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1 A beaker contains water at room temperature. The diagram shows the beaker placed on a tripod
above a Bunsen burner.

The Bunsen burner is lit and the temperature of the water begins to increase.

(a) The water is evaporating.

(i) Describe one difference between evaporation and boiling.

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(ii) State and explain what happens to the rate at which the water evaporates as its
temperature increases.

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(b) After a few minutes, the water reaches its boiling point temperature. The water continues to
gain energy from the Bunsen burner.

(i) State what happens to the temperature of the water in the beaker.

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(ii) The
6
specific latent heat of vaporisation of water is 2.3 x 10
J/ kg. After the water reaches
6
J/ kg. After the water
reaches
its boiling point, it takes 12 minutes for 0.095 kg of water to boil away.

Calculate the average rate at which energy is being supplied to the water by heating.

rate of energy supplied = ................................................. [3]

[Total: 7]

2 The diagram shows a plastic cup. The cup contains sand, an electric heater and a thermometer.

The power of the heater is 50 W. The mass of the sand in the cup is 550 g. The initial temperature
of the sand is 20 °C. The heater is switched on for 2.0 minutes. The temperature is recorded until
the temperature stops increasing. The highest temperature recorded by the thermometer is 33 °C.

(a) Calculate the energy supplied by the heater.

energy = .............................................. [2]

(b) Calculate a value for the specific heat capacity of the sand, using your answer to (a) and the
data in the question.

specific heat capacity = .............................................. [3]

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(c) Explain why the specific heat capacity of sand may be different from the value calculated in
(b).

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[Total: 7]

3 A liquid-in-glass thermometer is placed in some ice made from pure water. The ice is heated. It
changes to water and then to steam.

The graph shows how the temperature varies with time. The values of temperature are missing
from the y-axis.

(a) Suggest a value for the temperature at each of the three points marked on the y-axis of the
graph.

Write a value in each of the boxes. [2]

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(b) In both section X and section Y the line on the graph is horizontal.

For each section, state the name for the process taking place and explain what is happening
to the molecules.

(i) section X

name......................................................................................................................

explanation.............................................................................................................

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(ii) section Y

name......................................................................................................................

explanation.............................................................................................................

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[Total: 6]

4 An electrical heater is placed on the floor of a room in a house. The heater is switched on.

The heater has a power of 1.5 kW. The air in the room has a mass of 65 kg. The specific heat
capacity of air is 720 J / (kg °C).

(a) Calculate the time it takes for this heater to raise the temperature of the air in the room from
8.0 °C to 15.0 °C.

time = .............................................. [4]

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(b) State two reasons why the time calculated in (a) is smaller than the actual time taken to raise
the temperature of the air in the room from 8.0 °C to 15.0 °C.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

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2 ........................................................................................................................................

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[Total: 6]

5 Some surfaces are better at emitting radiation than others.

(a) Describe an experiment to show whether a black surface or a white surface is the better
emitter
of radiation. You may draw a diagram.

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(b) To ensure that the conclusion reached in the experiment in (a) is correct, several details of
the experiment must be identical when testing the two different surfaces.
State two quantities in the experiment that you described that must be identical during the
test.

1. .......................................................................................................................................

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2. .......................................................................................................................................

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[Total: 5]

6 The diagram shows a cross-section of the inside of a vacuum flask containing a cold liquid. The
walls of the vacuum flask are made of glass.

The vacuum flask is being used to keep a liquid cool on a hot day.

Explain how the labelled features of the vacuum flask keep the liquid cool by reducing thermal
energy transfer. Include the names of the processes involved.

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[Total: 5]
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7 The diagram shows two metal plates A and B with a radiant heater placed midway between them.

Metal plate A is shiny. Metal plate B is dull black. A piece of cork is attached to each plate using
wax. The wax is a solid at room temperature and has a melting point of 37 °C.

State and explain what happens to the pieces of cork a few minutes after the heater is switched
on.

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[Total: 4]
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8 A student wants to investigate good and bad absorbers of thermal radiation. She has the
apparatus
shown in the diagram, a supply of cold water and a metre rule.

Explain how the student could use the apparatus she has available to carry out her investigation.
Describe the results she would expect to obtain. Draw a diagram of the set-up.

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[Total: 4]
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9 A metal container is used to cook food. The metal container has thick walls. Hot cooking oil at a
temperature of 120 °C is poured into the container.

The outside surface of the container gets hot. Some thermal energy passes through the metal
because vibrating atoms in the metal collide with neighbouring atoms and transfer energy to them.

Explain how the rest of the thermal energy is conducted through the metal container to the outside
surface by another process.

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[Total: 3]