Understanding Basic Statistics

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 Complete Solutions Manual
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Understanding Basic Statistics

EIGHTH EDITION

Charles Brase
© Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. No distribution allowed without express authorization.

Regis University,
Denver, CO

Corrinne Brase
Arapahoe Community College
Littleton, CO

Prepared by

Melissa M. Sovak
California University of Pennsylvania, California, PA

Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States

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Contents

Chapter 1: Getting Started ............................................................................................................... 1

Chapter 2: Organizing Data ............................................................................................................. 6

Chapter 3: Averages and Variation ................................................................................................ 31

Chapter 4: Correlation and Regression .......................................................................................... 53

Chapter 5: Elementary Probability Theory .................................................................................... 75

Chapter 6: The Binomial Probability Distribution and Related Topics ......................................... 97

Chapter 7: Normal Curves and Sampling Distributions .............................................................. 122

Chapter 8: Estimation .................................................................................................................. 152

Chapter 9: Hypothesis Testing ..................................................................................................... 175

Chapter 10: Inferences about Differences .................................................................................... 208

Chapter 11: Additional Topics Using Inference .......................................................................... 245

Chapter 1: Getting Started

1.
NOT FOR SALE
Section 1.1

Individuals are people or objects included in the study, while a variable is a characteristic of the individual that
is measured or observed.

2. Nominal data are always qualitative.

3. A parameter is a numerical measure that describes a population. A statistic is a numerical value that describes
a sample.

4. If the population does not change, the values of the parameters will not change. Thus, for a fixed population,
parameter values are constant. If we take three samples of the same size from a population, the values of the
sample statistics will almost surely differ.

5. (a) These numerical assignments are at the nominal level. There is no apparent ordering in the responses.
(b) These numerical assignments are at the ordinal level. There is an increasing relationship from worst to
best levels of service. These assignments are not at the interval or ratio level. The distances between
numerical responses are not meaningful. The ratios are also not meaningful.

6. Lucy’s observations do not apply to all adults; they apply only to her friends. Since the sample is not random,
we cannot draw any conclusions about a larger group using this data.

7. (a) Meal ordered at fast-food restaurants.

(b) Qualitative
(c) Response for all U.S. adult fast-food consumers.

8. (a) Miles per gallon.

(b) Quantitative.
(c) All new small hybrid cars.

9. (a) Nitrogen concentration (milligrams of nitrogen per liter of water).

(b) Quantitative.
(c) Nitrogen concentration in the entire lake.

10. (a) Number of ferromagnetic artifacts per 100 square meters.

(b) Quantitative.
(c) The number of ferromagnetic artifacts per each distinct 100-square-meter plot in the Tara region.

11. (a) Ratio. (b) Interval. (c) Nominal. (d) Ordinal. (e) Ratio. (f) Ratio.

12. (a) Ordinal. (b) Ratio. (c) Nominal. (d) Interval. (e) Ratio. (f) Nominal.

13. (a) Nominal. (b) Ratio. (c) Interval. (d) Ordinal. (e) Ratio. (f) Interval.

14. Form B is better. Statistical methods can be applied to the ordinal data obtained from Form B but not to the
open-response answers obtained from Form A.

NOT FOR SALE

15. (a) Answers vary. Ideally, weigh the packs in pounds using a digital scale that has tenths of pounds for
accuracy.
(b) Some students may refuse to have their backpacks weighed.
(c) Informing students before class may cause students to remove items before class.

1
Section 1.2

1.

2.
NOT FOR SALE
In stratified samples, we select a random sample from each stratum. In cluster sampling, we randomly select
clusters to be included, and then each member of the cluster is sampled.

In simple random samples, every sample of size n has an equal chance of being selected. In a systematic
sample, the only possible samples are those including every kth member of the population with respect to the
random starting position.

3. Sampling error is the difference between the value of the population parameter and the value of the sample
statistic that stems from the random selection process. The term is being used incorrectly here. Certainly larger
boxes of cereal will cost more than smaller boxes of cereal.

4. The sample frame consists of students who use the college recreation center. No, some students may not use
the recreation center.

5. No, even though the sample is random, some students younger than 18 or older than 20 may not have been
included in the sample.

6. No, a random sample could include only music majors.

7. (a) Stratified.
(b) No, because each pooled sample would have 100 season ticket holders from men’s basketball games and
100 for women’s basketball games. Samples, for example, with 125 ticket holders for men’s basketball games
and 75 for women’s games are not possible.

8. (a) Yes. Every student has a 50% chance of being selected.

(b) It is not possible based on this method of selecting students. Since every sample of size 20 is not possible,
this is not a simple random sample.
(c) Assign numbers 1, 2, …, 40 to the students and use a random-digits table or a computer package to draw
random numbers.

9. Simply use a random digits table or a computer package to randomly select four students from the class.
(a) Answers vary. Perhaps they are excellent students who make an effort to get to class early.
(b) Answers vary. Perhaps they are busy students who are never on time to class.
(c) Answers vary. Perhaps students in the back row are introverted.
(d) Answers vary. Perhaps taller students are healthier.

10. (a) Students who are absent from class on Monday cannot be included in the sample.
(b) Home-schooled students, drop out students, or homeless students cannot be included in the sample.

11. Answers vary. 12. Answers vary. 13. Answers vary.

14. Answers vary. One possibility is to use 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 to indicate heads, and 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 to indicate tails.

15. (a) Yes, it is appropriate, as a number can repeat itself once it has occurred. The outcome on the fourth roll
is 2.
(b) We will most certainly not get the same sequence of outcomes. The process is random.

NOT FOR SALE

16. Answers vary. We do expect at least one match on birthdays on over 50% of the times we run this experiment.

17. Answers vary. Use single digits on the table to determine the placement of correct answers.

18. Answers vary. The test key would be a random arrangement of True and False responses.

2
19. (a) Simple random sampling. Every sample of size n from the population has an equal chance of being

NOT FOR SALE

selected, and every member of the population has an equal chance of being included in the sample.
(b) Cluster sampling. The state, Hawaii, is divided into ZIP Codes. Then, within each of the 10 selected ZIP
Codes, all businesses are surveyed.
(c) Convenience sampling. This technique uses results or data that are conveniently and readily obtained.
(d) Systematic sampling. Every fiftieth business is included in the sample.
(e) Stratified sampling. The population was divided into strata based on business type. Then a simple
random sample was drawn from each stratum.

20. (a) Stratified sampling. The population was divided into strata (four categories of length of hospital stay),
and then a simple random sample was drawn from each stratum.
(b) Simple random sampling.
(c) Cluster sampling. There are five geographic regions, and some facilities from each region are selected
randomly. Then, for each selected facility, all patients on the discharge list are surveyed to create the
patient satisfaction profiles.
(d) Systematic sampling. Every 500th patient is included in the sample.
(e) Convenience sampling.

Section 1.3
1. Answers vary. People with higher incomes will likely have high-speed Internet access, which will lead to
spending more time online. Spending more time online might lead to spending less time watching TV. Thus,
spending less time watching TV cannot be attributed solely to high income or high-speed internet access.

2. A double-blind procedure would entail neither the patients nor those administering the treatments knowing
which patients received which treatments. This process should eliminate potential bias from the treatment
administrators and from patient psychology regarding benefits of the drug.

3. No, respondents do not constitute a random sample from the community for several reasons, for instance, the
sample frame includes only those at a farmer’s market, Jill might not have approached people with large dogs
or those who were busy, and participation was voluntary. Jill’s T-shirt may have influenced respondents.

4. No, the pooled sample had a fixed number of students from each block.

5. (a) No, those aged 18 – 29 in 2006 became aged 20 – 31 in 2008. The study is looking at the same
generation.
(b) 1977 to 1988, inclusive.

6. By 2020, the Echo generation will be aged 32-43, and their perception of items as necessities or luxuries
might have changed by then.

7. (a) This is an observational study. The data collection method did not influence the outcome.
(b) This is an experiment. A treatment was imposed on the sheep in order to prevent heartworm.
(c) This is an experiment. The restrictions on fishing possibly led to a change in the length of trout in the
river.
(d) This is an observational study. The data was collected without influencing the turtles.

8. (a) Sampling. (b) Simulation. (c) Census. (d) Experiment.

NOT FOR SALE

9. (a) Use randomization to select ten calves to inoculate with the vaccine. After a period of time, test all calves
for the infection. No placebo is being used.
(b) Use randomization to select nine schools to visit. After ten weeks, survey students in all 18 schools for
their views on police officers. No placebo is being used.
(c) Use randomization to select 40 subjects to use the skin patch. A placebo is used for the other 35 subjects.
At the end of the trial, survey all 75 subjects about their smoking habits.

3
 NOT FOR SALE
10. (a) No. “Over the last few years” could mean 2 years, 3 years, 7 years, etc. A more precise phrase is, “Over
the past 5 years.”
(b) Yes. If a respondent is first asked, “Have you ever run a stop sign,” chances are that their response to the
question, “Should fines be doubled,” will change. Those who run stop signs probably don’t want the fine
to double.
(c) Answers vary.

11. Based on the information, scheme A will be better because the blocks are similar. The plots bordering the river
should be similar, and the plots away from the river should be similar.

Chapter Review Problems

1. If a numerical measure describes an aspect of a sample, it is a statistic.

2. If a variable describes an individual by placing the individual in a category or group, the variable is qualitative.

3. If data consists of names, label, or categories with no implied criteria by which the data can be ordered from
smallest to largest, the highest level of measurement for the data is nominal.

4. If it makes sense to say that one data measurement in a data set is twice that of another measurement in the set,
the highest level of measurement for the data is ratio.

5. If every sample of size n has an equal chance of being selected, this is a simple random sample.

6. If a treatment is applied to subjects or objects in a study in order to observe a possible change in the variable of
interest, the study is an experiment.

7. Using a random-number table to select numbers for a Sudoku puzzle would be very inefficient. It would be
much better to look at existing numbers that meet the puzzle’s requirements and eliminate numbers that don’t
work.

8. Alisha’s study has a few problems and results will be anecdotal. For instance, it’s not clear that the puzzles she
wants to download are all of the same difficulty level. Her friends willing to participate will likely have
different levels of experience with the puzzles. Her friends are also volunteers and the self-timing may lead
to some inaccurate measurements.

9. (a) Stratified.
(b) Students on your campus with work-study jobs.
(c) Number of hours scheduled to work each week; Quantitative; Ratio.
(d) Applicability to future employment goals, as measured by the scale given; Qualitative; Ordinal.
(e) Statistic.
(f) The nonresponse rate is 60%, and yes, this could introduce bias into the results. Answers vary.
(g) No, since the students were only drawn from one campus, then the results of the study would only
generalize to that campus, if the data were collected using randomization.

10. The implied population is all the listeners (or even all the voters). The variable is the voting preference of a
caller. There is probably bias in the selection of the sample because those with the strongest opinions are most
likely to call in.

NOT FOR SALE

11. Using the random-number table, pick seven digits at random. Digits 0, 1, and 2 can correspond to “Yes,” and
digits 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 can correspond to “No.” This will effectively simulate a random draw from a
population with 30% TIVO owners.

12. (a) Cluster. (b) Convenience. (c) Systematic. (d) Simple random. (e) Stratified.

4
13. (a) This was an observational study because the researchers did not apply a treatment.

NOT FOR SALE

(b) This was an experiment because the two groups were given different tests and the results were compared.

14. (a) Randomly select 500 donors to receive the literature and 500 donors to receive the phone call. After the
donation collection period, compare the percentage who donated from each of the two treatment groups.
A placebo is not being used.
(b) Randomly select the 43 adults to be given the treatment gel and the 42 adults to receive the placebo gel.
After the treatment period, compare the whiteness of the two groups. To make this double blind, neither
the treatment administrators nor would the patients would know which gel the patients are receiving.
(c) Before assigning donors to the literature or the phone call, first block them into the three age groups. In
each age group, half would receive the literature and half would receive the phone call. Compare the
amounts received within each block.

15. Answers vary. Some items, such as age and grade point average, might be sensitive information. You could
ask the class to design a data form that can be filled out anonymously. Other issues to discuss involve the
accuracy and honesty of responses.

16. No response required.

17. (a) This is an experiment; the treatment was the amount of light given to the colonies.
(b) The control group is the colony exposed to normal light, while the treatment group is the exposed to
continuous light.
(c) The number of fireflies living at the end of 72 hours.
(d) Ratio.

NOT FOR SALE

5
Chapter 2: Organizing Data

1.
NOT FOR SALE
Section 2.1
Class limits are possible data values, and they specify the span of data values that fall within a class. Class
boundaries are not possible data values; they are values halfway between the upper class limit of one class and
the lower class limit of the next class.

2. Each data value must fall into one class. Data values above 50 do not have a class.

3. The classes overlap. A data value such as 20 falls into two classes.

4. These class widths are 11.

82 − 20
5. =
Width ≈ 8.86 , so round up to 9. The class limits are 20 – 28, 29 – 37, 38 – 46, 47 – 55, 56 – 64,
7
65 – 73, 74 – 82.

120 − 10
6. =
Width = 22 , so round up to 23. The class limits are 10 – 32, 33 – 55, 56 – 78, 79 – 101,
5
102 – 124.

7. (a) The distribution is most likely skewed right, with many short times and only a few long wait times.
(b) A bimodal distribution might exist if there are different wait times during busy versus slow periods.
During the morning rush, many long wait times might occur, but during the slow afternoon, most wait
times will be very short.

8. The data set consists of the numbers 1 up through 100, with each value occurring once. The histogram will be
uniform.

9. (a) Yes.
(b)
Histogram of Highway mpg

12

10

8
Frequency

0
16.5 20.5 24.5 28.5 32.5 36.5 40.5
Highway mpg

NOT FOR SALE

6
10. (a)

NOT FOR SALE

(b) Yes. Yes.

(c)

11. (a) The range of data seem to fall between 7 and 13 with the bulk of the data between 8 and 12.

(b) All three histograms are somewhat mound-shaped with the top of the mound between 9.5 and 10.5. In all
three histograms the bulk of the data fall between 8 and 12.

12. (a) Graph (i) midpoint: 5; graph (ii) midpoint: 4; graph (iii) midpoint: 2.

(b) Graph (i) 0-17; Graph (ii) 1-16; Graph (iii) 0-28.

(c) Graph (iii) is most clearly skewed right; Graph (ii) is somewhat skewed right; Graph (i) is barely skewed
right.

(d) No, each random sample of same size froma population is equally likely to be drawn. Sample (iii) most
clearly reflects the properties of the population. Sample (ii) reflects the properties fairly well, but
sample(i) seems to differ more from the described population.

13. (a) Because there are 50 data values, divide each cumulative frequency by 50 and convert to a percent.

(b) 35 states.

(c) 6 states.

NOT FOR SALE

(d) 2%

14. (a) Graph (i).

(b) Graph (iii)

7
 (c) Graph (iii)

NOT FOR SALE

15. (a) Class width = 25

(b)

Class Relative Cumulative

Class Limits Midpoints Frequency
Boundaries Frequency Frequency
236–260 235.5–260.5 248 4 0.07 4
261–285 260.5–285.5 273 9 0.16 13
286–310 285.5–310.5 298 25 0.44 38
311–335 310.5–335.5 323 16 0.28 54
336–360 335.5–360.5 348 3 0.05 57

(c)
Histogram of Finish Times
25

20
Frequency

15

10

0
236.0 260.5 285.5 310.5 335.5 360.0
Finish Times

(d)
Histogram of Finish Times
50

40
Relative Frequency

30

20

10

0
236.0 260.5 285.5 310.5 335.5 360.0
Finish Times

(e) This distribution is slightly skewed to the left but fairly mound-shaped, symmetric.

NOT FOR SALE

8
 (f)

NOT FOR SALE

(g) Answers vary.

16. (a) Class width = 11

(b)
Class Class Relative Cumulative
Midpoint Frequency
Limits Boundaries Frequency Frequency
45–55 44.5–55.5 50 3 0.0429 3
56–66 55.5–66.5 61 7 0.8714 10
67–77 66.5–77.5 72 22 0.3143 32
78–88 77.5–88.5 83 26 0.3714 58
89–99 88.5–99.5 94 9 0.1286 67
100–110 99.5–110.5 105 3 0.0429 70

(c)
Histogram of GLUCOSE

25

20
Frequency

15

10

0
44.5 55.5 66.5 77.5 88.5 99.5 110.5
GLUCOSE

(d)
Histogram of GLUCOSE
40

30
Relative Frequency

NOT FOR SALE

20

10

0
44.5 55.5 66.5 77.5 88.5 99.5 110.5
GLUCOSE

9
 NOT FOR SALE
(e) Approximately mound-shaped, symmetric.

(f)

80
60
40
20 Series1
0

(g) Answers vary.

17. (a) Class width = 12

(b)
Class Class Relative Cumulative
Midpoint Frequency
Limits Boundaries Frequency Frequency
1–12 0.5–12.5 6.5 6 0.14 6
13–24 12.5–24.5 18.5 10 0.24 16
25–36 24.5–36.5 30.5 5 0.12 21
37–48 36.5–48.5 42.5 13 0.31 34
49–60 48.5–60.5 54.5 8 0.19 42

(c)
Histogram of Time Until Recurrence
14

12

10
Frequency

0
0.5 12.5 24.5 36.5 48.5 60.5
Time Until Recurrence

NOT FOR SALE

10
 (d)

NOT FOR SALE

Histogram of Time Until Recurrence
35

30

25
Relative Frequency

20

15

10

0
0.5 12.5 24.5 36.5 48.5 60.5
Time Until Recurrence

(e) The distribution is bimodal.

(f)
80
60
40
20 Series1

(g) Answers vary.

18. (a) Class width = 28.

(b)
Class Class Relative
Midpoint Frequency
Limits Boundaries Frequency
10–37 9.5–37.5 23.5 7 7
38–65 37.5–65.5 51.5 25 32
66–93 65.5–93.5 79.5 26 58
94–121 93.5–121.5 107.5 9 67
122–149 121.5–149.5 135.5 5 72
150–177 149.5–177.5 163.5 0 72
178–205 177.5–205.5 191.5 1 73

(c)
Histogram of Depth

25

20
Frequency

NOT FOR SALE

15

10

0
9.5 37.5 65.5 93.5 121.5 149.5 177.5 205.5
Depth

11
 (d)

NOT FOR SALE

Histogram of Depth
40

Relative Frequency 30

20

10

0
9.5 37.5 65.5 93.5 121.5 149.5 177.5 205.5
Depth

(e) This distribution is skewed right with a possible outlier.

(f)

80

60

40
Series1
20

0
37.5
65.5
93.5
121.5
149.5
177.5
9.5

(g) Answers vary.

19. (a) Class width = 11

(b)

Class Class Relative Cumulative

Midpoint Frequency
Limits Boundaries Frequency Frequency
26–36 26.5–36.5 31 4 0.08 4
37–47 36.5–47.5 42 21 0.42 25
48–58 47.5–58.5 53 22 0.44 47
59–69 59.5–69.5 64 1 0.02 48
70–80 69.5–80.5 75 2 0.04 50

NOT FOR SALE

12
 (c)

NOT FOR SALE

Histogram of College Enrollment
25

20

15
Frequency

10

0
26.5 36.5 47.5 58.5 69.5 80.5
C2

(d)
Histogram of College Enrollment
50

40

30
Percent

20

10

0
25.5 36.5 47.5 58.5 69.5 80.5
C2

(e) This distribution is skewed right.

(f)

60

40
Series
20 1
0
26.5
36.5
47.5
59.5
69.5

(g) Answers vary.

20. (a) Class width = 6

NOT FOR SALE

(b)
Class Class Relative Cumulative
Midpoint Frequency
Limits Boundaries Frequency Frequency
0–5 0.5–5.5 2.5 13 0.24 13
6–11 5.5–11.5 8.5 15 0.27 28
12–17 11.5–17.5 14.5 11 0.20 39

13
 18–23 17.5–23.5 20.5 3 0.05 42

NOT FOR SALE

24–29 23.5–29.5 26.5 6 0.11 48
30–35 29.5–35.5 32.5 4 0.07 52
36–41 35.5–41.5 38.5 2 0.04 54
42–47 41.5–47.5 44.5 1 0.02 55

(c)
Histogram of Three-Syllable Words
16

14

12

10
Frequency

0
-0.5 5.5 11.5 17.5 23.5 29.5 35.5 41.5 47.5
Three-Syllable Words

(d)
Histogram of Three-Syllable Words
30

25
Relative Frequency

20

15

10

0
-0.5 5.5 11.5 17.5 23.5 29.5 35.5 41.5 47.5
Three-Syllable Words

(e) The distribution is skewed right.

(f)

NOT FOR SALE

(g) Answers vary.

21. (a) Multiply each value by 100.

14
 NOT FOR SALE
(b)
Class Limits Class Boundaries Midpoint Frequency
46–85 45.5–85.5 65.5 4
86–125 85.5–125.5 105.5 5
126–165 125.5–165.5 145.5 10
166–205 165.5–205.5 185.5 5
206–245 205.5–245.5 225.5 5
246–285 245.5–285.5 265.5 3

Histogram of Tonnes

10

8
Frequency

0
0.455 0.855 1.255 1.655 2.055 2.455 2.855

(c)
Class Limits Class Boundaries Midpoint Frequency
0.46–0.85 0.455–0.855 0. 655 4
0.86–1.25 0.855–1.255 1.055 5
1.26–1.65 1.255–1.655 1.455 10
1.66–2.05 1.655–2.055 1.855 5
2.06–2.45 2.055–2.455 2.255 5
2.46–2.85 2.455–2.855 2.655 3

22. (a) Multiply each value by 1000.

(b)
Class Limits Class Boundaries Midpoint Frequency

107–149 106.5–149.5 128 3

150–192 149.5–192.5 171 4

193–235 192.5–235.5 214 3

236–278 235.5–278.5 257 10

NOT FOR SALE 279–321 278.5–321.5 300 6

15
 Histogram of Average

NOT FOR SALE

10

Frequency

0
0.1065 0.1495 0.1925 0.2355 0.2785 0.3215

(c)
Class Limits Class Boundaries Midpoint Frequency

0.107–0.149 0.1065–0.1495 0.128 3

0.150–0.192 0.1495–0.1925 0.171 4

0.193–0.235 0.1925–0.2355 0.214 3

0.236–0.278 0.2355–0.2785 0.257 10

0.279–0.321 0.2785–0.3215 0.300 6

23. (a) 1

(b) About 5/51 = 0.098 = 9.8%

(c) 650 to 750

24.
Dotplot of Finish Times

234 252 270 288 306 324 342 360

Finish Times

NOT FOR SALE

The dotplot shows some of the characteristics of the histogram, such as more dot density from 280 to 340, for
instance, that corresponds roughly to the histogram bars of heights 25 and 16. However, the dotplot and
histogram are somewhat difficult to compare because the dotplot can be thought of as a histogram with one
value, the class mark (i.e., the data value), per class. Because the definitions of the classes (and therefore the
class widths) differ, it is difficult to compare the two figures.

16
25.

NOT FOR SALE

Dotplot of Months

0 8 16 24 32 40 48 56
Months

The dotplot shows some of the characteristics of the histogram, such as the concentration of most of the data in
two peaks, one from 13 to 24 and another from 37 to 48. However, the dotplot and histogram are somewhat
difficult to compare because the dotplot can be thought of as a histogram with one value, the class mark (i.e.,
the data value), per class. Because the definitions of the classes (and therefore the class widths) differ, it is
difficult to compare the two figures.

Section 2.2
1. (a) Yes, since the percentages total more than 100%.
(b) No. In a circle graph, the percentages must total 100%.
(c) Yes. The graph is organized from most frequently selected to least frequently selected.

2. This is not proper because the bars differ in both length and width.

3. A Pareto chart because it shows the five conditions in their order of importance to employees.

4. A time-series graph because the pattern of stock prices over time is more relevant than just the frequency of a
specific range of closing prices.

5.
Bar Graph for Income vs Education
90000
80000
70000
60000
Income

50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
de at
e e e e e ee e e
Gr
a
du gr gr gr gr
h ra De De De De
9t l G te lo
r er ra
l
o ia he st o
ho oc c M
a ct
Sc As
s Ba Do
gh
Hi

6. (a) 45% of the 18 – 34 year olds and approximately 30% of the 45 – 54 year olds said “Influential”. Perhaps

NOT FOR SALE

the vertical scales should be labeled similarly.

17
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 He stood aside, and Katie clapped him warmly on the shoulder.

"You're doin' your best, Woods," she said, "an' I thank you for it. I'll get
the job someways, but not the way you think, an'—an' I thank you."

Only half-way to the corner she met the girl that lived across the hall
from her, Carrie Berkowicz, a homely, round-cheeked, brown-haired
Lithuanian Jewess, who worked in a shirtwaist factory on Tenth Street.

"Say, Katie"—Carrie prided herself on her colloquial English, as she

learned it in the night-classes in the Rand School—"were you still looking
for a job?"

Katie nodded.

"Well, say, I just this minute passed Emma Schrem, an' she says Cora
Costigan is quitting her job at the Lennox store to-day to be married to-
morrow. Why don't you pull up there and try for it?"

Try for it? Katie could scarcely stop to thank her rescuer before she had
turned northward. There was no longer left her even the five cents
necessary for carfare, and, though she was faint with hunger and shaking
with fear lest her tardiness should lose her this slim opportunity, she was
forced to walk. Facing a fine rain blown in from the Sound, she walked up
Second Avenue, and finally, turning westward to the shopping quarter now
crowded with salesgirls on their hurried way to work, she entered, by the
dark employés' door, the large department-store of Joshua N. Lennox,
merchant and philanthropist.

A dozen quick inquiries rushed her, wet and weary, but flushed by her
walk and radiant with the excitement of the race, into the presence of the
frock-coated, pale-faced, suave-mouthed Mr. Porter, the tall, thin man, with
the precision of a surgeon and the gravity of a Sunday-school
superintendent, to whose attention, it appeared, such pleas as hers must be
brought. Mr. Porter, who had gray side-whiskers, which he stroked with
white hands, listened in judicial calm to what she had to say.
 "Just fill out this application-blank," he remarked as, breathless, Katie
ended her little speech.

They were in a dim, bare office under the street, the man at a roll-top
desk lighted by a green-shaded incandescent lamp, the girl standing beside
him. Mr. Porter indicated a writing-shelf along the opposite wall, where
Katie found a pile of the blanks, and pen and ink. While she struggled with
the task assigned her, Mr. Porter verified, by brief, sharp inquiries through a
telephone, her statement of the approaching marriage of Miss Cora
Costigan.

Katie, meanwhile, was giving her age, her parentage, her birthplace, the
name of the firm that had last employed her—she mentioned the candy-
shop for that,—was cheerfully agreeing to join the "Employés' Mutual
Benefit Association," and was putting a "Yes," which she intended promptly
to forget, to the question that asked her to become a spy on her co-workers:
"If you saw a fellow-employé doing anything detrimental to the interests of
the firm, would you consider it your duty to report the same?" It was only at
one of the last questions that she hesitated.

"Please what does that mean?" she asked.

Mr. Porter deigned to walk across the room and, close to her shoulder,
examined the question. It was the simple one: "Do you live with your
parents?"

"That," said Mr. Porter, "is inserted because the firm wishes to have
only nice girls here, and those with good home influences are considered—
most trustworthy."

Mr. Porter had the type of emotionless eyes that can say one sort of
thing far better than the eyes of more temperamental people, and he now
met Katie's steady gaze with a stare of considerable significance.

Katie was rather sure that she understood.

"So that," she said, "if I didn't live with my people, I couldn't have the
job?"
 "So that," Mr. Porter corrected, "if a girl does get a position and lives
with her family, she will be better cared for, and we will know that she is
safe at home evenings."

Katie hesitated no longer. She took the pen and, opposite the query,
wrote a quick "Yes." To be sure she was, on that account, obliged to invent
the kind of work done by her father and the amount of the family wage; but
she so needed the position that her active wit at once supplied the answers.
More or less truthfully, she put a word in reply to the remaining questions,
signed her name, and wrote her address.

Mr. Porter took the paper in his white fingers, read it slowly, folded it,
indorsed it with several hieroglyphics, and placed it in a pigeon-hole.

"I am filing this with our other applications," he said. "As soon as your
name is reached, I will see that you are notified."

Katie's jaw dropped.

"But I thought," she began, "I thought I was to get the job now. I—isn't
Cora leavin', thin, after all?"

"Miss Costigan is leaving us, I understand," said Mr. Porter, stroking his
whiskers; "but there are others—nearly a hundred—on the list ahead of
you."

Katie was hungry, and hunger finds it hard to think of justice. She had
borne all that she could bear. The waiting, the walking, the hope and the
hopelessness had gnawed the string of her courage. Something snapped
inside of her, and she began to sob with Irish unrestraint.

Mr. Porter was embarrassed. He frequently had to deal harshly with

other employés of his philanthropic employer—it was, in fact, upon the
performance of such duties that his living almost depended—but he did not
like to have tears shed in his office: it did not look well for the reputation of
the establishment.
 "My dear Miss—Miss Flanagan," said he, first consulting the
application-blank for the forgotten name, and putting one of his white hands
toward the face now hidden in a crumpled handkerchief.

"You mustn't—really, you must not!"

"But everything depends on me gettin' this job!" sobbed Katie in an

Irish wail. "The rent's due; me family's all sick; the milkman won't leave no
more milk, an' I've eaten nothin' for Heaven knows how long!"

In a rush of words her story, including that of her resurrected father,

leaped from her. What effect it would have had upon Mr. Porter had it been
calmly told is beyond guessing; but it was told by no means calmly, and
Katie's voice rose to a pitch that forced him to surrender out of mere fear of
a prolonged scene. Grudgingly, but unconditionally, he laid down his arms.
He took the telephone and called again Miss Isaacs, the buyer of the
women's hosiery department, which Miss Costigan was to leave on the
following day, told as much of Katie's story as he thought necessary, and
obtained consent to a trial of the girl. He informed Katie that she might
take, on the next morning, the place to be vacated by Miss Costigan, but he
took care to impress upon her mind the fact that he was doing her an
exceptional favor, which she was not to mention to her friends, who might
try to profit by her unusual experience.

Katie was on the point of calling all the saints to bless him when she
bethought her of a practical inquiry theretofore, in her eagerness to secure
any sort of work, neglected.

"An' what's the pay?" she inquired.

"You will receive," replied Mr. Porter in the tones in which his
employer announced the gift of a small fortune to a large college, "four
dollars and fifty cents a week."

Katie forgot the saints.

"Four—" she began. "But, Mr. Porter," she concluded, "will you be
tellin' me how I'm to be livin' on all that?"
 Mr. Porter's calm eyes came again into significant play.

"You have said in your application, you may recall," he dryly remarked,
as he reached for that document, "you have said that you lived with your
father."

For a moment her glance probed his.

"But for all that," she said, "I have to support meself entirely."

Mr. Porter was still looking at her with his emotionless, appraising gaze.
He saw a girl with pretty, piquant features, with glossy black hair, with
cheeks that bloomed even in privation and blue eyes that were beautiful
even in tears.

"Miss Flanagan," said he, "most of the girls that start at these wages in
department-stores are partly supported by their family or have some friend
to help them out."

Katie flushed, but she kept her outward calm.

"An' what if they haven't got a friend?" she inquired.

Porter's cold eye never wavered.

"They find one," he said; "and I may add, Miss Flanagan, that you
should experience no difficulty in that direction."

Poverty will do much for most of us. For Katie it succeeded in curbing a
temper that, in better times, was never docile. Beggars, she reflected, cannot
afford to look too closely into the source or significance of the alms they
have asked. She swallowed her wrath.

"Will you advance one week's salary now?" she asked.

Mr. Porter was distinctly surprised.

"I—why, certainly I won't!" he stammered.

 "Why not?"

"But, my dear Miss Flanagan, I have nothing to do with the payment of

the salaries. Besides, this firm doesn't know you; it does not even know that
you will come to-morrow; it does not know that, if you do come, you will
remain."

Katie smiled insidiously, and Katie smiling through her tear-curled

lashes was insidious indeed.

"Och, now, Mr. Porter," she protested. "That's all well enough for the
green girls; but you an' I know that you're the boss in matters of this sort.
Lend me two an' a quarter."

Mr. Porter, pleased in spite of himself by her flattery, protested, but

Katie remained unconvinced. She declared that she knew he was the real
authority and that she could not bear to hear him underestimate himself.
And the upshot of the discussion was that, though Mr. Porter could, in his
official capacity, do nothing so unbusinesslike as to make her an advance,
he would, personally, be glad to oblige her with a dollar and a half, and
oblige her, adding a fatherly pat to her pink cheek, he ultimately did.

"Thanks," Katie responded as she took the money, and turned to go. "I'll
report to-morrow, then, at a quarter of eight, Mr. Porter."

"At quarter to eight," repeated Mr. Porter, slowly closing the door
behind her.

But, out in the wet street, Katie was saying what she had refrained from
saying in the darkened office.

"An' as for the pay," she concluded, "I can't buy no automobiles with me
loose change; but I think you'll find, you limb of Satan, that I can keep body
an' soul together without a friend in the wor'rld!"
 X

ANOTHER SPHERE

That same evening, his crisp brown mustache hiding the meaning of his
mouth, and his drooping lids concealing the purpose of his steel-gray eyes,
Wesley Dyker, from the rooms he had rented in an East Side Assembly
district, took a cab northwestward through the rain to Riverside Drive. He
was dressed precisely as he dressed to go to the house of Rose Légère, but
he was bound for the house of Joshua Lennox.

There he had plainly been expected. The liveried, tight-lipped servant,

who opened the iron grill-work door for him, showed him deferentially
down a long tiled hall and into, not the formal white and gilt reception-
room, but a comfortable, dimly-lighted apartment, a smoking-room, hung
with fading mediæval tapestries, the floor covered with deep rugs of the
Orient, and the chairs wide, broad-armed, and upholstered in soft leather.

"Miss Lennox will be down in a moment, sir," said the servant. "May I
bring you anything, Mr. Dyker?"

Wesley shook his well-shaped head.

"No, thank you, Charles," he answered, and then, nodding to a decanter

that, under a wide, soft-shaded lamp, stood upon a corner table: "Irish?" he
asked.

Charles bowed, brought a tray, and, when Dyker had poured the
whiskey, added some seltzer, and lighted the cigarette that the guest had
taken from a wrought silver box on a nearby tabouret.

"That is all, Charles," said Dyker, and the servant silently left him alone.

Wesley sank back in his chair with a sigh of comfort. He liked the house
of the philanthropic merchant so well that he could have wished its master
liked him better, and when, within a few minutes, the master himself
chanced into the room, Dyker was prepared to be diplomatic.
 Joshua N. Lennox was the explanation of that Mr. Porter who held so
much power under him. The latter was tall and thin, the former short and
compact, but there all physical differences ended: Mr. Porter had found his
model in his employer. Here was the source of the seneschal's gray hair and
side-whiskers, his trap mouth tortured to the line of benevolence, his calm
gaze and his manner that combined the precision of the surgeon with the
gravity of the head of a Sunday-school. Mr. Lennox, in fact, conducted the
second largest Bible Class in New York. He knew its textbook from the first
chapter of Genesis to the twenty-second chapter of the Revelation, and he
believed in the literal inspiration of every verse of the original and of every
syllable of the English translation.

It was in the voice in which he habitually addressed his Bible Class, the
voice of one uttering a benediction, that he said:

"Good-evening, Mr. Dyker."

Wesley put down his glass and rose to his feet.

The man before him was the perfection of that noble work of Heaven, a
Prominent Citizen. Joshua Lennox endowed Bowery chapels with organs
and meat-supplies; he contributed heavily to missions among the benighted
Japanese; he assisted in arbitrating strikes wherein his fellow-employers
were concerned; he always served on memorial committees; and he
regularly subscribed to the campaign funds of all movements toward
municipal political reform.

If his climbing wife insisted upon having liquor in the house, Mr.
Lennox never touched it. If she served tobacco, he did not smoke. If she
took in a Sunday paper, written and printed on Saturday, he would read no
news until the appearance of the Monday journal merely written and printed
on Sunday. And if his mercantile establishment sold poker-chips under the
pseudonym of "counters," he was aware only that it did not sell playing-
cards. The business he considered as his creation had grown beyond the
limits of his power, and though, a good man and sincere, he might have
done something by keeping a closer eye upon his work, he was in reality as
much the creature of conditions as his worst-paid cash-boy. The great
Frederick complained that a monarch could not know all the evil done in his
kingdom: Joshua Lennox was so busy benefiting mankind that he had no
leisure to observe in his own shop the state of affairs that made his
philanthropy financially possible.

"I hope you are going with us to the opera, Mr. Lennox," said Dyker.

The old man shook his silvered head.

"No," said he in the slow, deliberate utterance that he had acquired with
his first million of dollars; "I am on my way farther down town than that."

"But you had better come," urged Wesley, knowing that refusal was
certain. "This is the last performance of the season."

"On the contrary," the merchant chuckled kindly, "I think you had better
let Marian go to the opera alone and come along with me. I am going to the
first performance of a new season."

"Where's that?"

"To the Municipal Improvement Mass Meeting at Cooper Union."

That made it Dyker's turn to smile.

"Oh, but I couldn't do that," he said. "I'm on the other side, you know."

"Against good government?" The elder man manifestly enjoyed this

mild thrust.

"Against irregularity, Mr. Lennox. There never has been and there never
can be any lasting reform from the outside. We must clean our own houses.
That is why I have moved to my present address. I believe in reform from
within the party, and I believe that to effect this we want men of your sort to
help us indoors and not to attack us from the street."

The merchant's cold eye looked hard at the speaker, but Dyker's lowered
lids betrayed nothing.
 "Yes," replied Lennox, dryly; "I heard that when Tammany Hall first
came into power, but I have never seen any trace of reform from the inside.
What I have seen is the spectacle of most of these inside reformers
developing into leaders of the machine. If you will take an older man's
advice, you will withdraw while there is yet time."

Wesley's reply sprang ready to his lips, but, before he could utter it,
Marian Lennox came into the room.

Something of herself the girl received, no doubt, from her climbing

mother; something, probably, from her satisfied father, and more than she
guessed from a narrow environment. Nevertheless, four years at college had
cultivated in her what seemed to be a spirit of independence, and a brief life
in the city had confirmed in her what she was certain were opinions of her
own.

She was tall and moved with assurance. Her full throat rose above the
ermine of her cloak, supporting a delicately carved head, the head of a
Greek cameo, held rigidly erect. The hair was a rich chestnut, the eyes large
and brown, and the mouth at once firm and kindly. Her skin was very fair
and her gloved hands long and slender.

She caught her father's concluding words.

"While there is yet time," she paraphrased, "Mr. Dyker will withdraw
from this room and get me to the opera-house before the overture has
ended. I am so unfashionable as to want my music entire."

She was used to commanding her parents in their own house, and she
thought that she was used to commanding Wesley everywhere, so that she
dismissed Lennox and secured Dyker's entrance into her waiting limousine
with almost no delay whatever.

"There," she remarked as she settled herself comfortably for their drive;
"I rather fancy that I rescued you from a sermon."

Dyker laughed shortly.

 "Oh, I don't know," he said. "I esteem your father so much that I should
like him to like me."

"But you think that he doesn't like you?"

"I think that he is slow to see that two persons may differ on a question
of political tactics and yet remain, both of them, honest men."

"And may they?" bantered Marian.

"Well," he lightly accepted the challenge, "I shall take the specific case.
There is no doubting your father's sincerity; there is no doubting the
sincerity of nearly all the men that will, with him, to-night try to launch
another of these municipal-reform parties which, if they ever get started at
all, are sure to run on the rocks at last."

"And on the other hand," said the girl, "I suppose I must generously
refuse to doubt the sincerity of Tammany Hall?"

"On the other hand you must justly refuse to doubt the sincerity of a few
young men who have seen that reform-parties always end in violent
reaction within the city and, if briefly successful, weaken the party in the
next national campaign. You must refuse to doubt the sincerity of these
young men when they go into the heart of the East Side to live and work
among the people that make up the organization's fighting-strength. You
must believe in them when they try to get nominated for even the smallest
offices on the machine-ticket. And you must have faith that, if they can
work themselves at last into places of power, they will reform the party in
the only way that will keep it reformed."

"Dear me," sighed Marian, "it seems that it was father that I rescued
from a sermon."

"Well," said Dyker, "you asked me why your father and I should not
mistrust each other, and there you have the reason. You know what I am
trying to do; I have told you my plans as I haven't told them to another
human being—and you should know that I am not to be suspected."
 There was a ring in his voice that touched her.

"I'm sorry," she said. "I beg you'll forgive me. Only really, you know,
you can't expect father to be with you: he would have to break the habit of a
lifetime."

"I don't ask him to be with me; I only ask him to believe that a man can
work with the organization and yet have pure principles."

"He can't even go so far as that; he says that every system is the
reflection of the men that make it, and he says that the system you support
battens on horrors."

"But it can't be the system. The horrors existed long before the system.
Is he such a conservative as not to be able to see that?"

"He isn't a conservative; he is the one unprogressive thing in nature: the

liberal of a preceding generation. Only the other day I mentioned something
I have been thinking about doing—something that several of my most
conventional friends have been doing for ever so long—and he was so
dreadfully shocked that, though I'm now resolved upon my course, I can't
guess how he'll take it."

Dyker's curiosity was easily piqued.

"If you proposed it," he said, "I can't imagine that it was such a very
terrible thing."

"Oh, no; it was merely that I want to be of some use in the world and so
have made up my mind to go in for settlement-work."

Wesley Dyker was one of those rare animals, a human being whose
parents, though they could have arranged it otherwise, permitted him to be
born in New York. He had been reared, at least during the winters of his
earlier life, within the Borough of Manhattan, and his views were, like those
of most of his even less acclimated neighbors, just as wide as that narrow
island, and no wider. Indeed, so far as were concerned his views of the
proper sphere of his own womankind, he limited them entirely to an
extremely small portion of the city.

"Of course you're joking," he said.

"I am in cold earnest," she assured him.

"But that's absurd. You've—why you don't know what settlement-work

means!"

"I know quite well what it means," said Marian. "I have friends engaged
in it, as I told you, and I've been visiting them and seeing their life at close
quarters."

"And you really mean——"

"I really mean that here we are at the Metropolitan, and that we can't
talk on our way upstairs, and we won't talk while there is music to listen
to."

Slowly their car had taken its grudged place in a long procession of its
fellows, one by one unloading the human freight before the brilliantly
lighted doorway. The pavement and the steps were a tossing sea of silk hats,
colored scarfs, and glittering headdresses. Into this they plunged, hurried to
the crowded elevator, traversed a lighted corridor, passed through a short,
dark passage and came out to the Lennox box in the great, glaring
horseshoe of the opera-house.

Dyker, baffled by the sudden stop that had been put to his protests,
looked moodily upon the familiar picture. Below them, climbing to the rail
behind which was massed the orchestra, was the pit, white bosoms and bare
shoulders, too distant to present, to the unassisted eye, any hint of
individuality. Above rose the teeming galleries, line above line of peering
faces. And to right and left swept the great curve of the boxes splendid with
lace and feathers and jewels.

He saw no more than that during the entire performance and, as Marian,
even in the entr'actes, would talk of nothing but the music to which he had
refused to listen, he heard less. The opera was "Lucia," and as Wesley, with
a taste worthy of a more discerning critic, considered that work nothing but
a display of vocal gymnastics devised for a throat abnormally developed, he
would probably have been, in any case, bored.

His father, who had what his friends called "family," had married what
everybody called "money," but had managed to invest that commodity with
a talent for choosing failures, and, when both parents had died, Wesley,
fresh from the Columbia Law School, had amazedly found himself in a
position where he would actually have to turn his education to practical
account. For five years he held a thankless, underpaid and unmentioned
partnership in a well-known firm of corporation-lawyers. He drew their
briefs, and developed a genuine talent for the task, but he was never given a
chance to plead. The worm of necessity spun its cocoon in his brain, but the
emerging butterfly of ambition could find no way to liberty.

One day, however, he was commissioned to prepare the case in defense

of a large contractor, quite justly accused of fraud. It happened that, when
the young lawyer brought the results of his week's work to his chief, the
client in whose interests the work had been done was closeted with the head
of the firm, and, Dyker being presented, that contractor learned of Wesley's
service. At the ensuing trial the client was acquitted, and remembered the
service. He lived on the East Side and made most of his money from
political jobs. The rest followed simply enough. Dyker was introduced to
the powers of his patron's district, and, thinking that he saw here the
opportunity of which he had begun to despair, he had left his former
employers and was already shouldering his way forward among his new
friends. His former acquaintances mildly wondered what the devil he was
after; his latter ones began to regard him as a clever fellow, and the
newspapers printed stories of him as a young society man that gratuitously
gave his legal talents to the help of the poor.

For his own part, Dyker was quite certain of what he was and of what
he would be. He had seen, beneath his lowered lids, that a clever man could
gain both fortune and power through political prestige, and he meant to use
that means to his end. He had also, while still with the firm of corporation-
lawyers, been presented to Marian Lennox by her opportunely-met,
socially-aspiring mother, and was, whatever his relation with other
members of her sex, quite as much in love with her as he could be with
anybody. Realizing the power of her father's fortune and the beauty of the
girl herself, he had determined to marry her with as little delay as possible.

Until to-night he had delayed all open pursuit, because there had not
been lacking signs to free him from fear of all male rivals; but that Marian
should thus suddenly develop a purpose in life meant that he was to have a
rival of a far more formidable sort. He set his teeth under his crisp
mustache, folded his arms across his heart, and sat stolidly through the
interminable opera: as soon as it was over, he meant to play his first lead.

He did play it—played it as soon as their car had crept up in answer to

its electric-call and whisked them away into the night. As they shot up the
flaming street, her clean-cut profile was almost as distinct as it had been in
the box, and the girl, still thrilling with the memory of the music she so
passionately loved, was close to the mood best suited to his own.

"May I talk now?" he asked ruefully.

She smiled.

"You mean to ask if you may argue," she answered. "No, you may not
argue against my determination, and I am a good deal surprised that a man
of your sort should want to."

"I don't intend to argue," he protested, leaning the merest trifle toward
her. "I mean only to ask you if your determination is quite fixed."

She bowed her splendid head.

"Quite fixed," she said.

"So that argument would not shake it?"

"So that no argument could shake it."

"Nor any persuasion?"

 His voice had sunk only a semi-tone, but her feminine ear noted the
change.

"Nor any persuasion," she replied.

"Then suppose I presented to you neither argument nor persuasion, but a

condition?"

"But there is no conceivable condition that could arise to change me.

You refuse to understand that I see this thing as a duty."

A lamp stronger than its fellows threw a quick ray full upon her face;
her brown eyes were charmingly serious, her lips dangerously sweet.

"What I understand," responded Dyker, "is that there is one situation in

which a woman may find herself where there arises a duty that crowds all
others from the board."

His hand, in the semi-darkness, sought and found her own, its glove
withdrawn, cool and firm and unretreating.

"You know the situation I mean," he said. "I love you. I love you so
much, Marian, that I am jealous of any work that would take you from me; I
want so much of your love that I can spare none of it—none even for the
poor and suffering."

In that tight grasp her hand fluttered a little, but she did not answer: she
could not answer, because, while her brain was telling her that a love so
rapacious was necessarily niggardly, her heart was crying out that this was
the love it wanted most of all.

"Marian"—his voice shook now with the emotion that was tugging at its
leash—"you've known for some months that I loved you; all last winter you
must have seen this coming; you can't be unprepared to answer me!"

He possessed himself of her other hand, and pressed her inert palms
between his own.
 But the girl's determination loomed large to her. Through her entire life
she had been shut away from the real world, behind rich curtains and amid
soft lights, until, fired with the unrest of a partial education, she had
chanced upon a glimpse of classmates working in what they called the
slums, and now, with all the enthusiasm of youth, she had resolved to join
them. A maturer woman would not have taken so seriously a sudden
impulse to engage in work for which she had no training, but Marian was
young.

"I am not unprepared," she answered. "I did know. But I know too that
there are things that can make even love a finer, a better emotion."

The words reminded her of some speech she had once heard in a play,
and, entirely in earnest as she was, the sound of them from her own lips
strengthened her. She was in love with Wesley Dyker, but she was more in
love with renunciation.

The man, however, shook his head.

"No," he said, "love is something ultimate. You can't paint the lily; you
can't part it and share it; you must either cherish it or kill it. Which do you
mean to do?"

The car had turned into the smoother way of Riverside Drive, where the
lights are far fewer and less bright than Broadway's. He could not see her
face, but he could not doubt the resolve that was in her voice as she
answered:

"I mean to take up the work that I have told you of."

"But that's folly, Marian!"

He had chosen the wrong term of description, and, the moment he

uttered it, he knew that he had erred. "Folly" is the word that youth most
resents.

Marian withdrew her hands.

 "It is strange," she said, "to hear you, of all men, laugh at an attempt to
help the poor."

"I am not laughing; I'm too serious to laugh. I am so serious that I can't
pick and choose phrases. I meant only that you can't help these people
without training——"

"I can get training."

"Without knowing them?"

"The only way to know them is to go to them."

"But even then, you can do so little. These settlements accomplish

practically nothing. They are fads for the people that run them and
playthings for the people they are intended to help. I can speak with
authority, and I tell you that the young men and women, the boys and girls,
that go to them, drop in only when they have nothing else to do, and all the
rest of the time go their own ways."

He forgot that he had said he would not argue. He used all his power to
convince and to persuade; but if there is one human being that cannot be
moved from a purpose, it is a young girl with a romantic ideal, smarting
under what she conceives to be ridicule, and for the first time tasting what
she believes to be the bitter-sweets of sacrifice. Even when the verbal war
had been carried into her own house, he could bring no concession from
her. If he was helping his neighbors, then he should be all the more anxious
that she, as the woman he wanted to be his wife, should have precisely the
experience that the settlement would supply her.

"Then you mean," he asked, "that you do care—that you care at least a
little?"

He put out his hands, but she did not seem to see them.

"I mean," she answered, "that we must wait."

 XI

UNDER THE LASH

It was on the day following her eavesdropping upon Rose that Violet
was awakened early—as early as eleven o'clock in the morning—by a
sudden cry. The sound was one of some pain and more terror, beginning in
the high note of horrified amazement and ending in an attenuating moan of
despair.

Violet had been living in a highly charged atmosphere: she sat up in

bed, sleep immediately banished from her brain. She remained still and
listened. She heard Rose's now familiar footstep. She heard a door open and
close. She heard that cry frightfully begin again, and then she heard it more
frightfully stop in mid-power, cease in abrupt and hideous silence.

There came a discreet tapping at her own door.

"Are you alone, my dear?"

It was the deep, contralto voice of English Evelyn, and, as Violet replied
in the affirmative, the woman softly entered.

Her tall, almost thin, figure was draped in a soiled pink kimona; her
yellow hair seemed merely to have been tossed upon her head and to have
been left precisely as it happened to alight; her blue eyes were dull, and her
hard, narrow face, with its spots of high color over the cheek-bones, showed
more plainly than common, the usually faint little red veins that lay close
below its white skin.

"My Gawd," she sighed, as she sank upon the bed and curled up at its
foot, "there are some things I can't get accustomed to, and that"—she
nodded in the direction whence the cry had come—"that's one of them."
 She spoke in a weary voice, a voice with almost no animation, but with
a curious mixture of the cockney of the New Yorker and with a rising
inflection that saved what she said from monotony.

"What was it?" asked Violet.

"You ought to know. It was another of them."

"You mean——" The question trailed into nothingness on Violet's

whitening lips.

"Yes," said Evelyn, seizing a pillow and snuggling her broad shoulders
against it. "Got a cig?" And then, as her hostess produced a box from under
the mattress: "It does so get upon my nerves. Why, sometimes they come
here young enough to play with dollies. This time there was no more sleep
for boiby. Had to run downstairs and rig a B. and S., and then come up to
girlie here for company."

"How—how did this happen?"

"How the deuce do you suppose? One story is pretty much all of them,
my dear, and one about as narsty as the others."

"But this?"

"Oh, this broke me up just because I had the bad luck to hear the details,
though I must say I've heard the same details often enough before. Her
people lived in a tenement in Essex Street, where it's so crowded that the
men have to come outside every evening while their wives cook the dinners
—three nine-by-seven rooms, no barth and no privacy; four children from
eighteen to ten in one room; pa, ma, the boiby, and the seven-year-old in the
second, and the cot in the kitchen-living-room rented to the lodger. The
lodger was the wiggly snake under the apple-tree."

"He brought her here?"

"Gave her, as you might say, the general directions. But she'd have
come along of her own self sometime."