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THE POLITICAL ECONOMY
OF THE MIDDLE EAST
SERIES EDITOR: ASHRAF MISHRIF
Nationalization of
Gulf Labour Markets
Higher Education and
Skills Development in
Industry 4.0
Edited by
Ashraf Mishrif · Magdalena Karolak ·
Cameron Mirza
The Political Economy of the Middle East
Series Editor
Ashraf Mishrif , Humanities Research Centre,
Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khaud, Oman
This series explores the nature of Middle Eastern political regimes and
their approaches to economic development. In light of the region’s
distinctive political, social and economic structures and the dramatic
changes that took place in the wake of the Arab spring, this series
puts forward a critical body of high-quality, research-based scholarship
that reflects current political and economic transitions across the Middle
East. It offers original research and new insights on the causes and
consequences of the Arab uprisings; economic reforms and liberalization;
political institutions and governance; regional and sub-regional integra-
tion arrangements; foreign trade and investment; political economy of
energy, water and food security; finance and Islamic finance; and the poli-
tics of welfare, labor market and human development. Other themes of
interest include the role of the private sector in economic development,
economic diversification, entrepreneurship and innovation; state-business
relationships; and the capacity of regimes and public institutions to lead
the development process. The book series is Scopus Indexed.
Ashraf Mishrif · Magdalena Karolak ·
Cameron Mirza
Editors
Nationalization
of Gulf Labour
Markets
Higher Education and Skills Development
in Industry 4.0
Editors
Ashraf Mishrif Magdalena Karolak
Humanities Research Centre College of Humanities and Social
Sultan Qaboos University Science
Al Khaud, Oman Zayed University
Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Cameron Mirza
International Research and Exchanges
Board (IREX)
Washington, DC, USA
This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature
Singapore Pte Ltd.
The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore
189721, Singapore
To our families, friends, and beloved ones
Acknowledgements
vii
viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ix
x CONTENTS
Index 333
Notes on Contributors
xiii
xiv NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS
specialist in investments, credit, and other banking areas, and trained over
3000+ participants at senior levels in banking, finance, and the Investment
Industry. He has also expertise in Corporate Banking & Treasury, with
India’s top Bank (SBI). Handled large, and emerging companies across
various sectors of $350mn. He was also an AVP—Treasury with SBI
and worked across verticals like Forex, Global market research, Bonds,
Derivatives, Stocks.
Anca Bocanet is Assistant Professor and Program Team Leader at the
Higher Colleges of Technology in the UAE. She earned her Ph.D.
in Science and Technology Management from University of Naples
Federico II, Italy. She teaches a variety of courses for the Business
Analytics Program. Dr. Anca earned her Ph.D. in Science and Tech-
nology Management from University of Naples Federico II, Italy in 2011.
Her current research interests include complexity theory and systems,
organizational learning, and innovation and entrepreneurship. Her latest
research contributes to the debate on corporate innovation–productivity
trade-off in the context of new ventures creation.
Ayesha Farooq a Nuffic fellow, is a Professor of Strategy at the Depart-
ment of Business Administration, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh,
India. Her significant research themes are strategy, sustainability, and
entrepreneurship. Dr. Farooq is a resource person at many manage-
ment schools, with special mention of the Cadbury Centre, University
of Birmingham (UK) and created video content for UOB.
Shazia Farooq Fazli is working as Assistant Professor in the Depart-
ment of Sociology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. Her areas
of interest include reproductive health & reproductive rights of women
and counselling to create awareness regarding AIDS. She has worked at
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation working on women-related issues.
Rihab Grassa is Faculty in the Higher Colleges of Technology in
Dubai-UAE as well as external associate researcher for the Laboratoire
Interdisciplinaire de Gestion Université–Enterprise in the High Insti-
tute of Accounting and Business Administration, University of Manouba,
Tunisia. She remains actively engaged in the Islamic Finance industry,
through preparing reports for governmental and financial institutions,
conference contributions, research, publishing, and drafting of reports
and case studies. She has published a wide variety of academic papers and
conference proceedings, and has presented on topics related to Islamic
NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xv
xxi
xxii ABBREVIATIONS
Assis sur son derrière, Kazan, après avoir jeté son cri lointain, se
mit à renifler dans l’air la liberté qui maintenant était la sienne.
Autour de lui s’évanouissaient, avec l’aurore, les abîmes de nuit de
la forêt.
Depuis le jour où tout là-bas, sur les bords du Mackenzie [7] , il
avait été, par des marchands qui trafiquaient dans ces parages,
acheté aux Indiens et, pour la première fois, attelé aux harnais d’un
traîneau, il avait souvent, en un désir ardent, songé à cette liberté
vers laquelle le repoussait le sang de loup qui était en lui. Jamais il
n’avait complètement osé. Maintenant que c’était fait, il en était tout
désorienté.
[7] Le fleuve Mackenzie prend sa source dans les
Montagnes Rocheuses, traverse le Canada vers l’ouest
et va se jeter dans la Mer Glaciale du Nord, après avoir
côtoyé les Grands Lacs de l’Ours et de l’Esclave.