eTextbook 978-0077687342 Vector

Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics

11th Edition
Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://ebookmass.com/product/etextbook-978-0077687342-vector-mechanics-for-en
gineers-dynamics-11th-edition/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics and Dynamics

11th Edition

https://ebookmass.com/product/vector-mechanics-for-engineers-
statics-and-dynamics-11th-edition/

Vector Mechanics For Engineers: Dynamics 11th Edition

Ferdinand P. Beer

https://ebookmass.com/product/vector-mechanics-for-engineers-
dynamics-11th-edition-ferdinand-p-beer/

Vector Mechanics for Engineers 12th Edition Ferdinand

Pierre Beer

https://ebookmass.com/product/vector-mechanics-for-
engineers-12th-edition-ferdinand-pierre-beer/

eTextbook 978-1259188138 Biology 11th Edition

https://ebookmass.com/product/etextbook-978-1259188138-biology-
11th-edition/
eTextbook 978-0131495081 Physics for Scientists &
Engineers with Modern Physics (4th Edition)

https://ebookmass.com/product/etextbook-978-0131495081-physics-
for-scientists-engineers-with-modern-physics-4th-edition/

eTextbook 978-0134319650 Mechanics of Materials (10th

Edition)

https://ebookmass.com/product/etextbook-978-0134319650-mechanics-
of-materials-10th-edition/

eTextbook 978-1259440014 Theatre Brief 11th Edition

https://ebookmass.com/product/etextbook-978-1259440014-theatre-
brief-11th-edition/

eTextbook 978-0078023163 Understanding Business 11th

Edition

https://ebookmass.com/product/etextbook-978-0078023163-
understanding-business-11th-edition/

eTextbook 978-0078112799 Human Resource Management 11th

Edition

https://ebookmass.com/product/etextbook-978-0078112799-human-
resource-management-11th-edition/
 Contents
Preface x
Guided Tour xiv
Digital Resources xvii
Acknowledgments xix
List of Symbols xx

11 Kinematics of Particles 615

11.1 Rectilinear Motion of Particles 617
11.2 Special Cases and Relative Motion 635
*11.3 Graphical Solutions 652
11.4 Curvilinear Motion of Particles 663
11.5 Non-Rectangular Components 690
Review and Summary 711
Review Problems 715

12 Kinetics of Particles:
Newton’s Second Law 718
12.1 Newton’s Second Law and Linear Momentum 720
12.2 Angular Momentum and Orbital Motion 763
*12.3 Applications of Central-Force Motion 774
Review and Summary 788
Review Problems 792

13 Kinetics of Particles: Energy and

Momentum Methods 795
13.1 Work and Energy 797
13.2 Conservation of Energy 827
13.3 Impulse and Momentum 855
13.4 Impacts 877
Review and Summary 905
Review Problems 911
*Advanced or specialty topics
vii

bee87342_FM_i-xxii.indd vii 12/3/14 10:26 AM

 viii Contents

14 Systems of Particles 915

14.1 Applying Newton’s Second Law and Momentum
Principles to Systems of Particles 917
14.2 Energy and Momentum Methods for a System of
Particles 936
*14.3 Variable Systems of Particles 950
Review and Summary 970
Review Problems 974

15 Kinematics of Rigid Bodies 977

15.1 Translation and Fixed Axis Rotation 980
15.2 General Plane Motion: Velocity 997
15.3 Instantaneous Center of Rotation 1015
15.4 General Plane Motion: Acceleration 1029
15.5 Analyzing Motion with Respect to a Rotating
Frame 1048
*15.6 Motion of a Rigid Body in Space 1065
*15.7 Motion Relative to a Moving Reference Frame 1082
Review and Summary 1097
Review Problems 1104

16 Plane Motion of Rigid Bodies:

Forces and Accelerations 1107
16.1 Kinetics of a Rigid Body 1109
16.2 Constrained Plane Motion 1144
Review and Summary 1175
Review Problems 1177

17 Plane Motion of Rigid Bodies: Energy

and Momentum Methods 1181
17.1 Energy Methods for a Rigid Body 1183
17.2 Momentum Methods for a Rigid Body 1211
17.3 Eccentric Impact 1234
Review and Summary 1256
Review Problems 1260

bee87342_FM_i-xxii.indd viii 12/3/14 10:26 AM

 Contents ix

18 Kinetics of Rigid Bodies

in Three Dimensions 1264
18.1 Energy and Momentum of a Rigid Body 1266
*18.2 Motion of a Rigid Body in Three Dimensions 1285
*18.3 Motion of a Gyroscope 1305
Review and Summary 1323
Review Problems 1328

19 Mechanical Vibrations 1332

19.1 Vibrations without Damping 1334
19.2 Free Vibrations of Rigid Bodies 1350
19.3 Applying the Principle of Conservation
of Energy 1364
19.4 Forced Vibrations 1375
19.5 Damped Vibrations 1389
Review and Summary 1403
Review Problems 1408

Appendix A: Some Useful Definitions and Properties

of Vector Algebra A1
Appendix B: Mass Moment of Inertia A7
Appendix C: Fundamentals of Engineering
Examination A45
Answers to Problems AN1
Photo Credits C1
Index I1

bee87342_FM_i-xxii.indd ix 12/3/14 10:26 AM

 Preface
Objectives
A primary objective in a first course in mechanics is to help develop a
NEW! student’s ability first to analyze problems in a simple and logical manner,
and then to apply basic principles to their solutions. A strong conceptual
The 11th edition has undergone a complete
understanding of these basic mechanics principles is essential for success-
rewrite to modernize and streamline the
fully solving mechanics problems. We hope that this text, as well as the
language throughout the text.
preceding volume, Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics, will help
instructors achieve these goals.†

General Approach
Vector algebra was introduced at the beginning of the first volume and is
used in the presentation of the basic principles of statics, as well as in the
solution of many problems, particularly three-dimensional problems. Sim-
ilarly, the concept of vector differentiation will be introduced early in this
volume, and vector analysis will be used throughout the presentation of
dynamics. This approach leads to more concise derivations of the funda-
mental principles of mechanics. It also makes it possible to analyze many
problems in kinematics and kinetics which could not be solved by scalar
methods. The emphasis in this text, however, remains on the correct under-
standing of the principles of mechanics and on their application to the
solution of engineering problems, and vector analysis is presented chiefly
as a convenient tool.‡

11.4 CURVILINEAR MOTION Practical Applications Are Introduced Early. One of the
OF PARTICLES
When a particle moves along a curve other than a straight line, we say y
characteristics of the approach used in this book is that mechanics of
that the particle is in curvilinear motion. We can use position, velocity,
and acceleration to describe the motion, but now we must treat these
quantities as vectors because they can have directions in two or three r' Δr Δs
P'
particles is clearly separated from the mechanics of rigid bodies. This
dimensions.
r
P
approach makes it possible to consider simple practical applications at an
O
11.4A Position, Velocity, and x

Acceleration Vectors (a)

early stage and to postpone the introduction of the more difficult concepts.
z
To define the position P occupied by a particle in curvilinear motion at a
given time t, we select a fixed reference system, such as the x, y, z axes
y Δr
Δt For example:
shown in Fig. 11.12a, and draw the vector r joining the origin O and
point P. The vector r is characterized by its magnitude r and its direction P'
with respect to the reference axes, so it completely defines the position of
the particle with respect to those axes. We refer to vector r as the position r' • In Statics, the statics of particles is treated first, and the principle of
vector of the particle at time t. P
Consider now the vector r9 defining the position P9 occupied by the
same particle at a later time t 1 Dt. The vector Dr joining P and P9 O
r
x
equilibrium of a particle was immediately applied to practical situa-
represents the change in the position vector during the time interval Dt
and is called the displacement vector. We can check this directly from
Fig. 11.12a, where we obtain the vector r9 by adding the vectors r and
z
y
(b)
tions involving only concurrent forces. The statics of rigid bodies is
v
Dr according to the triangle rule. Note that Dr represents a change in
direction as well as a change in magnitude of the position vector r. considered later, at which time the vector and scalar products of two
We define the average velocity of the particle over the time interval
Dt as the quotient of Dr and Dt. Since Dr is a vector and Dt is a scalar,
the quotient Dr/Dt is a vector attached at P with the same direction as Dr P
vectors were introduced and used to define the moment of a force
r
s
and a magnitude equal to the magnitude of Dr divided by Dt (Fig. 11.12b).
We obtain the instantaneous velocity of the particle at time t by O
P0
x about a point and about an axis.
taking the limit as the time interval Dt approaches zero. The instantaneous
(c)
• In Dynamics, the same division is observed. The basic concepts of
force, mass, and acceleration, of work and energy, and of impulse
and momentum are introduced and first applied to problems involv-

†
Both texts also are available in a single volume, Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
and Dynamics, eleventh edition.
‡
In a parallel text, Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics, fifth edition, the use of vector algebra
is limited to the addition and subtraction of vectors, and vector differentiation is omitted.
x
bee87342_ch11_615-717.indd 663 11/24/14 5:25 PM

bee87342_FM_i-xxii.indd x 12/3/14 10:26 AM


ing only particles. Thus, students can familiarize themselves with
the three basic methods used in dynamics and learn their respective
advantages before facing the difficulties associated with the motion of
rigid bodies.
New Concepts Are Introduced in Simple Terms. Since this
text is designed for the first course in dynamics, new concepts are pre-
sented in simple terms and every step is explained in detail. On the other
hand, by discussing the broader aspects of the problems considered, and
by stressing methods of general applicability, a definite maturity of
approach has been achieved. For example, the concept of potential energy
is discussed in the general case of a conservative force. Also, the study of
the plane motion of rigid bodies is designed to lead naturally to the study
of their general motion in space. This is true in kinematics as well as in
kinetics, where the principle of equivalence of external and effective forces
is applied directly to the analysis of plane motion, thus facilitating the
transition to the study of three-dimensional motion.
Fundamental Principles Are Placed in the Context of Simple
Applications. The fact that mechanics is essentially a deductive sci-
ence based on a few fundamental principles is stressed. Derivations have
been presented in their logical sequence and with all the rigor warranted
at this level. However, the learning process being largely inductive, simple
applications are considered first. For example:
• The kinematics of particles (Chap. 11) precedes the kinematics of
rigid bodies (Chap. 15).
• The fundamental principles of the kinetics of rigid bodies are first
applied to the solution of two-dimensional problems (Chaps. 16
and 17), which can be more easily visualized by the student, while
three-dimensional problems are postponed until Chap. 18.
The Presentation of the Principles of Kinetics Is Unified.
The eleventh edition of Vector Mechanics for Engineers retains the unified
bee87342_ch17_1091-1173.indd 1093
presentation of the principles of kinetics which characterized the previous
ten editions. The concepts of linear and angular momentum are introduced
in Chap. 12 so that Newton’s second law of motion can be presented not
only in its conventional form F 5 ma, but also as a law relating, respectively,
the sum of the forces acting on a particle and the sum of their moments to
the rates of change of the linear and angular momentum of the particle. This
makes possible an earlier introduction of the principle of conservation of
angular momentum and a more meaningful discussion of the motion of a
particle under a central force (Sec. 12.3A). More importantly, this approach
can be readily extended to the study of the motion of a system of particles
(Chap. 14) and leads to a more concise and unified treatment of the kinetics
of rigid bodies in two and three dimensions (Chaps. 16 through 18).
bee87342_FM_i-xxii.indd xi
Preface xi
17.1 ENERGY METHODS FOR A
RIGID BODY
We now use the principle of work and energy to analyze the plane motion
of rigid bodies. As we pointed out in Chap. 13, the method of work and
energy is particularly well adapted to solving problems involving veloci-
ties and displacements. Its main advantage is that the work of forces and
the kinetic energy of particles are scalar quantities.
17.1A Principle of Work and Energy
To apply the principle of work and energy to the motion of a rigid body,
we again assume that the rigid body is made up of a large number n of
particles of mass Dmi. From Eq. (14.30) of Sec. 14.2B, we have
Principle of work
and energy, rigid body
T1 1 U1y2 5 T2 (17.1)
where T1, T2 5 the initial and final values of total kinetic energy of
particles forming the rigid body
U1y2 5 work of all forces acting on various particles of the body
Just as we did in Chap. 13, we can express the work done by nonconser-
vative forces as U NC
1 y2, and we can define potential energy terms for con-
servative forces. Then we can express Eq. (17.1) as
T1 1 Vg1 1 Ve1 1 U NC
1 y2 5 T2 1 Vg2 1 Ve2 (17.19)
where Vg1 and Vg2 are the initial and final gravitational potential energy of
the center of mass of the rigid body with respect to a reference point or
datum, and Ve1 and Ve2 are the initial and final values of the elastic energy
associated with springs in the system.
We obtain the total kinetic energy
O Dm v
n
1
T5
2 i51
i
2
i (17.2)
by adding positive scalar quantities, so it is itself a positive scalar quantity.
You will see later how to determine T for various types of motion of a
rigid body.
The expression U1y2 in Eq. (17.1) represents the work of all the
forces acting on the various particles of the body whether these forces are
internal or external. However, the total work of the internal forces holding
together the particles of a rigid body is zero. To see this, consider two
particles A and B of a rigid body and the two equal and opposite forces F
and –F they exert on each other (Fig. 17.1). Although, in general, small
displacements dr and dr9 of the two particles are different, the components
of these displacements along AB must be equal; otherwise, the particles
would not remain at the same distance from each other and the body
would not be rigid. Therefore, the work of F is equal in magnitude and
12/3/14 10:26 AM
 xii Preface

Systematic Problem-Solving Approach. New to this edition of

NEW! the text, all the sample problems are solved using the steps of Strategy,
Modeling, Analysis, and Reflect & Think, or the “SMART” approach.
This methodology is intended to give students confidence when approach-
ing new problems, and students are encouraged to apply this approach in
the solution of all assigned problems.

Free-Body Diagrams Are Used Both to Solve Equilibrium

Problems and to Express the Equivalence of Force
Systems. Free-body diagrams were introduced early in statics, and their
importance was emphasized throughout. They were used not only to solve
equilibrium problems but also to express the equivalence of two systems
of forces or, more generally, of two systems of vectors. In dynamics we
will introduce a kinetic diagram, which is a pictorial representation of
inertia terms. The advantage of this approach becomes apparent in the
study of the dynamics of rigid bodies, where it is used to solve three-
dimensional as well as two-dimensional problems. By placing the empha-
sis on the free-body diagram and kinetic diagram, rather than on the
standard algebraic equations of motion, a more intuitive and more com-
plete understanding of the fundamental principles of dynamics can be
achieved. This approach, which was first introduced in 1962 in the first
edition of Vector Mechanics for Engineers, has now gained wide accep-
tance among mechanics teachers in this country. It is, therefore, used in
preference to the method of dynamic equilibrium and to the equations
of motion in the solution of all sample problems in this book.

Sample Problem 12.5

A Careful Balance between SI and U.S. Customary Units
B
The 12-lb block B starts from rest and slides on the 30-lb wedge A, which
is supported by a horizontal surface. Neglecting friction, determine (a) the
Is Consistently Maintained. Because of the current trend in the
acceleration of the wedge, (b) the acceleration of the block relative to
30°
A
the wedge. American government and industry to adopt the international system of
STRATEGY: You are given the forces (weights) of the two objects and
want to find their accelerations. You can use Newton’s second law, but
you have to take into account relative motion as well.
units (SI metric units), the SI units most frequently used in mechanics are
MODELING: Treat both objects as particles. Since you have two objects,
you will need two systems: wedge A and block B. In order to draw the
introduced in Chap. 1 and are used throughout the text. Approximately
kinetic diagrams for each of these systems, you need to know the direction
of the accelerations. Therefore, before drawing the free-body and kinetic
diagrams, look at the kinematics.
half of the sample problems and 60 percent of the homework problems
Kinematics. First examine the acceleration of the wedge and the
acceleration of the block.
are stated in these units, while the remainder are in U.S. customary units.
A
aA
Wedge A. Since the wedge is constrained to move on the horizontal
surface, its acceleration aA is horizontal (Fig. 1). Assume that it is directed
The authors believe that this approach will best serve the need of the
Fig. 1 Acceleration to the right.
of A. (continued) students, who, as engineers, will have to be conversant with both systems
of units.
defined from the kinetic diagrams in Figs. 2 and 3. Assuming the cable
is inextensible, you can write the lengths in terms of the coordinates and
It also should be recognized that using both SI and U.S. customary
xA
bee87342_ch12_718-794.indd 733 then differentiate. 11/26/14 11:44 AM

Constraint equation for the cable: xA 1 2xB/A 5 constant units entails more than the use of conversion factors. Since the SI system
Differentiating this twice gives
A xB/A
aA 5 22aB/A (5) of units is an absolute system based on the units of time, length, and mass,
You now have five equations and five unknowns, so all that remains is to

θ = 50°
Fig. 4 Position vectors for
dependent motion.
B
substitute the known values and solve for the unknowns. The results are
NA 5 20.1281 lb, NB 5 0.869 lb, T 5 0.281 lb, aA 5213.46 ft/s2, and
whereas the U.S. customary system is a gravitational system based on the
aB/A 5 6.73 ft/s2.
T 5 0.281 lb b units of time, length, and force, different approaches are required for the
REFLECT and THINK: In this problem, we focused on the problem
formulation and assumed that you can solve the resulting equations either
by hand or by using a calculator/computer. It is important to note that you
solution of many problems. For example, when SI units are used, a body
are given the weights of A and B, so you need to calculate the masses in
slugs using m 5 W/g. The solution required multiple systems and multiple
concepts, including Newton’s second law, relative motion, and dependent
is generally specified by its mass expressed in kilograms; in most prob-
motion. If friction occurred between B and the ramp, you would first need
to determine whether or not the system would move under the applied lems of statics it will be necessary to determine the weight of the body
force by assuming that it does not move and calculating the friction force.
Then you would compare this force to the maximum allowable force μsN.
in newtons, and an additional calculation will be required for this purpose.
On the other hand, when U.S. customary units are used, a body is speci-
fied by its weight in pounds and, in dynamics problems, an additional
calculation will be required to determine its mass in slugs (or lb?s2/ft). The
authors, therefore, believe that problem assignments should include both
systems of units.
The Instructor’s and Solutions Manual provides six different lists of
assignments so that an equal number of problems stated in SI units and

bee87342_ch12_718-794.indd 733 11/26/14 11:44 AM

bee87342_FM_i-xxii.indd xii 12/3/14 10:26 AM

 Preface xiii
in U.S. customary units can be selected. If so desired, two complete lists
of assignments can also be selected with up to 75 percent of the problems
stated in SI units.

Optional Sections Offer Advanced or Specialty Topics. A

large number of optional sections have been included. These sections are
indicated by asterisks and thus are easily distinguished from those which
form the core of the basic dynamics course. They can be omitted without
prejudice to the understanding of the rest of the text.
The topics covered in the optional sections include graphical meth-
ods for the solution of rectilinear-motion problems, the trajectory of a
particle under a central force, the deflection of fluid streams, problems
involving jet and rocket propulsion, the kinematics and kinetics of rigid
bodies in three dimensions, damped mechanical vibrations, and electrical
analogues. These topics will be found of particular interest when dynamics
is taught in the junior year.

The material presented in the text and most of the problems require
no previous mathematical knowledge beyond algebra, trigonometry, elemen-
tary calculus, and the elements of vector algebra presented in Chaps. 2
and 3 of the volume on statics.† However, special problems are included,
which make use of a more advanced knowledge of calculus, and certain
sections, such as Secs. 19.5A and 19.5B on damped vibrations, should be
assigned only if students possess the proper mathematical background. In
portions of the text using elementary calculus, a greater emphasis is placed
on the correct understanding and application of the concepts of differentia-
tion and integration, than on the nimble manipulation of mathematical for-
mulas. In this connection, it should be mentioned that the determination of
the centroids of composite areas precedes the calculation of centroids by
integration, thus making it possible to establish the concept of moment of
area firmly before introducing the use of integration.

†
Some useful definitions and properties of vector algebra have been summarized in Ap-
pendix A at the end of this volume for the convenience of the reader. Also, Secs. 9.5 and
9.6 of the volume on statics, which deal with the moments of inertia of masses, have been
reproduced in Appendix B.

bee87342_FM_i-xxii.indd xiii 12/3/14 10:26 AM

 Guided Tour
Chapter Introduction. Each chapter begins with a list of learning
objectives and an outline that previews chapter topics. An introductory
section describes the material to be covered in simple terms, and how it
will be applied to the solution of engineering problems.

11
Kinematics of Particles
The motion of the paraglider can be described in terms of its
position, velocity, and acceleration. When landing, the pilot of the
paraglider needs to consider the wind velocity and the relative
motion of the glider with respect to the wind. The study of
motion is known as kinematics and is the subject of this chapter.
bee87342_ch11_615-717.indd 615
Chapter Lessons. The body of the text is divided into sections, each
consisting of one or more sub-sections, several sample problems, and a large
number of end-of-section problems for students to solve. Each section cor-
responds to a well-defined topic and generally can be covered in one lesson.
In a number of cases, however, the instructor will find it desirable to devote
more than one lesson to a given topic. The Instructor’s and Solutions Manual
contains suggestions on the coverage of each lesson.
Sample Problems. The Sample Problems are set up in much the
same form that students will use when solving assigned problems, and
they employ the SMART problem-solving methodology that students are
encouraged to use in the solution of their assigned problems. They thus
serve the double purpose of reinforcing the text and demonstrating the
10/9/14 5:41 PM

type of neat and orderly work that students should cultivate in their own
NEW! solutions. In addition, in-problem references and captions have been added
to the sample problem figures for contextual linkage to the step-by-step
More than 40 new sample problems have solution.
been added to this volume.
Solving Problems on Your Own. A section entitled Solving Prob-
Sample Problem 11.4
lems on Your Own is included for each lesson, between the sample prob-
An uncontrolled automobile traveling at 45 mph strikes a highway crash
barrier square on. After initially hitting the barrier, the automobile deceler-
lems and the problems to be assigned. The purpose of these sections is to
ates at a rate proportional to the distance x the automobile has moved into
the barrier; specifically, a 5 2602x, where a and x are expressed in ft/s2
and ft, respectively. Determine the distance the automobile will move into
the barrier before it comes to rest.
help students organize in their own minds the preceding theory of the text
v0
y
–a (ft/s2) and the solution methods of the sample problems so that they can more
x
successfully solve the homework problems. Also included in these sec-
z
x (ft) tions are specific suggestions and strategies that will enable the students
STRATEGY: Since you are given the deceleration as a function of
displacement, you should start with the basic kinematic relationship
a 5 v dv/dx. to more efficiently attack any assigned problems.
MODELING and ANALYSIS: Model the car as a particle. First find
the initial speed in ft/s,
mi 1 hr 5280 ft ft
v0 5 a45 ba ba b 5 66
hr 3600 s
Substituting a 5 2602x into a 5 v dv/dx gives
mi s
Homework Problem Sets. Most of the problems are of a practical
v dv
a 5 2602x 5

Separating variables and integrating gives

dx
nature and should appeal to engineering students. They are primarily designed,
0 x
v dv 5 2602x dx y # v dv 5 2 # 602x dx
v0 0 however, to illustrate the material presented in the text and to help students
2/3
1 2 1 2 1
v 2 v0 5 240x3/2 y x 5 a (v20 2 v2 )b (1)
2 2
Substituting v 5 0, v0 5 45 ft/s gives
80
understand the principles of mechanics. The problems are grouped according
d 5 14.37 ft b
REFLECT and THINK: A distance of 14 ft seems reasonable for a
barrier of this type. If you substitute d into the equation for a, you find a
to the portions of material they illustrate and, in general, are arranged in
maximum deceleration of about 7 g’s. Note that this problem would have
been much harder to solve if you had been asked to find the time for the
automobile to stop. In this case, you would need to determine v(t) from
order of increasing difficulty. Problems requiring special attention are indi-
Eq. (1). This gives v 5 2v20 2 80x3/2. Using the basic kinematic relation-
ship v 5 dx/dt, you can easily show that
t x

# dt 5 # 2v
dx
cated by asterisks. Answers to 70 percent of the problems are given at the
2
2 80x3/2
0 0 0
Unfortunately, there is no closed-form solution to this integral, so you
would need to solve it numerically.
end of the book. Problems for which the answers are given are set in straight
type in the text, while problems for which no answer is given are set in italic
and red font color.
bee87342_ch11_615-717.indd 627

NEW! 10/9/14 5:41 PM

Over 300 of the homework problems in

the text are new or revised.

xiv

bee87342_FM_i-xxii.indd xiv 12/3/14 10:26 AM

 Guided Tour xv
Chapter Review and Summary. Each chapter ends
with a review and summary of the material covered in that
chapter. Marginal notes are used to help students organize Review and Summary
their review work, and cross-references have been included to
This chapter was devoted to presenting the method of work and energy and
help them find the portions of material requiring their special the method of impulse and momentum. In the first half of the chapter, we
studied the method of work and energy and its application to the analysis of

attention. the motion of particles.

Work of a Force
We first considered a force F acting on a particle A and defined the work of
F corresponding to the small displacement dr [Sec. 13.2] as the quantity
Review Problems. A set of review problems is included dU 5 F?dr (13.1)
s2
ds
dr A2

A a

at the end of each chapter. These problems provide students or recalling the definition of the scalar product of two vectors, as
dU 5 F ds cos α (13.19) A1
s
further opportunity to apply the most important concepts intro- where α is the angle between F and dr (Fig. 13.30). We obtained the work
of F during a finite displacement from A1 to A2, denoted by U1y2, by integrating
s1 F

O
duced in the chapter. Eq. (13.1) along the path described by the particle as
A2
Fig. 13.30
U1y2 5 #
A1
F?dr (13.2)

For a force defined by its rectangular components, we wrote

A2
U1y2 5 #
A1
(Fx dx 1 Fy dy 1 Fz dz) (13.20)

Work of a Weight

Review Problems We obtain the work of the weight W of a body as its center of gravity moves
from the elevation y1 to y2 (Fig. 13.31) by substituting Fx 5 Fz 5 0 and
Fy 5 2W into Eq. (13.20) and integrating. We found
y2

13.190 A 32,000-lb airplane lands on an aircraft carrier and is caught by an

U1y2 5 2 #
y1
W dy 5 Wy1 2 Wy2 (13.4)
arresting cable. The cable is inextensible and is paid out at A and B
from mechanisms located below deck and consisting of pistons moving
in long oil-filled cylinders. Knowing that the piston-cylinder system
maintains a constant tension of 85 kips in the cable during the entire A2
W
landing, determine the landing speed of the airplane if it travels a
distance d 5 95 ft after being caught by the cable.
dy
A
A y2
A1
y
35 ft
y1

35 ft Fig. 13.31

905
B
d

Fig. P13.190 v0
bee87342_ch13_795-914.indd 905 8/30/14 1:53 PM
13.191 A 2-oz pellet shot vertically from a spring-loaded pistol on the
O
surface of the earth rises to a height of 300 ft. The same pellet shot
A B
from the same pistol on the surface of the moon rises to a height of
1900 ft. Determine the energy dissipated by aerodynamic drag when
the pellet is shot on the surface of the earth. (The acceleration of
gravity on the surface of the moon is 0.165 times that on the surface
of the earth.)
r0 r1
13.192 A satellite describes an elliptic orbit about a planet of mass M. The
Fig. P13.192
minimum and maximum values of the distance r from the satellite
to the center of the planet are, respectively, r0 and r1. Use the prin-
ciples of conservation of energy and conservation of angular momen-
tum to derive the relation O

1 1 2GM
1 5 2 200 mm
r0 r1 h
where h is the angular momentum per unit mass of the satellite and
G is the constant of gravitation. A

13.193 A 60-g steel sphere attached to a 200-mm cord can swing about
point O in a vertical plane. It is subjected to its own weight and 100 mm
to a force F exerted by a small magnet embedded in the ground. 12 mm
The magnitude of that force expressed in newtons is F 5 3000/r2, B
where r is the distance from the magnet to the sphere expressed
in millimeters. Knowing that the sphere is released from rest at A,
determine its speed as it passes through point B. Fig. P13.193

911

bee87342_ch13_795-914.indd 911 8/30/14 1:53 PM

Concept Questions. Educational research has shown that students can

often choose appropriate equations and solve algorithmic problems without
having a strong conceptual understanding of mechanics principles.† To help
assess and develop student conceptual understanding, we have included Con-
cept Questions, which are multiple choice problems that require few, if any,
calculations. Each possible incorrect answer typically represents a common
misconception (e.g., students often think that a vehicle moving in a curved
path at constant speed has zero acceleration). Students are encouraged to
solve these problems using the principles and techniques discussed in the
text and to use these principles to help them develop their intuition. Mastery
and discussion of these Concept Questions will deepen students’ conceptual
understanding and help them to solve dynamics problems.
†
Hestenes, D., Wells, M., and Swakhamer, G (1992). The force concept inventory. The Physics
Teacher, 30: 141–158.
Streveler, R. A., Litzinger, T. A., Miller, R. L., and Steif, P. S. (2008). Learning conceptual knowl-
edge in the engineering sciences: Overview and future research directions, JEE, 279–294.

bee87342_FM_i-xxii.indd xv 12/3/14 10:26 AM

 xvi Guided Tour

Free Body and Impulse-Momentum Diagram Practice

FREE-BODY PRACTICE PROBLEMS
16.F1 A 6-ft board is placed in a truck with one end resting against a block
B

78°
Problems. Drawing diagrams correctly is a critical step in solving
secured to the floor and the other leaning against a vertical partition. A
Draw the FBD and KD necessary to determine the maximum
allowable acceleration of the truck if the board is to remain in the
position shown.
kinetics problems in dynamics. A new type of problem has been added to
16.F2 A uniform circular plate of mass 3 kg is attached to two links AC
and BD of the same length. Knowing that the plate is released
Fig. P16.F1 the text to emphasize the importance of drawing these diagrams. In
from rest in the position shown, in which lines joining G to A and
B are, respectively, horizontal and vertical, draw the FBD and KD
for the plate. Chaps. 12 and 16 the Free Body Practice Problems require students to
D
draw a free-body diagram (FBD) showing the applied forces and an
C
75°

B
equivalent diagram called a “kinetic diagram” (KD) showing ma or its
75°
A G
components and Ia. These diagrams provide students with a pictorial
Fig. P16.F2 representation of Newton’s second law and are critical in helping students
16.F3 Two uniform disks and two cylinders are assembled as indicated.
Disk A weighs 20 lb and disk B weighs 12 lb. Knowing that the
system is released from rest, draw the FBD and KD for the whole
system.
to correctly solve kinetic problems. In Chaps. 13 and 17 the Impulse-
A
Momentum Diagram Practice Problems require students to draw diagrams
B
8 in. 6 in. showing the momenta of the bodies before impact, the impulses exerted
TA TB
on the body during impact, and the final momenta of the bodies. The
A B
answers to all of these questions can be accessed through Connect.
3.3 ft

G
6.6 ft
C 15 lb 18 lb D

Fig. P16.F3
16.F4 The 400-lb crate shown is lowered by means of two overhead cranes.
Knowing the tension in each cable, draw the FBD and KD that can
be used to determine the angular acceleration of the crate and the
acceleration of the center of gravity.
bee87342_ch16_1017-1090.indd 1039
Computer Problems. Accessible through Connect are problem sets
1.8 ft
for each chapter that are designed to be solved with computational software.
3.6 ft
Fig. P16.F4
Many of these problems are relevant to the design process; they may involve
1039
the analysis of a structure for various configurations and loadings of the
9/29/14 4:43 PM
structure, or the determination of the equilibrium positions of a given mech-
anism that may require an iterative method of solution. Developing the
algorithm required to solve a given mechanics problem will benefit the
students in two different ways: (1) it will help them gain a better understand-
ing of the mechanics principles involved; (2) it will provide them with an
opportunity to apply their computer skills to the solution of a meaningful
engineering problem.

bee87342_FM_i-xxii.indd xvi 12/3/14 10:26 AM

 Digital Resources
Connect® Engineering provides online presen-
tation, assignment, and assessment solutions. It
connects your students with the tools and
resources they’ll need to achieve success. With Connect Engineering you
can deliver assignments, quizzes, and tests online. A robust set of questions
and activities are presented and aligned with the textbook’s learning
outcomes. As an instructor, you can edit existing questions and author
entirely new problems. Integrate grade reports easily with Learning
Management Systems (LMS), such as WebCT and Blackboard—and much
more. Connect Engineering also provides students with 24/7 online access
to a media-rich eBook, allowing seamless integration of text, media, and
assessments. To learn more, visit connect.mheducation.com
Find the following instructor resources available through Connect:
• Instructor’s and Solutions Manual. The Instructor’s and Solutions
Manual that accompanies the eleventh edition features solutions to all
end of chapter problems. This manual also features a number of tables
designed to assist instructors in creating a schedule of assignments for
their course. The various topics covered in the text have been listed in
Table I and a suggested number of periods to be spent on each topic
has been indicated. Table II prepares a brief description of all groups
of problems and a classification of the problems in each group accord-
ing to the units used. Sample lesson schedules are shown in Tables III,
IV, and V, together with various alternative lists of assigned homework
problems.
• Lecture PowerPoint Slides for each chapter that can be modified.
These generally have an introductory application slide, animated
worked-out problems that you can do in class with your students,
concept questions, and “what-if?” questions at the end of the units.
• Textbook images
• Computer Problem sets for each chapter that are designed to be
solved with computational software.
• C.O.S.M.O.S., the Complete Online Solutions Manual Organization
System that allows instructors to create custom homework, quizzes,
and tests using end-of-chapter problems from the text.

LearnSmart is available as NEW!

an integrated feature of McGraw-Hill Connect. It is an adaptive learning
system designed to help students learn faster, study more efficiently, and
retain more knowledge for greater success. LearnSmart assesses a student’s
knowledge of course content through a series of adaptive questions. It
pinpoints concepts the student does not understand and maps out a
personalized study plan for success. This innovative study tool also has
features that allow instructors to see exactly what students have
accomplished and a built-in assessment tool for graded assignments.

xvii

bee87342_FM_i-xxii.indd xvii 12/3/14 10:26 AM

 xviii Digital Resources

NEW! SmartBook™ is the first and

only adaptive reading experience available for the higher education mar-
ket. Powered by an intelligent diagnostic and adaptive engine, SmartBook
facilitates the reading process by identifying what content a student knows
and doesn’t know through adaptive assessments. As the student reads, the
reading material constantly adapts to ensure the student is focused on
the content he or she needs the most to close any knowledge gaps.

Visit the following site for a demonstration of LearnSmart or Smart-

Book: www.learnsmartadvantage.com

CourseSmart. This text is offered through CourseSmart for both

instructors and students. CourseSmart is an online browser where students
can purchase access to this and other McGraw-Hill textbooks in a digital
format. Through their browser, students can access the complete text
online at almost half the cost of a traditional text. Purchasing the eText-
book also allows students to take advantage of CourseSmart’s web tools
for learning, which include full text search, notes and highlighting, and
e-mail tools for sharing notes among classmates. To learn more about
CourseSmart options, contact your sales representative or visit
www.coursesmart.com.

bee87342_FM_i-xxii.indd xviii 12/3/14 10:26 AM

 Acknowledgments
A special thanks to Jim Widmann of California Polytechnic State Univer-
sity, who thoroughly checked the solutions and answers of all problems
in this edition and then prepared the solutions for the accompanying
Instructor’s and Solutions Manual. The authors would also like to thank
Baheej Saoud, who helped develop and solve several of the new problems
in this edition.
We are pleased to acknowledge David Chelton, who carefully reviewed
the entire text and provided many helpful suggestions for revising this edition.
The authors thank the many companies that provided photographs
for this edition. We also wish to recognize the determined efforts and
patience of our photo researcher Danny Meldung.
The authors also thank the members of the staff at McGraw-Hill for
their support and dedication during the preparation of this new edition.

Phillip J. Cornwell
Brian P. Self

The authors gratefully acknowledge the many helpful comments and

suggestions offered by focus group attendees and by users of the previous
editions of Vector Mechanics for Engineers:

George Adams Howard Epstein Amir G Rezaei

Northeastern University University of Connecticut California State Polytechnic
William Altenhof Asad Esmaeily University, Pomona
University of Windsor Kansas State University, Martin Sadd
Sean B. Anderson Civil Engineering Department University of Rhode Island
Boston University David Fleming Stefan Seelecke
Manohar Arora Florida Institute of Technology North Carolina State University
Colorado School of Mines Jeff Hanson Yixin Shao
Gilbert Baladi Texas Tech University McGill University
Michigan State University David A. Jenkins Muhammad Sharif
Francois Barthelat University of Florida The University of Alabama
McGill University Shaofan Li Anthony Sinclair
Oscar Barton, Jr. University of California, Berkeley University of Toronto
U.S. Naval Academy William R. Murray Lizhi Sun
M. Asghar Bhatti Cal Poly State University University of California, lrvine
University of Iowa Eric Musslman Jeffrey Thomas
Shaohong Cheng University of Minnesota, Duluth Northwestern University
University of Windsor Masoud Olia Jiashi Yang
Philip Datseris Wentworth Institute of University of Nebraska
University of Rhode Island Technology Xiangwa Zeng
Timothy A. Doughty Renee K. B. Petersen Case Western Reserve University
University of Portland Washington State University
xix

bee87342_FM_i-xxii.indd xix 12/3/14 10:26 AM

 List of Symbols
a, a Acceleration k Centroidal radius of gyration
a Constant; radius; distance; semimajor l Length
axis of ellipse L Linear momentum
a, a Acceleration of mass center L Length; inductance
aB/A Acceleration of B relative to frame in m Mass
translation with A m9 Mass per unit length
aP/^ Acceleration of P relative to rotating M Couple; moment
frame ^ MO Moment about point O
ac Coriolis acceleration MRO Moment resultant about point O
A, B, C, . . . Reactions at supports and connections M Magnitude of couple or moment; mass of
A, B, C, . . . Points earth
A Area MOL Moment about axis OL
b Width; distance; semiminor axis of n Normal direction
ellipse N Normal component of reaction
c Constant; coefficient of viscous damping O Origin of coordinates
C Centroid; instantaneous center of rotation; P Force; vector
capacitance #
P Rate of change of vector P with respect
d Distance
to frame of fixed orientation
en, et Unit vectors along normal and tangent
q Mass rate of flow; electric charge
er, eθ Unit vectors in radial and transverse
Q Force; vector
directions #
e Coefficient of restitution; base of natural Q Rate of change of vector Q with respect
logarithms # to frame of fixed orientation
E Total mechanical energy; voltage (Q)Oxyz Rate of change of vector Q with respect to
f Scalar function frame Oxyz
ff Frequency of forced vibration r Position vector
fn Natural frequency rB/A Position vector of B relative to A
F Force; friction force r Radius; distance; polar coordinate
g Acceleration of gravity R Resultant force; resultant vector; reaction
G Center of gravity; mass center; constant R Radius of earth; resistance
of gravitation s Position vector
h Angular momentum per unit mass s Length of arc
H# O Angular momentum about point O t Time; thickness; tangential direction
HG Rate of change of angular momentum HG T Force
T Tension; kinetic energy
# with respect to frame of fixed orientation
u Velocity
(HG)Gxyz Rate of change of angular momentum HG
with respect to rotating frame Gxyz u Variable
i, j, k Unit vectors along coordinate axes U Work
NC
i Current U122 work done by non-conservative forces
I, Ix, . . . Moments of inertia v, v Velocity
I Centroidal moment of inertia v Speed
Ixy, . . . Products of inertia v, v Velocity of mass center
J Polar moment of inertia vB/A Velocity of B relative to frame in
k Spring constant translation with A
kx, ky, kO Radii of gyration vP/^ Velocity of P relative to rotating frame ^

xx

bee87342_FM_i-xxii.indd xx 12/3/14 10:26 AM

 List of Symbols xxi
V Vector product θ Angular coordinate; Eulerian angle;
V Volume; potential energy angle; polar coordinate
w Load per unit length μ Coefficient of friction
W, W Weight; load ρ Density; radius of curvature
x,
# y,# z# Rectangular coordinates; distances τ Periodic time
x, y, z Time derivatives of coordinates x, y, z τn Period of free vibration
x, y, z Rectangular coordinates of centroid, f Angle of friction; Eulerian angle;
center of gravity, or mass center phase angle; angle
α, α Angular acceleration w Phase difference
α, β, g Angles c Eulerian angle
g Specific weight v, v Angular velocity
δ Elongation vf Circular frequency of forced vibration
e Eccentricity of conic section or of orbit vn Natural circular frequency
l Unit vector along a line V Angular velocity of frame of reference
η Efficiency

bee87342_FM_i-xxii.indd xxi 12/3/14 10:26 AM

bee87342_FM_i-xxii.indd xxii 12/3/14 10:26 AM
 11
Kinematics of Particles
The motion of the paraglider can be described in terms of its
position, velocity, and acceleration. When landing, the pilot of the
paraglider needs to consider the wind velocity and the relative
motion of the glider with respect to the wind. The study of
motion is known as kinematics and is the subject of this chapter.

bee87342_ch11_615-717.indd 615 11/26/14 5:47 PM

 616 Kinematics of Particles
Introduction
11.1 RECTILINEAR MOTION OF
PARTICLES
11.1A Position, Velocity, and
Acceleration
11.1B Determining the Motion of a
Particle
11.2 SPECIAL CASES AND
RELATIVE MOTION
11.2A Uniform Rectilinear Motion
11.2B Uniformly Accelerated
Rectilinear Motion
11.2C Motion of Several Particles
*11.3 GRAPHICAL SOLUTIONS
11.4 CURVILINEAR MOTION OF
PARTICLES
11.4A Position, Velocity, and
Acceleration Vectors
11.4B Derivatives of Vector Functions
11.4C Rectangular Components of
Velocity and Acceleration
11.4D Motion Relative to a Frame in
Translation
11.5 NON-RECTANGULAR
COMPONENTS
11.5A Tangential and Normal
Components
11.5B Radial and Transverse
Components
bee87342_ch11_615-717.indd 616
Objectives
• Describe the basic kinematic relationships between
position, velocity, acceleration, and time.
• Solve problems using these basic kinematic
relationships and calculus or graphical methods.
• Define position, velocity, and acceleration in terms of
Cartesian, tangential and normal, and radial and
transverse coordinates.
• Analyze the relative motion of multiple particles by
using a translating coordinate system.
• Determine the motion of a particle that depends on
the motion of another particle.
• Determine which coordinate system is most appropri-
ate for solving a curvilinear kinematics problem.
• Calculate the position, velocity, and acceleration of a
particle undergoing curvilinear motion using Cartesian,
tangential and normal, and radial and transverse
coordinates.
Introduction
Chapters 1 to 10 were devoted to statics, i.e., to the analysis of bodies at
rest. We now begin the study of dynamics, which is the part of mechanics
that deals with the analysis of bodies in motion.
Although the study of statics goes back to the time of the Greek
philosophers, the first significant contribution to dynamics was made by
Galileo (1564–1642). Galileo’s experiments on uniformly accelerated bod-
ies led Newton (1642–1727) to formulate his fundamental laws of motion.
Dynamics includes two broad areas of study:
1. Kinematics, which is the study of the geometry of motion. The principles
of kinematics relate the displacement, velocity, acceleration, and time
of a body’s motion, without reference to the cause of the motion.
2. Kinetics, which is the study of the relation between the forces acting
on a body, the mass of the body, and the motion of the body. We use
kinetics to predict the motion caused by given forces or to determine
the forces required to produce a given motion.
Chapters 11 through 14 describe the dynamics of particles; in
Chap. 11, we consider the kinematics of particles. The use of the word
particles does not mean that our study is restricted to small objects; rather,
it indicates that in these first chapters we study the motion of bodies—
possibly as large as cars, rockets, or airplanes—without regard to their size
or shape. By saying that we analyze the bodies as particles, we mean that
we consider only their motion as an entire unit; we neglect any rotation
about their own centers of mass. In some cases, however, such a rotation is
not negligible, and we cannot treat the bodies as particles. Such motions are
analyzed in later chapters dealing with the dynamics of rigid bodies.
11/24/14 1:38 PM
 11.1 Rectilinear Motion of Particles 617
In the first part of Chap. 11, we describe the rectilinear motion of
a particle; that is, we determine the position, velocity, and acceleration of
a particle at every instant as it moves along a straight line. We first use
general methods of analysis to study the motion of a particle; we then
consider two important particular cases, namely, the uniform motion and
the uniformly accelerated motion of a particle (Sec. 11.2). We then discuss
the simultaneous motion of several particles and introduce the concept
of the relative motion of one particle with respect to another. The first part
of this chapter concludes with a study of graphical methods of analysis
and their application to the solution of problems involving the rectilinear
motion of particles.
In the second part of this chapter, we analyze the motion of a par-
ticle as it moves along a curved path. We define the position, velocity, and
acceleration of a particle as vector quantities and introduce the derivative
of a vector function to add to our mathematical tools. We consider applica-
tions in which we define the motion of a particle by the rectangular com-
ponents of its velocity and acceleration; at this point, we analyze the
motion of a projectile (Sec. 11.4C). Then we examine the motion of a
particle relative to a reference frame in translation. Finally, we analyze
the curvilinear motion of a particle in terms of components other than
rectangular. In Sec. 11.5, we introduce the tangential and normal compo-
nents of an object’s velocity and acceleration and then examine the radial
and transverse components.

11.1 RECTILINEAR MOTION

OF PARTICLES
A particle moving along a straight line is said to be in rectilinear motion.
The only variables we need to describe this motion are the time, t, and
the distance along the line, x, as a function of time. With these variables,
we can define the particle’s position, velocity, and acceleration, which
completely describe the particle’s motion. When we study the motion of
a particle moving in a plane (two dimensions) or in space (three dimensions),
we will use a more general position vector rather than simply the distance
along a line.

11.1A Position, Velocity, and O P

Acceleration x
x
At any given instant t, a particle in rectilinear motion occupies some 1m
(a)
position on the straight line. To define the particle’s position P, we choose
a fixed origin O on the straight line and a positive direction along the line.
We measure the distance x from O to P and record it with a plus or minus P' O
sign, according to whether we reach P from O by moving along the line x
in the positive or negative direction. The distance x, with the appropriate x' 1m
sign, completely defines the position of the particle; it is called the position (b)
coordinate of the particle. For example, the position coordinate Fig. 11.1 Position is measured from a fixed
corresponding to P in Fig. 11.1a is x 5 15 m; the coordinate corresponding origin. (a) A positive position coordinate;
to P9 in Fig. 11.1b is x9 5 22 m. (b) a negative position coordinate.

bee87342_ch11_615-717.indd 617 11/24/14 1:38 PM

Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 “You forget,” said Lady Clarice, hastily. “It was not publicly
known.”
So, then, Lady Hermione was still free—no adoring husband or
jealous lover was there. He would rather ten thousand times over
been told that she was married and was most passionately attached
to her husband; that would have been better news for him; the
barrier between them would have been doubled. He did not like to
think that any time he went out he should meet her, perhaps more
beautiful than ever, to renew all his misery. He had all the respect of
a true, pure-hearted Englishman for the sanctity of the marriage tie,
and he wished that the barrier between himself and the woman he
loved were as great and strong on her side as on his.
“Clarice,” he said to his wife, “I have altered my mind. Nay, you
are going to tell me that I am claiming a woman’s privilege; let it be
so. I am not much stronger than a woman in some things. I shall not
invite the Lorristons to Aldenmere.”
She looked up at him with a sudden cloud of anxiety on her face.
“Why, Ronald?”
“It would not be pleasant. After all, they did not behave well to
me. We had better, I think, keep that distance that seems to have
grown between us.”
Lady Clarice was perfectly willing, nothing could have pleased
her better, for there was no time of her life during which she had not
been more or less jealous of Lady Hermione.
 CHAPTER XXII.
IN HOLME WOODS.

So during all the wedding festivities with which the whole country
rang the Lorristons were away; there was not even the civility of a
letter exchanged between them. People did not quite know what the
difference was about; but a quiet understanding soon came about
that the Lorristons and the Aldens should never be invited together.
For Sir Ronald the second phase of his life began when, as the
husband of another woman, it was more than ever his duty to
trample under foot the passion that marred his life. Then, in sober
earnest, he had to take up the duties of life and make the best of
them.
He was kind and attentive to his beautiful young wife; he was
careful in the fulfillment of his duties; but in the silent depths of his
own heart there was no moment, night or day, in which he did not,
with the most bitter words, curse his own fate. So the remainder of
that summer passed. Winter brought its usual round of country
gayeties. In this season Sir Ronald and Lady Clarice went to
London, where her beauty and fascination created a perfect furore.
There, for the first time, he heard that the Lorristons had not come to
town because Lady Hermione had been long out of health. She was
not ill—that is, not ill enough to alarm her friends, but she was unfit
to encounter the fatigues of a London season.
When it was over Sir Ronald and his wife returned to Aldenmere.
One day toward the end of the month of June, Sir Ronald went
out into the Holme Woods. The morning was fine, the sun shining,
and the air filled with the fragrance of wild flowers. Holme Woods
had never looked so beautiful. The trees wore their richest foliage,
great sheets of blue hyacinths spread out far and wide, bright-
winged butterflies hovered over them, bees hummed for very joy at
the rich feast spread before them. Sir Ronald had not noticed the
path he was taking. The faint, wild perfume of the harebells was
grateful to him. Body, mind, heart and soul, he was tired, and he had
come to the woods, loving the solitude he found there.
You know, reader, what face was before him. Imagine his surprise
when his thoughts suddenly seemed embodied; for there, seated on
a bank, with the pretty harebells nodding around her, was Lady
Hermione Lorriston.
He would have turned and fled, but the manhood within him
rebelled against flight. He stood looking helplessly at her, too
bewildered for words. When he was capable of coherent thought he
saw how white her face grew. She rose and stood before him, like
some bright, strange, frightened bird, dreading to stay, yet dreading
to go.
And then the past months, with their untold agony, faded from
him. He remembered nothing save that it was summer time and he
loved her—save that for him it was heaven where she was, and a
dreary blank where she was not.
“Hermione!” he cried, going up to her, and holding out his hand,
all his proud resolves, all his hauteur, all his indignant anger melted
into thin air.
She gave him no hand in return. The pale, sweet face was graver
than he had ever seen it before.
“I did not think to see you here, Sir Ronald,” she said, coldly.
He had only seen her once since the night when he had kissed
her among the flowers, and everything save the memory of that night
seemed to die from him.
“How cruel you have been to me, Hermione; how you lured me
on to my ruin and my doom; how false you are despite the fairness
of that most fair face! If you had stabbed me, and trampled my dead
body under foot, you would have been less cruel. What did I ever do,
Hermione, that I deserved so cruel a fate?”
She looked up at him proudly.
 “You have no right to speak to me,” she said. “You are married,
and the kindness or cruelty of no other woman but your wife should
concern you. Then I have not been cruel to you, Ronald, and you
know it.”
There was something inexpressibly sad and pitiful in the whole
scene. These two, who loved each other so dearly, who in the whole
world cared only for each other, parted more completely than if death
had separated them.
“I know that you did me the greatest wrong woman could do to
man,” he replied.
“What was it?” she asked, the proud flush deepening on her face.
“You led me to believe you cared for me—you gave to me looks
and words such as you gave to no other man—you let me kiss your
lips and did not say me nay; then, when I had grown bold through
your kindness, and prayed the prayer that for long months had been
on my lips, you slew me with cruel, scornful words.”
“I do not understand you,” she said, quietly.
“You will not, rather. I say again, Hermione, that you have played
with me more cruelly than a cat plays with a mouse. You have
laughed at my torture.”
“You are speaking most falsely,” she said.
“Let God judge between us. I lay the ruin of my life upon you. I
say you deliberately deceived me.”
“I deny it,” she replied. “How could I be cruel or false to you. I
have had no opportunity of being either. I have never heard of you or
seen you but once since the evening of my birthday!”
“You have written to me, and it is of your written words I
complain.”
“I have never in all my life written one line to you,” she said,
earnestly.
“You have never written to me, Hermione? Ah, do not stain those
lips with a lie!”
 “I never have,” she repeated, with a deep-drawn sob. “Listen! I
swear it before the most high God.”
And then for some minutes they stood looking bewildered and
wonderingly at each other.
 CHAPTER XXIII.
BAD MADE WORSE.

Sir Ronald came nearer to Lady Hermione; his face was white
and stern, his eyes gleamed with an angry light.
“Let me ask you a plain question, Lady Hermione. Perhaps this
conversation had been better left alone. Having commenced it, I
must know more than you have said. You must not refuse to answer
me. Either you are deceiving me now, or I have been tricked more
foully than man ever was before. I must know which it is.”
“I am not deceiving you; why should I? Deceit is foreign to me; I
abhor it. I repeat what I have said. It is possible that I may have
addressed cards of invitation to you; but in my whole life I have
never written to you one single letter.”
Looking into her pale, sweet face, where all truth, purity and
goodness reigned, it was not possible to doubt her.
“Hermione,” he said, more gently, “you remember the evening of
the ball?”
“Yes,” she said, sadly, “I remember it well.”
“We stood among the roses, you and I, the moon shining, the
distant sound of music floating near us. You did not chide me when I
kissed your lips, and I—oh, blind fool that I was!—I looked upon that
kiss as a solemn betrothal.”
She shrank from the passionate tones of his voice, then looked at
him.
“I made the same mistake,” she said, simply, “and I have paid
very dearly for it.”
“Then, for a whole week afterward, Hermione, I went to Leeholme
every day. I tried hard to find an opportunity of speaking to you; you
were always surrounded by people. There were times, even, when I
imagined you felt a delight in baffling what you must have known to
be my heart’s desire.”
“It was but a girlish delight in mischief,” she interrupted; “and, ah
me! the bitter price I have paid.”
“I wrote to you,” he continued, “finding that there was no chance
of speaking. I wrote and told you how most dearly I loved you, and
prayed you to be my wife. What was your answer to that prayer?”
He looked into her face as he asked the question; it was so
sweet, sad and sorrowful, but there was no untruth to mar its beauty.
The wind stirred the bluebells faintly, and a deep, soft sigh shivered
through them.
“What was your answer to my prayer?” he repeated.
“None,” she replied. “I never received such a letter; therefore, I
could not answer it.”
“Say that again,” he gasped, in a thick, hoarse voice.
“I never received it, Ronald. This is the first word I have ever
heard of it.”
He reeled as though one had struck him a sudden, mortal blow.
The sweet, soft voice continued sadly:
“You have not thought more hardly of me than I of you. I believed
that night you loved me, and I was—well, it does not matter how
happy; then you came and went without saying one word. Suddenly
you absented yourself altogether; you never came near me. I met
you, and you avoided me. I knew no more until I heard and knew
that you were going to Mount Severn.”
His face was not pleasant to look upon as she uttered these
words.
“Then you never read it, Hermione, or knew of my writing at all?”
“Not one word,” she said, earnestly.
 There were a few moments of silence, unbroken save by the
wind among the harebells.
“Answer me only one more question, and I have done,” he said.
“If you had received my letter, what would your answer have been?”
The light he remembered so well came into her face; for a few
moments she forgot the barrier between them that could never be
passed.
“You know what it would have been, Ronald. I—I should have
said ‘Yes,’ because I have loved you, and you alone, all my life.”
Then the words died on her lips, for, strong and brave as he was,
he had flung himself face downward among the harebells, and lay
there, sobbing like a child.
A strong man’s tears are terrible to see. Women weep, and,
though one pities them, it seems but natural. When a proud, self-
controlled, high-spirited man breaks down and weeps, the grief is
terrible to witness.
So she thought who bent over him now with soothing words.
“Ronald, you will break my heart if you do this. There has been a
terrible mistake, but it will be made right for us in another world. We
have one comfort—we did love each other. God knows what has
parted us; it is not untruth or falsity. Oh, Ronald! does it not comfort
you to know this?”
All that answered her was the deep-drawn, bitter sobs that shook
his strong frame, and the sweet, rustling sound of the bells in the
breeze.
“If I had been false to you, as you believed, Ronald, the memory
of me would have been a lifelong pain. If you had been false to me,
the very thought of you would have been a perpetual sorrow; but
now we may remember without sin that we once loved each other in
all truth.”
She was startled when he raised his face to her, and clutched her
hand in his strong grasp.
 “Oh, my lost love, my lost, dearest, only love! what has parted
us? Tell me! I must know—I will know!”
“I cannot tell,” she replied, gently laying her white, cool, soft hand
on his hot brow. “I cannot even imagine. All I am certain of is that I
never until this morning even heard of such a letter.”
“Who has done it?” he cried, wildly. “Oh, Hermione, do you know
I have been mad for love of you, and for the loss of you? Do you
know that, after I believed you rejected me, I have lived like a man
without reason, without soul? My days and nights have been one
long dream of anguish, one long madness. I hate the sun that
shines, the night that succeeds day, for no time will ever bring you
back to me, and without you life is death.”
“You forget,” she interrupted, gently. “You have your wife, Clarice,
who loves you.”
“I do not forget. Poor Clarice!—God pity her and pity me! I do not
love her, Hermione. I have tried as hard to love her as I have to
forget you, but cannot. I pray Heaven to pardon me the wrong I did in
marrying her; I was blind enough to think it for the best. Oh, my lost
love, I am going mad! Lay your cool hands on my brow again; fight
down the demons who master me, my angel, my loadstar, my
treasure! And you would have married me, Hermione? You would
have made my life heaven instead of what it is. I might have been
the happiest, even as I am the most wretched, of men.”
“It might have been so; but, Ronald, you must not talk so to me. I
am so glad I have seen you—glad to know you were not fickle in
love and fancy, as I thought; but now we must part, and we must not
meet again.”
“I know; but before you leave me, Hermione, tell me how it
happened?”
“I cannot; how did you send that letter to me, Ronald?”
“By my groom. He had orders to deliver it into your own hands,
but you were away. He waited some hours, and, as you did not
return, he gave it to your maid. I asked him every particular.”
 “To my maid! She never gave me any letter from you, Ronald.
When did you send it?”
“It was exactly one week after the ball,” he replied.
“I remember,” said Lady Hermione. “We had all been over to
Thringston, and it was late when we returned. My maid told me there
was an envelope on the toilet-table that Sir Ronald’s groom had
brought.”
“That was it,” he said, eagerly.
“No,” she said; “there is some mistake. I opened it, and there was
nothing inside but a white rose, carefully folded. I laughed at what
seemed to me a romantic idea.”
“Was the envelope addressed to you?” he asked, quickly.
“Yes, and in your handwriting. I knew it at once.”
“There must have been foul play,” he said.
“But how, Ronald? You spoke of a letter from me; tell me of that.”
“It was an answer to mine; it came by post a day afterward. It was
in your handwriting, I swear, and it—rejected me.”
“I cannot understand it,” she cried.
“Nor I. But if it takes the whole of my life to find it out, it shall not
remain a mystery,” he said; and then he stood erect and silent before
her.
 CHAPTER XXIV.
FAREWELL.

While she lived Lady Hermione never forgot the look of anguish
that he gave her; a long, lingering, steady gaze such as a dying man
fixes at times on the face of a beloved wife or child. Then he came a
step nearer to her.
“I did not know, Hermione,” he said, “that life could be harder than
I have hitherto found it. It will be harder now.”
“Why?” she asked, gently.
“Because I shall ever have before my mind what I have lost. Until
now existence has been tolerable, because I have tried to fill it with
bitter thoughts of you. In my own mind a hundred times a day I have
called you treacherous, false, cruel, and now my angel stands in her
place again, the truest and dearest of women, the woman I have
loved, and who has loved me! Hermione, my life will be so hard to
bear that, if it please Heaven, I could fain die standing here before
you now.”
“Brave men do not seek refuge in death,” she replied, “rather in
active duties of life.”
“Some men. You see, I have thrown my whole existence on one
stake; that stake was you, and I have lost you! Now I have to gather
up the broken threads of my life and do with them as best I can.”
She was weeping silently. He saw the teardrops falling, and a
mad impulse seized him to clasp her in his arms and kiss them
away. That he trampled the impulse under foot showed how dearly
he loved her.
“I am glad that we have met. Once more the sun of pure
womanhood shines for me. While I thought you false, Hermione, all
heaven and earth seemed false, too. But there is one thing more—
you may speak freely to me, Hermione; it is but as though one or the
other of us was dying—was there no truth in the rumor that you were
engaged to Kenelm Eyrle?”
“No; none. Mr. Eyrle has never loved or cared for me in his life.”
“Clarice believed it,” he said, musingly, and the pale face before
him grew whiter.
“She was deceived,” said Lady Hermione, briefly; “and now,
Ronald, it seems to me that we must say farewell; it must be for the
last time. We cannot meet as friends. Honor is dearer than life to
both of us; therefore, we must not meet again.”
“Oh, my lost love,” he moaned, stretching out his hands to her,
“how shall I bear it?”
She went up to him, and there was an expression of pity and love
on her face that made it divine. She took both his hands in her own
and held them there.
“You will be brave and true to yourself, Ronald. Do not let me
have the smart all my life long of knowing that love for me has led
you further from heaven; let it, rather, take you nearer. I have some
quaint thoughts, and one is that in another world God makes our
lives complete. Perhaps there, in that land where the gates are of
jasper and the walls of pearl, we may be together—who knows?
Looking to that time, we will forget the darkness and sorrow of this.”
He said to himself, bitterly, that such thoughts might comfort
angels and women; they brought no consolation to him.
“You must remember Clarice,” she pleaded; “Clarice, who loves
you so well.”
“I remember all. Hermione, if I send for you when I am dying,
should it be soon or should it be in twenty years, you will come to
me?”
“Yes,” she replied, with a deep-drawn, bitter sob. “I will come,
Ronald. Now, farewell.”
 She was pure and innocent as the white doves that fed from her
hand. She saw no wrong in bending her sweet, sad face over him for
that last, most sorrowful embrace.
Once more his lips touched hers, but the chill upon them was the
chill of death.
“Good-by, my love, my dear, lost love, good-by,” he said, and the
words died away in a moan. Another minute and she had passed out
of sight.
When the hour of death came it was not so bitter for him as that
in which Hermione Lorriston passed out of his sight. He flung himself
on the ground, praying the skies might fall and cover him; that he
might never rise to meet the sunlight again.
From that day he was a changed man; he felt it and knew it
himself. The quiet, resigned content for which he had been trying so
hard was further from him than ever. The resignation arriving from
philosophy had forsaken him. Night and day he brooded over the
one idea that she had loved him, and he had lost her. Day and night
he pondered over the mystery of that letter.
But for his wife’s sake he would have made the whole matter
public and would have insisted on having it thoroughly sifted; but a
“still, small voice” pleaded for Clarice. It would be so hard for her to
see and know that his thoughts were still all of the past.
That did not prevent him from making a private investigation of
the matter. On the first day that he saw Conyers, the groom, he
called him.
“I want you,” he said. “There are some questions I wish to ask
you that, if you answer truthfully, will be of inestimable benefit to me;
if you answer them falsely, I shall be still further deceived. Perhaps
experience has embittered me; I have little faith left in man’s honesty.
I will buy your truth, Conyers, if you swear to me, on your oath, to
say nothing but what is perfectly, strictly correct. I will give you ten
pounds, and, should you be able to discover that which I wish to
know, I will hereafter give you fifty.”
 Conyers was an honest man, and Sir Ronald’s words hurt him
more than he cared to own.
“If you offered me twice fifty pounds, Sir Ronald, to tell a willful
lie, I would not do it for you or for any one else. You can please
yourself about believing whether I tell you the truth or not.”
His bluntness did not displease the master of Aldenmere, who
looked at the groom’s face with a grim smile.
“If ever the world does to you what it has done to me,” he said,
quietly, “you will either doubt your own sanity or the truth of your
fellowmen. Come out here a few minutes; I want to talk to you.”
And the groom, laying down the work on which he was engaged,
followed his master out of the stable.
 CHAPTER XXV.
THE MYSTERY UNSOLVED.

“Sit down, Conyers,” said Sir Ronald, pointing to an old wooden

bench. “I want you to carry your memory back to three years ago.”
“I can do that, Sir Ronald,” he replied; “my memory is a good
one.”
“Three years ago I called you and gave you a letter to take to
Leeholme Park; it was for Lady Hermione Lorriston, and you
promised me to place it in her own hands.”
“I remember perfectly, Sir Ronald.”
“Tell me what you did.”
“I drove straight to the hall and asked for her ladyship. She had
gone to Thringston with a party of guests staying in the house——”
“And then,” interrupted Sir Ronald, impatiently.
“I waited for her until I was afraid to wait any longer, and I asked
to see her maid. She is a young woman, sir, whom I have known for
many years; her name is Susan Fielding. She came to me, and I told
her you had intrusted me with a very particular letter, and I asked her
would she promise to give it to her ladyship. She said yes, and I
came away.”
“That is all you know about it?” asked Sir Ronald.
“Every word,” replied the man.
“Will you swear that you neither dropped it, changed it, or knew
its contents?”
There was genuine surprise in the honest face.
 “I will swear, Sir Ronald; I will swear, as I hope to go to heaven,
that the letter was never for one moment out of my possession until I
placed it in Susan Fielding’s hand. I sat the whole time in the
servants’ hall. As for its contents, I never even thought of what they
were.”
“And, before God, that is the truth?”
“Before God I vow it,” said the groom, quickly.
“That letter never reached Lady Hermione Lorriston, Conyers;
and if you will help me find what became of it, I will reward you
richly.”
“I will do my best, Sir Ronald.” But the groom was evidently
puzzled, and his master saw it.
“I need not tell you there are many reasons why I object to having
it known that I am making any inquiries in the matter; but do you
think, Conyers, you could bring that maid, Susan Fielding, to see
me?”
“Yes; I can manage that, Sir Ronald; but unless you wish every
one to know it, you had better go to see her.”
“I cannot go to Leeholme,” he interrupted.
“There is no need, sir. If you wish to see Susan Fielding, I will ask
her to wait in the Thringston road, say to-morrow morning, and then
your interview will seem to have been accidental.”
“That will do. Ah! see, I am trusting you, despite all I had said
about honest men. Do not tell why I wish to see her; promise that.”
“I will not mention it; and mind, I should like you to be present as
well. If there has been any error we shall discover it then.”
That very evening Stephen Conyers went over to Leeholme and
contrived to see the lady’s maid. Pretty, coquettish Susan was
slightly agitated.
“What can Sir Ronald Alden want with me?” she asked. “Is May
Thorne leaving Lady Clarice?”
 “I do not think so. You will be sure to be in the Thringston road,
Susan?”
“I shall not forget,” she replied; and the groom felt pretty sure that
feminine curiosity, if no other motive, would take her.
Imagine a long, winding high road, bordered on both sides with
tall trees, whose branches sometimes formed a shady arch.
Underneath the trees, walking impatiently, looking from right to left,
was Sir Ronald Alden. His handsome face was pale with agitation; it
seemed to him that they never would come.
Then, from between the clustering foliage, he saw two figures—
one was Stephen Conyers, the groom, the other the pretty,
coquettish Susan Fielding, Lady Hermione’s maid. His face flushed
hotly, for it struck him that for an Alden to hold an interview of the
kind with two servants was derogatory to dignity. Yet, unless he did
it, how was he ever to find out the truth?
Susan made her most respectful curtsy. The master of
Aldenmere was an important person, and that he should express a
wish to see her had filled her with wonder and curiosity.
They stood together under the great, spreading foliage, a curious
group.
“I have sent for you, Susan Fielding,” said Sir Ronald, “because I
wish to ask you some very important questions. I will deal with you
as with Conyers; I will pay you handsomely for the truth. If, by
anything you can tell me, you can throw even the least light upon a
dark mystery, I will reward you liberally.”
“I will do anything I can, Sir Ronald,” replied the maid, evidently
much mystified.
“I need only tell you both this much, that I had a most particular
letter to send to Lady Hermione Lorriston—a letter so important that
it seems idle to repeat it was a matter of life and death. That letter,
you remember, I sent by Stephen Conyers, the groom. He tells me,
Susan Fielding, that it was placed in your hands, and you promised
to give it to Lady Hermione. I will give you fifty pounds if you find out
for me what became of that letter.”
 The maid looked at him in sheer wonder—it was not feigned, he
saw that plainly.
“I remember the letter perfectly well, Sir Ronald,” she said. “My
lady had it; I placed it on her toilet-table, and asked her afterward if
she had seen it, and she said, ‘Yes; it was all right.’”
“Remember,” interrupted Sir Ronald, “that I am trusting you both,
and that which I say to you must never be repeated. You have
touched the heart of the mystery, Susan Fielding. I believe you
placed the letter there. Now, listen! Before Lady Hermione opened it,
some one entered the room, opened the envelope, took from it my
letter and placed inside it a white rose! I will give you fifty pounds if
you find out for me who did this.”
“I do not think it could have been done, Sir Ronald.”
“I assure you it was. When Lady Hermione opened the envelope
it contained nothing but one white rose. The letter I had written, and
she had expected, was not there.”
If he had felt any doubt of Susan Fielding, the lingering look of
wonder on her face dispelled it. No woman, be she ever so clever,
could assume such an expression.
“I cannot think how it could be,” she said. “I remember the day so
well. There was a large party, and they all rode out together. My lady
returned and asked for some tea. I went downstairs to attend to it,
and she sat down in the music-room with three or four ladies; they
took tea there. Then she went to her room. I followed her. I said,
‘There is a packet on the table, my lady. Sir Ronald Alden’s groom
brought it.’ Lady Hermione smiled very indifferently. ‘I have seen it,’
she replied; and I do not remember, Sir Ronald, from that hour to
this, hearing the subject mentioned, except when Mr. Conyers spoke
of it the other day.”
“Then you can tell me nothing about it?” he asked, with a look of
keen disappointment.
“No; I cannot. I was away from Lady Hermione’s room half an
hour, not more, and it must have been changed in that time, if it were
changed at all.”
 “You saw no one enter the room?”
“No, Sir Ronald; not that I remember.”
“I shall expect you to keep most perfect silence concerning this
inquiry,” said Sir Ronald. “I cannot make it public or I would.
Remember, that if you can find out anything which will bring the
mystery to light, I will give you, not fifty, but a hundred pounds.”
“I will do my best,” she replied; “but I have not much hope. If it
were done by any person in the house they took such precaution as
would insure its never being known.”
But as Sir Ronald walked away a peculiar expression flashed into
the woman’s face, one of wonder, surprise and pain.
“What is it?” asked the groom. “Do you remember anything?”
“No,” she replied; but her voice was peculiar, and during the
remainder of the walk home Susan Fielding spoke never a word.
 CHAPTER XXVI.
AFTER NIGHT, MORNING.

From that time Sir Ronald Alden changed so completely that he

was hardly to be recognized as the same man. He ceased to
struggle for content; he said to himself that a curse was upon him,
and he must live under it while it pleased Heaven that he should live
at all; but the happiest moment that life held in store for him would be
the one that held death—the moment that would bring the woman he
loved to his side to look at him for the last time. He was young, and
life ran full, warm and rich in his veins, yet he would have gladly laid
it down to have brought her for only one moment to his side, so great
and passionate was his love for her.
Lady Clarice could not fail to notice the change. She comforted
herself by thinking that the Aldens were a strange race, not governed
by the same laws as other men, subject to moods and passions that
required indulgence. She never dreamed that he had met Lady
Hermione, and that his new sorrow was caused by the constant
smart of knowing that life might have been different for him.
“Ronald,” she said to him one day, “has life any interest for you?”
“No,” he replied; “I cannot, in truth, say that it has.”
Her face flushed warmly.
“Then, if I were you, I should be ashamed to say so. You are the
first Alden who has found life empty, I should imagine.”
“I did not say it was empty, Clarice; I merely say nothing in it
interests me.”
She knelt down by his side, and clasped her white hands round
his arm.