours or more.
That gives us a chance of getting ahead of them."
"Oh yes, sah. Get ahead, sure 'nuff."
John regarded the suggestion as one that would merely score a point in
the game. Royce, however, had a serious object in view. The size of the party
had made clear what he had all along suspected: that direct intervention on
his part was impossible. What could a little band of three, of whom only two
were armed, do against so formidable a force?
When two combatants are unequally matched, the weaker tries to

accomplish by guile what he cannot do by strength. Royce was wondering
whether, by slipping past the raiders, and examining the country in front, he
could discover a spot where by some trick or ambuscade he might throw
them into confusion, and rescue Challis before they had recovered from their
surprise. He had no definite plan in mind; everything depended upon the
nature of the ground.
Increasing their distance from the path, the three marched rapidly through
a belt of thin woodland which screened them sufficiently, and came back to
the track, after a long round, at a point which Royce calculated to be a good
mile ahead of the raiders.
They pressed on, avoiding the path, on which Royce's boots would have
left tell-tale tracks, but keeping as near to it as was safe. John halted every
now and then to look back, and to listen for sounds of the enemy's advance.
Royce gave his whole attention to the features of the surrounding country.
As they covered mile after mile without finding a spot where anything in
the nature of an ambush could be successfully attempted, Royce's hopes
sank lower and lower. The country became more and more hilly, and the
path followed the undulations in almost a straight line over bare soil. It did
not pass through tracts of thick bush or clumps of woodland, which might
have afforded opportunities for an ambuscade. Nor were there abrupt corners
or overhanging banks that would have lent themselves to the springing of a
surprise on the enemy.
The Hausas wondered why their master kept on marching so doggedly,

now that they were miles ahead.
"Eat now, sah?" said John at last.
"You can eat as you walk, if you like," replied Royce, "but we won't rest
yet."
Some little while later, as they were rounding the shoulder of a low hill,
John suddenly cried:
"Ribber, sah! Savvy ribber here all same."
"I can't see it," said Royce.
This answer appeared to tickle John, who laughed heartily.
"See him bimeby," he said. "Hear him now."
And then Royce caught a faint sound like the rustle of leaves in the wind.
A few minutes' walking proved that John was right. The track made a
sharp bend. On the left of it the ground fell away steeply to a river valley,
down which a stream was tumbling rapidly, no doubt to join the Yo
somewhere to the east.
Royce's drooping spirits took a joyous leap, for the path led down to a
frail swinging bridge which spanned the stream. It was made of plant rope,
and looked too slight to bear the weight of more than a few men at a time.
The possibilities of the situation flashed upon his mind.
It was clear that the stream was not fordable at this spot, otherwise there
would be no bridge. The African native never puts himself to unnecessary
trouble. It was equally clear that the bridge was not strong enough to bear
the weight of horses; therefore the mounted men would not cross here, but
must go either to the right or to the left to seek a ford. Best of all, on the side
of the track remote from the stream, the ground rose so steeply as to form
almost a precipice. Here, if anywhere, an attempt to throw the party into
confusion might succeed, and the idea of a plan to do even more than that
had already suggested itself to Royce.
Would he be able to carry it out? Success depended on many conditions

—the arrangements of the raiders, the nerve and quickness of his own men, a
hundred and one chances. At any rate, it was worth attempting.
"Gambaru," he said to the second Hausa, "climb up to the top there, and
watch for the enemy. Lie down behind a bush, so that they will not see you.
When you are sure what they are going to do, slide down and tell me. John,
come down to the river with me."
On reaching the bridge, Royce first ran across it to test its strength, then
took out his pocket-knife, and cut as many of the plant ropes as he dared
without bringing the whole structure down. John looked on in amazement.
The bridge took off from a low cliff on either side of the stream. The
banks were overgrown with thick tall bushes and reeds.
"You can hide there?" said Royce, pointing to the vegetation beneath the
nearer end of the bridge.
"Hide plenty all same, sah," replied John, looking puzzled and a little
uneasy.
"Very well. We'll go back now, and wait for Gambaru's report. Then I'll
tell you what to do."
CHAPTER IX
THE BROKEN BRIDGE
On returning from the bridge, Royce was too impatient to remain at the
river level and wait for news from Gambaru, perched on the heights above.
He reflected, too, that when so much was at stake, it was better to make his
own observations than to rely on an unskilled native.
"Gambaru's eyesight is no doubt better than mine," he thought, "but his

judgment is not likely to be. And I've had some training in scouting."
He clambered up the steep acclivity until, somewhat out of breath, he

reached Gambaru's side.
"Have you seen anything?" he asked.
"Nuffin, sah," the man replied.
Shading his eyes from the sun, Royce gazed earnestly over the country.
He could see the track for nearly a mile, until it disappeared below the
shoulder of the hill a few hundred yards from where he stood. There was no
human being in sight.
Again and again he looked, becoming more and more restless at the non-
appearance of the enemy. He began to fear that they had diverged from the
track, and instead of directing their march towards the bridge, had made off
in a body towards a ford.
But suddenly Gambaru touched his arm.
"Dat's dem, sah!" he cried, extending his arm. For a few moments
Royce's less perfect vision failed to descry anything upon the track except
what seemed to be a slight haze. But at length he was able to distinguish
figures, and then he felt considerable surprise. The men he saw marching
towards him were all on foot. Where were the horsemen whom he had
previously seen at the head of the column?
"What uncommon luck!" he said to himself. "They seem to have left the
track already, and gone to one side or the other to cross by some ford they
know. It makes things easier."
He had expected the mounted men to accompany the column to the

bridge, and then part from it to find the ford. That they had not done so
proved, first that they were very confident, and secondly that the ford was at
some considerable distance from the bridge.
The Tubus clearly expected no molestation by natives of the district,

whom they, no doubt, regarded as completely cowed. It was equally clear
that they intended, after making their detour by the ford, to meet the rest of
the column at some spot beyond the bridge.
Taking care to keep under cover, Royce watched the procession until the
last man appeared. All the horsemen had gone. He made out that there was a
vanguard of about half a dozen armed men, and another half a dozen brought
up the rear. At intervals along the column there were about the same number,
acting as escort to the prisoners. The vanguard marched some two hundred
yards ahead of the rest, who were strung out over at least half a mile. They
marched very slowly.
It was a long time before Royce was able to distinguish the figure of his
friend. He almost feared that Challis had been taken to the ford, still tied to
the saddle; and it gave him a thrill of joy when at last he observed the white-
clad form, about half-way down the column.
Royce had already conceived the general idea of his ambuscade; the
absence of the horsemen promised to make its working out in detail much
easier than he could have hoped. These details he thought out as he watched
the column slowly advancing.
His plan was to let the vanguard pass over the bridge, then to sever them
from the rest of the column by cutting the remainder of the ropes, and
afterwards to deal with the others as circumstances might dictate. It was this
last part which had given him most anxiety. Now, however, he rapidly made
up his mind to attempt an operation which had been suggested by the nature
of the ground.
The track, it will be remembered, made a sharp bend just where it

descended to the river. On one side was the river itself, thickly fringed with
rushes; on the other, the steep and almost precipitous slope. It depended on
the nerve and the quickness of Gambaru whether he could take advantage of
that bend to carry out his scheme.
He rapidly explained to the man what was required of him, and was
delighted to find how quickly it was understood, and how eager the Hausa
was to assist him. Then they slid down the slope, and while Gambaru hid
amid the rushes near the bend, Royce hurried to John, waiting beneath the
bridge.
"Six or seven Tubus will come on to the bridge," he said. "When they
have just passed the middle, but before any of them have got to the other
side, cut all the ropes I have left uncut. You understand?"
"Savvy all same, sah," said John, his eyes gleaming, his lips parted in a
wide grin. "Dey go plop!"
"Then run back as fast as you can and join me. There will be other work
for you."
He hastened back to the bend, and concealed himself by Gambaru's side

among the rushes.
It was perhaps five minutes later that the first man of the advance guard
appeared round the bend. He walked straight down to the bridge-head,
followed by five others. Royce watched them eagerly, his heart beating fast.
Everything depended on what would happen in the next minute.
To his dismay, instead of walking at once on to the bridge, they stood in a

group at the end, all talking together. Were they going to wait until the

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THE NORTHWARD TRAIL

"Dat all same berry good, sah," said John.

The route followed by the headman of the carriers led through a

They passed through the woodland without encountering elephants, and

"Hippo meat berry fine, sah!" said John longingly.

"What does this mean, John?" he asked, feeling very uneasy.

"Was there a fight?" asked Royce.

"Which way did they go?" Royce asked.

The man pointed towards the north.

Royce stood pondering. What was to be done? It was unthinkable that he

"We must go after them, John," he said at last.

Full download Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity, 11e 11th Edition John C. Kotz file pdf all chapter on 2024

Full download Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity, 11e 11th Edition John C. Kotz file pdf all chapter on 2024

Full download Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity, 11e 11th Edition John C. Kotz file pdf all chapter on 2024

Liquid oxygen is attracted to a strong magnet. See Chapter 9 for