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FUNDAMENTALS OF AC WIDINGS
• Any Electrical Machine has essentially two components: Field winding and
Armature winding.
FIELD WINDING
• Field winding is for producing a magnetic field which acts as a medium for the
conversion of mechanical energy into electrical energy and vice versa. It may be
located at the stator ( for DC machines and Induction machines) or in the rotor
( for Synchronous machines).
• Field winding may be of two types: DC field winding (in which DC current flows)
and AC field winding in which AC current flows). DC field winding is just a coil
mounted on the core of the Poles and found in DC machines and Synchronous
machines. AC field winding is mainly for producing rotating magnetic field and
found in Induction machines.AC field winding is similar to AC armature
winding.
ARMATURE WINDING
• The winding at which emf is induced is called Armature winding. It is not only the
place at which emf is induced but also the place at which torque is generated when
current flows through the armature. The interaction of field flux with the armature
flux produces the torque.
• In case of generator, this torque is called Dragging Torque or Back torque as it is
in opposite direction of the applied torque of the prime mover. Work is done by
the prime mover against this back torque to convert mechanical energy to
electrical energy.
• In case of motor, the induced emf is called Back emf and the torque is called the
Driving torque. The applied voltage does the work against the back emf to drive
𝑉−𝐸𝑏
current through the armature. Armature current 𝑖𝐴 = . This armature current
𝑍𝐴
reacts with the field flux to produce the driving torque.
• Armature winding may be located at the rotor (for DC machine and Induction
Machine) or at the stator ( Synchronous machines and Brushless DC motor).

TYPES OF ARMATURE WINDINGS

• DC Armature winding
• AC Armature winding
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DC ARMATURE WINDING

• Commutator is part and parcel of DC Armature winding. Each coil of armature

winding is connected with adjacent coil in series through the commutator.
• This armature winding is closed i.e. the winding ends at the same commutator
segment from which it is started.
• Voltage is tapped with the aid of Brushes having moving contact with the
commutator segments.
AC ARMATURE WINDING
• It is an open type armature winding. For each phase, Coils under one pole is
connected with that of the next pole in series. Starting and ending of winding for
each phase is brought out to make connection outside.
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DIFFERNCE BETWEEN AC & DC ARMATURE WINDINGS

• In AC winding, there is no commutator as commutation is not necessary as that of
DC winding
• DC winding is closed through commutator; where as AC winding is open. Two
end terminals of each phase of AC winding is brought out to make connection
• In DC machine, total flux per pole determines the emf induced regardless of its
space distribution; where as in AC machine flux distribution should be as nearly
sinusoidal as possible to have greatest sinusoidal emf
INDUCED EMF, COIL & OVERHANG
• If a conductor of length l moves laterally in a uniform magnetic field of flux
density B at uniform speed u, then induced emf e = Blu volt .Flux is assumed
to be sinsoidally distributed in space.
• Two conductors are connected by an end-connection. End connections are also
called Overhangs.
• Overhangs are also required for
• (i) coil to coil connection,(ii) phase group connection and (iii) parallel
connections
𝐶𝑂𝐼𝐿 𝐸𝑀𝐹 𝐸𝐶 = 4.44𝑓𝑇𝐶 𝜑
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OVERHANG

OVERHANG

RELATION BETWEEN INDUCED EMF AND FLUX DISTRBUTION

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ARMATURE CORE
It is made of laminations of silicon steel held together by insulated bolt in order to
reduce eddy current loss. Slots are punched on laminations by press tools

• SLOTS
Slots are for accommodating conductors of the windings. The material between
two slots is called teeth. Slots may be of four types:

Slot-openings serve to avoid excessive slot-leakage. Open slots are to be used

when coil are to be dropped and coils are to be completed outside the slot. Open
slots are most commonly used.
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TERMINOLOGY
In order to understand AC armature winding and its design, following terms are to
be understood clearly:
 POLE PITCH : Number of slots per pole. If s is the number of slots and P is the
𝑆
no. of poles, then pole pitch (𝑔) = 𝑃 .For a 24 slots armature having 4 poles, g =
6. One pole pitch subtends π electrical radian.
 COIL PITCH / SPAN : The distance between the two active sides of an
individual coil of an AC armature winding is termed the coil pitch / span. It is
measured in terms of number of slots.
 FULL PITCHED COIL: When the coil sides are spaced by exactly a pole pitch,
it is called full pitched coil.
 SHORT-PITCHED OR CHORDED COIL: If the pitch of the coil is greater or
– more usually – less than a pole pitch, then it is called short-pitched or chorded
coil.
 SINGLE AND DOUBLE LAYER WINDINGS:
In a single layer winding, one coil side occupies the whole slot completely.
Number of coils is equal to the half the number of slots.
In double layer winding, one coil side occupies upper half one slot while

the other side is placed in the lower half of another slot. Number of coils

is equal to the Number of slots. All synchronous machine and all medium

and large capacity induction machine have double layer winding.

 PHASE SPREAD: A group of adjacent slots belonging to one phase under one
pole pair, is called phase belt. The angle subtended by a phase belt is termed as
phase spread.
𝝅
PHASE SPREAD = N is number of phases
𝑵

EXAMPLE: Say armature has 24 slots of a two pole machine. Each slot will
3600
subtend = 150 . If it is a three phase machine, number of slots per pole per
24
24
phase will be = 4. So phase belt will be 4 slots and phase spread will be
2×3
15 × 4 = 600 .
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FUNDAMENTAL REQUIREMENT FOR AC WINDING

❑ At any instant of time, if one side of the coil is under north pole, other side
should be under south pole i.e. pitch of the coil should be π radian so that
induced emf at each side will be of opposite polarity. When these two sides is
joined by the overhang, their voltage will add together to increase the
induced emf.

❑ Consider conductors are in 12 slots with 2 pole arrangement

❑ Assumed gap flux density is sinusoidally distributed

❑ Blue phasors shows instantaneous phase relation; whereas the black

phasors are average magnitude over a time period

Three phases arranged successively

As it is 12 slots , 2 pole arrangement, each slot subtends 300 . Each phase will
have 12/3=4 slots. Hence Phase spread is 4 where as Phase spread is 1200 .

Summation of conductor emf, yields three phase emf displaced by 1200

 Resultant phase emf is less than arithmetic sum of conductor emf – the result of
phase spread of winding.
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ABOVE TWO ARRANGEMENTS ARE NOT PRACTICABLE AS THERE

IS NO SCOPE FOR ACCOMMODATING THE RETURN CONDUCTORS.
TWO CONDUCTORS OF A COIL SHOULD BE 𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒚 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎
APART.

❑ Most practical method for 12 slots, is 𝟔𝟎𝟎 phase spread, 2 pole, 6 slots per
pole

❑ This arrangement can be used with A,C’,B, A’, C, B’ with phase sequence of
ABC

SINGLE LEYER WINDING

First fig. shows layout of one phase. note the different size of the coils. In the
second figure, there are minimum two planes of overhangs.
Different sizes of coils and problems of arranging overhangs have made single
layer winding less popular except for some small capacity induction motor.
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DOUBLE LAYER WINDING

In double layer winding, one coil side occupies upper half on slot while the other
side is placed in the lower half of another slot

All synchronous generators & motors, induction motors above few kW, are
having Do|uble Layer winding because:

❑ All coils are of same size and shape

❑ Very less overhang

1. Integral slot double layer winding

Winding with whole number of slot per pole, is called integer slot winding.

2. Fractional slot winding

If the number of slot per pole is fractional, is called fractional-slot winding.

Figure (a) is for integral slot full pithed coil and figure (b) is for short-pitched coil.

All coils are of same size and overhangs are less.

Overhang conductors are connected by electric arc welding.

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DISTRIBUTION FACTOR OR BREADTH FACTOR

It is clear that due to the phase spread of winding induced emf gets reduced from
the arithmetic sum of emf induced at each conductors connected in series in each
phase.

Distribution factor or breadth factor is defined as the ratio of phasor sum of the
coil emf to the arithmetic sum of coil emf

Let there are three coils per phase with slot angle γ. Each coil emf will have
phase difference of angle γ. E1, E2 & E3 are three coil emf displaced by an angle
γ. Oe is the perpendicular bisector of E1
𝛾 𝛾
𝒅𝒆 = 𝑶𝒅 sin 2 ∴ 𝑑𝑐 = 𝐸1 = 𝐸2 = 𝐸3 = 2𝑂𝑑 sin 2
𝛾
ARITHMATIC SUM OF COIL EMF = 𝟑 × 2𝑂𝑑 sin 2

In general, for q no. of coils per phase, it will be

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𝛾
𝒒 × 2𝑂𝑑 sin 2

To find the phasor sum da, consider the right angle

triangle Odp having angle 3 γ/2

𝑑𝑝 = 𝑂𝑑 sin 3 γ/2 ≫ 𝑃𝐻𝐴𝑆𝑂𝑅 𝑆𝑈𝑀 = 2Od sin 3 γ/2

𝑞𝛾
In general phasor sum of emf 2𝑂𝑑 sin , 𝑞 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
2
𝑞𝛾 𝑞𝛾
2𝑂𝑑 sin 2 sin 2
DISTRIBUTION FACTOR 𝐾𝑑 = 𝛾 = 𝛾
𝑞×2𝑂𝑑 sin 𝑞 sin
2 2

If there are space harmonics present, it will be odd harmonics because of

symmetry

If fundamental flux has P no. of poles, n-th harmonic will have nP no. of poles

The slot angle of n-th harmonic will be n γ.

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𝒏𝒒𝜸
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐
𝑲𝒅𝒏 = 𝒏𝜸
𝒒 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐

PITCH FACTOR
If the pitch of the coil is not equal to (generally less than ) the pole pitch, it
is called Short Pitched Coil
It is very common because of
a) Saving of copper as overhangs are of lesser length
b) It reduces many harmonics of the magnetic field
Induced voltage will be less than that of full-pitched coil. Reduction of
induced emf is represented by Pitch Factor.
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If the two sides of a coil are one pole pitch apart, emf of both the sides
will add together and the phasor sum is equal to the arithmetic sum
If coil pitch is less the than 1800 by an angle α, there will be phase
difference of α between the two sides emfs.
Arithmetic sum of two emfs = 2 ab
Phasor sum of two emfs = ac = 2 ad = 2 ab cos α/2
2 ab cos α/2 𝛼
PITCH FACTOR 𝐾𝑃 = = cos 2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙
2 ab
𝑛𝛼
For n- th harmonic 𝐾𝑃𝑛 = cos 2

If the coil is short pitched by 1/6th of pole pitch i.e. 300 then pitch factor
for fifth and seventh harmonic will be 0.26. Hence these two harmonics
will be reduced to 26%
WINDING FACTOR 𝑲𝑾 = 𝑲𝑫𝒏 × 𝑲𝑷𝒏
NUMBER OF TURNS PER PHASE OF THE ARMATURE MAY
BE MULTIPLIED BY WINDING FACTOR TO HAVE EFFECTIVE
NUMBER OF TURNS.
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MMF OF CONCENTRATED COILS

Consider a 2 pole machine. In comparison with the permeability of air,
the permeability of steel core is considered very very high so that
reluctance of steel parts can be neglected
Flux passes twice the air gap of length l
𝑁𝑖
2 × 𝑙 × 𝐻 = 𝑁𝑖 ∴ 𝑀𝑀𝐹 = 𝑙𝐻 =
2
4 𝑁𝑖
It is a rectangular mmf with fundamental component 𝐹𝑎1 = (𝜋 cos 𝜃)
2
where 𝜃 is the angle measured from the magnetic axis of the coil
4 𝑁𝑖
For P number of poles 𝐹𝑎1 = ( cos 𝜃)
𝜋 𝑃
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MMF OF DISTRIBUTED WINDING

It will be stepped trapezoidal mmf, each step will be Ni/2 for two pole
machine. If we do Fourier Transformation, fundamental component for
𝟒 𝑵𝒑𝒉
P-pole machine 𝑭𝒂𝟏 = 𝝅 𝑲𝑫 𝑲𝑷 𝒊𝒂 cos 𝜽
𝑷

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