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Conservation Science and Advocacy for a
Planet in Peril
This page intentionally left blank
 Speaking Truth to Power

Edited by
Dominick A. DellaSala
Wild Heritage, A Project of Earth Island Institute, Berkeley, CA, United States
Elsevier
Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands
The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom
50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
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This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as
may be noted herein).

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understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any
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Publisher: Candice Janco

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Typeset by MPS Limited, Chennai, India
 Contents

List of contributors xvii

Biographies xix
Foreword: Uncensored science is crucial for global conservation xxv
Preface lvii

Section I: Scientists as advocates:

Advocacy should not be a four-letter word
Chapter 1 The nuts and bolts of science-based advocacy 3
Dominick A. DellaSala
A revolution in scientific thinking 3
The science-policy engagement pendulum 4
Peer review and evidence-based science as the gold
standard 6
What’s at risk? 6
Taking the planetary Hippocratic Oath to avoid silent
complicity 6
A planetary thought experiment 7
Applying the planetary Hippocratic Oath in the real world 8
Don’t shoot the messenger 9
Dueling science 10
Science versus anecdotes 11
Applying the precautionary principle 11
US Endangered Species Act’s precautionary principle 13
What is the best available science? 14
Agency discretion is the death ray of best
available science 15
Establishing a new credibility standard: best available
independent science 16

v
Contents

Degrees of uncertainty: the Intergovernmental Panel

on Climate Change 17
Type I versus Type II errors 18
How we communicate matters 18
The elevator speech 19
Don’t be such a scientist 20
The Four Agreements 20
Speaking Truth to Power: Who Speaks for the Earth? 22
A Nobel Earth Prize 23
References 23

Chapter 2 When scientists are attacked: strategies for

dissident scientists and whistleblowers 27
Derek E. Lee, Monica L. Bond and Chad Hanson
Contrarians and dissidents 27
Challenging the dominant forestry paradigm:
a case study 31
Before you dissent 33
Getting your ideas out 35
After the first blow lands 36
Continuing the fight 37
Speaking Truth to Power 38
References 38
Further Reading 40

Chapter 3 Sounding the climate alarm—scientists

and politics 41
Franz Baumann
The context 41
The science 42
The politics 46
The economics 54
The scientists 58
Speaking truth to power 61

vi
Contents

References 62
Further reading 71

Chapter 4 Science integrity and environmental

decision-making in Canada: a fragile renaissance 73
Jeremy T. Kerr
Scientific integrity and public policy 73
Fabrications versus facts: how scientists can defend
scientific integrity 75
Science training and scientific integrity: vaccines
against disinformation 76
Holding the line on scientific integrity 77
Scientific integrity in Canada: a dark age 78
Suppression of science 78
Attacks on scientific integrity and environmental
protection 81
Dismantling environmental legislation 82
The last stand: in defense of Canada’s species at risk act 84
Ignoring the species at risk act 86
Recovering scientific integrity and environmental
governance 87
Scientific integrity and passionate advocacy are
not mutually exclusive 88
Scientific integrity: the renaissance 89
Why fight for scientific integrity? 90
Recovering scientific integrity: obstacles to progress 91
Speaking truth to power: a fragile renaissance
for scientific integrity 94
References 95

Chapter 5 Blowing the whistle on political interference:

the Northern Spotted Owl 99
Dominick A. DellaSala
In the beginning, there was the owl 99
What the owl needs 100

vii
Contents

How a 46-cm bird stopped the timber industry in its tracks 103
The owl gets listed and all hell breaks out 103
Enter the Northwest Forest Plan 105
Enter the owl recovery plan 106
The politics of the Northwest Forest Plan and owl recovery 108
Political interference 108
“Delinking” (separating) Northwest Forest Plan
reserves from owl recovery 109
Congressional action and government oversight 110
Wildfire as the new flexibility excuse 113
Debunking bogus claims about “extensive scientific
analysis” 115
Debunking active management versus hands off rhetoric 115
Debunking healthy forests framing 115
Debunking forest resilience framing 116
Burdens, flexibility, and freedom of choice messaging
is code for more logging 116
Distinguishing cause from effect: is wildfire a threat or
an excuse to log? 117
Logging as the cause, nest-site abandonment
as the effect 117
“Thinning” is not benign habitat alterations 118
What’s next for the owl and the Northwest Forest Plan 119
We all lose when scientific integrity takes a back seat 121
Speaking Truth to Power 122
References 123

Section II: An imperfect marriage:

Policy and science
Chapter 6 Overcoming the politics of endangered species
listings 129
Noah Greenwald
The US Endangered Species Act—a global model 129

viii
Contents

What species qualify for threatened and endangered

status under the ESA 131
Delays and failure to list species under the ESA start early 131
Public pressure gains protection for species 134
Case studies of political interference in the listing process 137
Greater Sage Grouse 138
Montana arctic grayling 140
Streaked Horned Lark 143
Speaking truth to power: US Fish & Wildlife Service
reformation 145
References 146

Chapter 7 Scientific integrity and advocacy: keeping the

government honest 149
Michael Halpern
When politics invades the weather forecast 149
Science has always been political 150
Political and industry pressure on science ramps up 151
Building a movement to defend science 154
Monitoring the federal government 156
Candidates and their commitments 158
Public access to government knowledge 159
Defending scientific integrity abroad 161
Scientific integrity and the Trump administration 162
Environmental Protection Agency attempts to remove
science and science advice 163
The future of scientific integrity reform 167
Speaking truth to power: experts as advocates 169
References 171

Chapter 8 Why advocate—and how? 177

Robert M. Hughes, Robert L. Vadas Jr., J. Hal Michael Jr.,
Beverly E. Law, Arthur C. Knutson Jr., Dominick A. DellaSala,
Jim Burroughs and Hal Beecher
Why advocate 177

ix
Contents

Ideas are routinely dismissed that conflict with

those in charge 179
Fear of “Rocking the Boat” 180
Decision makers often prioritize inhouse science over
objective scientific approaches 181
Going against the status quo has career consequences 181
Decision makers have difficulty acknowledging the
problem even exists 182
Scientists have poor communication skills that limit
their ability to influence change 182
Others casting doubt blunts the effect of your work in
enacting change 183
A desire for fame and fortune gets in the way of
doing the right thing 183
How to advocate 184
Insights from federal agency employees 184
Insights from state agency employees 185
Insights from university employees 186
Insights from environmental consulting firm and
nongovernmental organization employees 187
Science-based advocacy implications 189
Speaking truth to power: closing thoughts 193
Acknowledgments 193
References 194

Chapter 9 Climate reality leadership 199

Bill Bradbury
Keep hope alive 199
The problem 200
Rain bombs 201
Hurricanes 201
Hurricane Dorian 202
Climate deniers 202
The solution 203

x
Contents

Green energy—wind, solar, and conservation 204

Batteries 204
Building efficiency 205
Transportation 205
Lighting 205
Climate Reality Project 206
Climate mentor 206
International chapters 207
Africa 207
Australia and the Pacific 207
Brazil 208
Canada 208
China 209
Europe 209
India 209
Indonesia 210
Latin America 211
Philippines 211
United States 212
Global change can happen 212
The explosion of cell phones 212
Renewable energy 213
Speaking truth to power: thoughts and solutions 213
References 215

Section III: The politics of science in

decision making
Chapter 10 Out of the ivory tower: campaign-based science
messaging for the public 219
Richard McIntyre
Does science matter? 219

xi
Contents

Snowball climate denial 220

The politicization of science 221
Scientists as storytellers 222
The Cannabis Removal on Public Lands story: a case
study in science-based campaigns 223
Speaking truth to power: closing thoughts 232
References 233

Chapter 11 Essays from the trenches of science-based activism 235

Joel Clement, Randi Spivak and Jennifer Mamola
How the Trump Administration tried to cancel the
Interior Department 235
Politics trumps climate assistance 235
Department of the Interior in the crosshairs 236
Ignoring imminent danger to Alaska Natives 237
Speaking truth to power: betraying the public trust 238
Why scientists should talk to elected officials 240
What to say and how to say it 241
Best practices for congressional testimony 242
Speaking truth to power: is it worth it? 244
Lobbying 101: tips to effective legislative advocacy online 244
Speaking truth to power: preparing for DC lobbying
(what to bring, wear, get around) 246

Chapter 12 Shifting the burden of proof to minimize

impacts during the science-policy process 249
Kara A. Whittaker and Peter Goldman
Who should carry the burden of proof during an
adaptive management process? 249
The DNR HCP: Marbled Murrelet Long-Term
Conservation Strategy 251
Forest Practices HCP: unstable slopes and landslide hazards 256
The science and policy surrounding the improvement of
rules governing logging on potentially unstable slopes 258

xii
Contents

The December 2007 storm 259

Post-Storm Assessments 260
Slow Policy Responses 261
The 2014 Oso landslide 262
Board manual section 16 revision 264
Landslide activity level and reactivation potential 265
Bedrock deep-seated landslides 266
Unstable slopes proposal initiation 268
An urgent call for precautionary forest climate policy 268
Speaking truth to power: who should carry the burden
of proof during an adaptive management process? 269
References 270

Chapter 13 To zero emissions, and beyond? Oregon

Stumbles forward 275
Angus Duncan
Introduction 275
Prologue: a tale of three sessions 276
2010: the blooming of bipartisanship 276
2019: the turn to partisan divisiveness 277
2020: 2019 redux 278
Oregon’s changing climate 278
Fitful progress: Oregon’s coming to terms with
climate change 281
Electricity—the Boardman chapter 285
Electricity—the end-of-coal chapter 288
Electricity—the capping carbon chapter 290
Transportation—Oregon loses its way 293
Forest carbon—an opportunity opens up 295
The Governor’s executive order 298
The why and wherefore: failures of governance
and of imagination 301

xiii
Contents

Speaking truth to power: closing thoughts 307

References 307

Chapter 14 The politics of conservation—taking the

biodiversity crisis to the streets 309
David Johns
The disconnect 309
Forcing change 311
Ordinary and transgressive politics 312
Transgressive action and asymmetric politics 313
Self-defense 314
Targeting and campaigns 315
Not always a fight but always hard work 316
Mobilization 317
Morality and material interests 317
Allies 318
Movement, identity, and story 318
Campaigns 320
Organization 321
Crises 323
Staying focused and leadership 324
Speaking truth to power: final thoughts 325
References 326

Chapter 15 When science is silenced: scientists fighting back

against the politicization of their work 329
Augusta C.F. Wilson
Weaponized use of open records laws against scientists 330
Reaction to the “hockey stick” graph 330
Impact and response from the scientific community 331
Further “hockey stick” open records abuse 332
Open records requests as an intimidation tactic 334

xiv
Contents

Censorship of scientists for political reasons 335

Censorship of scientists’ congressional testimony 335
Censorship of climate science during the Trump
Administration 336
Direct interference with scientific work as a form of
censorship 338
Restricting publication as a form of censorship 340
Silencing climate science through elimination
of funding 341
More than anecdotal evidence of a change in culture 341
Congressional abuse 343
Abuse of the Unilateral Subpoena Power 343
Abuse of congressional oversight authority: targeting
of individual scientists 345
Further fallout from the hockey stick graph 346
Dubious invocations of antilobbying restrictions 346
Pro-climate members of congress wrestle with the
line on oversight 347
Speaking truth to power: final thoughts 348
References 349
Further reading 353

Chapter 16 Speaking truth to power for the Earth 355

Dominick A. DellaSala
Science as denial’s antidote 356
Speaking truth to power vs. remaining complicit 359
Human and planet health are intertwined 359
A cosmic perspective 360
Speaking Truth to Power: Epilogue 361
References 368

Index 371

xv
This page intentionally left blank
 List of contributors

Franz Baumann New York University, Graduate School of Arts and Science,
Program in International Relations, New York, NY, United States
Hal Beecher Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (Retired), Olympia,
WA, United States
Monica L. Bond Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental
Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Bill Bradbury Former Oregon Secretary of State, Bandon, OR, United States
Jim Burroughs Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation, Oklahoma
City, OK, United States
Joel Clement Harvard Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs,
Cambridge, MA, United States
Dominick A. DellaSala Wild Heritage, A Project of Earth Island Institute,
Berkeley, CA, United States
Angus Duncan Natural Resources Defense Council—Consultant, Former
Chair, Oregon Global Warming Commission, Salem, OR, United States; Former
Chair, Northwest Power Planning Council, Portland, OR, United States
Peter Goldman Washington Forest Law Center
Noah Greenwald Center for Biological Diversity, Portland, OR, United States
Michael Halpern Formerly with the Union of Concerned Scientists,
Cambridge, MA, United States
Chad Hanson John Muir Project of the Earth Island Institute, Berkeley, CA,
United States
Robert M. Hughes Amnis Opes Institute, Corvallis, OR, United States;
Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
David Johns School of Government, Portland State University, Portland, OR,
United States
Jeremy T. Kerr University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Arthur C. Knutson, Jr. California Department of Fish and Wildlife (Retired),
Sacramento, CA, United States

xvii
List of contributors

Beverly E. Law Oregon State University (Professor Emeritus), Corvallis, OR,

United States
Derek E. Lee Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University
Park, Pennsylvania, United States
Jennifer Mamola John Muir Project of the Earth Island Institute, Washington,
DC, United States
Richard McIntyre The Community Governance Partnership (CGP),
Sacramento, CA, United States; Cannabis Removal on Public Lands Project
(CROP Project), Oakland, CA, United States
J. Hal Michael, Jr. Ecologists Without Borders, Olympia, WA, United States
Randi Spivak Public Lands Program, Center for Biological Diversity, Tucson,
AZ, United States
Robert L. Vadas, Jr. Participating in his own capacity
Kara A. Whittaker Washington Forest Law Center
Augusta C.F. Wilson Climate Science Legal Defense Fund, New York, NY,
United States

xviii
 Biographies

Franz Baumann, PhD, started his career at the European Parliament in

Luxembourg before transferring to the European Commission in Brussels, join-
ing Siemens in Munich and, in 1980 the United Nations, where he served in
four cities on three continents in a variety of functions. In 2009, he was
appointed as an Assistant Secretary-General. His last assignment was Special
Adviser on Environment and Peace Operations. He is currently a visiting
research professor at New York University, a senior fellow and a member of the
Board of Trustees of the Hertie School, Berlin, a Vice President of the Academic
Council on the United Nations System, and a member of the Board of Advisers
of the Centre for United Nations Studies at the University of Buckingham,
England.
Hal Beecher, PhD, worked for The Nature Conservancy in Oregon and
Washington before 36 years as an instream flow biologist with the Washington
Department of Fish and Wildlife, where he researched salmonid hydroecology
and worked with water users and managers to protect instream habitat while
accommodating water use. He represented the agency on the Instream Flow
Council (www.instreamflowcouncil.org), served as its president 2006
08, and
was a co-author of two IFC books. He retired in 2016.
Monica Bond, PhD, is a wildlife biologist and biodiversity advocate with the
Wild Nature Institute and a research associate with the University of Zurich. She
has published 45 peer-reviewed scientific journal articles and book chapters,
has worked as a field organizer for Green Corps, an Endangered Species grass-
roots organizer for the National Wildlife Federation, and a staff biologist for the
Center for Biological Diversity. She spent the past two decades studying
Spotted Owls and served on the Dry Forest Landscapes Working Group for the
Northern Spotted Owl Recovery Plan. She travels around the world researching
and advocating for the conservation of imperiled wildlife and habitats.
Bill Bradbury is a retired Oregon public official whose career includes both
salmon recovery and climate change. He was first elected to the Oregon House
of Representatives in 1980 and introduced the bill creating the Salmon and
Trout Enhancement Program. Since its enactment, Oregon has benefitted from
over 3 million volunteer hours restoring salmon. In 2006, Bill was one of the
first 50 people trained by the former Vice President Al Gore to present the now
well-known slide show (“An Inconvenient Truth”) about global (and local)
impacts of a changing climate. In 2017, Bill received “the Green Ring Award”
from Mr. Gore “in recognition of outstanding work towards solving the climate
crisis.”

xix
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