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BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
 BIOLOGICAL
MACROMOLECULES
BIOACTIVITY AND BIOMEDICAL
APPLICATIONS

Edited by

Amit Kumar Nayak

Department of Pharmaceutics, Seemanta Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jharpokharia, India

Amal Kumar Dhara

Department of Pharmacy, Contai Polytechnic, Contai, India

Dilipkumar Pal
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University),
Bilaspur, India
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 Contents

List of contributors xiii 2.2.2 Lysostaphin 28

2.2.3 Metallo-β-lactamase-like lactonase 32
Preface xix 2.3 Chitosan as a bioactive polysaccharide 36
2.3.1 Relationship of chitosan physicochemical
property and its bioactivity 37
I 2.3.2 Bioactivity of chitosan with modified
Background functional group 41
2.4 Conclusion 43
References 43
1. Biological macromolecules: sources,
properties, and functions 3. The importance of biological
AMAL KUMAR DHARA AND AMIT KUMAR NAYAK macromolecules in biomedicine
AHMED OLATUNDE, OMAR BAHATTAB, ABDUR RAUF,
1.1 Introduction 3 NAVEED MUHAMMAD, YAHYA S. AL-AWTHAN,
1.2 Carbohydrates 4 TABUSSAM TUFAIL, MUHAMMAD IMRAN AND
MOHAMMAD S. MUBARAK
1.2.1 Monosaccharides 5
1.2.2 Oligosaccharides 5
3.1 Introduction 53
1.2.3 Polysaccharides 5
3.2 Biological macromolecules in biomedicine and
1.3 Lipids 9
therapies 53
1.3.1 Simple lipids 10
3.3 Carbohydrates 54
1.3.2 Compound or conjugate lipids 10
3.3.1 Therapeutics based on carbohydrates 55
1.3.3 Derived lipids 10
3.4 Peptides 56
1.4 Proteins 11
3.4.1 Therapeutics based on peptides 57
1.4.1 Simple proteins 12
3.5 Proteins 58
1.4.2 Conjugated proteins 13
3.5.1 Therapeutics based on proteins (proteins
1.4.3 Derived proteins 13
and monoclonal antibodies) 58
1.5 Nucleic acids 14
3.6 Lipids 60
1.5.1 Nucleotides 15
3.6.1 Drug delivery-based on lipids 60
1.5.2 Nucleosides 15
3.7 Nucleic acids and oligonucleotides 61
1.5.3 DNA 15
3.7.1 Therapeutics based on oligonucleotides 61
1.5.4 RNA 16
3.8 Synthesis of macromolecules 63
1.6 Conclusion 18
3.9 Biomedicine 64
References 18
3.10 Conclusions 65
References 65
2. Structure activity relationship of
biological macromolecules
4. Modification techniques for
AURELIE SARAH MOK TSZE CHUNG, YONG KIAT TEO,
WAI TENG CHENG AND JOASH BAN LEE TAN carbohydrate macromolecules
AJAY VASUDEO RANE, DEEPTI YADAV
2.1 Introduction 23 AND KRISHNAN KANNY
2.2 Enzymes as bioactive proteins 24
2.2.1 L-amino acid oxidases 25 4.1 Introduction 69

v
vi Contents

4.2 Cellulose 69 5.8.1 Polyunsaturated fatty acids 120

4.3 Hemicelluloses 71 5.8.2 The role of Omega-3 PUFAs in some
4.4 Lignin 72 disorders 121
4.5 Chitin and chitosan 72 5.9 The potential use of bioactive lipids in cancer stem
4.6 Modification of carbohydrate biological cells and coronavirus disease (COVID-19) 123
macromolecules 73 5.9.1 Bioactive lipids in cancer 123
References 86 5.9.2 Bioactive lipids in COVID-19 123
5.10 Carbohydrates as nutraceuticals 124
5.10.1 Brief overview of carbohydrates 124
II 5.10.2 Role of polysaccharides in extracellular
membrane 124
Bioactivity 5.10.3 Immunostimmulatory effect of
carbohydrates 125
5. Biological macromolecules as 5.10.4 Carbohydrates from plants with
nutraceutical activity 125
nutraceuticals
5.10.5 Cellulose and hemicellulose 125
IRERI ALEJANDRA CARBAJAL-VALENZUELA, 5.10.6 Animal derived carbohydrates with
NUVIA MARINA APOLONIO HERNANDEZ,
DIANA VANESA GUTIERREZ-CHAVEZ,
nutraceutical activity 126
BEATRIZ GONZÁLEZ-ARIAS, 5.10.7 Heparin 126
ALEJANDRA JIMENEZ-HERNANDEZ, 5.10.8 Hyaluronic acid 127
IRINEO TORRES-PACHECO, ENRIQUE RICO-GARCÍA, 5.10.9 Chitosan and chitin 127
ANA ANGELICA FEREGRINO-PÉREZ
5.10.10 Carbohydrates with nutraceutical activity
AND RAMÓN GERARDO GUEVARA-GONZÁLEZ
from microorganisms 128
5.1 History of the applications of nutraceutical 5.10.11 Alginate 128
compounds in health care 97 5.10.12 Dextran 128
5.2 Alkaloids 99 5.10.13 Bacillus striatum polysaccharide 128
5.2.1 Caffeine 99 5.11 Credit 129
5.2.2 Capsaicin 101 References 129
5.2.3 Theobromine 101
5.3 Phenolic compounds 102 6. Biological macromolecules as
5.3.1 Curcumin 102 antioxidants
5.3.2 Resveratrol 103 T. MADHUJITH, N.E. WEDAMULLA AND D.A.S. GAMAGE
5.3.3 Quercetin 103
5.3.4 Anthocyanins 103 6.1 Introduction 139
5.3.5 Luteolin 104 6.2 Types and sources of biological
5.3.6 Naringenin 104 macromolecules 141
5.3.7 Catechins 104 6.2.1 Polysaccharides 141
5.4 Terpenes 105 6.2.2 Proteins 149
5.4.1 Lycopene 105 6.2.3 Other antioxidative macromolecules 152
5.4.2 β-Carotene 105 6.3 Macromolecules as antioxidants 152
5.4.3 Lutein 106 6.3.1 Polysaccharides as antioxidants 152
5.4.4 Zeaxanthin 107 6.3.2 Proteins as antioxidants 155
5.5 Future views 107 6.3.3 Nonextractable polyphenols as
5.6 Proteins and peptides with biological activity of antioxidants 156
medical interest 107 6.4 Applications 156
5.7 Nucleic acids and their nutraceutical properties 6.4.1 Food-based applications 156
used in biomedicine 112 6.4.2 Other applications 158
5.7.1 Nucleic acids overview 112 6.5 Limitations of biological macromolecules 158
5.7.2 Perspectives 119 6.6 Future trends 159
5.8 Introduction of lipids 119 References 159
 Contents vii
7. Biological macromolecules as 8.2.1 Terpenoids 203
antimicrobial agents 8.2.2 Steroids 206
8.2.3 Phenolics 207
MD. SHAHRUZZAMAN, SHAFIUL HOSSAIN,
TANVIR AHMED, SUMAYA F. KABIR, 8.2.4 Alkaloids 208
MD. MINHAJUL ISLAM, ASHIQUR RAHMAN, 8.2.5 Polysaccharides 208
MD. SAZEDUL ISLAM, SABRINA SULTANA AND 8.2.6 Peptides 209
MOHAMMED MIZANUR RAHMAN 8.2.7 Polyketide 210
8.2.8 Polyunsaturated fatty acids 210
7.1 Introduction 165
8.3 Conclusion 213
7.2 Classification of biological macromolecule 167
References 213
7.2.1 Carbohydrate 167
7.2.2 Protein 169
7.2.3 Lipid 170 9. Biological macromolecules acting on
7.2.4 Nucleic acid 171
7.3 Antimicrobial activity of biological
central nervous system
macromolecules 172 DILIPKUMAR PAL AND KHUSHBOO RAJ

7.3.1 Polysaccharides 172

9.1 Introduction 219
7.3.2 Proteins 175
9.1.1 Proteins 219
7.3.3 Fatty acids 177
9.1.2 Cell cycle proteins 220
7.4 Antimicrobial activity of macromolecule
9.1.3 Homer/vesl proteins 220
composites 180
9.1.4 Central fatty hypothesis 222
7.4.1 Chitosan-alginate 180
9.1.5 Carbohydrates 222
7.4.2 Gelatin-chitosan 181
9.1.6 Role of carbohydrates on nervous
7.4.3 Keratin-chitosan 182
system 223
7.4.4 Collagen-alginate 183
9.1.7 In sensory organs 223
7.4.5 Chitosan-cellulose 184
9.1.8 Glycans 223
7.4.6 Lactoferrin-Oleic Acid 185
9.1.9 Role of glycan in neural development 224
7.5 Nanotechnology based antimicrobial
9.1.10 Lipids 224
macromolecule 185
9.1.11 Role of cPLA2 in cerebral ischemia 225
7.5.1 Chitosan based nanocomposite 185
9.1.12 In the case of neurodegenerative
7.5.2 Alginate-based nanocomposite 187
diseases 225
7.5.3 Cellulose based nanocomposite 187
9.1.13 Lipid peroxidation 225
7.5.4 Gelatin based nanocomposite 189
9.2 Conclusion 226
7.5.5 Collagen based nanocomposite 190
References 226
7.5.6 Keratin-based nanoparticle 190
7.5.7 Oleic acid based nanoparticle 190
7.6 Applications 190
7.6.1 Food packaging 190
10. Biological macromolecules as
7.6.2 Drug delivery 191 antidiabetic agents
7.6.3 Wound dressing 192 JAISON JEEVANANDAM, CALEB ACQUAH
7.7 Conclusion 193 AND MICHAEL K. DANQUAH

References 193
10.1 Introduction 229
8. Biological macromolecules from algae 10.2 Types of biological macromolecules 230
and their antimicrobial applications 10.3 Biological macromolecules 232
10.3.1 Carbohydrates 232
NATANAMURUGARAJ GOVINDAN,
GAANTY PRAGAS MANIAM, MOHD HASBI AB. RAHIM,
10.3.2 Lipids 233
AHMAD ZIAD SULAIMAN AND AZILAH AJIT 10.3.3 Proteins 235
10.3.4 Nucleic acids 237
8.1 Introduction 203 10.4 Advantages, limitations, and future
8.2 Bioactive macromolecules 203 perspectives 238
viii Contents

10.5 Conclusion 238 14. Synthetic macromolecules with

References 239
11. Biological macromolecules as
anticancer agents
HIMJA TIWARI, HARSHAL DESHMUKH,
NILESH SHIRISH WAGH AND JAYA LAKKAKULA
11.1 Introduction 243
11.2 Biological macromolecules for cancer therapy
11.2.1 Carbohydrates 244
11.2.2 Proteins and nucleic acid 258
11.2.3 Lipids 262
11.3 Conclusion 269
References 269
12. Biological macromolecules as
immunomodulators
EDUARDO COSTA, MANUELA MACHADO,
MANUELA PINTADO AND SARA SILVA
12.1 Introduction 273
12.2 Immunomodulation 274
12.3 Immunomodulation, biomolecules, and
applications 274
12.4 Polysaccharides 275
12.4.1 Immunomodulatory polysaccharides 275
12.4.2 Gut microbiota modulation 277
12.5 Lipids 277
12.5.1 Immunomodulatory effect of lipids 278
12.6 Proteins 280
12.6.1 Known immunomodulatory proteins 280
Acknowledgments 282
References 282
13. Biological macromolecules acting on
gastrointestinal systems
DILIPKUMAR PAL AND SUPRIYO SAHA
13.1 Introduction 289
13.2 Role of carbohydrates in gastrointestinal
system 289
13.3 Role of proteins in gastrointestinal system 295
13.4 Role of fatty acids in gastrointestinal system 298
13.5 Role of nucleic acids in gastrointestinal
system 300
13.6 Conclusion 301
References 302
biological activity
STEFANIA RACOVITA, MARCEL POPA,
LEONARD IONUT ATANASE AND SILVIA VASILIU
14.1 Introduction 305
14.2 Synthetic macromolecules with antimicrobial
activity 306
14.2.1 History of antimicrobial agents and
244 antimicrobial polymers 307
14.2.2 Classification of antimicrobial
polymers 308
14.2.3 Preparation routes for antimicrobial
polymers 309
14.2.4 Factors affecting the antimicrobial
activity 311
14.2.5 Synthetic macromolecules with
antibacterial activity 313
14.2.6 Synthetic macromolecules with antiviral
activity 317
14.2.7 Synthetic macromolecules with antifungal
activity 318
14.2.8 Synthetic macromolecules with
antiparasitic activity 319
14.3 Synthetic macromolecules with antioxidant
activity 320
14.4 Polymer sequestrants 324
14.5 Conclusions 328
References 328
Further reading 335
III
Functional applications
15. Biological macromolecules in drug
delivery
AMIT KUMAR NAYAK, MD SAQUIB HASNAIN,
ANINDITA BEHERA, AMAL KUMAR DHARA AND
DILIPKUMAR PAL
15.1 Introduction 339
15.2 Drug delivery using various biological
macromolecules 340
15.2.1 Drug delivery using carbohydrates 341
15.2.2 Drug delivery using proteins and
peptides 349
15.2.3 Drug delivery using nucleic acids 355
 Contents ix
15.2.4 Drug delivery using lipids 359 18.4 Biological macromolecules for delivery systems of
15.3 Conclusion 367 growth factors 424
References 367 18.4.1 Protein-based materials for growth factor
delivery 425
16. Biological macromolecules in tissue 18.4.2 Polysaccharide-based materials for growth
engineering factor delivery 427
18.4.3 Polysaccharide combinations for growth
PANDURANG APPANA DALAVI,
SESHA SUBRAMANIAN MURUGAN, factor delivery 429
SUKUMARAN ANIL AND JAYACHANDRAN VENKATESAN 18.4.4 Composites materials for growth factor
delivery 430
16.1 Introduction 381 18.4.5 Protein-based composite for growth factor
16.2 Bone tissue engineering 381 delivery 430
16.3 Biological macromolecules in bone tissue 18.4.6 Protein-polysaccharide composites for
engineering 382 growth factor delivery 432
16.3.1 Alginate 382 18.4.7 Polysaccharide-polysaccharide composites
16.3.2 Chitosan 383 for growth factor delivery 433
16.3.3 Carrageenan 384 References 433
16.3.4 Fucoidan 385
16.3.5 Ulvan 385 19. Biological macromolecules for growth
16.3.6 Gelatin 386 factor delivery in bone regeneration
16.4 Conclusion 387
ARISTEIDIS PAPAGIANNOPOULOS AND ELENI VLASSI
Acknowledgment 387
References 387 19.1 Introduction 439
19.2 Bone regeneration 439
17. Biological macromolecules for drug 19.3 Growth factors in tissue and bone
delivery in tissue engineering regeneration 441
MARCEL POPA AND LEONARD IONUT ATANASE 19.4 Biomacromolecules as carriers of growth
factors 443
17.1 Introduction 393 19.5 Hydrogels and sponges 445
17.2 Drug-loaded electrospun fibers used in tissue 19.6 Scaffolds and fibers 446
engineering applications and drug delivery 394 19.7 Nanoparticles and nanoassemblies 448
17.2.1 Drug-loaded polysaccharides-based 19.8 Concluding remarks 449
electrospun fibers 395 References 449
17.2.2 Drug-loaded protein-based electrospun
fibers 401 20. Biological macromolecules for
17.3 Drug-loaded injectable hydrogels used in tissue nutrients delivery
engineering applications and drug delivery 403
LONG CHEN, ZHONGYU YANG, DAVID JULIAN
17.4 Conclusions 411 MCCLEMENTS, ZHENGYU JIN AND MING MIAO
References 411
20.1 Introduction 455
18. Biological macromolecules for growth 20.2 Nutrients 455
factor delivery 20.2.1 Water-soluble nutrients 456
M.D. FIGUEROA-PIZANO 20.2.2 Oil-soluble nutrients 458
20.3 Biological macromolecules used for nutrients
18.1 Introduction 419 delivery 458
18.2 Delivery systems for growth factors 421 20.3.1 Polysaccharides 459
18.3 Materials for delivery systems of growth 20.3.2 Proteins 461
factors 423 20.3.3 Glycoproteins and proteoglycans 461
x Contents

20.3.4 Others (lignin as example) 462 22.2.4 Collagen 500

20.4 Molecular interactions that maintain the stability 22.2.5 Gelatin 503
of biopolymer-based delivery systems 462 22.2.6 Fibrin 504
20.4.1 Electrostatic interactions 463 22.2.7 Glycosaminoglycans 505
20.4.2 Hydrogen bonding 463 22.2.8 Silk (fibroion and spidroin) 506
20.4.3 Hydrophobic interactions 463 22.2.9 Other natural polymers in TE 508
20.4.4 Covalent interactions 464 22.3 Advantages, drawbacks, applications, forms and
20.5 Retention and release mechanisms 464 manufacturing methods 511
20.6 Nutrient delivery systems based on biological 22.4 Conclusions 526
macromolecules 465 Acknowledgment 527
20.6.1 Composition and structure 465 References 527
20.6.2 Fabrication 466
20.6.3 Properties 469 23. Biological macromolecules for enzyme
20.6.4 Applications 469 immobilization
20.7 Future trends 471
HAMZA RAFEEQ, SARMAD AHMAD QAMAR,
20.7.1 Co-encapsulation of multiple HIRA MUNIR, MUHAMMAD BILAL AND HAFIZ M.N. IQBAL
nutrients 471
20.7.2 Targeted and controlled release of 23.1 Introduction 529
bioactive molecules 471 23.2 Biological macromolecules for enzyme
20.7.3 In vivo testing 472 immobilization 532
References 472 23.2.1 Chitin and chitosan 532
23.2.2 Agarose 533
21. Biological macromolecules for nucleic 23.2.3 Alginate 534
acid delivery 23.2.4 Cellulose and its derivatives 535
AHMED S. ABO DENA AND IBRAHIM M. EL-SHERBINY
23.2.5 Gelatin for enzyme immobilization 536
23.2.6 Dextran for enzyme immobilization 537
21.1 Introduction 479 23.2.7 Pectin for enzyme immobilization 539
21.2 Nucleic acids structure and functions 480 23.2.8 Xanthan for enzyme immobilization 540
21.3 Biological macromolecules for nucleic acid 23.3 Conclusions and future outlook 541
delivery 482 Acknowledgment 541
21.3.1 Lipid-based drug delivery systems 482 Conflicts of interest 541
21.3.2 Protein-based drug delivery systems 484 References 542
21.3.3 Carbohydrate-based drug delivery Further reading 546
systems 486
21.4 Conclusions 488 24. Carbohydrates mimetics: enzyme
References 489 inhibitors and target molecules in several
diseases
22. Biological macromolecules in cell VERÓNICA E. MANZANO, CUSTODIANA A.
encapsulation COLMENAREZ LOBO AND EVANGELINA REPETTO
MILAN MILIVOJEVIC, IVANA PAJIC-LIJAKOVIC AND
BRANKO BUGARSKI 24.1 Introduction 547
24.1.1 Biomass and biobased materials 547
22.1 Introduction 491 24.1.2 Carbohydrates 548
22.2 Biopolymers used for cell encapsulation in 24.1.3 Biological and medicinal interest of
TE 496 carbohydrates 550
22.2.1 Agarose 496 24.1.4 Glycosidases 551
22.2.2 Alginate 497 24.2 Glycomimetics 554
22.2.3 Chitin and chitosan 499 24.2.1 Iminosugars 554
 Contents xi
24.2.2 Carbasugars 561 25.5.2 Gene delivery 592
24.2.3 Thiosugars 564 25.6 Macromolecules on tissue engineering 593
24.3 Hybrid carbohydrates 566 25.6.1 Wound management 597
24.4 Macromolecules 567 25.6.2 Development of skin substitutes 597
24.4.1 Multivalents 567 25.7 Conclusion 600
24.4.2 Polysaccharides 569 References 600
24.5 Conclusions 570
References 570 26. Future perspectives of biological
macromolecules in biomedicine
IV ANA R. NEVES, RÚBEN FARIA, TÂNIA ALBUQUERQUE,
TELMA QUINTELA, ÂNGELA SOUSA AND DIANA COSTA

Others 26.1 Bio-nanotechnology 607

25. Current challenging issues of
biological macromolecules in biomedicine
Y. DE ANDA-FLORES, E. CARVAJAL-MILLAN,
A.C. CAMPA-MADA, K.G. MARTÍNEZ-ROBINSON,
J. LIZARDI-MENDOZA, A. RASCÓN-CHU,
A.L. MARTÍNEZ-LÓPEZ AND J. TANORI-CORDOVA
25.1 Introduction 581
25.2 Biological macromolecules 582
25.3 Macromolecules in biomedical applications 583
25.4 Macromolecules in targeted drug delivery 584
25.5 Biomaterials as targeted drug delivery 585
25.5.1 Hydrogels for drug delivery 585
26.1.1 Delivery systems 608
26.2 Mitochondrial gene therapy 610
26.2.1 Mitochondrion 611
26.2.2 Mitochondrial mutations 611
26.2.3 Targeting Mitochondria 612
26.3 Crosstalk between chronobiology and cancer 616
26.3.1 Circadian clock and cancer
development 617
26.3.2 Chronobiology and cancer treatment 619
26.4 Concluding remarks 624
References 625
Index 633
 List of contributors
Ahmed S. Abo Dena Nanomedicine Laboratory,
Center for Materials Science, Zewail City of
Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt;
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
National Organization for Drug Control and
Research (NODCAR), Giza, Egypt
Caleb Acquah School of Nutrition Sciences,
Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa,
Ottawa, ON, Canada
Tanvir Ahmed Department of Applied Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering and Technology, University of
Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Azilah Ajit Faculty of Chemical & Natural
Resources Engineering, Universiti Malaysia
Pahang, Kuantan, Malaysia
Yahya S. Al-Awthan Department of Biology,
Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk,
Saudia Arabia; Department of Biology, Faculty of
Science, Ibb University, Ibb, Yemen
Tânia Albuquerque CICS-UBI—Health Sciences
Research Centre, University of Beira Interior,
Covilhã, Portugal
Sukumaran Anil Department of Dentistry, Oral
Health Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation,
College of Dental Medicine, Qatar University,
Doha, Qatar
Nuvia Marina Apolonio–Hernandez Biosystems
Engineering Group, School of Engineering-
Campus Amazcala, Autonomous University of
Querétaro (México), Querétaro, México
Leonard Ionut Atanase Academy of Romanian
Scientists, Bucuresti, Romania; Faculty of Dental
Medicine, “Apollonia” University of Iasi, Iasi,
Romania
Omar Bahattab Department of Biology, Faculty of
Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudia Arabia
xiii
Anindita Behera School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Siksha “O” Anusandhan, Deemed to be
University, Bhubaneswar, India
Muhammad Bilal School of Life Science and Food
Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology,
Huai’an, China
Branko Bugarski Department of Chemical
Engineering, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy,
University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
A.C. Campa-Mada Biopolymers-CTAOA,
Research Center for Food and Development
(CIAD, A.C.), Hermosillo, Mexico
Ireri Alejandra Carbajal-Valenzuela Biosystems
Engineering Group, School of Engineering-
Campus Amazcala, Autonomous University of
Querétaro (México), Querétaro, México
E. Carvajal-Millan Biopolymers-CTAOA, Research
Center for Food and Development (CIAD, A.C.),
Hermosillo, Mexico
Long Chen School of Food Science and
Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P.R.
China; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and
Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P.R. China
Wai Teng Cheng School of Science, Monash
University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
Custodiana A. Colmenarez Lobo Research Center
in Carbohydrate Chemistry (CIHIDECAR),
National Scientific and Technical Research
Council (CONICET)-UBA, Buenos Aires,
Argentina
Diana Costa CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research
Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã,
Portugal
Eduardo Costa Universidade Católica Portuguesa,
CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Quı́mica Fina
—Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de
Biotecnologia, Porto, Portugal
xiv List of contributors
Pandurang Appana Dalavi Biomaterials Research
Laboratory, Yenepoya Research Centre,
Yenepoya (Deemed to be University),
Deralakatte, Mangalore, India
Michael K. Danquah Chemical Engineering
Department, University of Tennessee,
Chattanooga, TN, United States
Y. De Anda-Flores Biopolymers-CTAOA, Research
Center for Food and Development (CIAD, A.C.),
Hermosillo, Mexico
Harshal Deshmukh Amity Institute of
Biotechnology, Amity University Maharashtra,
Mumbai, —Pune Expressway, Bhatan Post—
Somathne, Panvel, Mumbai, India
Amal Kumar Dhara Department of Pharmacy,
Contai Polytechnic, Contai, India
Ibrahim M. El-Sherbiny Nanomedicine
Laboratory, Center for Materials Science, Zewail
City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
Rúben Faria CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research
Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã,
Portugal
Ana Angelica Feregrino-Pérez Biosystems
Engineering Group, School of Engineering-
Campus Amazcala, Autonomous University of
Querétaro (México), Querétaro, México
M.D. Figueroa-Pizano Biopolymers-CTAOA,
Research Center for Food and Development
(CIAD), Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
D.A.S. Gamage Department of Chemical and
Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri
Lanka
Beatriz González-Arias Biosystems Engineering
Group, School of Engineering-Campus Amazcala,
Autonomous University of Querétaro (México),
Querétaro, México
Natanamurugaraj Govindan Algae Culture
Collection Center & Laboratory, Faculty of
Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti
Malaysia Pahang, Kuantan, Malaysia; Centre for
Research in Advanced Tropical Bioscience,
Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Kuantan, Malaysia
Ramón Gerardo Guevara-González Biosystems
Engineering Group, School of Engineering-
Campus Amazcala, Autonomous University of
Querétaro (México), Querétaro, México
Diana Vanesa Gutierrez-Chavez Biosystems
Engineering Group, School of Engineering-
Campus Amazcala, Autonomous University of
Querétaro (México), Querétaro, México
Md Saquib Hasnain Department of Pharmacy,
Palamau Institute of Pharmacy, Daltonganj, India
Shafiul Hossain Department of Applied
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering and Technology, University of
Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of
Chemical Engineering and Polymer Science,
Shahjalal University of Science and Technology,
Sylhet, Bangladesh
Muhammad Imran University Institute of Diet &
Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health
Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore,
Pakistan
Hafiz M.N. Iqbal Tecnologico de Monterrey,
School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey,
Mexico
Jaison Jeevanandam CQM—Centro de Quı́mica
da Madeira (Madeira Chemistry Center), MMRG,
Universidade da Madeira (University of
Madeira), Campus da Penteada (Penteada cam-
pus), Funchal, Portugal
Alejandra Jimenez-Hernandez Biosystems
Engineering Group, School of Engineering-
Campus Amazcala, Autonomous University of
Querétaro (México), Querétaro, México
Zhengyu Jin School of Food Science and
Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P.R.
China; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and
Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P.R.
China
Sumaya F. Kabir Department of Applied
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering and Technology, University of
Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Krishnan Kanny Composite Research Group,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Durban
University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
Jaya Lakkakula Amity Institute of Biotechnology,
Amity University Maharashtra, Mumbai, —Pune
Expressway, Bhatan Post—Somathne, Panvel,
Mumbai, India
J. Lizardi-Mendoza Biopolymers-CTAOA,
Research Center for Food and Development
(CIAD, A.C.), Hermosillo, Mexico
 List of contributors xv
Manuela Machado Universidade Católica Mohammad S. Mubarak Department of
Portuguesa, CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Chemistry, The University of Jordan, Amman,
Quı́mica Fina—Laboratório Associado, Escola Jordan
Superior de Biotecnologia, Porto, Portugal Naveed Muhammad Department of Pharmacy,
T. Madhujith Department of Food Science and Abdul Wali Khan University, Khyber
Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka Hira Munir Department of Biochemistry and
Gaanty Pragas Maniam Algae Culture Collection Biotechnology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat,
Center & Laboratory, Faculty of Industrial Pakistan
Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sesha Subramanian Murugan Biomaterials
Pahang, Kuantan, Malaysia; Centre for Research Research Laboratory, Yenepoya Research Centre,
in Advanced Tropical Bioscience, Universiti Yenepoya (Deemed to be University),
Malaysia Pahang, Kuantan, Malaysia Deralakatte, Mangalore, India
Verónica E. Manzano Faculty of Exact and Amit Kumar Nayak Department of
Natural Sciences, Department of Organic Pharmaceutics, Seemanta Institute of
Chemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jharpokharia, India
Aires, Argentina; Research Center in
Carbohydrate Chemistry (CIHIDECAR), National Ana R. Neves CICS-UBI—Health Sciences
Scientific and Technical Research Council Research Centre, University of Beira Interior,
(CONICET)-UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina Covilhã, Portugal
Ahmed Olatunde Department of Biochemistry,
A.L. Martı́nez-López NANO-VAC Research
Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi,
Group, Department of Chemistry and
Nigeria
Pharmaceutical Technology, University of
Navarra, Pamplona, Spain Ivana Pajic-Lijakovic Department of Chemical
Engineering, Faculty of Technology and
K.G. Martı́nez-Robinson Biopolymers-CTAOA,
Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade,
Research Center for Food and Development
Serbia
(CIAD, A.C.), Hermosillo, Mexico
Dilipkumar Pal Department of Pharmaceutical
David Julian McClements Department of Food Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A
Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Central University), Bilaspur, India
MA, United States
Aristeidis Papagiannopoulos Theoretical and
Ming Miao School of Food Science and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic
Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P.R. Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
China; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and
Manuela Pintado Universidade Católica
Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P.R.
Portuguesa, CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e
China
Quı́mica Fina—Laboratório Associado, Escola
Milan Milivojevic Department of Chemical Superior de Biotecnologia, Porto, Portugal
Engineering, Faculty of Technology and
Marcel Popa “Apollonia” University of Iasi,
Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade,
Faculty of Dental Medicine, Iasi, Romania;
Serbia
Academy of Romanian Scientists, Bucuresti,
Md. Minhajul Islam Department of Applied Romania; Faculty of Chemical Engineering and
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Protection, Department of Natural
Engineering and Technology, University of and Synthetic Polymers, “Gheorghe Asachi”
Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh Technical University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania
Aurelie Sarah Mok Tsze Chung School of Science, Sarmad Ahmad Qamar Department of
Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Biochemistry, University of Agriculture,
Malaysia Faisalabad, Pakistan
xvi List of contributors
Telma Quintela CICS-UBI—Health Sciences
Research Centre, University of Beira Interior,
Covilhã, Portugal
Stefania Racovita “Petru Poni” Institute of
Macromolecular Chemistry, Iasi, Romania
Hamza Rafeeq Department of Biochemistry,
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Mohd Hasbi Ab. Rahim Algae Culture Collection
Center & Laboratory, Faculty of Industrial
Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia
Pahang, Kuantan, Malaysia; Centre for Research
in Advanced Tropical Bioscience, Universiti
Malaysia Pahang, Kuantan, Malaysia
Ashiqur Rahman Department of Applied
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering and Technology, University of
Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh; National Institute of
Textile Engineering and Research (NITER),
Dhaka, Bangladesh
Mohammed Mizanur Rahman Department of
Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering and Technology,
University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Khushboo Raj School of Pharmacy, Arka Jain uni-
versity, Tata, Jamshedpur, India
Ajay Vasudeo Rane Composite Research Group,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Durban
University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
A. Rascón-Chu Biotechnology-CTAOV, Research
Center for Food and Development (CIAD, A.C.),
Hermosillo, Mexico
Abdur Rauf Department of Chemistry, University
of Swabi Anbar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Evangelina Repetto Faculty of Exact and Natural
Sciences, Department of Organic Chemistry,
University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires,
Argentina; Research Center in Carbohydrate
Chemistry (CIHIDECAR), National Scientific and
Technical Research Council (CONICET)-UBA,
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Enrique Rico-Garcı́a Biosystems Engineering
Group, School of Engineering-Campus Amazcala,
Autonomous University of Querétaro (México),
Querétaro, México
Supriyo Saha School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
and Technology, Sardar Bhagwan Singh
University, Dehradun, India
Md. Sazedul Islam Department of Applied
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering and Technology, University of
Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Md. Shahruzzaman Department of Applied
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering and Technology, University of
Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Sara Silva Universidade Católica Portuguesa,
CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Quı́mica Fina
—Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de
Biotecnologia, Porto, Portugal
Ângela Sousa CICS-UBI—Health Sciences
Research Centre, University of Beira Interior,
Covilhã, Portugal
Ahmad Ziad Sulaiman Faculty of Bio-Engineering
& Technology, University Malaysia Kelantan
Kampus Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia
Sabrina Sultana Department of Applied
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering and Technology, University of
Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Arts
and Sciences, Ahsanullah University of Science
and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Joash Ban Lee Tan School of Science, Monash
University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
J. Tanori-Cordova Department of Polymers and
Materials Research, University of Sonora,
Hermosillo, Mexico
Yong Kiat Teo School of Science, Monash
University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
Himja Tiwari Amity Institute of Biotechnology,
Amity University Maharashtra, Mumbai, —Pune
Expressway, Bhatan Post—Somathne, Panvel,
Mumbai, India
Irineo torres-Pacheco Biosystems Engineering
Group, School of Engineering-Campus Amazcala,
Autonomous University of Querétaro (México),
Querétaro, México
Tabussam Tufail University Institute of Diet &
Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health
Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore,
Pakistan
 List of contributors xvii
Silvia Vasiliu “Petru Poni” Institute of N.E. Wedamulla Department of Export
Macromolecular Chemistry, Iasi, Romania Agriculture, Faculty of Animal Science and
Jayachandran Venkatesan Biomaterials Research Export Agriculture, Uva Wellassa University,
Laboratory, Yenepoya Research Centre, Badulla, Sri Lanka
Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Deepti Yadav Department of Biotechnology and
Deralakatte, Mangalore, India Food Science, Durban University of Technology,
Eleni Vlassi Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Durban, South Africa
Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Zhongyu Yang School of Food Science and
Athens, Greece Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P.R.
Nilesh Shirish Wagh Amity Institute of China
Biotechnology, Amity University Maharashtra,
Mumbai, —Pune Expressway, Bhatan Post—
Somathne, Panvel, Mumbai, India
 Preface
The scope of this book, entitled Biological
Macromolecules: Bioactivity and Biomedical
Applications, is the coverage and review of
recent trends and applications of biological
macromolecules, such as carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, peptides, and nucleic acids in biome-
dicines, drug delivery, growth factors delivery,
nutrients and nucleic acids delivery, cell encap-
sulation, enzyme mobilization, and tissue
engineering.
The mysteries of life lie in biological macro-
molecules. A large volume of biological macro-
molecules is obtained from different biological
origins such as plants, algae, fungi, animals,
and microbial sources. Biological macromole-
cules exhibit some significant and favorable
advantages over synthetic macromolecules,
such as sustainable and economic production,
biocompatibility, biodegradability, and
improved bioavailability. In recent years, a
plethora of biological macromolecules (carbo-
hydrates, lipids, proteins, peptides, and nucleic
acids) has been used in the biomedical and
healthcare fields. They showed varieties of
bioactivities such as antioxidant, anticancer,
antidiabetic, antimicrobial, immunomodula-
tory activities on the central nervous system,
and gastrointestinal activity. The other biomed-
ical applications include drug delivery, growth
factors delivery, nutrients and nucleic acids
delivery, cell encapsulation, enzyme mobiliza-
tion, and tissue engineering. The structure-
property relationship is also an important
aspect for a thorough understanding of the bio-
activity of biological macromolecules.
xix
This book, containing 4 sections and 26
chapters, provides a systematic insight into the
inclusive discussions on bioactivity and bio-
medical applications of different biological
macromolecules. We are glad to see that many
authors across the globe accepted our invita-
tion and contributed valued chapters for this
book, covering a wide spectrum of fields. A
concise account of the contents of each chapter
has been described to provide a glimpse of the
book to the potential readers of various fields.
The topics in the book (in order of prefer-
ence) include the following: Biological
Macromolecules: Sources, Properties, and functions
(Chapter 1)—this chapter describes sources
physicochemical properties, bioactivity and
biomedical applications of different biological
macromolecules concisely; Structure Activity
Relationship of Biological Macromolecules
(Chapter 2)—this chapter aims to provide an
overview of the structural features influencing
the bioactivities of biological macromolecules,
namely L-amino acid oxidases, lysostaphin,
and metallo-β-lactamase-such as lactonase and
chitosan; The Importance of Biological
Macromolecules in Biomedicine (Chapter 3)—this
chapter highlights the therapeutic aspects of
macromolecules and the medicinal use of bio-
logical macromolecules against various dis-
eases and ailments; Modification Techniques for
Carbohydrate Macromolecules (Chapter 4)—this
chapter characteristically abridges the signifi-
cant developments of the last five to ten years
and discusses critically in the area of modifica-
tion of carbohydrates macromolecules;
xx Preface
Biological Macromolecules as Nutraceuticals
(Chapter 5)—this chapter aims to demonstrate
some recent knowledge regarding the nutra-
ceutical and biological activities of the macro-
molecules of biological origin, as well as some
frontier applications of these in healthcare;
Biological Macromolecules as Antioxidants
(Chapter 6)—this chapter highlights the poten-
tial applications of biological macromolecules
as antioxidants to scavenge reactive oxygen
species and control oxidative stress, which
leads to various pathogenesis; Biological
Macromolecules as Antimicrobial Agents
(Chapter 7)—the chapter describes the antimi-
crobial activity of biological macromolecules
(chitosan, cellulose, alginate, gelatin, collagen,
and keratin) and also, comprehensively eluci-
dates their applications in addressing chal-
lenges associated with drug delivery, wound
dressing, food packaging, and so on Biological
Macromolecules From Algae and Their
Antimicrobial Applications (Chapter 8) this
chapter provides an overview of bioactive
macromolecules and their antimicrobial activi-
ties with particular reference to algal sources;
Biological Macromolecules Acting on Central
Nervous System (Chapter 9)—in this chapter,
the role of biological macromolecules on cen-
tral nervous system and their critical role in
downregulation after the various neurological
disorders have been discussed; Biological
Macromolecules as Antidiabetic Agents
(Chapter 10)—this chapter is an overview of
different types of biological macromolecules
and their applications as potential antidiabetic
agents and also, highlights the advantages, lim-
itations and future perspectives of biological
macromolecules as antidiabetic agents;
Biological Macromolecules as Anticancer Agents
(Chapter 11)—this chapter presents the extrac-
tion of macromolecules such as carbohydrate,
proteins, lipids, and nucleic acid (miRNAs)
from different biological sources, such as
plants, animal, algae and fungi. The various
mechanisms by which the macromolecules
exhibit their anticancer activity have been
discussed briefly along with several assays
done to evaluate cytotoxicity of the macromole-
cules against various cancers such as lung can-
cer, breast cancer, cervical cancer, and colon
cancer. Biological Macromolecules as
Immunomodulators (Chapter 12)—this topic
focuses on the potential modulations of
immune response of biomacromolecules (three
major classes of compounds: lipids, proteins
and polysaccharides); Biological Macromolecules
Acting on Gastrointestinal Systems
(Chapter 13)—this chapter describes the role of
biological macromolecules for the management
of gastrointestinal system and related disor-
ders; Synthetic Macromolecules With Biological
Activity (Chapter 14)—this chapter describes
some classes of synthetic macromolecules with
biological activity that have a great importance
on the human comfort and health, including
antimicrobial polymers, antioxidant polymers,
and polymeric sequestrants; Biological
Macromolecules in Drug Delivery (Chapter 15)—
this chapter focuses on the advancements in
the uses of various biological macromolecules
in drug delivery applications; Biological macro-
molecules in tissue engineering (Chapter 16)—this
chapter provides an overview on the important
role of natural-derived biomaterials (alginate,
chitosan, carrageenan, fucoidan, ulvan, colla-
gen, and gelatin) combining with ceramic bio-
materials for bone tissue construction;
Biological Macromolecules for Drug Delivery in
Tissue Engineering (Chapter 17)—This chapter
is focused on the preparation and physico-
chemical characterization of engineered bioma-
terials, based on biological macromolecules
(polysaccharides and proteins), as scaffolds
which are capable of supporting physiological
activities of cells, but also can act as drug deliv-
ery systems for tissue engineering and wound
healing; Biological Macromolecules for Growth
Factor Delivery (Chapter 18)—this chapter dis-
cusses the fabrication of synthetic and natural
macromolecules, sometimes combined with
other mineral or metallic compounds for
growth factor delivery; Biological
 Preface
Macromolecules for Growth Factor Delivery in
Bone Regeneration (Chapter 19)—this chapter
describes the process of bone tissue regenera-
tion in healing injuries and arthritic conditions,
introduces the main ideas through the scope of
allogenous and autogenous transplantation
and demonstrates the role of growth factors in
these processes; Biological Macromolecules for
Nutrients Delivery (Chapter 20)—This chapter
focuses on the types of nutrients that need to
be delivered, the biological macromolecules
that can be used to construct edible delivery
systems, the most common delivery systems
currently used for this purpose, and some of
the major challenges that must be addressed in
the future; Biological Macromolecules for Nucleic
Acid Delivery (Chapter 21)—this chapter
describes the nonviral nucleic acid delivery
systems made up of biological macromole-
cules, such as peptides, lipids, and carbohy-
drates and also gives an introduction on the
history and structure of nucleic acids; Biological
Macromolecules in Cell Encapsulation
(Chapter 22)—this chapter aims to review the
most examined, most promising and recently
proposed biopolymers that are used in tissue
engineering scaffolds, and to highlight their
main properties, drawbacks, fields of applica-
tions and fabrication technologies in order to
provide readers with important guidelines for
selecting appropriate scaffold biomaterials;
Biological Macromolecules for Enzyme
Immobilization (Chapter 23)—this chapter pro-
vides a broad overview of properties and the
applications of various naturally occurring bio-
polymers, that is, chitosan, chitin, agarose, algi-
nates, cellulose, gelatin, dextran, carrageenan,
pectin and xanthan gum for their applications
in enzyme immobilization with recent litera-
ture studies indicating biopolymer-based sup-
port material development and their utilization
to make biocatalysts with desired stability and
catalytic functionalities; Carbohydrates for
Enzyme Inhibition and Their Use as Target
Molecules for the Interference of Diseases
(Chapter 24)—this chapter describes the study
of a widespread group of enzymes and the
xxi
inhibition of these enzymes constitutes an
interesting and novel strategy to approach new
therapies against numerous diseases; Current
Challenging Issues of Biological Macromolecules in
Biomedicine (Chapter 25)—this chapter provides
information on recent innovations in various
biomaterials, engineered from macromolecules
ranging from drug delivery, cancer therapies,
tissue engineering, bioprinting and wound
healing; Future Perspectives of Biological
Macromolecules in Biomedicine (Chapter 26)—
this chapter discusses the impact of the combi-
nation of nanotechnology and chronobiology
in personalized cancer treatment.
We sincerely acknowledge the valuable con-
tribution of the distinguished authors and con-
vey our sincere thanks. This book could not
have been published without the cooperation
of Barbara Makinster, Editorial Project
Manager. We wish to express our cordial grati-
tude to Elsevier Inc., Michelle Fisher
(Acquisition Editor), and other editorial staff
for their invaluable supports in organizing the
intelligent editing of the book. We also grate-
fully acknowledge all the permissions we
received for reproducing the copyright materi-
als from different sources. Finally, we cannot
overlook the sacrifices and supports from our
family members during the preparation of the
current book. All our friends, colleagues, and
students who have helped in the process of
editing this book deserve our great apprecia-
tion. Contributing authors, the publishers, and
we, the editors, will be extremely happy if our
endeavor fulfills the needs of the academicians,
researchers, students, pharmaceutical experts,
biomedicine experts, and formulators.
Amit Kumar Nayak1, Amal Kumar Dhara2
and Dilipkumar Pal3
1
Department of Pharmaceutics, Seemanta Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jharpokharia, India
2
Department of Pharmacy, Contai Polytechnic,
Govt. of West Bengal, Contai, India 3Department of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas
Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur,
India
 C H A P T E R
1
Biological macromolecules: sources,
properties, and functions
Amal Kumar Dhara1 and Amit Kumar Nayak2
1
Department of Pharmacy, Contai Polytechnic, Contai, India 2Department of Pharmaceutics, Seemanta
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jharpokharia, India
1.1 Introduction
The mystery of life is in biological macromo-
lecules. There are four important classes of bio-
logical macromolecules, viz., carbohydrates,
lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids (Luo, Zhang,
Wu, Liang, & Li, 2020; Zhang, Sun, & Jiang,
2018). Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic
acids naturally exist as long chain polymers,
while lipids are smaller and in true sense, these
are all considered as biopolymers (Albertsson,
2019; Teramoto, 2020; Zhang et al., 2018).
Carbohydrates are the storage form of energy
and meet the demand as and when required
(Slavin & Carlson, 2014). Lipids are also stor-
age form of energy and are the important
structural components of the cell membrane
(van Meer, Voelker, & Feigenson, 2008; Zheng,
Fleith, Giuffrida, O’Neill, & Schneider, 2019).
Proteins serve several functions including
structural support, catalyzing important meta-
bolic reactions, signals receiving and transmis-
sion, etc. (Watford & Wu, 2018; Zaretsky &
Wreschner, 2008). Nucleic acids, that is, deox-
yribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid
Biological Macromolecules
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-85759-8.00005-1
(RNA) are responsible for carrying genetic
blueprint and information for protein synthesis
(Minchin & Lodge, 2019; Schwartz, Schwartz,
Mieszerski, McNally, & Kobilinsky, 1991).
Biological macromolecules are abundantly
available in nature and also possess properties
like biocompatibility, environmental friendly,
biodegradability, etc., because of their natural
sources (Chandika et al., 2020; Teramoto, 2020).
Various species of algae have been mentioned
to be used as bioactive compounds and are
also employed as antibacterial agents (Shannon
& Abu-Ghannam, 2016). Various disorders
related to central nervous system, such as
Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, con-
vulsive disorders, etc., are being treated with
the biological macromolecules (Acosta &
Cramer, 2020; Soderquist & Mahoney, 2010;
Zhang et al., 2018). All the biological macromo-
lecules, viz., carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
and nucleic acids, have shown their significant
role in the management of cancer therapy and
have been advocated to be used against vari-
ous cancers like lung cancer, colon cancer,
breast cancer, cervical cancer, etc.
3 © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
4 1. Biological macromolecules: sources, properties, and functions
(Corn, Windham, & Rafat, 2020; Oana,
Adriana, Mircea, Dragos, & Monica, 2018;
Rodrigues Mantuano, Natoli, Zippelius, &
Läubli, 2020; Sun, Jing, Ma, Feng, & Hu, 2020).
Another important area of research is immuno-
modulators with respect to present SARS-CoV-2
perspective, where the biological macromole-
cules, mainly proteins, play significant role (Ji
et al., 2020). Proteins are associated with the
development process of immune system (Daly,
Reynolds, Sigal, Shou, & Liberman, 1990).
Lipids are also responsible to play key role as
adjuvants for the development of vaccines
(Martinez-Gil, Goff, & Tan, 2018; Schwendener,
2014). Day by day, the incidence of lifestyle
diseases more specifically diabetes, hyperten-
sion, etc., are increasing vertically, where the
roles of biological macromolecules have been
studied and were found to be utilized widely
as antidiabetic agents (Alam, Shafique, Amjad,
& Bin Asad, 2019; Hu, Nie, & Xie, 2018; Rı́os,
Francini, & Schinella, 2015; Yu, Shen, Song, &
Xie, 2018). They cause increase in insulin secre-
tion and thus, reduce the blood glucose level
(Rı́os et al., 2015). Chitosan is a well-known
polysaccharide, which is reported to exhibit
antimicrobial and antidiabetic activities
(Hasnain & Nayak, 2018; Karadeniz & Kim,
2014; Rabea, Badawy, Stevens, Smagghe, &
Steurbaut, 2003). Extensive research is going
on in the area of tissue engineering for the
development of artificial tissue to repair and
replace defective or diseased tissue or organs
(Hasnain, Ahmad, Chaudhary, Hoda, &
Nayak, 2019; Nayak, Ahmed, Tabish, &
Hasnain, 2019; Pal, Saha, Nayak, & Hasnain,
2019). Naturally derived biological macromole-
cules like chitosan, alginate, carrageenan,
ulvan, gelatin, etc., have been used for
bone tissue regeneration (Hasnain, Nayak,
Singh, & Ahmad, 2010; Maity, Hasnain, Nayak,
& Aminabavi, 2021; Nayak, Ahmed, Tabish, &
Hasnain, 2019). Numbers of polysaccharide
have long been used in different types of drug
delivery systems as biopolymeric excipients
I. Background
(Hasnain et al., 2020; Kandar, Hasnain, &
Nayak, 2021; Maity et al., 2021; Nayak &
Hasnain, 2019a, 2019b; Nayak, Hasnain, Dhara,
& Pal, 2021; Pal, Saha, Nayak et al., 2019).
Polysaccharide and proteins are used exten-
sively for the preparation of hydrogels for
drug delivery, tissue regeneration, wound
dressings, etc. (Del Valle, Dı́az, & Puiggalı́,
2017; Nayak & Pal, 2016b; Nayak, Hasnain,
Pal, Banerjee, & Pal, 2020; Pal, Nayak, & Saha,
2019a, 2019b; Ray et al., 2020). Beside drug
delivery, the biological macromolecules have
continuously been used to formulate delivery
carrier-systems for growth factors (Rao, Rekha,
Anil, Lowe, & Venkatesan, 2019; Shariatinia,
2019). Polysaccharides are also employed for
the encapsulation of various bioactive sub-
stances like vitamins and nutraceuticals (Bala,
Singha, & Patra, 2019; Lauro, Amato, Sansone,
Carbone, & Puglisi, 2019). The current chapter
deals with a brief discussion about the sources,
properties, and valuable applications of vari-
ous biological macromolecules like carbohy-
drates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.
1.2 Carbohydrates
The most widely found organic compounds
in nature are carbohydrates. These are well-
known as very essential source of life or sus-
taining life itself (Slavin & Carlson, 2014).
Carbohydrates are commonly found in plants,
microorganisms and animal tissues (Werz &
Seeberger, 2005). These are also present in
blood, tissue fluids, etc. (Kilcoyne & Joshi,
2007). Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are the
three primary elements of molecular structure
of carbohydrates (Luo et al., 2020; Werz &
Seeberger, 2005). These are optically active
polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones. There are
three major classes of carbohydrates, broadly,
monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and poly-
saccharides (Slavin & Carlson, 2014).
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Title: Onnen arkku

Tarina Halkovuorelta

Author: Ilmari Jäämaa

Release date: January 2, 2024 [eBook #72593]

Language: Finnish

Original publication: Porvoo: WSOY, 1928

Credits: Juhani Kärkkäinen and Tapio Riikonen

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ONNEN

ARKKU ***
ONNEN ARKKU

Tarina Halkiovuorelta

Kirj.

ILMARI JÄÄMAA

Porvoossa, Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö, 1928.

SISÄLLYS:

I. Kilpa.
II. Kahden piipun salaisuus.
III. "Onnen arkku"
IV. Irja.
V Leiri-ilta.
VI. Kipinöitä ja vakoilua.
VII. Ruusuja ja rakkautta.
VIII. Saaran huivi ja salaperäinen mies.
IX. Myrskyinen kokous ja merkillinen paperi.
X. Koskionnettomuus ja lampun löytö
XI. "Pysähdy, käänny takaisin!"
XII. Pirunkaukalo.
XIII. Aamos Kaino Kasperi Lax.
XIV. Näkymättömät merkit.
XV. Hauta ja arkku.
XVI. Kimin malja.
I

KILPA

— Sen minä sanon vaikka kuinka monta kertaa, että yksiä ämmiä
ovat yhteiskoululaiset, tyttöjen hameissa kieppujia, joita
opettajamamssellit taputtavat päähän hokien: Kas niin, kas niin
tekevät kiltit lapset. — Hyi!

Pitkä alaston pojanhuiskale istui uimahuoneen aidakkeella ja

sylkäisi komeassa kaaressa virtaan uima-altaan ulkopuolelle.

— Niin justiinsa, Pummi, säesti seinän vieressä auringossa

laiskana lekotteleva lihava poika. — Yhteiskoulu vie viimeisetkin
miehen meiningit. Kyllä se tässä sodassakin taannoin nähtiin —
kansliassa, sanansaattajina, tyttöjen hommissa oli joka manne.

— Missä on niiltä sisu, uskallus ja toverikunto? Missä ovat niiden

joukossa karhunlihansyöjät, kuten Jack London sanoo, jatkoi Pummi
tömäytellen kantapäillään lauta-aitaan joka sanalta. — Siinä, että
kaikki määkivät yhteen ääneen niinkuin lampaanläävässä äm-mää!

— So, soh, älkääs nyt sentään, puolusteli alimmalla portaalla

jalkojaan virutteleva isoruhoinen Matilainen suu naurun virneessä. —
Katsokaapas tuota Hokeriakin, joka tuolla puomilla alastomana
temppuilee! Ei ole sekään mammanpoika. Viisi vuotta on jo
yhteiskoulua puskenut, eikä kolmannen alkupäästä taida vielä ensi
syksynä olla selvillä. Partiolainen se on ja mikä lieneekään, ja suuta
on sillä, vaikka sammakon söisi.

— Hai jee, Hokeri, huusi kimeä-ääninen vikkeläkinttuinen laiha

poika, joka keikkui kaidepuulla. — Siitähän viime kesänä
uimakilpailussa meni sisu kaulaan ja alkoi vetää suonta, kun se
huomasi, että Yrkkä antaisi sitä päihin. Se huusi ja parkui kuin
possu, vaikkei sillä mitään hätää ollut. Eikä se ole partiolainenkaan!

— Kiru hiljempää, Mossa Malakias, puuttui taas Pummi aidalta

puheeseen. — Mutta tosiaankin! — ne tämän kaupungin partiolaiset
sitten! Ne ne vasta on koko joukkoa. Yhteiskoululaisten kanssa —
joita muuten useimmat lienevätkin — valmiit samaan soppakouluun.
Osaako kukaan sanoa, mitä partiolaiset ovat täällä tehneet sellaista,
että maksaisi niitä sillä nimellä haukkua?

— Toki aina valmiina pokkuroimaan ja solmimaan kaularusettejaan

ja harjaamaan kukkopöksyjään, heitti lihava poika makuuksiltaan.

— Ja kerran ovat vieneet Kissa-Kallen lantakapsäkin, sanonko

mihin, hutisi joku pukuhuoneitten puolelta avoimesta ovesta, ja
sieltäkin kuului naurunkikatusta.

— No pojat, sanoi samassa lujalla äänellä ponnahduslaudan

päässä hiljaa kiikkunut ja äänettömänä kuunnellut vanttera
nuorukainen, — kun teissä on niin hyvä sisu haukkua ja kehua, niin
tulkaapas pienelle uimareisullekin. Kuka lähtee viruttamaan itseään
Isossa koskessa?
 Ei sanottu mitään. Pojat katselivat toisiinsa.

Pummi vilkaisi aitaukselta koskelle päin.

— Ei sitä uiden ole laskettu, virkahti Matilainen roiskutellen

varpailleen vettä.

— Siksipä olisi mukava kerran laskea, sanoi vanttera poika. — Kai

nyt joku joutaa noin suuresta sakista? Saa hyvää seuraa.

— Pummi, sinä olet hyvä uimaan, huusi Mosse Malakias.

— Miksikä ei… mutta ei olisi nyt oikein aikaa, täytyy mennä

soittamaankin kohta…

— Minä lähden, sanoi samassa hiljaa pukuhuoneesta uimahousut

jalassa tullut hoikka poika ja solahti veteen. Vanttera ehdotuksen
tehnyt nuorukainen nousi heti ponnahduslaudalle ja hypähti
komeassa kaaressa jäljestä. Molemmat suuntautuivat levollisin
rintauintivedoin koskea kohden.

— Keitäs siinä lähti? kyselivät pukuhuoneista uteliaina katsomaan

kertyneet pojat.

— Korpelan Tassu se haastoi Isosta laskemaan. Se on tuo, joka ui

vasemmalla, polyteekkari se on, juuri tänne tullut, ja kova mies, selitti
lihava poika.

— Ja toinen on Manninen, Manski, huusi joku pikkupojista, —

Hannes
Manninen.
 — Mutta eikös se ole yhteiskoulun poikia, se Manninen? sanoi
Matilainen, kivuten hänkin aidakkeelle ja vilkaisten syrjäsilmällä
Pummiin.

— On se yhteiskoululainen, vakuutti terhakka pikku mies

suihkuparvekkeelta, — kahdeksannelle luokalle pääsi.

— Ja partiolainen se on myös, vahvisti toinen yhtä varma ääni.

— Hei, katsokaas pojat! käänsi Pummi puheen muualle, — nyt tuo

Manski, vai mikä lienee, painaa yhä enemmän oikealle. Ei taida
uskaltaakaan Isolle. Rantaa kohden se yrittää. Sinne onkin täältä jo
yli kolmesataa metriä, ennen koskea.

— Taitaisi olla parasta, että otettaisiin vene ja mentäisiin perässä,

ettei vielä tapahdu onnettomuutta, tuumi Matilainen.

— Ei, mutta hulluko se Manski on, yhä painaa oikealle, nythän se

on ihan jo suunnasta poissa, — lihava poika tähysteli
suihkuparvekkeelta jännittyneenä.

— Mitäs se nyt viittaa Korpelalle?

— Se käskee sitä sinne päin rantaan, huusi Mosse Malakias.

— Veto on lopussa!

— No nyt Korpelakin kääntyy äkkiä suunnastaan; Varissaaren

rantaan ne yrittävätkin, selitteli Matilainen.

— Ei, pojat, nyt minä ymmärrän, Manski tahtoo laskea Vähästä.

— Hullu se on, olisi sille Isokin riittänyt.

 Vähästä ne eivät hengissä pääse.

— Housut ylle ja pari miestä Matsonskan veneeseen, ja vähän

äkkiä, komensi Pummi loikaten alas aidalta. — Souda tänne se,
Mosse. Ja tuossa on Korpelan vaatekasa — kuka tietää Manskin
hynttyyt? Pannaan ne kokkaan mukaan, tule sinä veneeseen Sakeri,
ja Limppu myös, sinä olet hyvä soutamaan. Vähä on perin paha
veneelläkin laskea, ja punainen vilkkuu kosken alla, tukit tulevat.

— Voi niitä hulluja, kun lähtivät itseään tappamaan, päivitteli

Matilainen, — tukkien sekaan ja hurjaan koskeen.

Uimahuoneella oli syntynyt vilkas meno, ja pian vene kiiti kahden

pojan soutamana nopeasti Vähää koskea kohti. —

— Tuumin — että lasketaan tässä Vähä — kun nyt kerran

lähdettiin, sanoi Hannes Manninen, kun Taavi Korpela oli ennättänyt
hänen rinnalleen, ja molemmat jatkoivat tyynesti uintiaan.

— Taitaa se olla koko joukon ryöppyisempi — kuin Iso — mutta oli

menneeksi, vastasi Taavi hiukan hengästyneenä.

— Tukkeja tulee — täytyy varoa niitä, sanoi Hannes.

— Ni-in. — On tämä kirkasta ja viileää vettä uida, ihan se on

tumman viheriää tässä Varissaaren koivujen suojassa, tuumi Taavi
taas vähän ajan kuluttua. — Kovin alkaa virta jo painaa; täytyy yrittää
pikkuista ylemmäs, muuten ei päästä puominaukolle.

— Vähän aikaa vetää vielä Iso, sitten alkaa Vähä imeä, eikä
muuta kuin antaa mennä, selitti Hannes suunnaten kuitenkin uintinsa
entistä enemmän oikealle.
 Ison kosken kohina painui Varissaaren taa, mutta Vähän
kumeampi pauhu alkoi kuulua yhä selvemmin. Vähässä koskessa ei
ollut mitään putousta, vaan virta vilisti vinhaa vauhtia tukinlaskua
varten padottujen rantojen välitse, ryöpyten korkeina hyökyaaltoina
ja alempana muodostaen suuria häränsilmäpyörteitä.

— Pitäkää keskellä virtaa ja sitten ajoissa oikealle kosteeseen,

olivat Hanneksen viimeiset sanat. Virta veti iloisesti, ja hän syöksyi
kuin nuoli kuohukkoon. Toveri tuli vähän jäljempänä.

— Hei, hei, huusi hän joillekin sillalla katselijoille ja sukelsi sitten

ryöppyihin.

— Jes siunatkoon! vastasi sillalla katseleva vaimoihminen. — Nyt

ne hukkuivat kumpikin!

Samassa Hannes Manninen oli jo selvinnyt pahimmasta ryöpystä.

Kohottaen päätään hän pudisti uljaasti veden kasvoistaan ja
hiuksistaan ja parilla voimakkaalla vetäisyllä siirtyi oikean rannan
puolelle. Silloin juuri Taavi Korpela mennä viiletti ohi.

— Hoi, tänne, tänne! huusi Hannes, ja muutamalla rajulla

potkaisulla, hurjasti ponnistaen hän pääsi akanvirtaan, joka kevyesti
kuljetti hänet rantapoukaman suojiin.

Hän oli ponnistaessaan kuullut matalan huudon ja näki

kosteeseen tullessaan Taavi Korpelan pään hävinneen näkyvistä.

— Hoi, hoi, Mikko, huusi hän nuorukaiselle, joka juoksi täyttä

vauhtia rantatörmästä alas. — Ota vene — mihin Korpela hävisi —
mahtoiko käydä hullusti!
 Läähättäen hän nousi rannalle, toverin kiiruhtaessa kumpareen
taa veneelle.

Mutta samassa Pummin ohjaama vene tuli alas koskesta.

— Hakekaa Korpelaa — keskeltä virtaa — alempaa ison

tukkiruuhkan luota! huusi Hannes kaikin voimin, kiiruhtaen sitten
Mikon jälkeen.

Mutta he eivät päässeet pitkälle rannasta veneineen, ennenkuin

Pummin alus jo kääntyi, pojat nostivat jotakin vedestä ja alkoivat
soutaa rantaan.

— Kaikki hyvin, eläköön! huusi Pummi heiluttaen jonkun paitaa.

— Turha hötäkkä, sanoi Taavi Korpela noustessaan maihin

veneen pohjalta. — Mutta kiitos vain! Katsokaas, kun tämä
kumppani huusi minua kosteseen, käänsin pääni ja aloin ponnistella
liian myöhään. Samassa sain tukin töytäyksen kallooni ja
huumaannuin siitä, niin että taisin mennä vähän pökerryksiin…

— Ja vähän veden alle, täydensi Sakeri.

— Niin no, jatkoi Taavi, — mutta kyllä minä siitä olisin pian
selvinnyt jonkin tukin selkään, ellen muuten. Mutta tattis vain silti,
pojat. Nyt se on tehty, Manski, vai mikä sinä olet. Ja Mikkokin, mistä
sinä, partiojehu, tähän lensit? Taisit vainuta hengenpelastusta. Mutta
tuossahan on vaateriepumme, Manski, niin ei meidän tarvitse loikkia
intiaaneina kaupungin kauhuksi uimahuoneelle.

— Meidänkin on tästä mentävä, muuten Limppu paistuu mustaksi

ja me muut saamme luoda toisen kerran nahkamme tässä
helteessä, virkkoi Pummi. — Mutta sen minä sanon, ettei joka mies
Vähää laske, Manski, lisäsi hän työntäen veneen rannasta. — Ja —
tuota — hm — taisi tulla vähän liikaa nälvittyä niitä likkakoululaisia —
ja tuota — niitä partiojasseja myös. Mutta miksi ne aina ovat niin
tuppisuita, etteivät saa kitaansa auki edes sanoakseen mihin
pystyvät.
II

KAHDEN PIIPUN SALAISUUS

— Mikäs teidät oikein sai koskeen pulikoimaan, Tassu? kysyi

hieman ihmetellen Mikko, vakavannäköinen, leveäharteinen,
reipasliikkeinen nuorukainen, jolla oli toisen kesän ylioppilaslakki
päässä, samalla avaten tapin ja laittaen airot vieressä olevaan
katokseen.

— Päähänpisto ja poikien suunsoitto, sanoi Taavi käyden

istumaan nurmikolle ja tukkaansa kuivaillen.

— Kävi ylipäänsä vähän kunnialle se poikien haukuskelu, vastasi

puolestaan Hannes tyyneen tapaansa. — Ja sitä paitsi, lisäsi hän
kelloaan katsoen, — meidänhän piti tavata toisemme täällä kello 12
— enkä minä tainnut paljoa myöhästyä.

— Et totisesti. Tulit manskimaisen täsmällisesti, hymyili Mikko

palaten toisten luo. — Saan tässä esitellä sinulle, Tassu Korpela,
partiolippukuntamme varajohtajan ja Lokkien papan Hanski
Mannisen, seitsenluokkalaisen, harvaanhaastajan, Curtiuksen,
täsmällisyyden perikuvan.
 — Aina sinä vain, pyhä Mikaeli, riiput noissa partioasioissa, virkkoi
Taavi. — Eikös jo sota karistanut sinusta lapsellisuuksia? Muuten —
en minä niistä asioista ymmärrä enempää kuin pitsinnypläyksestä.

— Nyt sitä vasta koetetaankin päästä oikein vauhtiin, kun olot

vakiintuvat ja rauhoittuvat. Poikien parissa on kerrassaan hauska
puuhailla. Meillä on ollut oma pikku huoneemme, Pönttömme, johon
töintuskin mahtuu kaksikymmentäviisi poikaa, mutta joka meille on
Aladinin palatsiakin kalliimpi.

— Sellaista lapsekasta pelleilyä. Kokouksia, juhlia, mukamas

sotaäksiisiä ja -kuria. Ilmankos isommat pojat yleensä ovat eronneet,
irvisteli Taavi.

— Eroamisten syyt ovat monenlaisia, vastasi toveri

loukkaantumatta. — Mutta ulkoilma- ja luontoelämä — jota tiedän
sinunkin ymmärtävän, on partiolaiselle ja myös meille kaikki
kaikessa. Osoitukseksi siitä voin ilmoittaa sinulle, että lauantaina
joukko poikia lähtee Halkiovuorelle kesäleirille.

— Mitäs sillä sellaisella keksinnöllä tarkoitetaan?

— He lähtevät sinne telttoineen, vehkeineen oleilemaan, oikein

sydänmaille muutamaksi viikoksi.

— Sinne metsiin vetelehtimään ja maleksimaan, kaatamaan puita

ja sytyttämään metsäpaloja ja harjoittamaan muuta koirankuria.

— Näkyypä sinulla, Tassu, olevan perin punainen käsitys

partiolaisista, nauroi Mikko heidän kolmisin alkaessaan nousta
rantatörmää. — Järjestys siellä kyllä on ja työtä tehdään, sekä
partioharjoituksia että oikein ruumiillistakin työtä. Soisinpa, että
kerran olisit näkemässä, niin ehkä käsityksesi vähän muuttuisi.
Ajatteles: korkean vuoren juurella suuren selän rannalla teltat,
mainio uimaranta, mahtava metsä ympärillä, sopiva kanervakangas
urheilukenttänä, kalastus, nuotiollaolo, kuri, reipas, säännöllinen työ.
Se on luontoelämää, Tassu. Ja sitten vielä —, Mikko keskeytti ja
kääntyi Hannes Mannisen puoleen kuin olisi jokin äkkiä juolahtanut
hänen mieleensä, — piippujen laita on ali right.

— Hyvä, vastasi Manski, — koskas vedetään?

— Ahaa. Se kuuluu vielä luonnonelämään, sanoi Taavi Korpela

pilkallisesti. — Aivan niin, silloin ei olla koulukurin alaisia, ja
täytyyhän intiaanien toki rauhanpiippuja tuprutella.

— Partiolainen ei tupakoi, vastasi Manski vakavasti.

— Ei, Tassu, toisenlaiset piiput ja rassit on tässä kysymyksessä,

jatkoi Mikko selittelyjään. — Sanoin sinulle, Manski, pari viikkoa
takaperin, jos muistat, että erityisistä syistä, riittävän itsekkäistä
kylläkin, tahtoisin vihkiä Taavi Korpelan salaisuuteemme niin pian
kuin hän tulisi kotiin. Hän on luotettava kuin kallio ja niistä asioista
perillä…

— No, no, älä haaskaa rasvaa, ennenkuin näet, lähteekö

muutenkaan pyörimään.

— … ja hänellä on harrastusta asiaan. Näetkö, Tassu, noita kahta

korkeata piippua?

— Tuon viinaprännärinkö? On ne tarpeeksi suuria näkyäkseen.

— Osaatko ajatella, mihin tarkoitukseen ne sopisivat mainiosti?

 — Ehkä nokikolarinnäytteitä varten tai uimatelineiksi? Olen aina
ollut huono arvoituksia selittämään.

— Eipä, ei. Mutta tuumihan! Meidän asuntomme on tuossa heti

suljetun viinapolttimon takana. Kuinka suureksi arvioit piippujen
korkeuden?

— Pariksikymmeniksi metriksi. Entäs sitten?

— Hyvä arviomies niinkuin partiolainen. 24 m. Niin, Tassu, jatkoi

Mikko ääntään hiljentäen, — nyt uskon sinulle sen mainitsemani
salaisuuden: me rakennamme kaikessa hiljaisuudessa langattoman
lennättimen, ja noista tulee kerrassaan komeat antennipylväät, ei
tarvitse muuta kuin vedetään johdot vain piippuihin. Vanhan Aaretin,
Rännin talonmiehen kanssa olen käynyt tarkastamassa piippuja ja
saanut hänen siunauksensa. Piippuihin voidaan nousta tehtaan
sisältä piipuissa olevia porraspykäliä myöten, ja kun kerran on
päässyt ylös…

— Niin on pimiä ruumiiltaan ja sielultaan kuin neekeri. Mutta ei

langaton lennätin ole sillä valmis, että on antennipylväät.

— Meillä on koko antenni jo valmiina, kaksilankainen,

kolmisenkymmentä metriä pitkä — veto- ja kiinnitysköydet, taljat ja
eristäjät, koko kidedetektorivastaanottolaite kuulotorvineen,
virityskäämeineen, vieläpä yksi parin tuuman kipinäinduktori
lähetyskonetta varten. Kaikki on haalittu kokoon osaksi lippukunnan
varoilla, osaksi sieltä täältä saatu ilmaiseksi.

— Hyyh, vihelsi Taavi. — Mihin sitten aiotte käyttää sanokaamme

yhtä vastaanottajaa ja lähettäjää?
 — Nyt tulemmekin siihen kohtaan, joka koskee sinua. Tiedän, että
sinulla on kolmen tuuman kipinäinduktori ja kuulotorvet, detektori ja
virittäjäkäämi jo valmiina — sinähän hankit itsellesi salaa tarpeita jo
viime kesänä, jolloin kahden valmistimme virittäjän, vaikka puuhasi
jäivät kesken levottoman ajan takia. Etkö nyt voisi lyöttäytyä meidän
kanssamme yhteen? Meillä on parin millin kuparilankaa toiseen
antenniin — kolme akkua käytettävänä — 18 volttia — sinulla on
ainakin yksi lisää. Me emme voi nyt ainakaan tänä kesänä hankkia
toista vastaanottajaa ja toista lähettäjää, mutta jos panisimme
kamppeemme yhteen, niin pian olisi kaksi asemaa pystyssä. — Hm,
mitäs arvelet? keskeytti Mikko äkkiä pysähtyen ja katsoen kysyvästi
Taaviin. He olivat kävellessään tulleet tiilisen viinatehtaan luo.

— Joutavaa puoskaroimista, sanoi Taavi Korpela näyttämättä

suurestikaan asiaan innostuneelta. — Tavallista maallikkojen
lääpimistä. Koko partiosakki mokomassa talkoossa! Se ei ole mitään
kukkopöksyisten hommaa.

— Meitä on vain kolme isompaa, jotka olemme perehtyneet

asioihin niin tarkoin kuin ikinä on ollut omin päin ja amerikkalaisten
radiolehtien mukaan mahdollista. Me olemme lujasti päättäneet
kokeilla ja koettaa, vaikkapa sitten vain yhdellä vastaanottajalla ja
lähettäjällä, ellet sinä suostu tuumaan, hän vilkaisi Taaviin kasvoilla
päättävä ilme. — Lippukunta on antanut meille täydet valtuudet. Me
emme leiki. Mutta kun me tiedämme, miten pitkälle muualla
maailmassa jo pikkupojatkin tällä alalla ovat ehtineet… on, on
meistä… melkein kansallinen häpeä, ettei täällä edes yritetä ottaa
selvää asioista.

— Te kai tiedätte, että langattomalla kokeileminen on kiellettyä,

virkkoi Taavi hetken vaitiolon jälkeen.
 — Tiedämme. Ja siitä seikasta mm. johtui, että niin monet
paikkakunnat kapinan aikana joutuivat kokonaan eristetyiksi. Silloin
kyllä monella taholla hätäiltiin: olisipa langaton lennätin, niin
saataisiin edes tietoja. Mutta nyt istutaan taas kädet ristissä ja
sanotaan: sillä kokeileminenhan on kiellettyä. Me aiomme ensin
kaikessa hiljaisuudessa koettaa ja sitten, jos se onnistuu, anoa
viranomaisilta langattoman lennättimen amatööriasemien
perustamislupaa.

— Selvä prokrammi, naurahti Taavi. —

Mutta missä toinen asema sitten olisi?

— Halkiovuorella, kesäleirillämme. Täältä sinne — hän viittasi alas

jokea pitkin — ja sieltä tänne vaihdettaisiin sanomia.

— Halkiovuori, Halkiovuori, missä se sellainen paikka sitten on?

— Tiedätkö Kaarne-selän? Sen koillisella rannalla on Halkiovuori.

— Oh-hoh, penäsi Taavi päätään pudistaen, liian pitkä matka —

ainakin kolme-neljätoista kilometriä.

— Linnun tietä vain enintään peninkulma.

Ja me olemme jo kokeilleet parin kilometrin matkalla. Meidän

täytyy saada asia onnistumaan. Pistäydy sisään katsomaan
koneitamme, ne ovat kaikki täällä meillä. — Ja Mikko kääntyi tielle,
joka johti virran rannalla olevalle vaaleanvihreäksi maalatulle talolle.

— En nyt, Mikko, mutta tulen illalla kahdeksan ajoissa, jos sopii.

Kuka hoitaisi tätä asemaa täällä?