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brag 1_20240522193932
brag 1_20240522193932
brag 1_20240522193932
MSc
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Fibre Bragg Gratings
g
2
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Fibre Bragg Gratings (FBG)
We studied the reflectivity of a VCSEL mirror as shown below.
This is made up of layers of different refractive index.
A FBG is a similar structure but created within a fibre
In Fibre
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Fibre Bragg Gratings (FBG)
Thus we have to some how create a periodic variation in the refractive index of
a fibre.
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Fabrication of Fibre Bragg Gratings (FBG)
1. Holographic methods
- Normally use what is known as a phase mask to split an incoming
beam into two, which, when recombined create an interference
pattern with the appropriate period for the grating.
2. Direct exposure
- Here a fibre is periodically exposed to UV using a pulsed source or
spatially periodic amplitude mask
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Holographic methods I : Non-Phase mask
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Holographic methods I : Non-Phase mask
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Holographic methods I : Non-Phase mask
2
I ( z ) I1 I 2 2 I1 I 2 cos sin Lg 2 z
UV 2
I max I min
v
I max I min
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Holographic methods I : Non-Phase mask
neff UV
Bragg
nuv sin
2
Where neff is the effective mode index of the fibre, nuv is the refractive index of
the fibre at the UV wavelength, uv is the wavelength of the writing radiation
and is the angle between the writing beams
By adjusting the angle between the beams you can choose any Bragg wavelength
from being equal to the UV wavelength to infinity.
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Holographic methods II : The Phase Mask
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Holographic methods II : The Phase Mask
• The incident and diffracted orders (beams) satisfy the general diffraction
equation given by :
mUV
pm
m
sin sin i
2
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Holographic methods II : The Phase Mask
When the angle of incidence = 0 degrees, i.e. the beam is perpendicular to the
phase mask, the diffracted radiation in split into 2 diffracted beams, m=+/-1
and a transmitted beam, m=0
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Holographic methods II : The Phase Mask
The period of the grating in the phase mask defines the grating that is “written”
into the fibre.
The interference pattern created when these two beams are brought together
using parallel mirrors, as in the first example is defined by :
UV
g
2 sin m
2
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Holographic methods II : The Phase Mask
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Direct exposure
However, this is only used for very short gratings and requires very
accurate control of translation stages.
Important Parameters of FBGs
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Important Parameters of FBGs : Bandwidth
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Important Parameters of FBGs : Bandwidth
We shall define the bandwidth of the grating as being the bandwidth between the
first minima
from lecture 5 OEDS it can be shown that you can write the power
reflectivity away from the Bragg wavelength as
2 sinh 2 Lg
Pref 2
cosh 2 Lg 2
at the Bragg wavelength =0 and we get the expression on slide 17
or Bragg
as increases, will become imaginary
2 2
the sinh, cosh become sin and cos
j 2 2 19
Important Parameters of FBGs : Bandwidth
Then we have :
2 sin 2 Lg
Pref 2
cos 2 Lg 2
so we can write
2 2
L
2
1
2
2 (L) 2
L L
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Important Parameters of FBGs : Bandwidth
In terms of wavelength
2 2 B
( B ) neff ( ) 2neff
B B
B
2neff 2neff 2
2
1
2neff 2 2 (L) 2
L
2
2 (L) 2
2neff L
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Important Parameters of FBGs : Bandwidth
2
2 2 (L) 2
neff L
Thus when (L)2 << 2 the bandwidth scales as 1/L : WEAK Grating
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Important Parameters of FBGs : Phase
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Important Parameters of FBGs : Group Delay
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Non-Uniform FBGs
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