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Life in
Treaty
Port
China and

Japan
Edited by Donna Brunero
and Stephanie Villalta Puig
Life in Treaty Port China and Japan
Donna Brunero • Stephanie Villalta Puig
Editors

Life in Treaty Port

China and Japan
Editors
Donna Brunero Stephanie Villalta Puig
National University of Singapore The University of Hull
Singapore, Singapore Kingston upon Hull, UK

ISBN 978-981-10-7367-0    ISBN 978-981-10-7368-7 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7368-7

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018932910

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of
translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on
microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval,
electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now
known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are
exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information
in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the pub-
lisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the
material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The
publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institu-
tional affiliations.

Cover illustration: Yokohama Archives of History

Printed on acid-free paper

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature
Singapore Pte Ltd. part of Springer Nature
The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-­01/04 Gateway East, Singapore
189721, Singapore
 Foreword

Nothing has ever shouted ‘treaty port’ more loudly than Shanghai’s iconic
Bund. And no country ever tried as hard to end the system of ‘unequal’
treaties that created these ports as did China. Yet, as this truly interdisci-
plinary volume demonstrates, treaty ports were neither only Chinese nor
confined to Shanghai. Indeed, my first visit to a former treaty port was not
to Shanghai or anywhere else in China, but to Yokohama, as a very young
boy, decades ago on an American passenger ship en route from San
Francisco to Hong Kong. It was the first time I had ever seen snow—only
a light, white dusting, but enough to remind me I was truly in a foreign
land. The souvenir I purchased was a handmade figurine of a Japanese
child, dressed in what then would have been called ‘traditional costume’.
J.E. Hoare’s chapter in this book reminded me that these ‘sites of mem-
ory’ have different meanings in Japan than they do in China, partly because
of the two nations’ different encounters with the West (and with each
other), not to mention their respective post–treaty port histories. Similarly,
I was struck while reading Yuanxie Shi and Laurel Kendall’s chapter on
treaty port souvenirs from Ningbo how probably no Japanese child at the
time I visited Yokohama would have owned such a figurine as the one I
bought, crafted to reflect a timeless Japan to satisfy a demand for curiosities
by foreign tourists. And yet, as Simon James Bytheway’s chapter on
Japanese woodblock prints and printed ephemera argues, producing images
of the Japanese ‘at home’ was a key part of the nation’s modernisation.
As Donna Brunero and Stephanie Villalta Puig explain in their intro-
duction, moving ‘beyond the Bund’ provides a more nuanced u ­ nderstanding
of the cross-cultural (and indeed intracultural) encounters and exchanges

v
vi FOREWORD

in these cities and towns. The nine chapters in this volume do so in four
main, interrelated ways: geographically and physically, mentally and emo-
tionally, medically and materially. Linking all these is, of course, the uneven
power relationships that defined the treaty ports, regardless of when and
where, though even those relationships were more complex than previous
scholarship has often suggested.
Expatriate families on the China coast, Brunero argues in her own
chapter, helped to create a feeling of stability and permanence through a
wide repertoire of sites and activities, from ‘treasured places’ such as clubs
and holiday homes to what we might call ‘treasured practices’ such as
maintaining a garden or huddling round a gramophone or piano.
(Incidentally, my family’s piano in 1970s Hong Kong was also from the
Robinson’s Piano Co. mentioned in Brunero’s chapter, engraved promi-
nently with the declaration ‘manufactured for the tropics’.) And as Robert
Nield’s chapter shows, expatriates in the ‘lesser’ treaty ports situated liter-
ally ‘beyond the Bund’ often tried to maintain their Britishness by recreat-
ing the life they had in Shanghai or in the other more developed ports.
Life in these ‘outports’ could be isolated and lonely, though writing and
receiving letters helped close the distance.
As much as treaty port residents might try to shape their own domestic
worlds, they could not change environmental geography. Stephanie
Villalta Puig’s chapter on medical geography in China shows how the
British experience there was a physical one. The medicine practised by the
Imperial Maritime Customs Service aimed to protect its staff and their
families in these sometimes hostile climes. Chester Proshan’s contribution
on cholera in Yokohama helps us to understand the relationships among
empire, deadly disease, and the local ‘matrix of ordinary life’ in nineteenth
century Japan, even though attempts by Japanese and international
migrants to fight cholera never led to any changes in this matrix.
Treaty ports were from the outset about land and territory, and the
right to live and trade there. However, as Yu Chen’s chapter on Sino-­
Anglo land transactions in Xiamen (Amoy) shows, there was never one
single ‘rent-in-perpetuity’ system that applied to all Chinese treaty ports.
The most notorious feature of treaty ports was extraterritoriality: at least
in China, this rankled nationalists more than anything. But Gonzalo
Villalta Puig’s chapter on the Malay murder trials reminds us that extrater-
ritoriality also brought the rule of law and could benefit not only Britons,
Chinese and Japanese in the treaty ports but also colonial subjects from
other parts of the British Empire.
 FOREWORD
   vii

Perhaps most important of all, the chapters in this book remind us that
although treaty ports were about law, diplomacy and power, they were
also about living beings, both ordinary and otherwise: those who created
them, those who lived in them and made them work on a daily basis, and
those who eventually helped end them. And, as we see in Timothy Amos’s
chapter on horses and hostlers in Yokohama’s foreign settlement, these
living beings were not all human. For even horses mattered—practically,
materially and symbolically—in life ‘beyond the Bund.’

The University of Hong Kong John M. Carroll

Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
 Preface

This volume was conceived by two scholars of treaty port China, two
scholars who originally lived elsewhere but whose careers led them to find
themselves in Asia. Every other contributor is similarly also either based in
Asia or spent significant parts of their lives there. It is not surprising, per-
haps, to find that we shared a fascination for understanding the everyday
life of foreigners in East Asia in a much earlier time. From the collective
lived experiences that have come to inform each chapter, this book is a
work of historical scholarship informed by the modern day and even mun-
dane experiences of the routines of life: the weather, the family, health,
ideals and fears of place, cultural considerations, material collections, sta-
bility of administration and regulations, memory, then nostalgia.
These routines are an endless source of fascination for people wanting
to read more about the histories of globalisation, of expatriate life and the
experience of being a resident in a place where the local and the foreign
were bound together in the interests of trade, colonialism, adventure and
travel. While this volume does not intend to take us chronologically to the
present day, it does venture to explore some of these ideas in the historical
context of the treaty port world.
This volume has its genesis in the Asian Studies Association in Asia
Conference held at the National University of Singapore in 2014 within a
panel dedicated to the treaty ports of China and Japan. While an initial
concern was that our panel might be overly ambitious by combining both
Chinese and Japanese treaty ports into a metageography, our discussions
realised how the interplay of similar themes, concerns and potential inter-
connections were much more productive than the traditional approach of

ix
x PREFACE

restricting the discussion to a solely Chinese or a Japanese focus. Lingnan

University in Hong Kong provided the perfect setting at its 2011 and
2015 conferences Empire State of Mind: Articulations of British Culture in
the Empire, 1707–1997 and Among Empires: The British Empire in Global
Imperial Context Conferences, respectively, for similarly minded scholars to
materialise these discussions into contributions. And it is with this view
that we promote further comparisons, dialogues and scholarship in order
to present the treaty ports as a more common East Asian phenomenon
than the literature has previously acknowledged.

SingaporeDonna Brunero
Hull, UK  Stephanie Villalta Puig
 Acknowledgements

We are grateful for the support and collegiality of our fellow treaty port
enthusiasts who have collaborated on this project. By combining a diverse
array of specialisations, we have all been challenged to think about our
own scholarship in new and valuable ways.
Professor John M. Carroll of The University of Hong Kong has been
more than a mentor; we are thankful for his generosity, with regard to
both his time spent conversing over our ideas as this volume took shape
and for his advice.
We would also like to express our thanks to the Yokohama Archives of
History for their permission to use the Famous Places: The Englishman and
Motomura print, dated 1860, for the cover of this volume.
Finally, we appreciate the assistance of the editorial and production
teams of Palgrave Macmillan.

xi
 Contents

1 Introduction   1
Donna Brunero and Stephanie Villalta Puig

Part I Everyday Life  19

2 ‘Ponies, Amahs and All That …’: Family Lives in China’s

Treaty Ports  21
Donna Brunero

3 Horses and Hostlers in the Making of a Japanese Foreign

Settlement  47
Timothy D. Amos

4 Beyond the Bund: Life in the Outports  73

Robert Nield

xiii
xiv CONTENTS

Part II Health and Welfare 105

5 Treaty Ports and the Medical Geography of China:

Imperial Maritime Customs Service Approaches
to Climate and Disease 107
Stephanie Villalta Puig

6 Japanese, International Migrants, and Cholera

in the Yokohama Treaty Port, 1859–1899 137
Chester J. Proshan

Part III Law and Land 173

7 Extraterritoriality and the Rule of Law in the Treaty

Ports: The Malay Murder Trials of the British
Supreme Court for China and Japan 175
Gonzalo Villalta Puig

8 “Rent-in-Perpetuity” System and Xiamen Title Deed:

A Study of Sino-Anglo Land Transactions in China’s
Treaty Ports 185
Yu Chen

Part IV Visualising the Port 215

9 Who Miniaturises China? Treaty Port Souvenirs

from Ningbo 217
Yuanxie Shi and Laurel Kendall

10 The Arrival of the “Modern” West in Yokohama:

Images of the Japanese Experience, 1859–1899 247
Simon James Bytheway
 CONTENTS
   xv

Part V Treaty Port Legacies 269

11 Memories of Times Past: The Legacy of

Japan’s Treaty Ports 271
J. E. Hoare

Index  293
 Notes on Contributors

Timothy D. Amos is Associate Professor of Japanese Studies at the

National University of Singapore. His research primarily focuses on ques-
tions of human rights, marginality, and social stratification in Japan from
the early modern period through to the present. His most recent writings
explore various aspects of Japanese outcaste history, including population
registration (2014) and urban transformation (2015).
Donna Brunero is Senior Lecturer of History at the National University
of Singapore. Her research focuses on the intersections between maritime
and imperial history, with a particular interest in the colonial port cities of
Asia and the treaty ports of China. She is the author of Britain’s Imperial
Cornerstone in China: The Chinese Maritime Customs Service, 1854–1949
(2006). She has forthcoming publications on the British maritime empire
in Asia, on maritime ethnography, and on piracy on the South China coast.
Simon J. Bytheway is Professor of Financial and Economic History at
Nihon University in Tokyo and the author of Investing Japan: Foreign
Capital, Monetary Standards, and Economic Development, 1859–2011
(2014), and Central Banks and Gold: How Tokyo, London, and New York
Shaped the Modern World [coauthored with Mark Metzler] (2016).
Yu Chen is an architect, an urban historian and an Assistant Professor at
the National University of Singapore. Her research interests centre around
the history of treaty ports in China, overseas Chinese architecture and
regeneration in Asia. Her publications include The Making of a Bund in
China: The British Concession in Xiamen (1852–1930).

xvii
xviii NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

J. E. Hoare holds a PhD from the University of London. From 1969 to

2003, he was a member of the British Diplomatic Service. An Honorary
Research Associate at SOAS University of London and an associate fellow
of the Asia Programme at Chatham House, he now writes and broadcasts
about East Asia.
Laurel Kendall is the Chair of the Anthropology Division at the American
Museum of Natural History (AMNH) and the curator of Asian
Ethnographic Collections at the AMNH. She recently completed a term
as the president of the Association for Asian Studies.
Robert Nield lives in Hong Kong. Since retiring as a professional accoun-
tant, he has focused on China’s treaty port history. Publications include
The China Coast: Trade and the First Treaty Ports (2010) and China’s
Foreign Places: The Foreign Presence in China in the Treaty Port Era,
1840–1943 (2015). He is currently an MPhil candidate with the University
of Bristol.
Chester J. Proshan is retired, from Bunka Gakuen University, where he
was Professor of American Studies. He continues to teach, part-time, as
Adjunct Professor at Toyo University. His areas of interest are immigra-
tion history and contemporary Jewish history. Recent articles he has writ-
ten on international migration and the Yokohama Treaty Port have
appeared in the Australasian Journal of Popular Culture and the East
Asian Journal of Popular Culture.
Yuanxie Shi is a PhD student in East Asian Studies at the University of
Chicago and holds an MA in Museum Anthropology from Columbia
University. Born in Ningbo, she first encountered Chinese handicraft in
her own family and has also worked in the art market.
Gonzalo Villalta Puig is Head of the School of Law and Politics and
Professor of Law at the University of Hull. He is the inaugural holder of
The University of Hull Chair in the Law of Economic Integration.
Professor Villalta Puig is Chair of the Research Group for Constitutional
Studies of Free Trade and Political Economy of the International
Association of Constitutional Law and a member of the Committee on
Procedure of International Courts and Tribunals of the International Law
Association. He is an Overseas Fellow of the Australian Academy of Law,
a Fellow of the European Law Institute and an Associate Member of the
International Academy of Comparative Law. Professor Villalta Puig is an
Associate Editor of the Global Journal of Comparative Law (Brill Nijhoff).
 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS
   xix

Stephanie Villalta Puig is Honorary Fellow in History at The University

of Hull. She was formerly Assistant Professor at The Technological and
Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong and has held posts at The
Chinese University of Hong Kong, La Trobe University and The Australian
National University, from where she holds a Doctor of Philosophy degree
in History. She specialises in the study of the British Empire in China, with
particular interests in world history and cultural and medical history.
 List of Figures

Fig. 2.1 ‘The ‘lady tourist’ and sedan chair’ 7 April 1926, North-China
Daily News26
Fig. 2.2 ‘The story of a sneeze: In the Shanghai Club and the French’,
14 March 1925, North China Herald30
Fig. 2.3 ‘Hot weather philosophy in Shanghai’ 19 July 1926, North
China Herald33
Fig. 2.4 ‘Silhouettes from Peking’, 1926 35
Fig. 3.1 Bushū Yokohama Meishozu Igirisujin Motomura (Yokohama
(Musashi Province) Famous Places: Englishman and
Motomura) by Yoshitora (1860) 45
Fig. 3.2 Yokohama Kaikō Kenbunshi (Record of sights and sounds of the
opening of Yokohama) by Hashimoto Sadahide, from the Gomi
Bunko Collection 59
Fig. 3.3 Yokohama Kaikō Kenbunshi (Record of sights and sounds of the
opening of Yokohama) by Hashimoto Sadahide, from the Gomi
Bunko Collection 60
Fig. 4.1 Map of China’s treaty ports and outports discussed in the
chapter74
Fig. 4.2 The Union Flag flying from near the British Consulate in
Shanghai, c.1924. Image courtesy of Billie Love Historical
Collection and Historical Photographs of China, University of
Bristol75
Fig. 4.3 The Union Flag flying above the fisherman’s shack that was the
British Consulate in Beihai, 1877. The Graphic, 5 March 1887 80
Fig. 8.1 Huaqi signed between Hong Chang and Michelsen, 1874.
Transcribed and drawn by the author. Source: PRO,
FO678/17, Amoy: Lot No. 74 Bruce, R.H., 1902 191

xxi
xxii List of Figures

Fig. 8.2 Huaqi signed between Bradford and Huang Yuan, 1863.
Transcribed and drawn by the author. Source: PRO,
FO678/16, Amoy: Lot No. 4 Tait & Co. 1901 194
Fig. 8.3 The incomplete title deed for Petigura’s fourth lot on the
site, 1916. Transcribed and drawn by the author. Source:
PRO, FO678/120, Amoy: Petigura, P.J. 1916 198
Fig. 8.4 Chinese page of the title deed and attached map for Lot No.
170. Transcribed and drawn by the author. Source: PRO,
FO678/82, Amoy: Lot No. 170 Lim, Mrs G.P., 1929 201
Fig. 8.5 Title deed of Lot No. 1. Transcribed and drawn by the
author. Source: PRO, FO678/133, Amoy: Lot No. 1
Scott, M.G., 1879 205
Fig. 8.6 Title deed of Lot No. 123. Transcribed and drawn by the
author. Source: PRO, FO678/110, Amoy: Lot No. 123
Nicholls, Mrs T.C., 1910 207
Fig. 8.7 Title deed of Lot No. 128. Transcribed and drawn by the
author. Source: PRO, FO678/79, Amoy: Lot No. 128 Lim,
E.V.S., 1914 209
Fig. 9.1 American Museum of Natural History: Top left: farmer with
plough (AMNH 70.2/824); top right: execution scene
(AMNH 70.2/820); bottom right: sedan chair (AMNH
70/1686); bottom left: spinning silk (AMNH 70/4609).
Images courtesy of the Division of Anthropology, American
Museum of Natural History 219
Fig. 9.2 American Museum of Natural History: Comparisons of jizi
and figurines (clockwise): top left: jizi scene (AMNH 70/4701);
top right: figurine carrying bundle on a pole (AMNH
70/4615); bottom right: figurine tending geese (AMNH
70/4616); bottom left: crane motif (AMNH 70/4707) 223
Fig. 9.3 American Museum of Natural History: Torture collected and
photographed (clockwise): top left: archival photograph of
wearing cangue, courtesy of Special Collections, American
Museum of Natural History Library, Image number 336619;
top right: two figures sharing cangue (AMNH 70.2/818);
bottom left: figure wearing cangue (AMNH 70/1680) 229
Fig. 9.4 American Museum of Natural History: Being mortared in hell
(clockwise): left: hell painting (AMNH 70/13330); top right:
woman being mortared head first while a hungry dog licks the
blood, courtesy of the Burke Museum of Natural History and
Culture (Catalogue Number 5-14136); bottom right: shadow
puppet mortar for grinding culprits in hell (AMNH
70/10166), both AMNH 230
 List of Figures 
   xxiii

Fig. 9.5 More hell torture: top: figurine being sawn in twain by
hell demons (AMNH 70.2/822); bottom: shadow puppet
demons wielding a saw (AMNH 70/10176) 231
Fig. 10.1 New Invention: German Battleship by Unsen (1874).
Courtesy of Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler
Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.: Gift of
Ambassador and Mrs. William Leonhart, S1998.65a-c 252
Fig. 10.2 Illustration of Tokyo–Yokohama Steam Train Timetable by
Yoshitora (1872). Courtesy of Freer Gallery of Art and
Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution,
Washington, D.C.: Gift of Ambassador and Mrs. William
Leonhart, S1998.100 254
Fig. 10.3 Illustration of Foreign Establishments of Yokohama by
Hiroshige III (1876). Courtesy of Freer Gallery of Art and
Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution,
Washington, D.C.: Gift of Ambassador and Mrs. William
Leonhart, S1998.29a-c 256
Fig. 10.4 Foreign Residence in Yokohama by Yoshikazu (c.1861).
Courtesy of Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler
Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.: Gift of
Ambassador and Mrs. William Leonhart, S1998.84a-c 257
Fig. 10.5 Steam Train Railway by the Yokohama Seashore by Hiroshige
III (c.1874). Courtesy of Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur
M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, Washington,
D.C.: Gift of the Daval Foundation, from the Collection of
Ambassador and Mrs. William Leonhart, S1991.151a-c 259
Fig. 11.1 Yokohama Foreign Cemetery, photograph by J.E. Hoare 280
Fig. 11.2 Nagasaki Glover Gardens, photograph by J.E. Hoare 281
 CHAPTER 1

Introduction

Donna Brunero and Stephanie Villalta Puig

What was everyday life like for foreigners in the treaty ports of China and
Japan? The residents of the treaty ports—local and foreign, in the trading
concessions of China and Japan—experienced vastly different realities in
similar material conditions. How can we understand the routines and feel-
ings of the residents whose material life was conditioned by extraterritorial
regulations and life within the liminal worlds of the treaty ports? The care-
ful study of everyday life is often overshadowed by the special status given
to treaty ports as sites of power and contestation and symbols of moder-
nity in scholarship and as the subject of nostalgia in popular culture. This
volume moves ‘beyond the Bund’ and presents a more intimate view of
the treaty ports as they were experienced by foreign communities.

The Treaty Ports: An Overview

The treaty ports of China and Japan are the remnants of a bygone era, of
what some scholars could argue as evidence of the ‘Great Divergence’ that
took place where Asia was ‘left behind’ by Europe and was then forcibly

D. Brunero (*)
National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
S. Villalta Puig
The University of Hull, Kingston upon Hull, UK

© The Author(s) 2018 1

D. Brunero, S. Villalta Puig (eds.), Life in Treaty Port China
and Japan, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7368-7_1
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