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 Global Cultures
of Contestation
Mobility, Sustainability,
Aesthetics & Connectivity

Edited by ESTHER PEEREN,

ROBIN CELIKATES,
JEROEN DE KLOET
& THOMAS POELL

PALGRAVE STUDIES
IN GLOBALIZATION,
CULTURE & SOCIETY
Palgrave Studies in Globalization,
Culture and Society

Series Editors
Jeroen de Kloet
Centre for Globalisation Studies
University of Amsterdam
Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Esther Peeren
Centre for Globalisation Studies
University of Amsterdam
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Palgrave Studies in Globalization, Culture and Society traverses the
boundaries between the humanities and the social sciences to critically
explore the cultural and social dimensions of contemporary globalization
processes. This entails looking at the way globalization unfolds through
and within cultural and social practices, and identifying and understanding
how it effects cultural and social change across the world. The series asks
what, in its different guises and unequal diffusion, globalization is taken
to be and do in and across specific locations, and what social, ­political and
cultural forms and imaginations this makes possible or renders obsolete.
A particular focus is the vital contribution made by different forms of the
imagination (social, cultural, popular) to the conception, experience and
critique of contemporary globalization. Palgrave Studies in Globalization,
Culture and Society is committed to addressing globalization across
cultural contexts (western and non-western) through interdisciplinary,
­
theoretically driven scholarship that is empirically grounded in detailed
case studies and close analyses. Within the scope outlined above, we invite
junior and senior scholars to submit proposals for monographs, edited
volumes and the Palgrave Pivot format. Please contact the series editors
for more information: b.j.dekloet@uva.nl / e.peeren@uva.nl.

More information about this series at

http://www.springer.com/series/15109
 Esther Peeren · Robin Celikates
Jeroen de Kloet · Thomas Poell
Editors

Global Cultures
of Contestation
Mobility, Sustainability, Aesthetics & Connectivity
Editors
Esther Peeren Jeroen de Kloet
Department of Literary and Cultural Department of Media Studies
Analysis University of Amsterdam
University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Thomas Poell
Robin Celikates Department of Media Studies
Department of Philosophy University of Amsterdam
University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Palgrave Studies in Globalization, Culture and Society

ISBN 978-3-319-63981-9 ISBN 978-3-319-63982-6 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63982-6

Library of Congress Control Number: 2017949215

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights
of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction
on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and
retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology
now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are
exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and
information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication.
Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied,
with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have
been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published
maps and institutional affiliations.

Cover credit: Photo of the Hong Kong Umbrella Movement by Jeroen de Kloet

Printed on acid-free paper

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature

The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
 Contents

1 Introduction: Global Cultures of Contestation 1

Esther Peeren, Robin Celikates, Jeroen de Kloet
and Thomas Poell

2 The Square and Beyond: Trajectories and Implications

of the Square Occupations 27
Marlies Glasius and Armine Ishkanian

3 Weak Resistance in Semi-Peripheries: The Emergence

of Non-Heroic Counterpublics 49
Ewa Majewska

4 Challenging the Nation-State’s Territorial Integrity

through Contestation: Secessionist Rallies
in Catalonia 69
Jaume Castan Pinos

5 A Radical Reframing of Civil Disobedience:

“Illegal” Migration and Whistleblowing 93
Natasha Basu and Bernardo Caycedo

v
vi Contents

6 Biopolitical and Phenomenological Underpinnings

of Embodied Contestation: Further Reflections
on Creative Insurgency 113
Marwan M. Kraidy

7 Whose Space Is It Anyway? Practices of Protest

and Strategies of Authority in Egypt 129
Walid El Houri

8 Umbrellas and Revolutions: The Aesthetics

of the Hong Kong Protests 151
Jeroen de Kloet

9 The Internet as a Global/Local Site of Contestation:

The Case of Iran 171
Mahsa Alimardani and Stefania Milan

10 Tactical Connecting and (Im-)Mobilizing

in the French Boycott School Day Campaign
and Anti-Gender Theory Movement 193
Jayson Harsin

11 Disruption or Transformation? Australian Policymaking

in the Face of Indigenous Contestation 215
Tanja Dreher, Lisa Waller and Kerry McCallum

12 Erehwon: A Digital Platform for Empowering

Sociopolitical Interventions in Public Space 241
Beatriz Cantinho and Mariza Dima

Index 263
 Editors and Contributors

About the Editors

Esther Peeren is Associate Professor of Literary and Cultural Analysis

at the University of Amsterdam. She is Vice-Director of the Amsterdam
School for Cultural Analysis (ASCA) and the Amsterdam Centre for
Globalisation Studies (ACGS). Recent publications include The Spectral
Metaphor: Living Ghosts and the Agency of Invisibility (Palgrave, 2014)
and the edited volumes The Spectralities Reader: Ghosts and Haunting in
Contemporary Cultural Theory (Bloomsbury, 2013, with María del Pilar
Blanco), and Peripheral Visions in the Globalizing Present: Space, Mobility,
Aesthetics (Brill, 2016, with Hanneke Stuit and Astrid Van Weyenberg).
Robin Celikates is Associate Professor of Political and Social Philosophy
at the University of Amsterdam, where he also directs the NWO-funded
research project Transformations of Civil Disobedience. He is a mem-
ber of the Amsterdam Centre for Globalisation Studies (ACGS) and
an Associate Member of the Institute for Social Research in Frankfurt
am Main. His publications include Critique as Social Practice (Campus
2009/Rowman & Littlefield 2018, with a foreword by Axel Honneth)
and Politische Philosophie (Reclam 2013, with Stefan Gosepath). Most
recently he has co-edited Transformations of Democracy: Crisis, Protest,
and Legitimation and The Irregularization of Migration in Contemporary
Europe: Detention, Deportation, Drowning (both Rowman & Littlefield
2015). Website: http://home.medewerker.uva.nl/r.celikates/.

vii
viii Editors and Contributors

Jeroen de Kloet is Professor of Globalisation Studies and Director of the

Amsterdam Centre for Globalisation Studies (ACGS) at the University of
Amsterdam. His work focuses on cultural globalization, in particular in
the context of China. He is the principal investigator of a project funded
by the European Grant Council (ERC) on creative cultures in China. In
2010 he published China with a Cut—Globalisation, Urban Youth and
Popular Music (Amsterdam UP). He wrote, together with Yiu Fai Chow,
Sonic Multiplicities: Hong Kong Pop and the Global Circulation of Sound
and Image (Intellect, 2013) and edited, together with Lena Scheen,
Spectacle and the City—Chinese Urbanities in Art and Popular Culture
(Amsterdam UP, 2013). With Anthony Fung he published Youth Cultures
in China (Polity 2017). See also www.jeroendekloet.nl.
Thomas Poell is Assistant Professor of New Media & Digital Culture
and Program Director of the Research Master Media Studies at the
University of Amsterdam. He has published widely on social media and
popular protest, as well as on the role of these media in the develop-
ment of new forms of journalism. Together with Jean Burgess and Alice
Marwick he has edited the Sage Handbook of Social Media (2017). His
next book, co-authored with José van Dijck and Martijn de Waal, is
titled The Platform Society: Public Values in a Connective World. Website:
http://www.uva.nl/profiel/p/o/t.poell/t.poell.html.

Contributors

Mahsa Alimardani is an internet researcher focused on the intersection

of technology, human rights, and social movements in Iran. She has been
working in the field of digital rights in Iran for the past six years and is
currently leading projects related to digital rights in Iran with the non-
governmental organization Article 19. She has an honors Bachelor of
Arts degree in Political Science from the University of Toronto and com-
pleted a Master’s degree at the University of Amsterdam, focusing on
online contestation in Iran, while working with the DATACTIVE pro-
ject (data-activism.net).
Natasha Basu is a Ph.D. Researcher at the University of Amsterdam, cur-
rently working within the project Transformations of Civil Disobedience:
Democratization, Globalization, Digitalization. She is a member of the
 Editors and Contributors ix

Amsterdam School for Cultural Analysis (ASCA), the Dutch Research

School of Philosophy (OZSW), and the Amsterdam Centre for Globalisation
Studies (ACGS). The focus of Natasha’s research is on the globalization of
civil disobedience. In her approach, she seeks to conceptualize transnational
forms of resistance as civil disobedience by developing a theoretical lens that
combines gender, critical race, postcolonialism, and migration studies. She
has presented papers on conceptualizing “illegal” migration and citizen
smuggling as types of transnational civil disobedience, and is currently work-
ing on gender and civil disobedience.
Beatriz Cantinho is a Postdoctorate Fellow at CIAC—Algarve
University, Portugal. As a choreographer and researcher, she mostly
develops her work in collaboration with other artists and research-
ers (C. Spencer Yeah, Ricardo Jacinto, Vangelis Lympouridis, Herwig
Turk, Mariza Dima), exploring interdisciplinary composition within per-
formance, visual arts, sound, and digital arts. Beatriz was a Postdoc at
ARTEA program Castilla-La-Mancha University/Reina Sophia Museum,
Spain (2016–2017). She holds a Ph.D. in Dance and Aesthetics from
ECA, University of Edinburgh, UK and was a visiting scholar at N.Y.U./
TISCH (2010–2011), performance and cinema departments. Her work
has been presented in Portugal (CCB, MNAC, Gulbenkian Foundation),
the UK (SARC, DanceBase, Blue Elephant Theatre, Surrey, Chelsea and
Cambridge Universities), Germany (Festival Transmedial 07, TESLA,
Rosa Luxemburg Foundation), Austria (MAK, UNIKUM), Turkey
(Bilgi University), and Spain (Matadero).
Jaume Castan Pinos works as an Associate Professor at the Department
of Political Science and Public Management, University of Southern
Denmark. He holds a Ph.D. in International Politics (Queen’s University
Belfast, 2011). He was the organizer of the summer school “Debating
secessionism in Europe” (2013 and 2014) and is currently the Director
of the European Studies bachelor programme at the University of
Southern Denmark. His academic interests are framed by ethno-territo-
rial conflicts, sovereignty, and political violence. He has conducted exten-
sive research in Catalonia, North Africa, and the former Yugoslavia. He is
currently working on a book scrutinizing the territorial consequences of
humanitarian intervention in Kosovo.
x Editors and Contributors

Bernardo Caycedo is a Ph.D. Researcher at the Department of

Philosophy of the University of Amsterdam. His research explores
new forms of political engagement related to the internet (in particu-
lar, whistleblowing, hacktivism, and radical open access initiatives).
Bernardo is part of the project Transformations of Civil Disobedience:
Democratization, Globalization, Digitalization. He is a member of the
Amsterdam School for Cultural Analysis (ASCA), the Dutch Research
School of Philosophy (OZSW), and the Amsterdam Centre for
Globalisation Studies (ACGS). Bernardo obtained his MA in Philosophy
from Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia and his BA in
Philosophy from Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia.
Mariza Dima is a Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) designer and
design strategist. She specializes in the design and development of inter-
actions, using tangible, mobile, Augmented Reality (AR), and haptic
interfaces in sociocultural contexts, prominently in performance art, cul-
tural heritage, and social innovation. Working in between industry and
academia, she has run projects with theaters, museums, cultural organi-
zations, and start-ups in the UK, and has consulted for international
projects on design strategies for engaging interactions. She combines
engineering and design approaches in the design process, and informs
this with theoretical contexts of narrative, dramaturgy, and audience/
player engagement. She has published and exhibited widely in the field of
HCI. She is currently a Lecturer in Games Design at Brunel University,
London.
Tanja Dreher is an Australia Council Future Fellow and a Scientia
Fellow and Associate Professor in the School of Arts and Media at
the University of New South Wales. Her research focuses on the poli-
tics of listening in the context of media and multiculturalism, indig-
enous sovereignties, feminisms, and anti-racism. Her future fellowship
project analyzes the political listening practices necessary to support
the potential for voice in a changing media environment characterized
by the proliferation of community and alternative media in the digital
age. She is a Co-Vice Chair of the Community Communication and
Alternative Media Section of the International Association for Media and
Communication Research (IAMCR).
 Editors and Contributors xi

Walid El Houri is a researcher, journalist, and filmmaker living between

Berlin and Beirut. He is the lead editor of the North Africa, West Asia
section at openDemocracy.net, and an affiliated fellow at the Institute
for Cultural Inquiry (ICI) in Berlin, where he was a postdoctoral fellow
since 2014. He completed his Ph.D. in Media Studies at the University
of Amsterdam in 2012, exploring the transformation of Hezbollah’s
media strategies and the articulation of the notion of “resistance” as a
political identity in Lebanon. His current research deals with protest
movements, politics of failure, and the new geographies of war and pro-
test in the Middle East.
Marlies Glasius is a Professor in International Relations at the
Department of Politics, University of Amsterdam. Her research inter-
ests include activism, authoritarianism, and international criminal jus-
tice. Glasius holds a Ph.D. cum laude from the Netherlands School of
Human Rights Research. She previously worked at the London School
of Economics and Political Science (LSE), where she was one of the
founding editors of the Global Civil Society Yearbook. She is currently
principal investigator in the ERC-funded project Authoritarianism in a
Global Age, which investigates changes in the nature and sustainability of
authoritarianism induced by globalization.
Jayson Harsin is Associate Professor of Global Communications at The
American University of Paris, where he teaches across digital media stud-
ies, social/political/cultural theory, and political communication. His
current research focuses on widely discussed public problems around
‘post-truth,’ attention economy, fake news, trust, emotion, and democ-
racy, and especially the strategic role of rumor in contemporary political
practices. An author of over thirty articles and book chapters, he is cur-
rently finishing a book manuscript on post-truth politics and the atten-
tion economy entitled The Rumor Bomb: Vertiginous Politics and Regimes
of Post-truth.
Armine Ishkanian is an Associate Professor in the Department of Social
Policy at the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE).
Her research examines the relationship between civil society, democracy,
development, and social transformation. She has examined how civil
society organizations and social movements engage in policy processes
xii Editors and Contributors

and transformative politics in a number of countries including Armenia,

Greece, Russia, and the UK. She earned a Ph.D. in Anthropology from
the University of California, San Diego.
Marwan M. Kraidy is the Anthony Shadid Chair in Global Media,
Politics, and Culture, and Director of the Center for Advanced Research
in Global Communication at the Annenberg School, University of
Pennsylvania. In 2016, he was named an Andrew Carnegie Fellow for
ongoing work on war machines in the age of global communication.
The recipient of Guggenheim, NEH, ACLS, Woodrow Wilson and
NIAS fellowships, Kraidy has published 120 essays and 10 books, nota-
bly Hybridity, or the Cultural Logic of Globalization (Temple UP, 2005),
Reality Television and Arab Politics (Cambridge UP, 2010), which won
three major prizes, and The Naked Blogger of Cairo: Creative Insurgency
in the Arab World (Harvard UP, 2016). He tweets at @MKraidy.
Ewa Majewska is a feminist philosopher of culture. She was a visiting
fellow at the University of California, Berkeley (BBRG) and a stipendiary
fellow at the University of Orebro (Sweden), IWM (Vienna), and ICI
Berlin. She is the author of two monographs, co-editor of four volumes
on neoliberalism, politics, and feminist education, and has published
some 50 articles and essays in Signs, e-flux, Nowa Krytyka, Przegląd
Filozoficzny, Przegląd Kulturoznawczy, Kultura Współczesna, Le Monde
Diplomatique (PL), and other journals, catalogues, and collected vol-
umes. She has worked at three Polish universities, teaching cultural the-
ory, philosophy, and gender studies, and is currently affiliated with the
ICI Berlin and Adjunct Professor at the Department of Artes Liberales at
the University of Warsaw, Poland.
Kerry McCallum is Associate Professor of Communication and Media
Studies, and Senior Research Fellow in the News and Media Research
Centre at the University of Canberra. She researches in political com-
munication, specializing in the relationships between changing media
and Australian social policy, particularly in indigenous affairs. She is a
former President of the Australian and New Zealand Communication
Association and Member of the Australian Institute for Aboriginal and
Torres Strait Islander Studies (AIATSIS).
 Editors and Contributors xiii

Stefania Milan (stefaniamilan.net) is Assistant Professor of New Media

and Digital Culture at the University of Amsterdam and Associate
Professor (II) of Media Innovation at the University of Oslo. She is the
Principal Investigator of the DATACTIVE project (data-activism.net),
funded with a Starting Grant of the European Research Council. Her
research explores technology and participation, cybersecurity, and inter-
net governance, and emerging data epistemologies. She holds a Ph.D. in
political and social sciences of the European University Institute. Prior
to joining the University of Amsterdam, she worked at the University
of Lucerne, Central European University, Citizen Lab (University
of Toronto), and Tilburg University. Stefania is the author of Social
Movements and Their Technologies: Wiring Social Change (Palgrave
Macmillan, 2013) and co-author of Media/Society (Sage, 2011). She
is currently working on a new manuscript on ‘cloud protesting,’ inves-
tigating how the algorithmically mediated environment of social media
changes organized collective action.
Lisa Waller is an Associate Professor of Communication in the School
of Communication and Creative Arts at Deakin University, Australia.
Her research is concerned with how the news media shapes society,
from Indigenous Affairs policy to its roles in local communities and the
administration of justice. She is a member of the Australian Institute
of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies and the Australian and
New Zealand Communication Association. Lisa has recently co-authored
two books: Local Journalism in a Digital World (with K. Hess, Palgrave
Macmillan, 2017) and The Dynamics of News Media and Indigenous
Policy in Australia (with K. McCallum, Intellect, 2017).
 CHAPTER 1

Introduction: Global Cultures

of Contestation

Esther Peeren, Robin Celikates, Jeroen de Kloet

and Thomas Poell

From the popular uprisings in North Africa and the Middle East in early
2011, via the Spanish indignados and Occupy Wall Street to the Gezi
Park protests in Turkey and the Umbrella movement in Hong Kong,
in recent years different parts of the world have seen major instances of
popular contestation. These were not isolated events; they influenced,
shaped, and in some cases triggered each other. Together, they arguably
form a new, global protest “cycle” (Della Porta 2016), “revolutionary
wave” (Weyland 2012) or “regime-change cascade” (Hale 2013).
It is worth considering how the various terms used—cycle, wave,
cascade—highlight different elements at play when protests spread
beyond national borders. The image of the cascade foregrounds the
way in which individual contestations follow upon each other in stages,
with each subsequent stage taking from and building on the previ-
ous one, accumulating force in the process. The metaphor of the cycle

E. Peeren (*) · R. Celikates · J. de Kloet · T. Poell

University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
e-mail: E.Peeren@uva.nl

© The Author(s) 2018 1

E. Peeren et al. (eds.), Global Cultures of Contestation,
Palgrave Studies in Globalization, Culture and Society,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63982-6_1
2 E. Peeren et al.

usefully indicates how unexpected transnational proliferations of protest

are not unique, but reoccur over time and therefore inevitably involve
“remobilization” alongside “innovation” with regard to their “organiza-
tional structures” and “styles of activism” (Della Porta 2016, 1–2). The
idea of recurrence is also accommodated by the figure of the wave, but
with greater emphasis on its unpredictability (waves are not regularly
spread) and its association with difference (waves can be of different mag-
nitudes and durations). In addition, the wave evokes not just an intensi-
fying force (as it builds toward the shore), like the cascade, but also the
subsequent discharge and fading (as it breaks) that characterizes each pro-
test surge and, conceivably, each specific protest within it. This indicates
a momentum quite different from a cyclical return to the beginning, one
that is vulnerable to counter-measures (wave breakers or breakwaters) and
subject to highly variable outcomes; the wave may fizzle out, but it may
also overwhelm and alter the landscape or cause profound damage, as in
the case of a tsunami, to which the Arab Spring has been repeatedly lik-
ened, mostly by those framing it as a failure (Freudenstein 2011; Bradley
2012; Gartenstein-Ross and Vassefi 2012; Haseeb 2012). Finally, the
wave, through its capacity to travel across vast distances, connotes geo-
graphical expansion more readily than the cycle (associated with circum-
scription) or the cascade (invoking the vertical movement of a waterfall).1
Conceiving the global swell in popular contestations of the 2010s as a
far from unitary wave—which, in addition to taking inspiration from ear-
lier protests, accommodates distinct “sub-waves” (Gerbaudo 2013) and
produces, to the present day, ripple effects as it continues to inspire new
and ongoing contestations in various, sometimes surprising ways—allows
us to consider it in terms of sameness and difference, continuity and dis-
continuity, action and counter-action, build-up and fall-off, concentra-
tion and diffusion. Thus, on the one hand, we see the protests making up
this wave and those influenced by it as different from each other in many
respects—unfolding in specific national and local contexts, and contest-
ing a variety of issues from divergent political perspectives. On the other
hand, we consider how certain elements of the mobilized “collective
action frames and identities” (Della Porta and Tarrow 2005) were actively
passed on from one protest to the next, most notably a framing of the
protests as expressing a desire for bottom-up, direct, or participatory
democracy on the part of those feeling oppressed or ignored by autocratic
regimes, or disenfranchised in parliamentary democracies, and as defining
themselves against an indifferent, self-serving elite (Gerbaudo 2013, 90).
 1 INTRODUCTION: GLOBAL CULTURES OF CONTESTATION 3

The protests also borrowed from each other in terms of their

“organizational structure” and “repertoires of action” (Della Porta
and Tarrow 2005). Regarding their organizational structure, what has
been particularly striking is that these protests were, for the most part,
not initiated or directed by traditional social movement organizations
(although these sometimes became involved or took over in later stages),
but appeared to be spontaneous political movements “from below.”
Their repertoires of action, moreover, showed a shared reliance on:
(1) the sustained or repeated occupation of public space (Butler 2015;
Göle 2013; Feigenbaum et al. 2013; Treré and Mattoni 2016); (2) the
establishment of alternative forms of sociality and civility in these spaces
(Celikates 2015; Yaka and Karakayali 2017); (3) the extensive use of
social media (Castells 2012; Juris 2012; Poell and van Dijck 2015); and
(4) creative branding through the use of colors (as in the so-called Color
Revolutions), catchy slogans (such as the Egypt Revolution’s “Erhal”
[Leave], Occupy Wall Street’s “We are the 99%” or the French anti-gay
marriage movement’s “Manif Pour Tous” [Protest for Everyone]), and
quirky symbols (from umbrellas in Hong Kong to penguins in Turkey’s
Gezi Park protests) (Bennett and Segerberg 2013; Beraldo 2017; Poell
et al. 2016).
While we agree that there is reason to celebrate progressive contem-
porary movements for their spectacular occupations of squares, streets,
and buildings, their creative online tactics, and the new prefigurative
political imaginaries they introduced, we also acknowledge that these
movements’ long-term efficacy and sustainability have been called into
question, with several (most insistently the protests in Egypt, Libya, and
Syria) labeled as eventual failures (Bayat 2013; White 2016; Dean 2015;
Elbadawi and Makdisi 2016).
With this volume, coming out of the 2015 Global Cultures of
Contestation conference organized by the Amsterdam Centre for
Globalisation Studies (ACGS), we seek to move beyond positions that
generalize across the different popular contestations making up and
influenced by the protest wave to present a singularly celebratory or dis-
missive account. We do so by presenting detailed analyses of particular
contestations from a durational perspective that allows us to consider not
only obvious and immediate outcomes, but also more subtle, deferred,
or displaced effects. These analyses, moreover, focus on delineating the
specific “culture of collective action” (Maurer 2011; quoted in Della
Porta et al. 2015, 16) or “culture of contestation”—in the sense of the
4 E. Peeren et al.

forms of material and symbolic production (Williams 1988) through

which the non-dominant “adduce opposing testimony” to the dominant
(Lombardi-Satriani 1974, 104)—into which common elements were
assimilated in each specific protest. Thus, each protest is approached in
terms of both its specificity and its tendency, in a context of advanced
globalization and digitization, to connect to, learn from, or influence
other protests elsewhere.
The eleven contributions that make up the volume come from schol-
ars across the humanities and the social sciences who analyze particular
contestations in terms of how they unfolded, what inspired them, and
how their afterlives have taken shape in Tunisia, Egypt, Iran, the UK,
Spain, Greece, Poland, Russia, Hong Kong, and Australia, as well as on
a transnational scale, as with the NSA-leaks and illegal border-crossings
by migrants around the world. Combining perspectives from the social
sciences and the humanities enables this volume to take into account the
political and social causes and consequences (direct and indirect, imme-
diate and delayed) of the various protests making up the global wave or
following in its wake, as well as the aesthetic dimensions of protest com-
munication and mobilization, online and offline.
It is important to note that this volume is concerned neither with
“transnational collective action,” defined as “coordinated interna-
tional campaigns on the part of networks of activists against interna-
tional actors, other states, or international institutions” (Della Porta and
Tarrow 2005, 2–3), nor with global movements that “identif[y] both a
common identity—the ‘us’—and the target of the protest—the other—at
the transnational level” (Della Porta 2016, 7). Rather, in tackling “global
cultures of contestation,” it focuses on relations of influence, on a global
scale, between movements that mostly define the mobilized “us” and the
contested “other” at the national level (Gerbaudo 2013), even if, as with
the Occupy movement, some also have a transnational dimension. What
we seek to underline is that even if the target or addressee of a protest
is local or national, advanced globalization and digitization have made
it possible and practicable for such a protest to forge strategic links with
other protests or movements, including transnational ones (the global
justice movement, the global environmental movement, the global anti-
capitalism movement), and to gain visibility on the global media stage,
which may not only garner more support but may also give authori-
ties pause when considering violent means of suppression. Such “going
global” does not need to be an active move, as connections can be made
 1 INTRODUCTION: GLOBAL CULTURES OF CONTESTATION 5

by global media independently of those involved in a particular contes-

tation (as happened with the so-called Color Revolutions) and protest
repertoires can circulate thanks to social media uptake by others inde-
pendently of actors’ intentions.
Instead of considering the global protest wave of the 2010s as having
ended, this volume highlights its ongoing effects on how popular pro-
tests around the world, such as the Gezi Park protests, but also, more
unexpectedly, Catalan secessionism and the French anti-gender the-
ory movement, unfold. Continuity can be observed in the use of social
media, in how these protests configure public space and “the people,”
and in how they are conceptualized: as civil disobedience, as mobiliza-
tions of non-heroic counterpublics, as creative insurgencies, and so on.
As the subtitle of this volume indicates, we focus specifically on issues
of mobility, sustainability, aesthetics, and connectivity, leading to the fol-
lowing central questions: (1) How do the protests use forms of mobil-
ity and immobility (occupations, strikes, boycotts) as part of their action
repertoires? What forms of mobility are implied in the global spread of
the protest wave? (2) How are issues of sustainability—and its counter-
part, precarity—addressed in the various protests? To what extent are
the protests themselves sustainable as effective forms of contestation?
(3) What are the aesthetics of contemporary protest movements? What
new imaginaries and repertoires of protest (linguistic, visual, and acous-
tic) are emerging and how do they challenge and/or reproduce domi-
nant cultural regimes? (4) What are the connective platforms that
facilitate and structure today’s protest communication and mobilization?
How do these platforms not only enable contestation, but also shape
its focus and dynamics? As the contributions in this volume underline,
in practice these issues cannot be separated but have to be addressed in
their intertwinement.

Mobility
The strategic use of mobility and immobility in the recent global pro-
test wave—from marching through the streets to refusing to leave pub-
lic space—is addressed in various contributions. In the opening chapter,
Marlies Glasius and Armine Ishkanian focus on the 2011–2012 “wave”
of square occupations. On the basis of interviews, they explore how
activists in Cairo, Athens, London, and Moscow experienced the social
and political momentum created by gathering in and laying claim to a
6 E. Peeren et al.

central square, and what happened to this momentum after the occupa-
tions ended. Insisting that “the square occupations have been neither as
transformative as their supporters had hoped, nor as evanescent as subse-
quent commentators would have us believe,” they trace how, in all four
locations, despite increased government repression designed to prevent
further mass mobilization, meaningful after-effects have emerged in the
form of local initiatives that continue the prefigurative practices devel-
oped on the square.
Ewa Majewska similarly stresses the political force of occupying public
space by using the erection of a “White Town” of tents by striking nurses
in central Warsaw in 2007 as the starting point for her discussion of how
this and later protests mark the emergence of a new politics of resistance
based on the formation of “non-heroic counterpublics” engaged in an
everyday resistance of the weak. An early example of the long-term occu-
pation of central public spaces that became a key strategy in the protests
of the 2010s, Majewska shows how the “White Town” resonated in the
Occupy movements, the Arab Revolutions, the Majdan Square gather-
ings in Kiev, Ukraine, and the women’s protests of 2016, particularly in
the way it combined a stubborn refusal to leave with a determination to
facilitate the continuation of the movements of everyday life within the
occupied site.
Jaume Castan Pinos’ contribution moves away from protests involving
continuous occupation to explore the use of annual mass marches by the
Catalan secession movement in Spain. In conjunction with other forms
of activism, including online, the marches establish “semi-permanent
mobilizations” producing “established patterns of interaction that have
created the conditions for their reification and reproduction.” As proac-
tive contestations initiated and led by civil society groups, these mobili-
zations have pushed the issue of Catalan secessionism to the top of the
political agenda, with established secessionist parties becoming involved
reactively. Hence, the Catalan secessionist movement should not be
taken as driven by political elites, but as showing how grassroots mobi-
lizations, when sustained over time, can lead to political movement, and
how institutionalization (as with the emergence of Podemos out of the
indignados) may strengthen a protest movement rather than signaling its
appropriation and demise.
Castan Pinos also explores the importance of acts of civil disobedience
for the Catalan secessionist movement, with leaders facing jail provid-
ing another impetus for regular mass mobilization. The question of what
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254

Smell and taste, perversion of,

250

Spinal irritation,

251

Temperature and pulse,

252

Urinary secretion, state of,

253

Vaginismus,

246

Vomiting,

254
 Synonyms,

206

Treatment,

273

Baths, use of, in,

282

283

Bromides, use of,

276

Chloroform, use of,

285

286

Climatic,
283

Cold, use of,

282

283

Education, necessity of proper,

274

Electricity, use of,

281-286

Emetics in controlling seizures,

285

Exercise and gymnastics, use in,

275

280
 Gold and sodium chloride, use of,

279

Gynæcological, question of,

286

287

Harsh measures, questionable value of,

276

Hydrotherapy in,

281

282

in children,

275
 Iron and zinc salts, use in,

278

Massage and Swedish movements,

280

Metallo-therapy,

284

Mind- and faith-cures, value of,

277

278

Mitchell's rest-cure,

279

Moral,

276
 Musk, valerian, asafœtida, etc.,

278

Nitrite of amyl,

285

of contractures,

286

of paralyses,

286

of paroxysms,

285

Opium, use of,

278

Oöphorectomy, question of,

287
 Prophylactic and hygienic,

274

Sea-bathing in,

283

Hysteria as a cause of disseminated sclerosis,

884

of vertigo,

425

distinguished from brain tumors,

1055

Hysterical headache,

402
 insanity,

148

YSTERO-EPILEPSY

288

Definition and synonyms,

288

Diagnosis,

307

from true epilepsy,

308

from simulation,
310

Duration and course,

307

Etiology,

291

Age, influence of,

291

Emotional,

293

Painful menstruation,

293

Sex, race, and climate,

291
 History,

289

Pathology,

291

Prognosis,

310

Symptoms,

293

Anæsthesia,

298

Contracture,

297

Digestive,

297
 Hallucinations,

301

Hystero-epileptogenic zones, significance of,

298

of contortions and great movements,

301

of delirium,

301

of emotional attitudes,

301

of epileptoid period,

300

of irregular types,
302

of regular types,

293

of paroxysms,

293

304

306

Ovarian hyperæsthesia,

298

pressure, effect of,

299

Permanent,

307
 Prodromal,

297

Treatment,

310

Compression of nerve-trunks,

310

Electricity, use of,

311-313

Metallic salts, use of,

313

Metallo-therapy,

313

Nitrite of amyl and nitro-glycerin,

311

Oöphorectomy, question of,

312

Potassium bromide, use of,

313

Torsion of abdominal walls to arrest paroxysms,

311

Varieties,

290

I.

Ice, use of, in acute simple meningitis,

720
 in cerebral meningeal hemorrhage,

715

in neuritis,

1194

in tubercular meningitis,

736

Idiocy, intellectual and moral,

138

Ill-health, influence on causation of insanity,

116

117
Illusions in nervous diseases,

20

Imbecility, intellectual and moral,

138

in inflammation of the brain,

791

Imitation, influence on causation of catalepsy,

319

of hysteria,

222-229

Impotence in tumors of spinal cord,

1096

Impulsive insanity,

146

Inco-ordination in nervous diseases,

47-50

Inebriety, trance state in,

346

NFANTILE

PINAL

P
ARALYSIS

1113

Anatomical lesions,

1131

Atrophy of anterior spinal horns, characters, etc.,

1133

1138

1139

nerve-roots and anterior columns of the cord,

1138

1139

Autopsies, tables of,

1133-1136

1139

Microscopic lesions,

1137

Theories interpreting the lesions of the cord,

1140-1444

regarding origin, premature,

1132

Complication with progressive muscular atrophy,

1149

Course of,

1148

Definitions,
1113

Deformities of atrophic paralysis,

1127

Criticism of theory of muscular antagonism,

1128

Dislocations in,

1130

Mechanism of,

1128

1131

Muscular contraction in,

1127

Relation of weight and muscular forces,