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pdfcoffee.com_diversity-factor-4-pdf-free (1)
pdfcoffee.com_diversity-factor-4-pdf-free (1)
Contents
[hide]
1 Coincidence factor
2 Diversity
3 Diversified load and diversification factor
4 In mathematics
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Coincidence factor[edit]
The coincidence factor is the reciprocal of the diversity factor. However, differing sources define
the simultaneity factor to be identical to either the coincidence factor or the diversity factor. The
International Electrotechnical Commission defines the coincidence and simultaneity factors
identically with the diversity factor being the reciprocal. Since the only change in definition is to
take the inverse, all one needs to know is if the factor is greater than or less than one.
Diversity[edit]
The (unofficial) term diversity, as distinguished from diversity factor refers to the percent of time
available that a machine, piece of equipment, or facility has its maximum or nominal load or
demand (a 70% diversity means that the device in question operates at its nominal or maximum
load level 70% of the time that it is connected and turned on).
In mathematics[edit]
Diversity factor is commonly used for a number of mathematics-related topics. One such
instance is when completing a coordination study for a system. This diversity factor is used to
estimate the load of a particular node in the system.
See also[edit]
Energy portal
Energy storage
Intermittent power source
Demand factor
Load Factor
Utilization factor
References[edit]
1. IEEE Standard 141(TM)-1993, IEEE Recommended Practice for Electric Power
Distribution for Industrial Plants, Red Book.
2. Handbook for Electricity Metering, Edison Electric Institute, Tenth Edition.
simple word in diversity factor which means ratio sum of the individual max demand to total
max demand of the power station.
External links[edit]
ise.ufl.edu/capehart/papers/diversity.html
nfpa.org/assets/files//PDF/necdigest/CodeIssues072704.pdf
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…
Estimating power demand is combination of science and art. It is an area of electrical engineering where
there is no correct answer. Plug the figures in your preferred method of calculation and then as an
engineer you need to relay on instincts to say if the answer feels right or not. This is a look at one method
inline with what could be considered IEC practice.
reproduced from
Schneider's 'Electrical Installation
Guide - According to IEC International Standards' Estimating power demand is combination of
science and art. It is an area of electrical engineering where there is no correct answer. Plug the figures in
your preferred method of calculation and then as an engineer you need to relay on instincts to say if the
answer feels right or not.
Individual loads do not necessarily operate at full rated nominal power nor at the same time. Estimating
power demand involves both looking at the total connected load and the maximum expected demand on
the system. As we will see these are not the same.
Contents [hide]
1. IEC Method
2. Typical Utilisation & Simultaneity Factors
i. Utilization Factor (ku)
ii. Simultaneity Factor (ks)
3. Basic Demand Data and Preliminary Planning
4. Related Links
IEC Method
Depending where you are, different methods, figures and procedures are used to estimate the power
demand of an installation. This is a look at one method inline with what could be considered IEC practice.
Following the diagram, the apparent power of the load or equipment is multiplied by the utilisation factor
to give a realistic power demand to be supplied by a distribution board. Summing these power demand
figures gives the total connected apparent demand (at that board). The distribution board would normally
be sized for this demand.
An appropriate simultaneity factor is applied to the connected apparent demand at the distribution board
and this [diversified] load is carried upstream to higher levels boards. Repeating this procedure will lead to
an expected total demand for the full installation.
In a nutshell, that’s all there is to it - in principal at least. There are often problems in deciding what
simultaneity factor to use and here experience can be really useful.
Tip: estimating power demand this is normally carried out using either
apparent or real power. I prefer real power as it gives me the actual kW
required and is an algebraic sum. Many people will use apparent power, which
strictly speaking is a vector sum. As we are dealing with estimates (ball park
figures even), using either real or apparent power will yield usable results.
Type of load ku
Motors (Typical 0.75
Lighting Circuits 1
Socket Outlets 0.1 to 0.2
Buildings according to their type of use: Different functional and building areas
w/m2
Flower shop 80-120 w/m2 0.8
Apartment complex 10-30 w/m2 0.6
Bakery/butcher 250-350 0.8
(without
w/m2
night storage or
continuous-flow Groceries 80-120 w/m2 0.8
water heater) Bistro/ice cream 150-250 0.8
Museum 60-80 w/m2 0.6 parlour w/m2
Parking garage 3-10 w/m2 0.6 Cafe 180-220 0.8
w/m2
Production plant 30-80 w/m2 0.6
Diner/restaurant 180-400 0.8
Data centre 500-2,000 1 .0
w/m2
w/m2
Tobacco shop 80-120 w/m2 0.8
School 10-30 w/m2 0.6
Hairdresser 220-280 0.8
Gym hall 15-30 w/m2 0.6 w/m2
Stadium (40,000- 70-120 0.6 Dry-cleaner’s or 700-950 0.7
80,000 seats) w/seat laundry w/m2
Old people’s home 15-30 w/m2 0.6 Storage area 5-15 w1/m2 0.3
Greenhouse (artificial 250-500
lighting) w/m2
Steven McFadyen
Steven has over twenty five years experience working on some of the largest construction projects. He
has a deep technical understanding of electrical engineering and is keen to share this knowledge. About
the author
….
After questioning the customer about the various loads, the information is further deciphered as
follows:
1. The shop lights are on only during the hours of 8 a.m. to 5 p.m.
2. The receptacle outlets are in the office only, and will have computers and other small
loads plugged into them.
3. The lathe is fully loaded for 5 minutes periods. The rest of the time is setup time. This
procedure repeats every 15 minutes.
4. The air compressor supplies air to air tools and cycles off and on about half the time.
5. The fire pump only runs for 30 minutes when tested which is once a month after hours.
Top
Calculation:
Diversity factor is usually more than one. (Since the sum of individual max. demands >Max.
Demand)
The load is time dependent as well as being dependent upon equipment characteristics. The
diversity factor recognizes that the whole load does not equal the sum of its parts due to this
time Interdependence (i.e. diverseness).
When the maximum demand of a supply is being assessed it is not sufficient to simply add
together the ratings of all electrical equipment that could be connected to that supply. If this is
done, a figure somewhat higher than the true maximum demand will be produced. This is
because it is unlikely that all the electrical equipment on a supply will be used simultaneously.
The concept of being able to De-rate a potential maximum load to an actual maximum demand
is known as the application of a diversity factor.
70% diversity means that the device in question operates at its nominal or maximum load level
70% of the time that it is connected and turned on.
If total installed full load ampere is twice your running load ampere then the diversity factor is
two.
If total installed full load ampere is four times your load a ampere then the diversity factor is
four.
If everything (all electrical equipment) was running at full load at the same time the diversity
factor is equal to One
Greater the diversity factor, lesser is the cost of generation of power.
Diversity factor in a distribution network is the ratio of the sum of the peak demands of the
individual customers to the peak demand of the network.
This will be determined by the type of service, i.e., residential, commercial, industrial and
combinations of such.
Example-I: A distribution feeder serves 5 houses, each of which has a peak demand of 5 KW. The
feeder peak turns out to be 20 kw. The diversity is then 20/25 or 0.8. This results from the
timing differences between the individual heating/cooling, appliance usages in the individual
customers.
As supply availability decreases, the diversity factor will tend to increase toward 1.00. This can
be demonstrated when restoring service after outages (called “cold starts”) as the system initial
surge can be much greater than the historical peak loads.
Example-II: A sub-station has three outgoing feeders:
Here, the sum of the maximum demand of the individual sub-systems (feeders) is 10 + 12 + 15 =
37 MW, while the system maximum demand is 33 MW. The diversity factor is 37/33 = 1.12. The
diversity factor is usually greater than 1; its value also can be 1 which indicates the maximum
demand of the individual sub-system occurs simultaneously.
Diversity is the relationship between the rated full loads of the equipment downstream of a
connection point, and the rated load of the connection point. To illustrate:
1. The building at these co-ordinates is fitted with a 100A main supply fuse.
2. The distribution board has 2no. 6A breakers, 1no. 20A breaker and 5no. 32A breakers, a total,
potentially, of 192A.
Not all these rated loads are turned on at once. If they were, then the 100A supply fuse would
rupture, as it cannot pass 192A. So the diversity factor of the distribution board can be said to
be 192A/100A, or 1.92, or 52%.
Many designers prefer to use unity as the diversity factor in calculations for planning
conservatism because of plant load growth uncertainties. Local experience can justify using a
diversity factor larger than unity, and smaller service entrance conductors and transformer
requirements chosen accordingly.
The diversity factor for all other installations will be different, and would be based upon a local
evaluation of the loads to be applied at different moments in time. Assuming it to be 1.0 may,
on some occasions, result in a supply feeder and equipment rating that is rather larger than the
local installation warrants, and an over-investment in cable and equipment to handle the rated
load current. It is better to evaluate the pattern of usage of the loads and calculate an
acceptable diversity factor for each particular case.
In the case of the example given above, achieving a diversity of 1.0 or 100% would require well
over twice the cross-sectional area of copper cable to be installed in a deep trench underneath a
field, the rebuild of a feeder cabinet to larger dimensions, more substantial overhead supply
cables for a distance exceeding 2km northwards and a different tariff, where one pays rather
more for a kWh than at present. The investment required to achieve 1.0 simply isn’t justifiable
in this particular case.
Diversity factor is mostly used for distribution feeder size and transformer as well as to
determine the maximum peak load and diversity factor is always based on knowing the process.
You have to understand what will be on or off at a given time for different buildings and this will
size the feeder. Note for typical buildings diversity factor is always one. You have to estimate or
have a data records to create 24 hours load graph and you can determine the maximum
demand load for node then you can easily determine the feeder and transformer size.
The diversity factor of a feeder would be the sum of the maximum demands of the individual
consumers divided by the maximum demand of the feeder. In the same manner, it is possible to
compute the diversity factor on a substation, a transmission line or a whole utility system.
The residential load has the highest diversity factor. Industrial loads have low diversity factors
usually of 1.4, street light practically unity and other loads vary between these limits.
4 and 5 0.8
6 to 9 0.7
Lighting 0.9
Heating and air conditioning 0.8
Socket-outlets 0.7
2 To 4 1
5To 19 0.78
10To 14 0.63
15To 19 0.53
20To 24 0.49
25To 29 0.46
30 To 34 0.44
35 To 39 0.42
40To 40 0.41
50 To Above 0.40
Example: 5 storey apartment building with 25 consumers, each having 6 kVA of installed load.
The total installed load for the building is: 36 + 24 + 30 + 36 + 24 = 150 kVA
The apparent-power supply required for the building is: 150 x 0.46 = 69 kVA
It is a matter of common experience that the simultaneous operation of all installed loads of a
given installation never occurs in practice, i.e. there is always some degree of diversity and this
fact is taken into account for estimating purposes by the use of a simultaneity factor / Diversity
Factor (ks).
The Diversity factor ks is applied to each group of loads (e.g. being supplied from a distribution
or sub-distribution board). The determination of these factors is the responsibility of the
designer, since it requires a detailed knowledge of the installation and the conditions in which
the individual circuits are to be exploited. For this reason, it is not possible to give precise values
for general application.
Designing Size of Electrical Switchgear by use of Demand Factor and Diversity Factor:
Diversity factors are used by utilities for distribution transformer sizing and load predictions.
Demand factors are more conservative and are used by NEC for service and feeder sizing.
Demand factors and diversity factors are used in design.
For example, the sum of the connected loads supplied by a feeder is multiplied by the demand
factor to determine the load for which the feeder must be sized. This load is termed the
maximum demand of the feeder. The sum of the maximum demand loads for a number of sub
feeders divided by the diversity factor for the sub feeders will give the maximum demand load
to be supplied by the feeder from which the sub feeders are derived.
Example-1: Suppose We have four individual feeder-circuits with connected loads of 250 kVA,
200 kVA, 150 kVA and 400 kVA and demand factors of 90%, 80%, 75% and 85% respectively.Use
a diversity factor of 1.5.
Calculating demand for feeder-circuits
o 250 kVA x 90% = 225 kVA
o 200 kVA x 80% = 160 kVA
o 150 kVA x 75% = 112.5 kVA
o 400 kVA x 85% = 340 kVA
o 837.5 kVA
o The sum of the individual demands is equal to 837.5 kVA.
o If the main feeder-circuit were sized at unity diversity: kVA = 837.5 kVA ÷ 1.00 = 837.5
kVA.
o The main feeder-circuit would have to be supplied by an 850 kVA transformer.
o However, using the diversity factor of 1.5, the kVA = 837.5 kVA ÷ 1.5 = 558 kVA for the
main feeder.
o For diversity factor of 1.5, a 600 kVA transformer could be used.
o Example-2: A conveyor belt made up of six sections, each driven by a 2 kW motor. As
material is transported along this belt, it is first carried by section 1, and then each
section in succession until the final section is reached. In this simple example only one
section of conveyor is carrying material at any point in time. Therefore five motors are
only handling no-load mechanical losses (say .1 kW) keeping the belts moving whilst one
motor is handling the load (say 1 kW). The demand presented by each motor when it is
carrying its load is 1 kW, the sum of the demand loads is 6 kW but the maximum load
presented by the system at any time is only 1.5 kW.
o Diversity factor =Sum of Individual Max. Demand / Max. Demand = 6 Kw / 1.5 Kw =4.
o Demand Factor = Maximum demand / Total connected load = 1.5 Kw / 12 Kw = 0.125.
This factor must be applied to each individual load, with particular attention to electric motors,
which are very rarely operated at full load. In an industrial installation this factor may be
estimated on an average at 0.75 for motors.
For incandescent-lighting loads, the factor always equals 1.
For socket-outlet circuits, the factors depend entirely on the type of appliances being supplied
from the sockets concerned.
Maximum demand
Maximum demand (often referred to as MD) is the largest current normally carried by circuits,
switches and protective devices. It does not include the levels of current flowing under overload
or short circuit conditions.
Assessment of maximum demand is sometimes straightforward. For example, the maximum
demand of a 240 V single-phase 8 kW shower heater can be calculated by dividing the power (8
kW) by the voltage (240 V) to give a current of 33.3 A. This calculation assumes a power factor of
unity, which is a reasonable assumption for such a purely resistive load.
There are times, however, when assessment of maximum demand is less obvious. For example,
if a ring circuit feeds fifteen 13 A sockets, the maximum demand clearly should not be 15 x 13 =
195 A, if only because the circuit protection will not be rated at more than 32 A. Some 13 A
sockets may feed table lamps with 60 W lamps fitted, whilst others may feed 3 kW washing
machines; others again may not be loaded at all.
Lighting circuits pose a special problem when determining MD. Each lamp-holder must be
assumed to carry the current required by the connected load, subject to a minimum loading of
100 W per lamp holder (a demand of 0.42 A per lamp holder at 240 V). Discharge lamps are
particularly difficult to assess, and current cannot be calculated simply by dividing lamp power
by supply voltage. The reasons for this are:
So long as the power factor of a discharge lighting circuit is not less than 0.85, the current
demand for the circuit can be calculated from:
current (A) = (lamp power (W) x 1.8) / supply voltage (V)
For example, the steady state current demand of a 240 V circuit supplying ten 65 W fluorescent
lamps would be: I = 10X65X1.8A / 240 = 4.88A
Switches for circuits feeding discharge lamps must be rated at twice the current they are
required to carry, unless they have been specially constructed to withstand the severe arcing
resulting from the switching of such inductive and capacitive loads.
Mechanical/ Electrical
a) Single Shift 0.45 0.25 0.11
Cold Storage
Rice Sheller’s
Ice Factories
Cotton Ginning
LV Distribution
Overvoltage protection
Contents
[hide]
All individual loads are not necessarily operating at full rated nominal power nor necessarily at
the same time. Factors ku and ks allow the determination of the maximum power and apparent-
power demands actually required to dimension the installation.
Factor of maximum utilization (ku)
In normal operating conditions the power consumption of a load is sometimes less than that
indicated as its nominal power rating, a fairly common occurrence that justifies the application of
an utilization factor (ku) in the estimation of realistic values.
This factor must be applied to each individual load, with particular attention to electric motors,
which are very rarely operated at full load.
In an industrial installation this factor may be estimated on an average at 0.75 for motors.
For socket-outlet circuits, the factors depend entirely on the type of appliances being supplied
from the sockets concerned.
For Electric Vehicle the utilization factor will be systematically estimated to 1, as it takes a long
time to load completely the batteries (several hours) and a dedicated circuit feeding the charging
station or wall box will be required by standards.
The factor ks is applied to each group of loads (e.g. being supplied from a distribution or sub-
distribution board). The determination of these factors is the responsibility of the designer, since
it requires a detailed knowledge of the installation and the conditions in which the individual
circuits are to be exploited. For this reason, it is not possible to give precise values for general
application.
2 to 4 1
5 to 9 0.78
10 to 14 0.63
15 to 19 0.53
20 to 24 0.49
25 to 29 0.46
30 to 34 0.44
35 to 39 0.42
40 to 49 0.41
5 storeys apartment building with 25 consumers, each having 6 kVA of installed load.
The total installed load for the building is: 36 + 24 + 30 + 36 + 24 = 150 kVA
The apparent-power supply required for the building is: 150 x 0.46 = 69 kVA
From Figure A10, it is possible to determine the magnitude of currents in different sections of
the common main feeder supplying all floors. For vertical rising mains fed at ground level, the
cross-sectional area of the conductors can evidently be progressively reduced from the lower
floors towards the upper floors.
These changes of conductor size are conventionally spaced by at least 3-floor intervals.
In the example, the current entering the rising main at ground level is:
If the circuits are mainly for lighting loads, it is prudent to adopt ks values close to unity.
Number of circuits Factor of simultaneity (ks)
2 and 3 0.9
4 and 5 0.8
6 to 9 0.7
Factor of
Circuit function
simultaneity (ks)
Lighting 1
(1) In certain cases, notably in industrial installations, this factor can be higher.
(2) The current to take into consideration is equal to the nominal current of the motor, increased
by a third of its starting current.
..
Electrical load lists are documents that list major draws and users of electrical power; mainly
motors. You may encounter the following terminology and short forms in these documents:
Connected load (CL) = motor nameplate rating = electrical load at power input terminals
Demand Factor (DF) = Actual maximum demand load (design load)/connected load
Max Demand = maximum power that you imagine could be consumed by the load =
connected load * DF
Utilization Factor (UF) = Actual operating time/possible operating time. (e.g. UF = 1 for
always on, 0 always off)
Peak Demand = CL * DF * UF
Remember that the terms above are the electrical loads demanded at the motor. The process will
receive less energy due to inefficiencies inherent in the motor, as well as the device the motor
powers (pump/compressor/fan/etc. efficiency).
Plant Diversity (Coincidence) Factor (PDF) = Factor applied to Total Plant Net Run
Demand, based on coincidence probability of loads operating concurrently
Power distribution losses = Peak Run Demand x Plant Diversity Factor x % Power
Distribution losses (3-5%)
If an equipment is used only rarely and intermittently, then the UF can be based on the % of the
year where it is used.
What about equipment that is used continuously? (i.e. all the time except for shutdowns or
maintenance problems). Reliable equipment, such as API 610 pumps, should be online at least
95% of time if using correctly. Maybe even 98-99%.
If there are two pumps one online and one spare, there are two options.The simple method is to
set the UF of one pump at 1.00 and other at 0.00 as an approximation.
To be more accurate, set the main pump’s UF high like say at 0.95. The missing 5% accounts for
trips and plant outages. Then put the second pump UF = ~0.1, 0.05 since occasionally must start
up spare pump and shut down main pump.
For compressors, they tend to be more finicky than pumps, so the main compressor may only
have UF = 0.8-0.9ish.
Example:
In the design condition, a pump must produce 200 gpm flow over 86 psi difference. (Discharge
pressure – suction pressure = 86 psi).
This is a hydaulic horse power requirement of ~ 10 hp. (hhp = flow * dP / 1714 with these
units). The process needs to receive an input of 10 hp at the pump design condition.
Suppose that the selected pump itself is only 50% efficient. Determine the brake horsepower:
bhp = hhp / pump efficiency = 10 / 0.5 = 20 hp.
The motor is only 90% efficient. The motor hp = bhp / motor efficiency = 20/0.9 = 22 hp.
The nearby common motor sizes are 20 hp, 25 hp, and 30 hp. Therefore, suppose the pump is
given a 25 hp motor.
Say the pump will be used almost all the time, assign a UF = 0.95. Peak demand = CL * DF *
UF – 25 * 0.89 * 0.95 = 21 hp, or ~16 kVa.
..
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Creating an Electrical Area Classification Diagram involves the following basic steps, done by
electrical and process engineers:
1. Find all systems in the plant using flammable materials like hydrogen, natural gas,
propane, butane, gas condensates, ammonia, flammable dusts, etc.
2. Along the systems carrying flammables, identify on the plot plan the location of all
flammable release sources such as: Open process points (like open tanks), Control valves,
Pump seals, Rotating equipment, Seal pots, Drains, Metering points, Sampling points,
Vents, PSVs, Rupture Disks. In general, closed metal piping or tubing without valves,
fittings or flanges does not need to be considered as a potential source of release
3. Get the correct electrical code, e.g. National Electrical Code (NEC) in U.S., or the
Canadian Electrical Code (CEC), whatever applies. Classify the release sources identified
in step #2 by the standard. For example, possible abnormal operation leak points along a
Hydrogen system may be Class 1 Divison 2, Group B. (Meaning Flammable Gases, only
occasionally present, gas is hydrogen). In many cases, the rating can be modified based
on the quality of ventilation present.
4. Create an area classification drawing, clouding the area around the hazards with the
appropriate area classification. In some cases elevation drawings may also be required
(especially multi-level structures). The area you must classify is often not specified in the
electrical code, but depends on industry practice and site-specific tests of concentrations
of flammable gases in simulated release scenarios. API 500 & 505 are good resources for
determining the area to cloud around a potential hazard.
5. If designing a new plant, ensure all equipment in the cloud is built to the standard
specified by the cloud. If you are reviewing an existing plant, do a check to ensure that
equipment inside the clouds are built for the classification. In some cases it may be
possible to get an exception from the regulators for borderline cases
You can hire consulting companies who are masters at steps 3 & 4, and do it easily, but steps 1,
2, and 5 still need the touch of people intimately knowledgeable about the system being drawn.
http://smartprocessdesign.com/piping-instrumentation-diagram-pid-designer-checklist/