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Finite Mathematics
Finite Mathematics
EIGHTH
EDITION
Stefan Waner
Hofstra University
Steven R. Costenoble
Hofstra University
Australia • Brazil • Canada • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States

Finite Mathematics, Eighth Edition © 2023, © 2018, © 2014 Cengage Learning, Inc.
Stefan Waner, Steven R. Costenoble Copyright © 2023 Cengage Learning, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
WCN:02-300
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No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced
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Portfolio Product Director: Mark Santee copyright law, without the prior written permission of the copyright
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requests online at www.copyright.com.
Production Service: Lumina Datamatics Ltd.
Designer: Gaby McCracken

Library of Congress Control Number: 2023936216
Cover Image Source: Getty Images
Student Edition:
ISBN: 978-0-357-72326-5
Loose-leaf Edition:
ISBN: 978-0-357-72327-2
Cengage
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Boston, MA 02210
USA
Cengage is a leading provider of customized learning solutions.

Our employees reside in nearly 40 different countries and serve
digital learners in 165 countries around the world. Find your local
representative at www.cengage.com.
To learn more about Cengage platforms and services, register or access

your online learning solution, or purchase materials for your course,
visit www.cengage.com.
Printed in the United States of America

Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2023
BRIEF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 0 Precalculus Review 1
CHAPTER 1 Functions and Applications 49
CHAPTER 2 Mathematics of Finance 127
CHAPTER 3 Systems of Linear Equations and Matrices 177
CHAPTER 4 Matrix Algebra 235
CHAPTER 5 Linear Programming 313
CHAPTER 6 Sets and Counting 397
CHAPTER 7 Probability 447
CHAPTER 8 Random Variables and Statistics 545
v
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 0 Precalculus Review 1

Introduction 2
0.1 Real Numbers 2
0.2 Exponents and Radicals 7
0.3 Using Exponent Identities 14
0.4 Multiplying and Factoring Algebraic Expressions 18
0.5 Rational Expressions 24
0.6 Solving Polynomial Equations 26
0.7 Solving Miscellaneous Equations 33
0.8 The Coordinate Plane 37
0.9 Logarithms 41
CHAPTER 1 Functions and Applications 49

Introduction 50
1.1 Functions from the Numerical, Algebraic, and Graphical Viewpoints 50
1.2 Functions and Models 65
1.3 Linear Functions and Models 82
1.4 Linear Regression 99
KEY TOPICS 110
REVIEW EXERCISES 110
CASE STUDY Modeling YouTube Viewership 113
■ TECHNOLOGY GUIDE 117
CHAPTER 2 Mathematics of Finance 127

Introduction 128
2.1 Simple Interest 128
2.2 Compound Interest 137
2.3 Annuities, Loans, and Bonds 147
KEY TOPICS 163
CASE STUDY Adjustable Rate and Subprime Mortgages 165
vii
viii Contents
CHAPTER 3 Systems of Linear Equations and Matrices 177

Introduction 178
3.1 Systems of Two Linear Equations in Two Unknowns 178
3.2 Using Matrices to Solve Systems of Equations 192
3.3 Applications of Systems of Linear Equations 210
KEY TOPICS 223
CASE STUDY Hybrid Cars: Optimizing the Degree of Hybridization 226
CHAPTER 4 Matrix Algebra 235

Introduction 236
4.1 Matrix Addition and Scalar Multiplication 236
4.2 Matrix Multiplication 246
4.3 Matrix Inversion 260
4.4 Game Theory 271
4.5 Input-Output Models 287
KEY TOPICS 299
CASE STUDY Social Network Analysis 302
CHAPTER 5 Linear Programming 313

Introduction 314
5.1 Graphing Linear Inequalities 314
5.2 Solving Linear Programming Problems Graphically 324
5.3 The Simplex Method: Solving Standard Maximization Problems 340
5.4 The Simplex Method: Solving General Linear Programming Problems 357
5.5 The Simplex Method and Duality 371
KEY TOPICS 385
CASE STUDY The Diet Problem 389
CHAPTER 6 Sets and Counting 397

Introduction 398
6.1 Set Operations 398
6.2 Cardinality 409
6.3 Decision Algorithms: The Addition and Multiplication Principles 419
6.4 Permutations and Combinations 430
KEY TOPICS 443
CASE STUDY Designing a Puzzle 445
Contents ix
CHAPTER 7 Probability 447

Introduction 448
7.1 Sample Spaces and Events 448
7.2 Relative Frequency 462
7.3 Probability and Probability Models 470
7.4 Probability and Counting Techniques 487
7.5 Conditional Probability and Independence 496
7.6 Bayes’ Theorem and Applications 511
7.7 Markov Systems 521
KEY TOPICS 534
CASE STUDY The Monty Hall Problem 537
CHAPTER 8 Random Variables and Statistics 545

Introduction 546
8.1 Random Variables and Distributions 546
8.2 Bernoulli Trials and Binomial Random Variables 556
8.3 Measures of Central Tendency 564
8.4 Measures of Dispersion 577
8.5 Normal Distributions 591
KEY TOPICS 602
CASE STUDY Spotting Tax Fraud with Benford’s Law 605
Appendix A Logic 613
Appendix B Area Under a Normal Curve 629
Answers to Selected Exercises A1
Index I1
Index of Applications I13
Index of Companies and Agencies I17

ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Stefan Waner and Steven R. Costenoble both received their Ph.D. from the University
of Chicago, having studied several years apart with the same advisor, J. Peter May.
Their paths merged when Steven joined Stefan at Hofstra University in 1987; since
then, they have coauthored 18 research papers as well as a research-level monograph
in algebraic topology. By the early 1990s they had become dissatisfied with many of
the Finite Mathematics and Applied Calculus textbooks. They wanted textbooks that
were more readable and relevant to students’ interests, containing examples and exer-
cises that were interesting, and reflected the interactive approaches and techniques
they found worked well with their own students. It therefore seemed natural to extend
their research collaboration to a joint textbook writing project that expressed these
ideals. To this day, they continue to work together on their textbook projects, their
research in algebraic topology, and their teaching.
xi
PREFACE
Finite Mathematics is intended for a one- or two-term course for students majoring
in business, the social sciences, or the liberal arts. The eighth edition is designed to
address two challenges: (1) generating enthusiasm and mathematical sophistication in
a student audience that may not have optimum preparation and may not be intrinsically
motivated by traditional mathematics courses, and (2) providing the structure and flex-
ibility to support instructors in implementing a wide variety of pedagogical philoso-
phies and instructional paradigms.
In the eighth edition we meet these challenges through significant enhancements
in content and context:
• we focus on up-to-date real-life applications that students can relate to and instruc-
tors can use to engage their audience,
• we present mathematical concepts intuitively and thoroughly with a writing style
that is informal, engaging, and occasionally even humorous,
• we have streamlined and enhanced the thematic structure throughout the book,
• we support all levels of technology usage. Our text provides comprehensive support
for various technologies, including graphing calculators, spreadsheets, and our pow-
erful online utilities. This is carefully implemented to make this edition work seam-
lessly in courses that use no technology, that focus on a single form of technology, or
that incorporate several technologies.
No previous calculus background is assumed. Although we provide extensive review
of precalculus skills and concepts in Chapter 0, students should have completed col-
lege algebra or the equivalent as a prerequisite.
Complete Support for Various Course Needs

and Learning Environments
In this edition we bring you much more than just a book: In combination with the
WebAssign online homework platform and ebook as well as the extensive author-
developed website at AppliedMathSite.net, we can now deliver a fully interactive
version of this book including adaptive practice for examples linked to a large and
growing knowledge base of support topics.
We integrate resources like gamified interactive tutorials, powerful online tools, and
section-by-section videos. These provide instructors with the resources they need in a
range of class structures and delivery styles, from traditional on-campus classes (with
or without technology support) to various types of hybrid and online classes.
In addition to the trusted homework experience, you’ll find an array of tools and
resources in WebAssign that support other areas of your course.
• Students can practice prerequisite algebra and pre-calculus skills and concepts using
WebAssign boot camps, curated practice assignments, as well as the extensive tutori-
als at AppliedMathSite.net (links to which are provided in WebAssign).
xiii
xiv Preface
• You can assign curated pre- or post-class assessments in WebAssign, containing a

mix of quantitative and qualitative questions. The assessments ensure students com-
plete any assigned pre-class work and/or review material covered in class.
• WebAssign and AppliedMathSite.net offer additional in-class support, like alter-
native worked examples and individual or group activities.
• Students can study for tests and quizzes in a self-paced environment using curated
review assignments in WebAssign and the extensive topic summaries and review
tutorials at AppliedMathSite.net (links to which are also provided in WebAssign).
• You can utilize WebAssign as a quizzing and testing platform with curated test
assignments with built-in academic integrity features.
Our Approach to Pedagogy

Real World Orientation The diversity, breadth and abundance of examples and
exercises included in this edition continue to distinguish our book from the others.
Many of our examples and exercises, as well as the capstone “Case Study” projects at
the end of each chapter, are based on real, referenced, and timely data from business,
economics, the life sciences, and the social sciences.
The sheer number of new and updated examples and exercises in the eighth edi-
tion is unprecedented in earlier editions, and hence focus more on what students and
instructors now see around them. The updated material covers topics ranging from the
rapid rise of volatile cryptocurrencies and a sudden unanticipated global pandemic to
the network technology students constantly use in their phones and the corporations
they will instantly recognize as important in their lives. Historically notable events
like the 1990s Dot Com boom, the 2005–2006 real estate bubble and resulting 2008
economic crisis, the 2010 stock market “Flash Crash,” the earlier outbreaks of SARS
and Ebola in 2003 and 2014, and many more, are also addressed in our examples and
exercises throughout the book.
As in earlier editions, we have been careful to strike a pedagogically sound bal-
ance between applications based on real data and more traditional “generic” applica-
tions. Thus, the density and selection of real data-based applications continues to be
tailored to the pedagogical goals and appropriate difficulty level for each section.
Streamlined Thematic Structure and Readability As in previous editions, our

writing style is geared to our desire to have students read this book, and to enjoy read-
ing this book. Thus, we present the material in a conversational and student-oriented
style and have made frequent use of question-and-answer dialogues to encourage the
development of the student’s mathematical curiosity and intuition. Equally important
is the need, for students and instructors alike, for a carefully delineated thematic struc-
ture so that students can focus on the central ideas in each topic and refer quickly
to appropriate portions of the text, and instructors can more easily organize their
presentations.
The eighth edition is a significant revision in this latter regard, and we have
streamlined the discussion significantly and enhanced the organization of topics within
each section to create a balance between conversational style and a careful focus on
the mathematical ideas presented. The topics students will see and the skills they will
master in each section appear as a brief marginal Topics and Skills list at the begin-
ning of each section. Moreover, through new Practice This Skill marginal elements,
the examples in the text now point to specific exercises based on those examples, just
as many exercises point back to specific examples on which they are based.
We also have reimagined and revised one of our main features, the Key Concept
pedagogy boxes, which introduce each new concept along with short Quick Exam-
ples to reinforce and give immediate context to these concepts the moment they are
introduced.
TOPICS
• Linear function: Roles of m and b What is a Linear Function?
numerically and graphically
The simplest functions, and perhaps the most useful of all mathematical functions, are
210 Chapter 3 Systems of Linear Equations a
• Change in a quantity
the linear functions. Preface xv
• Slope and y-intercept of a straight
line 66. ◆ A certain homogeneous system of linear e
Pedagogical Aids
• Linear cost, demand, Our
and time- unknowns (see Exercise 65) has a solution
series
changehas always distin-
models Key Concept Linear Function 210 Chapter 3 Systems of Linear Equations a
solution unique? Explain.
g• uVelocity
ished itself through A linear function is one that can be written in the form QUICK
67. ◆ Can EXAMPLEsystem (see Exerci
a homogeneous
innovative
SKILLS approaches to 66. ◆ A certain homogeneous system of linear e
f 1x2 5 mx 1 b Function form equations
f 1x2 5be inconsistent? Explain.
3x21
mastering concepts that nor- unknowns (see Exercise 65) has a solution
• Calculating the slope and intercept
mally cause difficulties for or solution unique? Explain.
of a line (Quick Examples 6–10)
students and headaches for
• Recognizing linear data (Example 1) y 5 mx 1 b Equation form 3x 2 1
67. ◆ Canya5homogeneous system (see Exerci
instructors,
• Finding linearand
is no exception.
this edition
equations
For
(Example 2)
instance,
where m and b are fixed numbers (the names m and bTopics
equations be inconsistent? Explain.
and Skills
are traditional*). 3.3 A
• Finding linear cost, demand, and
time-change models (Examples 3–5) TOPICS In the ex
• We present a rewording technique in Chapters 3 and 5 to show how to translate • Resource allocation tems of l
* Actually,
phrases like “there are (at least/at c is sometimes
most) three times asused instead
many X of Asdirectly
asb.Y” for m, there has even been some research into the question
into •Topics and Skills
Flow analysis
of its origin, but no one knows exactly why that particular letter is used.
3.3 A
strike you
equations or inequalities. lems you
•TOPICS
Transportation analysis In the ex
• The counting arguments in Chapter 6 are cast in terms of “decision algorithms” that example
•SKILLS
Resource allocation tems of l
make counting involving permutations and combinations almost mechanical. versions
• Analyzing and solving real world
Flow analysis strikeInyou
ea
problems that lead to systems of lems you
• Transportation analysis then give
Rigor Mathematical rigor need not be antithetical to the kind of focus on concepts linear equations (all Examples) example
and applications that are hallmarks of this book. We have worked hard to ensure that SKILLS system o
versions
on obtain
we are always mathematically honest without being unnecessarily formal. Some- • Analyzing and solving real world
to getInthe
ea
times we do this through the question-and-answer dialogs and sometimes through problems that lead to systems of
linear equations (all Examples) then give
tool at th
the “Before we go on…” discussions that follow examples, but always in a manner system o
designed to provoke the interest of the student. on obtain
toEXAMP
get the
Five Elements of Mathematical Pedagogy to Address Different Learning Practice This Skill tool at th
Styles The “Rule of Four” is a common theme in many mathematics texts. In Try Exercises 1–4. The Arct
implementing this approach, we discuss many of the central concepts numerically, Online: AppliedMathSite.net pineappl
graphically, and algebraically, and clearly delineate these distinctions. The fourth Practice and visualize → Solving a pineapple
EXAMP
element, verbal communication of mathematical concepts, is emphasized through Practice This Skill
blending problem of orang
Try Exercises 1–4. The Arct
800 quar
our discussions on translating English sentences into mathematical statements,
Online: AppliedMathSite.net pineappl
available
and in our numerous Communication and Reasoning exercises at the end of each Practice and visualize → Solving a pineapple
up all of
section. blending problem of orang
The fifth element, interactivity, is taken to a new level in the eighth edition with
800 quar
Solutio
fully embedded interactive elements and randomizable Your Turn versions of all
available
Section 3
key examples in the eBook in WebAssign. In the printed version, these elements
up all of
question
are pointed to via marginal notes that allow them to be easily located at the
AppliedMathSite.net website with a couple of clicks. Each Your Turn example is like this:
Solutio
equipped with an adaptive practice session—often with variable levels of difficulty—
Section 3
tied to a large and expanding knowledge base that can guide a student experiencing
question
difficulties with a particular example all the way back to the practice of the requisite
like this:
basic algebra skills. Instructors can also assign the Your Turn elements to count for
credit, delivered either as a regular assignment or in a gamified form analogous to the Next, we
online game tutorials.
In addition, AppliedMathSite.net offers interactive tutorials in the form of games,
interactive chapter summaries, and chapter review exercises, and online utilities that
automate a variety of tasks, from graphing and linear programming to regression and Next, we
Pineap
matrix algebra. Ora
K
Exercise Sets Comprehensive and wide-ranging exercise sets have been a hallmark
Pineap
of our series, and with each successive edition we have continued to refine and update Notice ho
them to ensure that they continue to provide material that is timely and relevant, while Ora
unknown
remaining varied enough to challenge students at almost every level of preparation, K
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including everything from straightforward drill exercises to interesting and rather linear eq
challenging applications and conceptual exercises. The exercise sets are carefully Notice ho
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xvi Preface
graded to move from basic exercises and exercises that are similar to examples in
the text to more interesting and advanced ones, marked as “more advanced” (▼) for
easy reference. There are also several much more difficult exercises, designated as
“challenging” (◆). We have also included, in virtually every section of every chap-
ter, numerous interesting applications based on real data, and in these applications the
instructor will notice the large number of new and updated versions in the eighth edi-
tion, reflecting the many recent and sometimes dramatic changes in the world around
us. Equally important are the Communication and Reasoning exercises that help stu-
dents articulate mathematical concepts and recognize common errors, and exercises
indicated for the use of technology ( T ).
Some of the scenarios used in application examples and exercises are revisited
several times throughout the book. Thus, for instance, students will find themselves
using a variety of techniques, from solving systems of equations to linear program-
ming, or graphing through the use of derivatives and elasticity, to analyze the same
application. Reusing scenarios and important functions provides unifying threads and
shows students the complex texture of real-life problems.
New To This Edition

In addition to the new Key Concept structure throughout the text and Topics and Skills
boxes that begin each section, we have made the following changes within individual
chapters.
• Chapter 0: Precalculus Review Recognizing that exponents and radicals are often
areas of weakness in student preparation, we have split the original Section 0.2 on
that subject into two sections: the first to introduce and discuss the various identities
of exponents and radicals, and the second devoted to the use of these identities to
represent algebraic expressions involving them in power form (used in calculus),
positive exponent form (often used for solving equations), and simplest radical form
(to express answers involving radicals in the lowest possible terms). We have also
extended the discussion of logarithms (Section 0.9) by including material on change-
of-base formulas and related properties of logarithms.
• Chapter 1: Functions and Applications In our revision of this important intro-
ductory chapter, we have streamlined much of the material by reducing the size
and complexity of data sets used in the examples and exercises, and removing some
unnecessary discussion. In particular, Section 1.2 on mathematical models is now
significantly more concise and manageable.
• Chapter 2: Mathematics of Finance In general, the discussions in this chapter have
been narrowed to discuss and use fewer variations on each formula than we used in
the seventh edition. In the sections on simple and compound interest, we now give
only one version of each formula, based on time t measured in any convenient units
(not necessarily years) and the interest rate r being the rate per unit of time, allowing
for a simpler presentation than in previous editions. In Section 2.3 on annuities, we
simplify further by insisting that t be measured in compounding periods, so that the
formulas involve only t and r, which is now the interest rate per compounding period.
This change is consistent with the formulas used in the preceding sections and also
with common usage.
• Chapter 4: Matrix Algebra The Chapter 4 Case Study on social networks is com-
pletely new and demonstrates how the concept of an eigenvector—although normally
beyond the scope of a book like this—introduces itself naturally as a measure of par-
ticipants’ degrees of influence in the network.
3. 0 5 0 4. 1 212 5 21
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Preface xvii
b. Use the demand equation you constructed in part (a) to
1 1 rt
functions? estimate the demand if the price were raised to $15 per
b. How many albums must be sold per week to make a profit? novel.
c. If the charge is lowered to $8.00 per album, how many c. Using the information on cost given in Exercise 40, deter-
Continuing Features
albums must be sold per week to make a profit? mine which of the three prices ($5.50, $10, and $15)
QUICK EXAMPLE
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ideas for a student the moment they are 41. Demand and5 5 its$833.33
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1 1 10.052
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introduced. So, by the time students QUICKfor musicEXAMPLES
albums depends on the price it charges. During the 44. Demand OHaganBooks.com has tried selling novels through
first week of the service, it was charging $7 per album and
reach the more extensive “regular” sold 500. Raising1 the price
1 to $9.50 had the effect of lowering o’Books at a variety of prices, with the following results:
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applications that use and illustrate the

interest Modeling YouTube Viewership
central ideas of each chapter, focusing FV 5 $10,000 You are the new director of Impact Advertising Inc. ’s video ad division, which has enjoyed a
* Rates can vary greatly depending r 5 0.0367 steady 0.25% of the worldwide YOUTUBE advertising market. You have drawn up an ambitious
on the development of mathematical
on the state of the economy. During proposal to expand your division in light of your anticipation that YouTube viewership will
models appropriate
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this topics.
edition, T-billThese
rates andKey Concept Zero Exponent
continue to skyrocket. However, upper management sees things differently and, judging by
the following email, does not seem likely to approve the ambitious budget for your proposal.
applicationswentare
fromideal for assignment
well below the one used in
this example to above it. t5
If a is any 0.5.
real number other than zero, then we define
as projects, and to this end we include
groups of exercises at the end of each. Substitutingainto
0
5 the
1 present value formula, we have
10,000
PV 5 5 9,819.81
QUICK EXAMPLES
1 1 10.03672 10.52
so we
15.paid
30 5$9,819.81
1 for the T-bill. 16. 1,000,0000 5 1
• Before We Go On Most examples 17. 00 is not defined.
conclude with supplementary Before we go on . . . The simplest way to find the interest earned on the T-bill is by
subtraction:
discussions, which may include a
check on the answer, a discussion INT 5 FV 2 PV 5 10,000 2 9,819.81 5 $180.19.
of the feasibility and significance So, after 6 months we received back $10,000: the sum of our original investment and
of a solution, or an in-depth look at $180.19 in interest.
what the solution means.
144 Chapter 2 Mathematics of Finance
FAQs: What Formulas to Use, When to Use Compound

Interest, and the Meaning of Present Value
Q: How do I distinguish a problem that calls for compound interest from one that calls
• Question and Answer Dialogue for simple interest?
We frequently use informal A: Study the scenario to ascertain whether the interest is being withdrawn as it is
question-and-answer dialogues that earned or reinvested (deposited back into the account). If the interest is being
anticipate the kinds of questions withdrawn, the problem is calling for simple interest because the interest is not
that may occur to the student and itself earning interest. If it is being reinvested, the problem is calling for com-
pound interest.
also guide the student through the
development of new concepts. Q: How do I distinguish present value from future value in a problem?
A: The present value always refers to the value of an investment before any interest
is included (or, in the case of a depreciating investment, before any depreciation
takes place). As an example, the future value of a bond is its maturity value. The
value of $1 today in constant 2010 dollars is its present value (even though 2010
is in the past). ■
2.2 Exercises
xviii Preface
• Marginal Technology Notes Our brief marginal technology notes outlining EXAMPLE 3
T Using Technology
the use of graphing calculators, spreadsheets, and website technologies in the Find the correlat
TI-83/84 PLUS
accompanying examples have been shortened, but those with some experience using
these technologies will likely not require more detail. When such detail is desired 2nd CATALOG
Solution The
DiagnosticOn
or indicated, the reader can refer to the extensive discussions in the end-of-chapter Then STAT CALC option #4: these except for
Technology Guides. LinReg? (ax+b)
[More details in the Technology
• End-of-Chapter Technology Guides We continue to include detailed TI-83/84 Plus Guide. ]
and Spreadsheet Guides at the end of each chapter. These Guides are referenced SPREADSHEET
liberally in marginal technology notes at appropriate points in the chapter, so Add a trendline and select the
instructors and students can easily use this material or not, as they prefer. Groups of option to “Display R-squared
exercises for which the use of technology is suggested or required appear throughout value on chart.”
[More details and other alterna-
the exercise sets. tives in the Technology Guide.]
Technology Guide 171 WWW.APPLIEDMATHSITE.NET

The following two utilities will
show regression lines and also r 2
TI-83/84 Technology Guide (link to either from Math Tools for
Substituting the
Chapter 1):
Section 2.2 • PMT is not used in this example (it will be used in the
Simple regression utility
next section) and should be 0. r5
Example 1 (page 139) In October 2020, RADIUS BANK function evaluator and grapher
was paying 0.15% annual interest on savings accounts with • FV is the future value, which we shall compute in a "
balances of $2,500 to $24,999.99. If the interest is com- moment; it doesn’t matter what you enter now.
pounded quarterly, find the future value of a $2,500 deposit • P>Y and C>Y stand for payments per year and compound-
174of Chapter
after 6 years. What is the total interest paid over the time 2 Mathematics
ing periods per year,ofrespectively,
Finance but we can use any unit 5
the investment? of time we like, not only years. They should both be set "
to n, the number of compounding periods per unit of time
SOLUTION Spreadsheet Technology Guide
for compound interest problems. (Setting P>Y automati-
cally sets C>Y to the same value.) According to ou
We could calculate the future value using the TI-83/84 Plus
by entering Section 2.2 END or BEGIN is98
• PMT: Chapter
not used 1 Functions
in this example, and it and Applications rounds to 0.8) in
2500(1+0.0015/4)^(4*6) Example
doesn’t matter which you select.
1 (page 139) In October 2020, R ADIUS B ANK prit is that low d
2. To
was paying compute
0.15% annualtheinterest
future value, use the
on savings up or down
accounts with arrow slump caused by
in the Home screen and pressing ENTER . However, the
balances ofto$2,500
put thetocursor 111.
on the
$24,999.99.
▼ Science
theline,
IfFV
Performance
thenispress
interest com- ALPHA in Japan The PISA science perfor- second point
TI-83/84 Plus has this and other useful calculations built ‡
SOLVE . find the future value ofmancea $2,500score
deposit of high school students in Japan was measured
into its TVM (Time Value of Money) Solver.
pounded quarterly, T Explain.
See the note
after 6 years. What is the total interest paid atover
531theintime
2006,
of rose to 547 in 2012, and then dropped to 529
ficient
123. If yinisthis
measuexa
1. Press APPS , then choose item 1:Finance..., andthe investment?
then
choose item 1:TVM Solver.... This brings up the
in 2018. Model thisNote that we
score have
S as formatted the cells B4:C6
a piecewise-linear as currency
function of y 5 mx 1 b,
with two decimal places. If you change the values in
TVM Solver window as shown on the left. SOLUTION the time t in yearscolumn since B,2006, and use your model to esti-
the future value in column C will be auto- in .
You can either compute compound interest mate the or
directly score
use in 2009. (The
matically actual 2009 score was 539.)
recalculated.
112.for▼thisMortgage
example butDelinquencies
1.4 Exercises
financial functions built into your spreadsheet. The follow- Example 2 (page 140) Megabucks Corporation is 124. If the slope i
The percentage of borrowers in
ing worksheet has more than we need issuing 10-year bonds. How much would you pay for bonds dollar, then th
Example
will be useful for 2 (page
other 140) in
examples this the
and highest
Megabucks Corporation
the risk
next sec- category
is issu- whovalue
wereof delinquent onwished
their topay-
ing 10-year bonds. Howis much
labeledwould you pay
timefor
with
is bonds
a maturity $10,000 if you get a and the depen
tion. Although
with
this spreadsheet assuming
ments decreased from
return in▼ 2001
9.7%compounded
of 6.5% moreannually?
advanced
to 4.3% in 2004 ◆ challenging
and
measured in ayears,
maturity
youvalue of $10,000
can use it with if youmeasured
time wish to getina return
any unitsofyou
6.5% compounded
like. annually?
If you do use then
other units, youshot
may up
wantto 10.3%
SOLUTION at the start
T of the real
indicates estatethat
exercises crisis in be125.
should Ifusing
solved a quantity
techno
The screen on the right shows the values you should to change the labels to reflect that.
enter 2007.* Model this percentage P as a piecewise-linear func- by 10 units
You can compute present value in your spreadsheet using the
for this example. The various variables are SOLUTION
tion of the time PV t inworksheet
years sinceIn Exercises
2001,
function. and1–4, compute
useworksheet
The following isthe
your model sum-of-squares
toto
similar behavior in th
error (SSE
To compute the present value using a TI-83/84 Plus: the one in Example hand1, for the
except thatgiven
we set
have of data
entered a and
formulalinear model.
N Number of compounding periods estimate the percentage of delinquent borrowers in 2006. 126. The quantitie
1. Enter the numbers shown below (left) in the TVM for computing the presentSee
[Hint: value from the entered
Example 1.] values.
I% Interest rate per unit of time, as percent, not form
• Communication
decimal and Reasoning Exercises for
Solver window.
Writing andof Discussion These are exercises 2. Put designed
Communication and Reasoning
the cursor on the PV line, and press ALPHA SOLVE . 1. 11,Exercises
12, 12, 22, 13, 42; y 5 x 2 1
PV Negative present value
to
PMTbroaden
Paymentthe student’s period
per compounding grasp of the mathematical 113. How would you test a table2.of10,values 12, 11, of
12,x12,
and
22; yy to
5 xsee
11 Q is positive
(0 in this section) the payment amount in whether it comes from a linear3.function?
concepts and develop modeling skills. They
For this include
example cell B4 should be 10, 212, 11, 32, 14, 62, 15, 02; y 5 2x tity
1 2when T i
FV Future value 0. (We shall use it in the next section.)
exercises in which
P/Y Payments per unit of time
the student is asked to provide his 114. You have ascertained that a 4. 12, 42, 16, 82, 18, 122, 110, 02; y 5 2x 2 8 answers
table of values of x and y corre- your
1. Enter the other numbers as shown. As with other tech-
or her own examples to illustrate
C/Y Compounding periods per unit of time a point or design sponds to a linear function. How do you find an equation for 127. ▼ The velocit
nologies, like the TVM Solver in the TI-83/84 Plus The next worksheet shows the calculated value.
an that (such
linearasfunction? In Exercises 5–8, calculate the sum-of-squares error (SS
PMTapplication
Not used in thiswith a given solution. They
section. alsomoney that you pay to others
calculator, the per second, w
$2,500 you deposit in the bank) should be entered as the given set of data and linear models. Indicate which li
include
Several things “fill in the blank” type exercises,
to notice: exercises
negative, whereas money that is115.
Why is the present value given as To
paid to youwhat
negative? linear function of x does the linear equation
is positive. model gives the better fit. (A) moving
• Nthat
is theinvite discussion
total number and periods,
of compounding debate, so and—perhaps
enter nt Example most
6 (page 143) You ax
have 1 by
$5,000 to
2. The formula entered in cell C6 uses the built-in FV func- 5 c
invest1bat ?
6% 02 correspond? Why did we specify (B) accelera
annual interest
thecompounded
future value monthly.
5. 11, 12, 12, 22, 13, 42; a. y 5 1.5x 2 1(C) decelera
here, not n.
importantly—exercises in which the student tion to must
calculate basedbon?How long will
0?entries
the in it take
• The present value, PV, is entered as a negative number. columnfor B.
your investment
This to grow
formula has to $6,000?format:
the following b. y 5 2x 2 1.5(D) impossib
Inidentify andusing
general, when correct common
the TVM errors.
Solver, any amountThese
of exercises 116. Complete the following. The slope of the line with equation
=FV(i,n,PMT,PV)
SOLUTION 6. 10, 12, 11, 12, 12, 22; a. y 5 0.4x 1 1.1
oftenyouhave
money nosomeone
give to singleelsecorrect
(such as answer.
the $2,500 you y 5 mx 1 b is the Whynumber of units
is the present value that
negative? increases per 128. ▼ The positio
deposit in the bank) will be a negative number, whereas 1.i 5
Enter the numbers
Interest shown
per period We on
use the
B2/B7leftforinthethe TVM Solver
interest. b. y 5 0.5x 1 0.9
any amount of money someone gives to you (such as the n 5 window. unit increase in Example. 6 (page 143) You have $5,000 to invest at 6% t is time in se
Number of periods We use B3*B7 for the number 7. 10, 212, 11, 32, 14, 62, 15,
take02; a. 0.3x 1 1
y 5 moving
future value of your deposit, which the bank will give 2. Put the cursor on the Nofline, interest compounded monthly. How long will it for (A)
117. Complete
and
periods. press ALPHAthe following.
SOLVE .
your If, in
investment to a straight
grow line, y is increasing
to $6,000? b. y 5 0.4x 1 0
back to you) will be a positive number.
PMT 5 Payment per period The payment (B) accelera
three times as fast as x, then its
is 0 (cell B4).
is .
PV 5 Present value. The present value is in cell B5. SOLUTION (C) decelera
118. Suppose that yYouiscan decreasing at a rate
compute the requisite ofof4anunits
length perin
investment (D) impossib
Instead of using the built-in FV function, we could use
3-unit increase of your
x.spreadsheet
What canusing
we the
sayNPER
aboutworksheet function.
the slope of theThe
=-B5*(1+B2/B7)^(B3*B7) following worksheets show the calculation. 129. If f and g are
linear relationship between x and y? What can we say about
based on the future value formula forthe compound inter- tively, then w
intercept?
est. After calculation the result will appear in cell C6.
119. If y and x are related by the linear expression y 5 mx 1 b, 130. If f and g are
how will y change as x changes if m is positive? negative?
Preface xix
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Another random document with
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cables. There was no alternative but to cut away the masts, which
was immediately done; but owing to an error of one of the officers,
who ordered the lanyards of the main stay to be cut before the
lanyards of one side of the main rigging, the main mast, in
consequence fell aft, and carried away the mizen mast, which stove
the boats on the quarters and did considerably damage to the upper
works; and some of the rigging caught fire, from the stove in the
cabin having the funnel knocked off; but this was soon got under,
and with great exertion the wreck was cleared. ‘And now, Master
Pilot,’ says I, ‘after getting us in this damnable situation, what next is
to be done?’ The son of a bitch could make me no answer; but the
junior pilot exclaimed ‘—— seize me if we sha’n’t be on the sands.’ I
could not help saying they deserved to be hanged as drowning was
too good for them.
I have already mentioned that we had Dutch troops on board
with their families, and of as much use as Castlereagh would have
been with the same number of his Lancers or Prancers.[140] The few
marines we had were worth a thousand of such live lumber. It was
ludicrous to see those Dutchmen coming upon deck with their hat
boxes, boots, trunks, flutes and music books, ready to go on shore,
when the sea was running mountains high, and a tremendous surf of
prodigious height on the sands close under our stern, and no chance
whatever, if the ship parted, of a soul being saved; which made
Captain Dobree observe to me, ‘Where ignorance is bliss ’tis folly to
be wise.’
About half-past ten A.M. we parted the best bower, and let go the
sheet anchor; and at the greatest risk—it was neck or nothing—
veered on the small bower to a whole, and half cable on the sheet,
which brought us very near the shoal but there was no help for it.
About twelve o’clock we observed that the small bower was stranded;
and at the moment when nothing but a miracle could save us, in a
terrific squall of thunder, lightning, hail, and rain, the wind suddenly
flew round and blew with violence off the shoal, which saved H. M.
ship Blonde from destruction. It soon after got moderate; we had an
excellent ship’s company, and in less than three hours we had jury
masts rigged and both anchors hove up—having saved the small
bower; made sail and anchored in a safer berth to await the tide.
About eleven P.M. we were surprised by a boat coming alongside
with four hands, who stated they belonged to a galliot that had struck
upon the tail of the shoal and had beat over into smoother water,
where she sunk. The crew had taken to the boat and were six hours
beating about before they got alongside of us, and thought we were a
floating light. As soon as the morning tide would allow we got under
way and followed some merchantmen—for I am certain the pilots did
not know the way without having a leader—and arrived at Sheerness
in the evening;
Ragged, and shabby, and all forlorn,
By wind and weather tattered and torn,
Occasioned by pilots who treated with scorn
The good advice that was given that morn;
For which a rope their necks should adorn,
The damnedest lubbers that ever were born.
Captain Dobree soon after left the ship to proceed with Sir
Home Popham and other captains to Russia, and I acted as captain
for several weeks until another was appointed. Having business on
shore, I wrote to the admiralty requesting to be superseded, which
after a little delay was granted, and Lieutenant Edwin James was
appointed in my room. I left the old Blonde and my worthy
messmates early in 1800.
I shall now relate a few anecdotes as they come to my memory.
When near the shoal I have just mentioned, our surgeon’s mate and
the ship’s cook were almost frightened out of their senses. The
former, who would fight any man, or face the devil as soon as let it
alone, was not equal to this; and when the junior pilot said, ‘——
seize me if we shan’t be on the sands,’ he clapped his hands and ran
down to the gun room, with his hair standing on end, crying out,
‘Lost! Lost! Lost!’—and then flew on deck again; and when the wind
shifted, he cut several capers and said ‘I’m a man again.’ As for the
cook, he had saved a sum of money by keeping shop on board and
selling things to the ship’s company. At the time the best bower
parted, he was on the forecastle in the greatest tribulation; says he,
‘Betty’ (meaning his wife, who was on board) ‘will go to a better
mansion, but I’m doubtful about myself.’ He had hardly made the
observation when the sea broke over the bows that threatened
destruction and with a faltering voice he said, ‘Liver me! Liver me!’—
meaning ‘Deliver me,’ but could not get the word out. ‘Damn your
liver, you croaking son of a bitch,’ says the captain of the forecastle.
‘Go into your coppers and be damned to you, and there you’ll be safe,
and don’t come barking here like a tanner’s dog.’ I was on the
forecastle with Captain Dobree at the time. He looked at me and for
my life I could not help laughing.
While at Sheerness we had two courts martial held on board of
[141]
us ; one on Lieutenant Brice, on charges brought against him by
Captain Charles Brisbane while on the South American station. The
charges being proved, he was sentenced to be dismissed the service
and rendered incapable of serving his Majesty, his heirs or
successors. This was most unfortunate for Lieutenant Brice, as his
commission to the rank of commander only waited the result of his
trial. The next was on Captain George Tripp, for the loss of the
Nassau, 64, on the Dutch Coast.[142] The court having heard all the
evidence came to the following conclusion:—That H.M. ship Nassau
was lost through the gross ignorance and inattention of Captain
Tripp, and that he did not set a good example to those under his
command; and for such conduct he was sentenced to be dismissed
from the service as unfit and unworthy, and rendered incapable of
serving his Majesty, his heirs or successors.
I promised (page 12) to speak of Pat Gibson when I came to the
Blonde. He was at this time (1799) purser of the Pallas, 38 (formerly
the Minerva), having given up the Princess Royal as too great an
undertaking for his age, being, as he told me, eighty. The Pallas being
alongside the same hulk, we were constant visitors. As every
circumstance, however trifling, may be interesting, I shall relate a
few anecdotes. Gibson was a tall raw-boned Irishman from the
county of Tipperary; very powerful, with an Herculean grasp, and
woe betide those who got into his clutches if roused to anger. He was
a very jovial companion, droll in his manner, full of anecdote, and
sung in the Irish language, of which he was a perfect master. He used
to go on shore to bring off the drunken Irish who had stayed above
their time, and I remember his saying to me, ‘Arrah, don’t you think,
my dear fellow, that it’s a hard thing that nobody can manage those
spalpeens but an ould man like me, now eighty years of age? Och, By
the Holy Father, how I knocked their heads together, and left the
mark of my fist upon their ugly podreen faces, bad luck to them.’
He was at the taking of Quebec and was one of those that
assisted in carrying General Wolfe off the field when mortally
wounded. His account of the battle was very interesting, and in it he
fought most manfully. It was amusing to see him sitting in his cabin
with his legs stretched outside the door singing Irish songs. The
steward once interrupted him, for which he got a thump on the back
that sent him the length of the gunroom, Pat saying, ‘To hell wid you!
take dat till the cows come home.’ There was a countryman of his by
the name of Fegan, who, in the American war, was sent by Sir John
Fielding (the celebrated magistrate of Bow Street) on board the
Conquistador, 60, then lying as a guard-ship at the Nore with
Admiral Roddam’s flag. This Fegan was a shrewd, keen fellow, and
made a song on being sent on board of a man of war, and Gibson was
very fond of singing it. I only remember a few verses:—
The beginning of the war they hobbled poor Fegan,
And sent him on board of the Conquistador;
That floating old gin shop, who struck upon her beef bones,
While laying as a guard-ship near the buoy of the Nore.
When first they lugged him before Justice Fielding,[143]

Fegan thus to him did say:
You may be damned, you old blind b——,
I will be back again before Christmas day.
By my sowl, Mr. Fegan, you are a fine fellow,

It’s you that have done the king much wrong;
Call Kit Jourdan, the master at arms, sir,
And put Mr. Fegan in double irons strong.
Step here, boatswain’s mate, and give him a starting;

Says the first lieutenant it’s always my way;
And you shall have many before the day of parting—
I think, Mr. Fegan, you mentioned Christmas day.
Etc., etc., etc.
When I called on him about three months before his death he

told me he was then on his last legs; that he had enjoyed an
uninterrupted state of health for upwards of ninety years; that he
never had the headache, rheumatism, toothache or spasms, and that
he had nothing to do with doctors’ bottles with collars round their
necks, and look, says he, if you can find any of that craft on my
chimney-piece. Before I close I must give another song of his:—
There was a wedding at Baltimore,
Of three score people lacking of four;
And you’re kindly welcome, welcome all,
And you’re welcome, gramachree, welcome all.
The priest of the parish got up at the dawn,

To marry brisk Flemming to sweet Susan Bawn;
There was Tyghe, and Dermot, and Madam Shevaun,

And they all rode on a long-tailed gar-ron;[144]
There was sneezing galore, with full madders[145] of ale,

Which made maidens stagger and men for to reel;
Potatoes and herrings must please the men,

But madam the bride, she must have a fat hen;
There was long kail, and pottage, with good pishochbey,[146]

And the rarest colcannon[147] that e’er you did see;
When the feasting was o’er, from the room she was led,
Where they lay head and points as if they were dead;
· · · · ·
Our master, Henry Webb, was a very worthy fellow, but had
strange fancies. When we were going from the Downs to Portsmouth,
and about three leagues to the southward of Beachy Head, he had the
first watch, and having after supper taken his drop, he dropped
asleep while sitting on the gun-carriage and had a dream that the
ship was on shore. Up he started and ran into the captain, who had
gone to bed, and called out, ‘Get up, sir, we are all lost.’ The captain
jumped out of bed and went upon deck in his shirt, and ordered the
hands to be turned up, and sent for me. I flew up with only my
trowsers on, found everything in confusion, and I really thought that
madness had seized the whole. ‘Put the ship about, sir, immediately,’
says the captain. This I complied with, and when on the other tack I
asked him if anything was the matter. ‘Mr. Webb, sir,’ says he, ‘must
be sent to the madhouse.’ I confess I was not well pleased, as I had
the middle watch and this happened at six bells, so I had an hour
more than I expected to trudge the deck. I should have stated that
the wind was westerly and we were beating down Channel with a
moderate breeze. The captain was much inclined to bring Master
Webb to a court martial, but we interceded for him and the business
was looked over, but he never heard the last of this, and would
frequently be greeted with the well-known words, ‘Turn out, we are
all lost’—a compliment he could well dispense with.
He gave us a droll account that when at Lisbon he missed the
boat that was to take the officers off in the evening who were on
shore upon leave, and was engaging a shore boat for that purpose;
but suspecting from something the boatmen were saying that their
intention was to murder him, he took to his heels and hid under
some logs in the neighbourhood of Bull Bay and remained there all
night in the greatest terror. When he sallied out in the morning he
was covered with filth of a yellow hue and appeared at a distance as if
he had been dipped in Pactolus! His fright was so great that he was
not aware of the bed of roses he had reposed on for so many hours,
until he started in the morning with blushing honours thick upon
him.
On another occasion, coming up in a small fishing boat from
Sheerness to Chatham, he heard two of the men whispering, which
he imagined was about himself, and when making a tack and near
the mud, out he jumped and began to crawl upon his hands and
knees as fast as he could for dry land. The poor fishermen, not
knowing what to make of such conduct, ran the boat on the mud and
two of them went after him, but to no purpose, it being dark. They
called repeatedly, but got no answer from Webb, who was making off
in terror and dismay; and what alarmed him more was hearing the
men say, ‘D’ye see him now? Where the hell can he be got to? He
must be hereabouts.’ At last he got out of the mud and set off for
Chatham in a nice pickle, and told his tale; but the boat had arrived
before him and the men in great tribulation had given their version,
being fearful of prosecution, expecting that Webb was smothered or
drowned; and glad enough they were when he arrived at Chatham
and also to join in the laugh against him. One of the fishermen
happened to know him by sight and where he lived, and by that
means it got publicity.
In cases like this, and where ghosts were introduced, Webb’s
courage would be put to the test; but in every other respect he was as
brave as a lion. While at the Passage of Waterford, he had a dispute
with our second lieutenant, and a challenge was the consequence,
and they asked me leave to go on shore. As I had the greatest
friendship for them both, I refused their request, and went below to
the gunroom. Soon after one of the midshipmen came down and
informed me they were going out of the ship. Up I went and found
them in the jolly boat just shoved off. ‘Come back,’ says I,
‘immediately, or I’ll make the sentry fire.’ On their return I told them
if they did not make it up instantly, I would try them by a court
martial for going out of the ship contrary to orders and taking the
boat. This had the desired effect, and I had the pleasure of making up
the dispute between two as good fellows as ever lived.
The second lieutenant (Jack Derby) was a noisy droll fellow,
always keeping the mess in a roar of laughter. The first day he joined
the ship we had roast beef for dinner, and when brought to table it
was little better than half done by the neglect of our black cook. Now
this cook’s name was Jack Derby also, whom I sent for, and calling
him up to the head of the table close by Lieutenant Jack Derby, says
I, ‘I am sorry, sir, you should have such a dinner, particularly the first
day of your coming on board; but you have to thank that black son of
a bitch, Jack Derby’—an emphasis on the word—‘whose grog shall be
stopped for such neglect.’ ‘Don’t mention it, sir,’ says he laughing; ‘I
shall make a very good dinner, and suppose my name will be inserted
on the ship’s books as Jack Derby the Second.’
While lying off Lymington our launch was sent to Portsmouth
yard for stores, and Derby was sent in her. On her return, our purser
(Huish) took a passage. On leaving the harbour the weather was
moderate, but soon after came on to blow from the westward. Now
the purser was very fearful in a boat, and Derby carried more sail
than he ought, on purpose to alarm him. From the harbour to
Lymington, the distance is twenty-six miles, and the wind being dead
on end they had to beat all the way. Sometimes the boat would be
gunwale under, and Huish, terrified almost to death, would every
moment rise from his seat and fall again, exclaiming, ‘Jesus, Jenny,
Jesus, Jenny’ (common words of his when things went wrong), and
cursed the hour he was fool enough to trust himself with Derby, and
if it pleased Providence to spare him now he would never put his foot
in a boat with him even in a calm. But his troubles were not yet over,
for in getting into the Fiddler’s Race near Gurnet Point, on the Isle of
Wight side, with the tide under their lee, there was such a sea
breaking that the launch was nearly swamped, and Derby seriously
repented his joke; while Huish in despair repeatedly ejaculated,
‘Orontes’ bark, Orontes’ bark will be our fate.’ (See Aeneid [i. 117]).
[148]
However, they got safe on board and created much amusement
in the account Huish gave of Derby’s wickedness.
Being ordered to embark the 23rd regiment foot for Guernsey,
and after going through the Needles in the evening, it came on thick
weather in the first watch; and about eleven the wind, at SE, began to
blow a hurricane, with snow so thick that we could not see half the
length of the ship. We sent topgallant yards and topgallant masts
upon deck, and hove the ship to under storm staysails. The topsails
and courses were frozen as hard as board, and being short of
complement it took nearly the whole of the middle watch before they
could be furled. One of our main topmen was frozen and died soon
after. The officers were also aloft, and all hands suffered most
dreadfully. I was speaking to the man at the wheel when a sheet of
ice fell out of the mizen top and knocked both of us down. It gave me
a severe blow on the shoulder and the other a staggering thump on
the back. I was so benumbed when I got below that I had hardly life
in me. The officers of the 23rd made me swallow hot brandy and
water, and I went to bed, where I had not been above half an hour
before all hands were called again, and I was obliged to go on deck.
The fact was the fore topsail had got loose and blew to rags, and the
main topsail was nearly following its example, but stopped in time,
and we had to bend another fore topsail in this cruel weather.
Towards morning it cleared up and got moderate. During the whole
course of my life I never suffered so much as I did on that dreadful
night. However, we got safe into Guernsey and landed our soldiers.
The officers were a glorious set of fellows, and sorry I am that I
cannot find any of their names on the list.
The last time we were at the Passage of Waterford was passed
very agreeably. I had a cousin (the son of the late Alderman Bates of
Waterford) who had an estate in the neighbourhood. He used to send
horses and a carriage for the officers of our mess, who were
frequently at his house. He was field officer of the district and kept a
great deal of company, and gave many parties in honour of the old
Blonde. On one occasion he came on board to invite us to an evening
party, when he and Jack Derby got into conversation, and at last got
so drunk that it was evening before they got sober enough to leave
the ship. It was then time to go, and off they started, Derby in full
uniform. When the boat landed, he, with all the politeness
imaginable, wanted to hand Bates out. This Bates declined. ‘Then,’
says Jack, ‘we’ll go together.’ Now the gang board was hardly broad
enough for two, and the moment they stepped upon it over they went
where the water was four feet deep and got a fine ducking. Derby
would not return to the ship, but, mounting a horse belonging to
Bates, set off in his wet clothes to meet the party, and there Bates
dressed him in regimentals, and a precious figure he cut. We passed
a very pleasant evening, there being near seventy present. One of the
ladies sung the beautiful air of ‘Eileen Aroon’ in Irish—a translation
of which I met with a few years ago and give it as follows:—
I’ll love thee evermore,
Eileen aroon.
I’ll bless thee o’er and o’er,
Eileen aroon.
Oh, for thy sake I’ll tread
Where the plains of Mayo spread,
By hope still fondly led,
Eileen aroon.
Oh! how may I gain thee,

Eileen aroon?
Shall feasting entertain thee,
Eileen aroon?
I would range the world wide,
With love alone to guide,
To win thee for my bride,
Eileen aroon.
Then wilt thou come away,

Eileen aroon?
Oh! wilt thou come or stay,
Eileen aroon?
Oh yes! oh yes! with thee
I will wander far and free,
And thy only love shall be,
Eileen aroon.
A hundred thousand welcomes

Eileen aroon.
A hundred thousand welcomes,
Eileen aroon.
Oh! welcome evermore,
With welcomes yet in store,
Till love and life are o’er,
Eileen aroon.
We had a fidgety and crabbed commodore (Captain Stevenson

of the Europa, 50) who neither enjoyed pleasure himself nor would
let anyone else do so: who kept Blue Peter flying the fortnight we
remained, which said No! to every invitation to the city.
In going from Portsmouth to the Downs we gave a passage to an
assistant surgeon, red hot from the land of cakes, who had never
been on board of a man of war, and had now an appointment to a
gun vessel. Seeing that he was a complete greenhorn, we took him
into our mess that the midshipmen should not make a butt of him,
for which he was very thankful. On leaving the ship in the Downs, he
took the surgeon aside, saying, ‘You have all been very kind to me,
particularly the purser, and I would wish to make him some
acknowledgment. D’ye think if I gave him three pounds of cheese!!! it
would satisfy him?’ After he landed at Deal he put up at the Three
Kings. Captain Dobree, happening to go into the coffee room,
observed him in one of the boxes, and hearing him ask the waiter
what there was for dinner, stayed to hear the result. The bill of fare
being given him, he ordered an apple pie, which was brought him
made in a good-sized dish. This he devoured in a short time, and
ordered the fellow to bring him another, which he demolished also,
and then rang the third time and asked him if he had any more of
those pies. On the waiter saying they had, he said, ‘You may as well
bring me one more,’ upon which Captain Dobree exclaimed ‘Merciful
father!’ and left him in his glory. The captain told me this the
moment he came on board, saying he never met the fellow of him in
all his peregrinations.
About six months after this a small squadron of gun vessels were
ordered from the Downs to cruise on the French coast. It happened
that his appointment was dated before the other assistant surgeons
in the above squadron, and will it be believed that he considered
himself entitled to the same rank and emoluments as physician of
the fleet, and made application for the same, and got for answer (as
we were told) that the board disapproved of the whole of his practice.
Daniel Dobree, Esq., [Acting] Captain.
Dead [1802]. A good officer, seaman, and gentleman. [Post
captain, April 29, 1802.]
J. A. Gardner, 1st Lieutenant.
A commander.
John Worrall, 2nd Lieutenant.
Dead [1831]. A commander; crabbed.
John Derby, 2nd Lieutenant.
Dead. Warden at Portsmouth yard.
Henry J. Lyford, 2nd Lieutenant.
Dead [1830]. A post captain.—[Marshall, vii. 170.]
Wm. Gibson, 2nd Lieutenant.
Broke by court martial and rendered incapable of serving, for
going on shore without leave to fight a duel.
Edwin James, 2nd Lieutenant.
Dead [1829]. A commander.—[Marshall, xi. 156.]
Henry Webb, Master.
Dead. A worthy, honest fellow.
Robert Huish, Purser.
Dead. A droll fellow and good mimic.
[John] Tucker, Purser.
Dead. Thoughtless and extravagant.
J[AMES] Milligan, Surgeon.
Dead. A worthy fellow.
[John] Harrison, Gunner.
Dead. A very good warrant officer.
John Blackford, Boatswain.
Dead. A willing man, but drank.
[Thomas] Newport, Carpenter.
Dead. Broke by court martial.
[James] Thomas, Mate.
Uncertain. A good-natured Irishman.
[Edward] Caulfield, Midshipman.
Dead. A lieutenant.
[Charles] Doncaster, Midshipman.
Dead from yellow fever at Jamaica. A fine, promising young
man. [Borne as ‘boy of the 1st class’; afterwards midshipman.]
Frederick Houghton, Midshipman.
Drowned. A lieutenant.
Chas. Houghton, Midshipman.
A lieutenant. They were sons of Major [Daniel] Houghton [cf.
D.N.B.], the African traveller.
Daniel Dobree, Midshipman; son of the captain.
Dead.
[William] Blackford, son of the boatswain.
Dead. A lieutenant; a worthy character. [Borne as ‘boy of the
3rd class’; afterwards midshipman.]
BRUNSWICK, 74
This flat-floored tub that rolled like the devil,

Was planned by Black Dick in an hour most evil.
In April 1801 I was appointed to the Brunswick in Portsmouth

harbour and did duty as first lieutenant until the senior officer made
his appearance, which was not until I had fitted the ship out. This
officer was my old shipmate, Jack Key, formerly of the Barfleur, and
one totally unfit for the situation. In consequence, Captain George
Hopewell Stephens, who commanded the ship, was obliged to apply
to the admiralty for an officer senior to Key, and Emanuel
Hungerford was appointed first lieutenant, Captain Stephens
expressing his regret at the circumstance, observing that it was a
hard case but that he would do everything in his power to serve me.
He was as good as his word, and I found him through life a sincere
friend. Hoisted the flag (red at the mizen) of Rear Admiral John
Holloway, as junior port admiral, and received orders to proceed
without loss of time to Spithead; and having struck the flag, sailed to
join the North Sea fleet under Admiral Dickson, who had his flag
(blue at the main) on board the Blenheim, 74. After cruising several
weeks and putting into Yarmouth Roads occasionally, we were next
ordered to join the grand fleet under Admiral Cornwallis (Billy Blue)
off Brest blockading the French fleet until the negotiations for peace;
when, in consequence of the French sending a squadron to the West
Indies, our admiral detached from the grand fleet five sail of the line
in October 1801 for the same destination. The squadron consisted of
the following men of war:—
Goliath 74 Captain Essington, as commodore
Captain 74 Captain C. Boyles
Elephant 74 Captain Thos. Foley
Brunswick 74 Captain Geo. Hopewell Stephens
Ganges 74 Captain Fremantle
We had a pleasant passage down the trades and made Deseada

some time in November, and had a beautiful view of the West India
Islands; and in about a week after making Deseada we arrived at Port
Royal, Jamaica, and found lying there the following men of war:—
Sans Pareil 84 Rear-Admiral Montagu—Captain Jas. Katon

Carnatic 74 Captain H. W. Bayntun
Cumberland 74 Captain Penrose
America 64 A hulk
Admiral de Vries 56 A cooperage
Abergavenny 54 A guard-ship
Vengeance 44 A French frigate: a prize
Melampus 36 Captain Thos. Le M. Gosselin, etc.
We remained about ten weeks in sweet Port Royal harbour, until

the arrival of Rear-Admiral Sir John Thomas Duckworth, K.B., as
commander-in-chief, who had his flag (red at the mizen) on board
the Leviathan, 74, and then sailed with a small squadron to cruise off
the Island of Navasa, Cape Tiburon, etc., for several weeks under
Rear-Admiral Montagu. In 1802 (I don’t remember the month) Rear-
Admiral George Campbell arrived with the fleet from England, which
cut a very fine appearance.[149] The like had not been since the days of
Rodney, viz.:—
Leviathan 74 {Rear-Admiral Duckworth, K.B.
{Captain Richard D. Dunn
Sans Pareil 84 {Rear-Admiral Montagu
{Captain Jas. Katon
Temeraire 98 {Rear-Admiral Geo. Campbell
{Captain [C. Eyles][150]
Princess Royal 98 Captain
Formidable 98 Captain [Rich. Grindall][150]
Carnatic 74 Captain
Cumberland 74 Captain Penrose
Goliath 74 Captain Essington (then Brisbane)
Spencer 74 Captain [Henry D’E. Darby][150]
Captain 74 Captain C. Boyles
Ganges 74 Captain Fremantle
Elephant 74 Captain T. Foley (then Dundas)
Brunswick 74 Captain Geo. H. Stephens
Vengeance 74 Captain Duff
Audacious 74 Captain S. Peard
Orion 74 Captain Oliver
Edgar 74 Captain Otway
Bellerophon 74 Captain Loring
Robust 74 Captain Hon. Alan H. Gardner
Resolution 74 Captain
Majestic 74 Captain D. Gould
Theseus 74 Captain John Bligh
Zealous 74 Captain S. H. Linzee
Warrior 74 Captain Chas. Tyler
Powerful 74 Captain Sir Francis Laforey, Bart.
Bellona 74 Captain Thos. Bertie
Vanguard 74 Captain Chas. Inglis
Defence 74 Captain Lord H. Paulett
Abergavenny 54 A guard-ship
America 64 A hulk
Admiral De Vries 54 A cooperage
Hindostan 54 A store-ship
Vengeance 44 A prize
Decade 36 Captain Rutherford
Melampus 36 Captain Gosselin
Trent 36 Captain Perkins
Naiad or Néréide 36 Captain Mends
Æolus 32 Captain Walker
Druid 32 Captain
Thisbe or Dido (?) 28 Captain
And other frigates I do not remember.
Pelican 18 Captain Geo. McKinlay

Calypso 18 Captain
Lark 18 Captain
Raven 18 Captain James Sanders
Came into Port Royal the Française, 36, French frigate, to

purchase different articles for Madame Le Clerc, the wife of the
commander-in-chief of the French army at St. Domingo, and sister of
Napoleon (then first consul of France). A court martial was held on
Captain Thomas New for the loss of his ship,[151] on which charge he
was acquitted. During our cruise off St. Domingo we could observe
the devastation occasioned by the war with the French and the
blacks; several plantations and villages on fire. At this time sickness
began to make its appearance in the fleet, and the Brunswick had
287 men on the sick list, and buried a great many. The Vengeance,
44, a prize, tailed on shore and many lost their lives in endeavouring
to get her off, particularly the party of thirty-four from the
Brunswick, the greater part of whom died; and this for an old French
frigate not worth repair, being rotten and useless.
A short time before we arrived, the Topaze, 36, on a cruise,
buried all hands except fifty-five; the captain (Church) and all the
officers died, and the ship was brought in by the gunner. Eight sail of
the line having been surveyed and ordered home, we were one of the
lucky squadron. Each ship was directed to take on board four tons of
iron hoops lying at a place called Greenwich; and our launch took
several trips for this precious cargo; the thermometer generally 112,
[152]
and I have to remember many damnable roastings I got in
grubbing for rusty hoops not worth their carriage. So much for the
wisdom of Sir John. What could induce him to think of such a thing
was only known to himself. Everyone at first thought it a hoax until
they took the trip. I have heard many men say how dearly they liked
the West Indies; the heat was so fine and conducive to health. Much
good may it do them; and I, for one, shall never envy them taking up
their quarters with Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego.
The day before we left Port Royal happened to be sweet May Day
and I shall never forget it. The squadron ordered home had to send
as many of their stores as they could spare to the dockyard. I had to
tow our spare topmasts and several spars, and with great fatigue got
them landed and put into store; the heat beyond description; so
much so that near thirty of the blacks belonging to the yard were
taken ill and sent to the hospital. Captain Stephens was one of those
who liked the West Indies, and coming into the yard at this time,
when not a breath of air was stirring, I pointed out to him some fowls
that had taken their station as well as myself under an archway, with
their wings drooping and their bills open gasping for breath. ‘Sir,’
says I, ‘the fowls wax warm although indigenous, and don’t appear so
comfortable in this fine climate as might be expected.’ ‘Let us be off,’
says he, ‘for there’s no standing this.’
As several of our men had to receive extra pay for work they had
been doing, I had to stay a considerable time in consequence of some
of the Jacks-in-office waiting to get change to settle with our men;
and I had a hot dispute with one of them (a Mr. Bull), who felt much
hurt at my saying ‘What a cow you are to keep us in this infernal
oven until our faces are the colour of your own (he was a man of
colour)—bad luck to you.’
A short time before we knew of our being ordered home I went
to dine on board the Elephant with Lyford, the first lieutenant (my
old messmate in the Blonde). They expected to be sent home, and
were so sure, that Captain Peers of the marines, and Jones, the
purser, said how happy they should be to take any letters I had to
send to England, and would be certain to call on my friends as soon
as the ship arrived. Poor fellows, little did they think that instead of
going home their bones would be left at the Palisades. I am grieved to
say that out of the whole mess only two or three returned. I was
taken ill the day I dined with them, and I can truly say that I feel the
effects of the wretched climate while I am stating this.
On the 2nd of May we left Port Royal and for two or three days
were becalmed in sight of the accursed harbour. At last we joined
Rear-Admiral Campbell off Cape Tiburon. On our sick list being
shown to the admiral he seemed astonished at the number, and
when he found it was so swelled with yellow fever patients he
ordered our boat off immediately and would not suffer any
communication with our ship. We remained cruising with the
squadron for a short time, and then left the fleet for England with the
following men of war:—
Bellona 74 Captain Thos. Bertie, commodore

Powerful 74 Captain Sir Francis Laforey, Bart.
Defence 74 Captain Lord Harry Paulett
Zealous 74 Captain Samuel Hood Linzee
Brunswick 74 Captain Geo. Hopewell Stephens
Edgar 74 Captain Robert Waller Otway
Orion 74 Captain Oliver
Vengeance 74 Captain Duff
Went through the Crooked Island passage and parted company

with the commodore, who, with five sail of the line, stood to the
eastward and left the Powerful, Brunswick, and Edgar or Orion (I
forget which) to get home as they could, being bad sailers. But Sir
Francis Laforey, in the Powerful, knew well what he was about and
stood to the northward. We had dreadful weather near Bermuda for
three days, but moderate after, and when on the Banks of
Newfoundland altered our course for the Channel and got there a few
hours before the flying squadron, who we joined, and soon after
arrived at Spithead after a passage of nearly two months, and went
into harbour, where the Brunswick was paid off in July 1802.
But before closing I must relate a few occurrences, beginning
with the captain. This gentleman was first lieutenant of the Janus, 44
(upon two decks) commanded by Captain Glover in the American
war, and was one of the small squadron under the late Admiral
Cornwallis, who at this time was captain of the Lion, 64, in the action
with the French under Lamotte-Picquet,[153] who had a much
superior force. As the action commenced, Captain Glover (who had
been ill some time) died, and Lieutenant Stephens fought the ship in
a manner that will do eternal honour to his memory. He was opposed
in the line to a French 74 and fairly beat her out of her station. When
the battle was over he went on board the commodore and reported
the death of Captain Glover, and that he had died below, as the
surgeon had reported his being unable to be brought on deck. Now
Captain Glover had been spoken of before as not having exerted
himself so well as was expected; and Cornwallis (who was a friend of
his) observed to Lieutenant Stephens that he ought to have let his
captain die on the quarter deck, as he well knew what had been said
of him on a former occasion; and notwithstanding the surgeon’s
report that he could not be removed from his cot, he never forgot it.
This account I had from Captain Stephens; and when we joined the
grand fleet off Brest under Admiral Cornwallis, we had not been
there two hours before he made to us the signal of disapprobation for
what in fact the ship ahead of us was to blame for. Says Captain
Stephens to me, ‘Gardner, did I not tell you that Billy Blue would
hold me in his kind remembrance? See how he begins to compliment
me before the whole fleet.’
Captain Stephens was a brave and meritorious officer, an
excellent sailor, and a master in naval tactics. I found him, both on
board and on shore, a sincere friend. He applied for me to go as his
first lieutenant when he was appointed to command the Captain, 74,
but from ill health I was unable to join. He died a rear-admiral of the
white, lamented by numerous friends.
I shall never forget the morning before we took our departure
from the grand fleet off the Black Rocks. The signal was made to put
ourselves under the orders of the Goliath, 74, with the ships I have
already mentioned, and we imagined it was to go into port as the first
division to be paid off. I had the middle watch and had turned in,
when about five our master thundered at my door and calling out,
‘Here’s news for you, you ragged-headed rascal; turn out and hurrah
for the back of the Point and Capstan Square! paid off by the hokey,
in a few days.’ He then began singing:—
Jolly tars, have you heard of the news?
There’s peace both by land and by sea;
Great guns are no more to be used,
Disbanded we all are to be.
Oh! says the admiral, The wars are all over;
Says the captain, My heart it will break;
Oh! says the bloody first lieutenant,
What course of life shall I take?
He then began to cut such capers that I thought he was mad. For
my own part, I was in high spirits and got up and roused out several
more who had not heard of the good news, when unfortunately a
cutter came under our stern and sent a boat on board. When the
officer came on the quarter deck, our master, full of glee, went up to
him and said, ‘If you have any letters, give them to us and we’ll take
them in for you.’ ‘The devil you will?’ says he. ‘That would be a pretty
circumbendibus, to send letters to Portsmouth viâ Jamaica. Why,’
says he, ‘you don’t laugh.’ And well he might say so, for no lame duck
on change ever cut a more rueful appearance than the master, who
damned his eyes, and went below to make his will, wishing bad luck
to the fellow who brought the news.
We had to victual and get stores from the rest of the fleet, with a
heavy swell and the ship rolling like a tub. She was the worst sea boat
that ever was built, drawing less water by some feet than the other
ships of her rate, but of great breadth and superior size. She had a
trick of carrying away her main topmast close by the cap, by a
particular jerk in pitching; and as we were informed by Mr. Yelland,
the carpenter (who had been appointed to her for years before),
could never be prevented; and here she played the same game, and
laboured so dreadfully that it was with the utmost difficulty we could
get the stores on board and another main topmast rigged, so as to be
ready to join the squadron. She rolled so that the scuttle butts broke
adrift, and a poor fellow got so much injured by one of them that he
died soon after. She also held a bad wind, so that it was no easy task
for an officer to keep her in her station; and to sum up the whole of
her good qualities, on her last cruise she had nearly drowned all
hands, and it was by uncommon exertion and good luck they
succeeded in getting her into port, where they made her a powder
ship, the only thing she was fit for.[154]
Before we left the fleet, one of our lieutenants was taken ill and
sent home, and Lieutenant Hector Maclean came in his room—he
was senior to me and appointed second. This was another hardship,
but Captain Stephens told me not to mind it as he would do

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Finite Mathematics, 8e 8th Edition

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CHAPTER 0 Precalculus Review 1

CHAPTER 1 Functions and Applications 49

CHAPTER 2 Mathematics of Finance 127

CHAPTER 3 Systems of Linear Equations and Matrices 177

CHAPTER 4 Matrix Algebra 235

CHAPTER 5 Linear Programming 313

CHAPTER 6 Sets and Counting 397

CHAPTER 7 Probability 447

CHAPTER 8 Random Variables and Statistics 545

CHAPTER 0 Precalculus Review 1

CHAPTER 1 Functions and Applications 49

CHAPTER 2 Mathematics of Finance 127

CHAPTER 3 Systems of Linear Equations and Matrices 177

CHAPTER 4 Matrix Algebra 235

CHAPTER 5 Linear Programming 313

CHAPTER 6 Sets and Counting 397

CHAPTER 7 Probability 447

CHAPTER 8 Random Variables and Statistics 545

Appendix A Logic 613

Appendix B Area Under a Normal Curve 629

Answers to Selected Exercises A1

Index of Applications I13

Index of Companies and Agencies I17

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When first they lugged him before Justice Fielding,[143]

By my sowl, Mr. Fegan, you are a fine fellow,

Step here, boatswain’s mate, and give him a starting;

Etc., etc., etc.

When I called on him about three months before his death he

The priest of the parish got up at the dawn,

There was Tyghe, and Dermot, and Madam Shevaun,

There was sneezing galore, with full madders[145] of ale,

Potatoes and herrings must please the men,

There was long kail, and pottage, with good pishochbey,[146]

Oh! how may I gain thee,

Then wilt thou come away,