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L E V I N A S , KA N T
A N D T H E P R O B L E M AT I C
O F T E M P O R A L I TY
A D O N I S F R A N G E S KO U
Levinas, Kant and the Problematic
of Temporality
 Adonis Frangeskou

Levinas, Kant
and the Problematic
of Temporality
Adonis Frangeskou
Alexander College
Larnaca, Cyprus

ISBN 978-1-137-59794-6 ISBN 978-1-137-59795-3 (eBook)

DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-59795-3

Library of Congress Control Number: 2017945818

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017

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The registered company address is: The Campus, 4 Crinan Street, London, N1 9XW, United Kingdom
FOR HARVEY
 Acknowledgements

I would first like to thank Douglas Burnham, William Large, and David
Webb, who have aided me considerably by their philosophical expertise
and by their understanding of the problematic of Temporality. I would
also like to express my gratitude to my mother Maria Frangeskou, and
to Ann McGoun, for their continued guidance and support. Finally, I
wish to tell Lee Michael Badger how much his faithful friendship and
his example of intellectual integrity have sustained me in this difficult
enterprise called philosophy.

vii
 Contents

1 Introduction 1

2 The Ontological Destruction of the Schematism 17

3 The Ground-Laying of Metaphysica Generalis

as Temporality of Dasein 47

4 Time, Temporality and the Opening up of Presence 77

5 From Presence to Absolute Presence: The Supreme

Diachronism 109

6 The Ground-Laying of Metaphysica Specialis

as Temporality of Being-for-the-Other 135

Bibliography 207

Index 211

ix
 Abbreviations

The list below provides the abbreviations of all primary texts cited in the
main body and endnotes of this book. The pages of the original language
versions will be referenced along with their corresponding English trans-
lations where this is possible. Those English translations that have occa-
sionally been modified and interpolated will be marked ‘mod.’ Successive
citations of the same text will exclude its abbreviation.

Texts by Heidegger
The original language texts are those numbered volumes of Heidegger’s
Gesamtausgabe [G] published in Frankfurt am Main by Vittorio
Klostermann. An exception is made for Sein und Zeit [SZ], which is
cited following the seventh edition published in Tübingen by Max
Niemeyer Verlag.

G3 1991. Kant und das Problem der Metaphysik./Richard Taft, trans.

1990. Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics. Bloomington: Indiana
University Press.

xi
xii   Abbreviations

G5 1977. Holzwege./Julian Young & Kenneth Haynes, eds. 2002. Off

the Beaten Track. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
G9 1976. Wegmarken./William McNeill, ed. 1998. Pathmarks.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
G14 2007. Zur Sache des Denkens./Joan Stambaugh, trans. 1972. On
Time and Being. Chicago. The University of Chicago Press.
G15 1986. Seminare./Andrew Mitchell & Francois Raffoul, trans. 2003.
Four Seminars. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
G21 1976. Logik: Die Frage nach der Wahrheit./Thomas Sheehan, trans.
2010. Logic: The Question of Truth. Bloomington: Indiana University
Press.
G24 1975. Die Grundprobleme der Phänomenologie./Albert Hofstadter,
trans. 1982. The Basic Problems of Phenomenology. Bloomington:
Indiana University Press.
G25 1977. Phänomenologische Interpretation von Kants Kritik der
reinen Vernunft./Parvis Emad & Kenneth Maly, trans. 1997.
Phenomenological Interpretation of Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason.
Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
G26 1978. Metaphysiche Anfangsgründe der Logik im Ausgang von
Leibniz./Michael Heim, trans. 1984. The Metaphysical Foundations of
Logic. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
G31 1982. Vom Wesen der menschlichen Freiheit. Einleitung in die
Philosophie./Ted Sadler, trans. 2002. The Essence of Human Freedom:
An Introduction to Philosophy. London: Continuum.
G32 1980. Hegels Phänomenologie des Geistes./Parvis Emad & Kenneth
Maly, trans. 1994. Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit. Bloomington &
Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
G41 1984. Die Frage nach dem Ding: Zu Kants Lehre von der transcen-
dentalen Grundsätzen./W.B. Barton, Jr. & Vera Deutsch, trans. 1967.
What is a Thing? Chicago: Henry Regency Company.
G42 1988. Schelling: Vom Wesen der menschlichen Freiheit./Joan
Stambaugh, trans. 1985. Schelling’s Treatise on the Essence of Human
Freedom. Athens: Ohio University Press.
G64 2004. Der Begriff der Zeit./William McNeill, trans. 1992. The
Concept of Time. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
SZ 1967. Sein und Zeit./John Macquarrie & Edward Robinson, trans.
1962. Being and Time. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
 Abbreviations   xiii

Texts by Levinas
The original language texts marked with an asterix* refer to Le Livre de
Poche versions of those texts.

AEAE 1978. Autrement qu’être ou au-delá de l’essence. The Hague:

Martinus Nijhoff Publishers*./Alphonso Lingis, trans. 1991. Otherwise
than Being or Beyond Essence. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
AT 1995. Altérité et Transcendance. Saint Clement: Fata Morgana*./
Michael B. Smith, trans. 1999. Alterity and Transcendence. London:
The Athlone Press Ltd.
BI 1983. ‘Beyond Intentionality.’ Translated by Kathleen McLaughlin
in Philosophy in France Today, edited by Alan Montefiori. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 100-15. Reproduced in 2002. The
Phenomenology Reader. Edited by Dermot Moran & Timothy
Mooney. London: Routledge, 529–39.
BPW 1996. Basic Philosophical Writings. Edited by Adriaan T. Peperzak,
Simon Critchley & Robert Bernasconi. Bloomington: Indiana
University Press.
CPP 1998. Collected Philosophical Papers. Alphonso Lingis, trans.
Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press.
DEL 1984. ‘Dialogue with Emmanuel Levinas.’ Translated by Richard
Kearney in Dialogues with Contemporary Continental Thinkers: The
Phenomenological Heritage, edited by Richard Kearney. Manchester:
Manchester University Press. Reproduced in 1986. Face to Face with
Levinas. Edited by Richard Cohen. Albany: State University of New
York Press, 13–33.
DMT 1993. Dieu, la mort et le temps. Paris: Grasset & Fasquelle*./
Bettina Bergo, trans. 2000. God, Death, and Time. Stanford: Stanford
University Press.
DVI 1982. De Dieu qui vient á l’idée. Paris: Librairie Philosophique
J. VRIN./Bettina Bergo, trans, 1998. Of God Who Comes to Mind.
Stanford: Stanford University Press.
EE 1998. De l’existence a l’existant. Paris: Librairie Philosophique
J. VRIN./Alphonso Lingis, trans. 2001. Existence and Existents.
Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press.
xiv   Abbreviations

EI 1981. Éthique et Infini. Librairie Arthème Fayard et Radio-France*./

Richard A. Cohen, trans. 1985. Ethics and Infinity. Pittsburgh:
Duquesne University Press.
EN 1991. Entre Nous: Essais sur le penser-á-l’autre, Paris: Grasset &
Fasquelle*./Michael B. Smith & Barbara Harshav, trans. 1998. Entre
Nous: On Thinking-of-the-Other, London: The Athlone Press Ltd.
HAH 1972. Humanisme de l’autre homme. Montpellier: Fata Morgana./
Nidra Poller, trans. 2003. Humanism of the Other. Chicago:
University of Illinois Press.
HS 1987. Hors Sujet. Saint Clement: Fata Morgana*./Michael B. Smith,
trans. 1993. Outside the Subject. London: The Athlone Press Ltd.
IRB 2001. Is it Righteous to Be? Interviews with Emmanuel Levinas.
Edited by Jill Robbins. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
ITN 2007. In the Time of the Nations. Translated by Michael B. Smith.
London: Continuum.
ON 1982. ‘The Old and the New.’ Translated by Richard A. Cohen for
the English publication of Time and the Other. Pittsburgh: Duquesne
University Press.
PPR 1994. ‘The Primacy of Pure Practical Reason.’ Translated by Blake
Billings in Man and World, Vol. 27, No. 4 (1994), 445–53.
TA 1979. Le temps et l’autre. Montpellier: Fata Morgana./Richard
A. Cohen, trans. 1987. Time and the Other. Pittsburgh: Duquesne
University Press.
TI 1961. Totalité et Infini. Essais sur l’extériorité. The Hague: Martinus
Nijhoff Publishers*./Alphonso Lingis, trans. 1969. Totality and
Infinity. An Essay on Exteriority. Pittsburgh: Duquesne University
Press.

Texts by Kant
Citations of Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason will be listed convention-
ally according to the pagination of both A and B editions, as pre-
sented in Immanuel Kant: Werke, Kritik der reinen Vernunft, Vols. 3 &
 Abbreviations   xv

4. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft./Werner S. Pluhar,

trans. 1996. Critique of Pure Reason, Indianapolis/Cambridge: Hackett
Publishing Company Inc.
References to Kant’s Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics That Will
Be Able to Come Forward as Science will be cited according to the vol-
ume and page number of Immanuel Kant: Werke, Prolegomena zu einer
jeden kunftigen Metaphysik die als Wissenschaft wird auftreten können,
Vol. 5. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft [KW5], followed
by the English pagination in Gary Hatfield, trans. 2004. Prolegomena to
Any Future Metaphysics. With Selections from the Critique of Pure Reason.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
 1
Introduction

The following book aims to introduce Levinas’s notion of ‘the Other’

into the very heart of the Kantian doctrine of the schematism, and
therefore of the Heideggerian problematic of Temporality. In this sense,
it will render possible an ethical interpretation of the Critique of Pure
Reason which departs substantially from Heidegger’s own ontologi-
cal interpretation of that text in his Kantbook (Kant and the Problem of
Metaphysics) of 1929. More specifically, the book intends to establish
the historical connection between the retrieval of the problematic of
Temporality in the philosophies of Heidegger and Levinas on the one
hand, and the laying of the ground for metaphysics in the schematism
of Kant’s critical philosophy on the other. It intends to show that this
connection is not simply to be established in the way that Heidegger,
who destroyed the doctrine of the schematism on the grounds of the
existential temporality of Dasein, establishes it. His destruction of
the doctrine of the schematism remains overly committed to a reso-
lute ontological interpretation of the Kantian ground-laying. Drawing
on Levinas’s ethical critique of the Heideggerian retrieval of the prob-
lematic of Temporality together with his destructive proposal to carry
out the deformalization of the Kantian notion of time in a manner

© The Author(s) 2017 1

A. Frangeskou, Levinas, Kant and the Problematic of Temporality,
DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-59795-3_1
2   A. Frangeskou

consistent with Rosenzweig’s philosophy, I will argue that the connec-

tion should be established at the point where Kant determines the ethi-
cal status of the schematism according to the regulative schemas of the
ideas of pure reason (God, man and world), and not, as in Heidegger’s
ontological destruction, at the point of his determination of the sensible
schemas of the pure concepts of understanding (the categories). For it
can almost certainly be argued that the destruction of the schematism
accomplished by Heidegger in 1929 remains extraordinarily limited
in its application, and for two reasons: first, because it limits the sche-
matism to the sensible schemas of the pure concepts of understanding
alone, so as to effectively restrict the Kantian doctrine of the schema-
tism as such; and then, above all, because it thereby retrieves the exis-
tential ground of Dasein’s temporality. Does not Heidegger’s historical
exhibition of Dasein’s existential temporality reveal to us the extreme
limitation that he imposes, and necessarily must impose, on the retrieval
of the problematic of Temporality from out of Kant’s 1st Critique? Does
not Heidegger’s historical clarification of the existential temporality
of Dasein allow us to call into question the projected task of his own
retrieval of the problematic of Temporality—that of destroying Kant’s
doctrine of the schematism? For it is by no means a foregone conclu-
sion that the Kantian doctrine of the schematism can be limited to the
sensible schemas of the pure concepts of understanding, and therefore
that it be destroyed only on the grounds of the existential temporality of
Dasein.
It will therefore be shown, with the aid of Levinas’s ethical
philosophy, that the retrieval of the problematic of Temporality
can no longer be limited to its previous task of destroying the doc-
trine of the schematism on the grounds of the existential temporality
of Dasein. The question raised by this book can thus be posed as fol-
lows: Does the task of destroying the doctrine of the schematism
retrieve the existential grounds of temporality or does it retrieve the
diachronic grounds of temporality? In other words, does the destruc-
tion of the doctrine of the schematism operate according to its retrieval
of the existential temporality of Dasein or according to its retrieval of
the diachronic temporality of ‘Being-for-the-Other’? [IRB 114]. It is
not only a matter here of renewing the retrieval of the problematic of
 1 Introduction    
3

Temporality, but much more originally of establishing whether and to

what extent the diachronic temporality of Being-for-the-Other oper-
ates another destruction of the Kantian schematism as such. For Levinas
doubtless did not accomplish what he nevertheless rendered possible
for destroying the doctrine of the schematism on the grounds of the
diachronic temporality of Being-for-the-Other. There are at least three
reasons that explain why this is the case: first, because Levinas’s under-
standing of the 1st Critique, and of the Kantian schematism in particu-
lar, is too often guided by a Heideggerian pre-understanding; second,
because the diachronic temporality of Being-for-the-Other, even in
the traditional form of the regulative schemas of the ideas of pure rea-
son, never even comes close to unveiling itself; and finally, because the
retrieval of the problematic of Temporality required for this unveil-
ing, never gets beyond either its preparatory status or its contradictory
formulation. But if, in spite of all this, the diachronic temporality of
Being-for-the-Other can indeed be shown to be fully operative within
the 1st Critique, then Heidegger’s ontological retrieval of the prob-
lematic of Temporality would have to concede—somewhat contradic-
torily—that its task of destroying the doctrine of the schematism can
no longer be limited to retrieving the existential temporality of Dasein.
There is every indication that Levinas has at least opened up the pos-
sibility of pursuing this alternative retrieval: the destruction of the
schematism—and therefore, of the regulative schemas of the ideas of
pure reason—rests solely on an ethical retrieval of the problematic of
Temporality, beyond both the sensible schemas of the pure concepts
of understanding and the existential temporality of Dasein.
In this book, then, I will endeavour to accomplish the ethical
retrieval of the problematic of Temporality in the 1st Critique, and
thus to carry out the task of destroying the doctrine of the schematism
by releasing this task from its fundamental ontological commitments.
If in Levinas’s claim that ethics is first philosophy, which is to say, in
his claim to oppose the project of fundamental ontology, the retrieval
of the problematic of Temporality can be shown to surpass the exis-
tential temporality of Dasein, then it becomes necessary to drive this
ethical retrieval forward to the point of exceeding the ontological
destruction of the schematism previously carried out by Heidegger. But
4   A. Frangeskou

in doing so, one is equally compelled to renew the Heideggerian task of

destruction by carrying it out ethically, equally bound to that uniquely
ethical task of destruction which exceeds the limits of fundamental
ontology. It is in conceiving of this ethical destruction of the schema-
tism that this book justifies its claim to offer an ethical interpretation of
the Critique of Pure Reason.
It is therefore an essential argument of this book that in claiming
ethics to be first philosophy, Levinas not only maintains the philo-
sophical priority of ethics over that of fundamental ontology, but also
renews its related task of destruction and of destroying the history of
ontology. To claim, as Levinas does, that ethics is first philosophy, is
not only to maintain that within philosophy ethics ‘signifies a certain
priority […] that ethics is,’ philosophically speaking, ‘before ontology’
[DVI 143/90].1 It is also to maintain the priority of ethics within the
history of ontology itself. In other words, it maintains a certain prior-
ity of ethics within the philosophical task of destroying the history of
ontology (to play on a title of Heidegger’s). Thus, to claim that ethics is
first philosophy is to maintain the historical priority of ethics in addi-
tion to its philosophical priority.2 For ‘it is at this level’ of priority—
the level of what Derrida, whom I have already begun to cite here, calls
‘the worldwide historico-philosophical situation’—‘that the thought of
Emmanuel Levinas can make us tremble. At the heart of the desert, in
the growing wasteland, this thought, which fundamentally no longer
seeks to be a thought of Being […] makes us dream of an inconceiv-
able process of dismantling and dispossession.’3 Derrida then qualifies
this oneiric process of dismantling the thought of Being by describing
it as ‘a necessity’ that will ‘finally impose itself upon Levinas,’ namely,
‘the necessity of lodging oneself in traditional conceptuality in order
to destroy it.’4 It is therefore Levinas himself who, when necessarily
lodged in this way, will enable me to establish the historical connection
between the laying of the ground for metaphysics in the schematism of
Kant’s 1st Critique on the one hand, and the retrieval of the problem-
atic of Temporality in his ethical thought on the other. It is he alone
who, when imposed upon by this necessity, will enable me to argue that
the destruction of the doctrine of the schematism leads to an ethical
retrieval of the problematic of Temporality, and thus renders possible an
 1 Introduction    
5

ethical interpretation of the Critique of Pure Reason. For it is by virtue of

its own historico-philosophical situation that Levinas’s ethical thought
is compelled to lead—through an almost inconceivable and necessary
process of its destruction—the doctrine of the schematism toward an
alternative retrieval of its temporal problematic, that of the diachronic
temporality of Being-for-the-Other.5 A more expansive ‘phenomenon
of a ‘transcendental determination of time’ in its own structure’ unveils
itself within this ethical retrieval than within Heidegger’s own ontologi-
cal retrieval of the existential temporality of Dasein [SZ 24/45]. This
more expansive phenomenon is no longer limited to a transcendental
determination of time which Heidegger destroyed on the grounds of
the existential temporality of Dasein, and which he therefore grounded
in the existential structures of temporality. I will show that Levinas’s
ethical thought renders possible an interpretation of the 1st Critique
which relieves the task of destruction from grounding the phenomenon
of a transcendental determination of time in the existential structures
of temporality alone. This ethical interpretation of the 1st Critique
destroys the phenomenon of a transcendental determination of time by
grounding it ultimately in the more expansive diachronic structures of
temporality. Destroyed on the grounds of the diachronic temporality of
Being-for-the-Other, the phenomenon of a transcendental determina-
tion of time therefore becomes conceivable in such a way as to free up a
strictly ethical interpretation of the 1st Critique.
The account of Levinas’s relation to Kant proposed here is natu-
rally very different from the more traditional accounts of this relation.
Given that Levinas prioritises ethics over ontology, and given that, as
Heidegger has shown, Kant’s 1st Critique originally unfolds as a project
of fundamental ontology, it is far from obvious how his ethical thought
could be utilised effectively in an interpretation—or indeed reinterpre-
tation—of the 1st Critique. Here it would be germane to recall a recent
argument made by Richard Cohen that: ‘While Heidegger’s “funda-
mental ontology” effects an ontological revision of Kant’s epistemologi-
cal account of the imagination in the Critique of Pure Reason, Levinas’s
intersubjective ethics effects a revision and unification of Kant’s account
of the ethical subject in the Critique of Practical Reason and the role of
religion in Religion within the Limits of Reason Alone.’6 Those traditional
6   A. Frangeskou

accounts which, in line with Cohen’s argument, simply neglect the

importance of Levinas’s ethical thought for interpreting the 1st Critique
usually insist on its relation to Kant’s 2nd Critique alone. Such insist-
ence is clearly evident in an earlier essay written by Paul Davies. In
attempting to clarify ‘the relation to Kant and Kantianism staged in
and by Levinas’s phenomenological project,’ Davies finds textual evi-
dence in the lecture courses God, Death, and Time and elsewhere to
support the general claim that Levinas affirms the necessity of such a
relation.7 He then suggests that ‘the Levinasian call for ‘ethics as first
philosophy’ [cannot] fail to bring to mind that earlier insistence on
the primacy of practical reason which crucially centred around the
description of reason’s being affected by the moral law, laid low by its
own imperative.’8 In other words, Levinas’s phenomenological project
stages the relation to Kant in and through the relation to the primacy
of practical reason, i.e., in and through the description of the moral
imperative. Consequently, on Davies’s account, the relation to Kant that
Levinas affirms in God, Death, and Time invites ‘us to begin to find in
Kant’s practical philosophy and in the announcement that the critical
philosophy is not limited to the conditions of theoretical knowledge,
something of a genuine ‘outside,’’ i.e., it invites us to begin to find in
Kant’s 2nd Critique something of that ‘sense of the subject ‘outside’
ontology’ and ‘the knowledge […] of any being whatsoever.’9
Catherine Chalier provides what is perhaps the most impressive
instance of this type of account. She understands Levinas’s relation
to Kant primarily in terms of ‘a shared admiration for practical rea-
son’s aptitude to exceed the bounds of speculative reason.’10 With this
in mind, she contends that ‘Levinas recognizes his proximity to that
[i.e., Kant’s practical] philosophy, since, “beside the theoretical access
to the being of the phenomenon,” Kant’s reflections examine how the
implications of moral action can be explained by the existence of a
reasonable subject “without becoming the object of any knowledge of
being.” That view corroborates his preoccupation with an ethics that
is not based on an ontology.’11 This ethical proximity to Kant, Chalier
argues, therefore makes it necessary for us to compare ‘these two phi-
losophies of the moral subject’ so as ‘to examine their common inter-
est in conceiving of a moral obligation beyond any possible theoretical
 1 Introduction    
7

knowledge [of being],’ and thus, beyond any possible ontology of the
subject.12 There are many interpreters who follow Chalier’s understand-
ing of what Levinas’s relation to Kant amounts to—i.e., their shared
admiration for the primacy of practical reason over theoretical rea-
son—and who also agree that Levinas maintains such a relation. Diane
Perpich, for instance, points out that: ‘In Kant’s insistence on the pri-
macy of pure practical reason, Levinas finds a parallel to his own philo-
sophical project, which he often sums up in the claim that ethics is “first
philosophy.”’13 This point is more fully developed by Peter Atterton,
who states that: ‘In his only essay dedicated entirely to Kant, pub-
lished in 1971 under the title “The Primacy of Pure Practical Reason,”
Levinas applauded the “great novelty” of Kant’s practical philosophy.’14
For Atterton, there can be no doubt that ‘the practical philosophy of
Kant stands closest to his [i.e., Levinas’s] own thinking in ethics,’ since
‘Levinas finds in Kant’s practical philosophy “un sens” (meaning, sense,
direction) that is irreducible to ontology.’15 Indeed: ‘By subordinat-
ing the interests of theoretical reason to those of practical reason […]
Kant’s doctrine of primacy signifies for Levinas a reversal of philosophy’s
traditional vocation to ground thought and action in knowledge and
truth. The ontological problematic […] is in this instance subordinated
to ethics as an independent and preliminary praxis.’16
John Llewelyn, however, has managed to situate Levinas’s relation to
Kant in a quite different context. For just as it cannot be doubted that
Levinas’s own ethical thinking stands closest to Kant’s practical philoso-
phy, and thus to the 2nd Critique, so too one can hardly avoid seeing
that it also stands equally close to Kant’s theoretical philosophy, and
in particular, to ‘those few pages of the Critique of Pure Reason where
he writes of imagination as schematization.’17 The main argument that
Llewelyn hazards here no doubt comes from his attempt to interpret
‘the ethicality of face-to-face saying’ as precisely ‘that moment of imag-
ination when it is surprised by its own radical exteriority,’ a uniquely
ethical moment of imagination which Llewelyn goes on to describe as
‘a moment where the synchronizable and recuperable time of memory
and the Critical imagination that synthesizes what it analyses is crossed
by the unsychronizable time of being hypoCritically addressed […] by
the other.’18 It therefore becomes necessary to argue, as Llewelyn does,
8   A. Frangeskou

that ‘the Kantian account of the imagination must be reinterpreted

phenomenologically […] by going back through Kant, through a
Critical doctrine of the imagination catastrophized by the hypoCriti-
cal ethicality of what Levinas calls the face-to-face.’19 As for the ethical
moment of schematization, it is always a matter of ‘what Levinas calls
[…] the face,’ such as it is developed not only by taking the ‘French
word ‘figure’ […] to mean ‘face’,’ but also by ‘taking it back to the fig-
ura that are the diagrams that Kant calls the schemata of the imagina-
tion in the Critique of Pure Reason.’20 Without confusing the “figure” or
face of the other with the “figura” or schemata of the imagination, it is
nevertheless a matter of undertaking ‘a programme by which the hypo-
Critical responsibility that is Levinas’s great thought may welcome as its
recipients everything in space and time, including things that, on his
account of my welcoming the other into my home, get what ethical rel-
evance they have only by being donanda, that is to say […] as things to
be given to my guest.’21 According to this remarkable undertaking, not
only does Llewelyn accept the face of the other as perhaps the ultimate
figure or schema of space and time in the 1st Critique, but above all
even the recourse to responsibility, that is, to the great idea of Levinas’s
ethical thought, does not pass beyond that schema, but reinforces it by
“welcoming” those things received in space and time as things to be
given to the other.
In a certain respect, this book undertakes a similar programme by
which to situate Levinas’s ethical thought. It will assert that an ethical
reinterpretation of imagination as schematization is utterly indispensa-
ble to clarifying his relation to Kant. In opposition to those traditional
accounts which claim that Levinas’s ethical thought stands closest to
the 2nd Critique, my own account of this thought will argue in favour
of its equally close proximity to the 1st Critique. My own account of
Levinas will show that these traditional accounts neglect an idea of cru-
cial importance in his ethical thought, one that arises primarily from
out of his temporal explication of Rosenzweig. I am speaking of the
proposal announced in the final remarks to the interview ‘The Other,
Utopia, and Justice’, to carry out the deformalization of the notion of
time in the 1st Critique so as to unveil concretely those privileged situ-
ations or circumstances of ecstatic-horizonal temporality in which this
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 − + Am Pol Sci R 14:504 Ag ’20 1000w
Booklist 17:51 N ’20

“The author makes out a strong case and the facts seem to be on
his side. He answers his opponents with candor and courtesy and
treats fairly and comprehensively all sides of the problem.”

+ Boston Transcript p4 Ag 28 ’20 180w

Reviewed by Ordway Tead

Dial 69:412 O ’20 640w

Reviewed by Ordway Tead

+ Socialist R 9:48 Je ’20 420w

Springf’d Republican p10 F 21 ’20 80w

“The translation by Frida and Harold Laski is very satisfactory,

and the introduction by Professor Laski furnishes an invaluable
background for an understanding of the volume.” A. J. Lien

+ Survey 44:307 My 29 ’20 420w

DUMBELL, KATE ETHEL MARY. Seeing the

West, il new ed *$1.75 (5c) Doubleday 917.8
 A book designed as a convenient handbook for the westbound
traveler. It is composed of five parts: The southern Rockies; The
northern Rockies; The northwest; California; The southwest. There
are two end maps, one showing national parks and railroads, the
other showing motor highways. A four-page list of references comes
at the end, followed by the index.

“To one who does not know the country ‘Seeing the west’ offers
many valuable suggestions.”

+ N Y Evening Post p13 O 30 ’20 110w

“It is doubtful whether anyone has brought the same amount and
quality of tourist information into so compact space before.”

+ Springf’d Republican p7a D 12 ’20 130w

DUNLAP, KNIGHT. Personal beauty and racial

betterment. *$1 Mosby 575.6

20–7871

“The first part of the book, ‘The significance of beauty,’ seeks to

explain in detail the characters of personal beauty—an explanation
found exclusively in the reproductive needs of the race. The second
part, ‘The conservation of beauty,’ points to its importance as an
element in race improvement which, the author maintains, can
according to all present evidence be brought about only by selection
of the more fit. It also discusses briefly some of the more disputable
means of eliminating the entirely unfit. Above all, however, the
author directs his argument against economic interest as the decisive
factor in selection and effectively presents the case for the cultivation
of beauty and love marriage as indispensable to race preservation.”—
Survey

Reviewed by E. S. Bogardus

Am J Soc 26:367 N ’20 160w

“In the recent literature of sexual selection and of eugenics there

have been few more stimulating contributions than this one by
Professor Dunlap. It is worth a place in the social hygienist’s library.”
P. P.

+ Social Hygiene 6:577 O ’20 640w

“Professor Dunlap’s study of personal beauty as an element in race

betterment is original and suggestive; it is, however, little more than
a string of ex cathedra propositions presented without evidence or
citation of authority other than his own observations.”

+ − Survey 44:450 Je 26 ’20 200w

DUNN, ARTHUR WALLACE. How presidents

are made. *75c (2½c) Funk 329

20–8653

The book is a historical survey of the conditions and circumstances

that surrounded the campaigns of the various presidents. The author
takes no stock in the general impression that presidents are elected
on “issues,” but thinks that personality and opportunity play a
greater part and that often the result depends on accident or
incident. Contents: Caste and political parties; Federalism and states’
rights—Adams and Jefferson; The Virginia succession—Madison and
Monroe; Developing issues—slavery and the tariff; Passing of
congressional caucus—Adams; Personal popularity a factor—
Jackson, Van Buren, Harrison; Slavery and the northern boundary as
factors—Polk; The Mexican war—Taylor; Slavery issue looming;
Slavery compromise—Pierce; Anti-slavery republicans defeated—
Buchanan; Extension vs. restriction of slavery—Lincoln; The soldier
vote and war issues—Lincoln and Grant; Liberal republican
movement—Grant vs. Greeley; The electoral commission—Hayes vs.
Tilden; Third term issue—Garfield; Mugwump independency—
Cleveland; Protectionist tariff—Harrison; The tariff and free silver—
Cleveland; Gold standard vs. free silver—McKinley; “Imperialism,”
silver, the tariff—McKinley; Personal popularity—Roosevelt; Tariff
and personal influence—Taft; Republican disharmony—Wilson;
Anti-war sentiment and tactical mistakes—Wilson; The negro as a
political factor; Prohibition, suffrage, socialism.

Boston Transcript p7 Jl 24 ’20 230w

+ Cleveland p90 O ’20 30w

“One takes up this little volume expecting a dry-as-dust account of

the operations of the primaries, the electoral college, etc. Instead he
finds a narrative alive with human interest.”

+ Outlook 125:223 Je 2 ’20 50w

“It is a meager and sketchy book, without distinction in research or

judgment, but it does ‘hit the high spots’ in such a way as to bring the
records of past campaigns briefly to mind, and it is written in a fair
spirit, with a practical understanding of events and with intelligent
discrimination.”

+ − Springf’d Republican p11a Je 27 ’20

1500w

DUNN, COURTENAY FREDERIC WILLIAM.

Natural history of the child. *$2 (2½c) Lane 392

20–4905

Although the author of this volume is a physician the book is not

written from a medical or scientific point of view. It is rather the
traditions, prejudices and customs which have surrounded childhood
from time immemorial dressed in an entertaining, humorous garb,
“a history of childhood which for the greater part has been grubbed
up from ancient and scarce books, obscure pamphlets and papers.”
(Foreword) Contents: Him before he was; His ancestry; His early life
—legal infancy; His name; His environment; His language; His
schooldays; His schooling; His development; His play; His religion;
His mental condition; His naughtiness; His afflictions.

“Those portions which come from browsing in old books are

particularly interesting and amusing.”

+ Booklist 16:299 Je ’20

“He has selected a very diverting lot of quotations, which are

strung together on his own agreeable reflections in a book that will
be read with interest by every child-lover.”
 + Outlook 124:657 Ap 14 ’20 100w

“On every sort of aspect of child life, from christening ceremonies

or the custom of infant marriages to the evils of thumb-sucking and
the use of indiarubber ‘soothers,’ there is the same entertaining
jumble of the results of disjointed research. Unfortunately Dr
Courtenay Dunn cannot resist the lure of being ‘bright.’”

+ − Spec 123:250 Ag 23 ’19 350w

“Its contents, far from being prosy or dull to any but the mother or
nurse, are, on the other hand, most interesting to any reader who has
in him a trace of the antiquary.”

+ Springf’d Republican p8 My 18 ’20

200w

“Dr Dunn has burrowed with great industry and good results
among old and sometimes scarce books and pamphlets; and the light
and airy style in which he starts writing must not prejudice us
against his work.”

+ The Times [London] Lit Sup p338 Je 19

’19 300w

DUNN, JOHN DUNCAN, and JESSUP,

ELON H. Intimate golf talks. il *$3 Putnam 796

20–21193
 The genesis of the book is: an indoor golf school conducted by
John Duncan Dunn, a reportorial visit by the editor of Outing, the
latter’s interest in the instructor’s methods and desire to profit by
them for his own game, repeated interviews and—the book. The
talks, interpolated with copious illustrations, are: Picking the right
clubs; Learning the golf scale; The golf grip; The golf stance; The gold
address; Some golf faults; Getting the knack of the swing; Stick to the
minor shots; From three-quarters to fullswing; The importance of
balance; Take care of your hands; Topping the ball; Overcoming
faults; Keeping the muscles in harmony; Slicing and hooking;
Methods of curing faults; This brings us to putting.

“Mr Dunn’s golf wisdom and Mr Jessup’s editorial skill combine in

the production of an unusually happy result.” B. R. Redman

+ N Y Evening Post p12 D 4 ’20 980w

DUNN, JOSEPH ALLAN ELPHINSTONE.

Dead man’s gold. il *$1.50 (2c) Doubleday

20–13705

When Wat Lyman died, he left behind him the secret of a gold
lode. But he was canny enough to divide his secret among three,
Healy, an ex-gambler, “Lefty” Larkin, an adventurer, and Stone, an
American temporarily down on his luck. Each of these three knew
one-third only of the directions necessary to locate the gold, which,
when found, was to be divided equally with Lyman’s daughter, who
also had to be found. By their common sharing of the secret, the
three prospectors were kept together all through the first part of their
hunt. Exciting experiences in the Arizona desert, and with the
Apache Indians almost lead to failure. But eventually they find their
lode, only to have Healy turn traitor and try to cheat the other two
out of their share. How the girl comes into it and saves their lives and
the gold is the close of the story.

DUNN, JOSEPH ALLAN ELPHINSTONE.

Turquoise Cañon. il *$1.50 (2½c) Doubleday

20–5121

A story that follows one of the standard formulas for western

fiction. The rich and debonair young easterner comes west, falls foul
of a gang of crooks, loses his heart to the beautiful daughter, rescues
her from her unpleasant environment, breaks up the band and is
rewarded with the love of the girl, who after all, it turns out, is not
the daughter of the chief villain. In this story Jimmie Hollister’s goat
ranching experiences add an original touch.

Booklist 16:280 My ’20

DUNSANY, EDWARD JOHN MORETON

DRAX PLUNKETT, 18th baron. Tales of three
hemispheres. *$1.75 Luce. J. W.

20–26193

“In the two hemispheres we know more or less about, Lord

Dunsany pretends now and then to set his story. But his heart is in
the third hemisphere—the hemisphere at the back of the map, which
lies beyond the fields we know. And, indeed, even when we think for
a moment that we are in the high wolds beyond Wiltshire, or looking
out on the Tuileries gardens, or checked short for a peep at the
cloud-capped tower of the Woolworth building, we are pretty sure to
be in, before long, for a meeting with the old gods, the gods whom
time has put to sleep.” (Review) “The book is divided into two
sections, the first made up of miscellaneous, far wandering tales and
sketches, while the second, which is entitled ‘Beyond the fields we
know,’ leads us into the lands of dream, where flows the great central
river of Yann.” (N Y Times)

“A certain abundance of even commonplace detail, combined with

a subtle deviation from the usual in emphasis and sequence, conveys
successfully a sense of other-reality; but this quality, the true dream-
quality, is constantly impaired by a kind of arbitrary fastidiousness of
language. Nothing is less akin to the dreamlike than the precious,
which is the outcome of an extreme self-consciousness, and we
consider that Lord Dunsany’s use of the precious constitutes a
serious defect of style.” F. W. S.

+ − Ath p202 Ag 13 ’20 560w

Booklist 16:204 Mr ’20

“The stories in divers veins are all characteristic of Dunsany, but

present no tricks not already familiar to his readers.”

+ − Nation 110:660 My 15 ’20 560w

“They are essentially prose poems, these tales, whether they

express in some half dozen vivid, poignant pages the very heart of a
dying man’s desire, as in ‘The last dream of Bwona Khubla,’ or tell of
a girl’s longing, as in ‘An archive of the older mysteries,’ or of such
fear as that which rent the soul of the wayfarer who bore with him
‘The sack of emeralds.’”

+ N Y Times 24:781 D 28 ’19 800w

+ Review 2:111 Ja 31 ’20 650w
+ Spec 124:871 Je 26 ’20 580w

“Through the exotic atmosphere of many of these stories stand out

sudden pictures of rare perfection. This power of calling up
associations to supplement concrete images is indeed his perilous
virtue, and entices him sometimes into tortuous bypaths. Yet his
perfect etching of New York at night in ‘A city of wonder’ proves that
he can look at the world with the disinterested and objective gaze of
the pure artist.”

+ − The Times [London] Lit Sup p437 Jl 8

’20 1250w

DURKIN, DOUGLAS. Heart of Cherry McBain.

*$1.75 (2c) Harper

Because he had once struck his brother with murder in his heart,
King Howden had determined never to fight again, and because of
that resolution he was held to be something of a coward in the
frontier country where he lived a rather solitary life. And then one
day he met Cherry McBain, a girl worth fighting for. She was the
daughter of old Keith McBain, the construction boss of a new
railway. And she had an enemy in the person of Big Bill McCartney,
her father’s foreman, who was determined to win her by fair means
or foul and regardless of her wishes in the matter. The situation
certainly offered grounds for the fight that eventually came, leaving
King with his reputation vindicated, and Cherry free to bestow her
heart where she chose.

Boston Transcript p6 O 9 ’20 150w

N Y Times p24 O 10 ’20 250w

DURSTINE, ROY SARLES. Making

advertisements and making them pay. il *$3.50
Scribner 659

20–16526

“‘Making advertisements’ treats of everything in any way

connected with advertising, even the weight of type. It is well
illustrated with reproduced advertisements. Starting with the genesis
of advertising, it ends asking, ‘Where is advertising going?’”—N Y
Evening Post

“Crisp, entertaining, suggestive chapters.”

+ Booklist 17:98 D ’20

“Somewhat sketchy but enlightening book.”

 + Ind 104:247 N 13 ’20 40w

“Common sense and an agreeable style are blended in a manner

that makes this book delightful as well as informative reading.”

+ N Y Evening Post p18 O 23 ’20 270w

“This book seems to the present reviewer more significant and

more helpful than any of the other manuals which the reviewer has
chanced to see.” Brander Matthews

+ N Y Times p9 N 21 ’20 2400w

DURUY, VICTOR. History of France. $3.50

Crowell 944

20–14467

A new edition brought down to date to 1920. “The original text was
translated by Mr Cary, and edited and continued down to the year
1890 by Dr J. Franklin Jameson. It has now been continued up to the
present year by Mabell S. C. Smith, author of ‘Twenty centuries of
Paris,’ and other historical studies. The original plan and
arrangement have been maintained in this appendix, which begins in
point of time with the Dreyfus case, includes the famous separation
of church and state, the Fashoda incident, the Agadir incident, and
other events leading up to and including the world war.” (Publisher’s
announcement)
 Booklist 17:83 N ’20
+ R of Rs 62:446 O ’20 20w

DWIGHT, HARRY GRISWOLD. Emperor of

Elam, and other stories. *$2 (2c) Doubleday

20–19763

The range of the stories comprises most of the earth and their
flavor, too, is outlandish and full of whimsical humor. The title story
takes the reader to Persia where a young Englishman in a motor-boat
encounters a pompous native barge on a river in Luristan, upon
which an alleged Brazilian is disporting himself as the Emperor of
Elam. At Dizful the Englishman inadvertently discovers that the
Brazilian is a German secret agent of his government. The war breaks
out and in the course of events the would-be Emperor of Elam finds
himself alone on board of the motor-boat with its French chauffeur,
whom he has pressed into his services. With their countries at war,
they recognize themselves as enemies and after a tense encounter of
words and deeds the Frenchman sees but one weapon left to him
with which to serve his country: he blows up the boat. The stories
have appeared in the Century, Scribner’s, Smart Set, Short Stories
and other magazines.

“Mr Dwight brings to the writing of these tales the triple

qualifications of satirist, keen observer and stylist.” L. B.

+ Freeman 2:478 Ja 26 ’21 190w

 “The stories are extremely uneven in quality. It is in the eastern
tales that the author’s musical diction and his appreciation of the
suggestive limitations of words are most happily apparent.”

+ − N Y Times p26 D 26 ’20 720w

DYER, WALTER ALDEN. Sons of liberty. il

*$1.50 (2c) Holt

20–21337

Mr Dyer has made Paul Revere the hero of this story for boys. He
has introduced a few fictitious characters and incidents, but in the
main has held to the facts of history. The story begins in 1847 when
Paul was a boy of twelve and it follows the course of events that led
up to the revolution, introducing Sam Adams, John Hancock, Joseph
Warren and others. The author looks on Paul Revere as “one of the
most picturesque and lovable characters of his time,” and regrets
that little is known of him aside from the one incident celebrated in
Longfellow’s poem. He shows him to have been a many-sided man,
of broad interests and sympathies and artistic ability, and a man of
the people.

Ind 104:378 D 11 ’20 50w

“The plot is conventional and Samuel Adams rather too heroic a

figure to be true, but the history behind the record is unusually
sound.”
 + Nation 112:75 Ja 19 ’21 150w
+ N Y Times p28 Ja 2 ’21 320w
Springf’d Republican p8 O 16 ’20 150w

“The book spiritedly sketches the history of the period and makes
one feel the impulses then animating the people of Boston.”

+ Springf’d Republican p10 D 17 ’20 260w

 E

EAST, EDWARD MURRAY, and JONES,

DONALD FORSHA. Inbreeding and outbreeding:
their genetic and sociological significance.
(Monographs on experimental biology) il *$2.50
Lippincott 575

20–352

“Whether close inbreeding causes deterioration of the race and

cross-breeding re-invigorates it, is a question that has long been
disputed. It was not until the development of the Mendelian theory
that a sufficiently powerful method of analyzing the problem was
discovered. The book by Professor East and Dr Jones gives an
account of the solution of the problem by means of this theory. The
data which East and Jones have here brought together have a wide
applicability to practical animal and plant breeding. The authors also
attempt to apply them to the field of human heredity.”—J Philos

Reviewed by L. L. Bernard

Am J Soc 26:251 S ’20 380w

+ − Ath p706 My 28 ’20 500w

“One of the most valuable features of the book is the admirable

bibliography of 225 titles.” M. C. Coulter
 + Bot Gaz 69:530 Je ’20 1100w

Reviewed by Alexander Weinstein

+ J Philos 17:388 Jl 1 ’20 620w

“The book is marked at once by independence and by scholarship.

Of great interest to many will be the application of the biological
results to the particular case of man. There is a carefully selected
bibliography.”

+ Nature 106:335 N 11 ’20 900w

“From a popular standpoint, ‘Inbreeding and outbreeding’ is by far

the most interesting and suggestive book on heredity that has
appeared in recent years.” O. E. White

+ New Repub 24:278 N 10 ’20 1400w

“Two biologists of note, both experimental plant breeders, have

done a useful work in laying the results of their experiments and
their reflections upon the experiments before a semi-popular
audience. They are wise in doing so, for no question comes more
frequently to the eugenicist than this: Is the marriage of cousins
prejudicial to offspring? Or this: What are the biological
consequences of race admixture?” C: B. Davenport

+ Survey 44:252 My 15 ’20 450w

 EASTON, DOROTHY. Golden bird, and other
sketches. *$2 (3c) Knopf

20–11225

These sketches are introduced by a foreword by John Galsworthy

and “catch the flying values of life” as he says a good sketch does.
They contain pictures from the southern countryside of England with
some French sketches. “The golden bird” is an old inn where a
paralyzed youth with a poet’s soul has for ten years made the walls of
his room transparent and who beguiles the time, when he is not
seeing visions of the shifting seasons outside, with his violin. Some of
the other titles are: Laughing down; The steam mill; Heart-breaker;
Twilight; September in the fields; Causerie; Smoke in the grass;
Adversity; It is forbidden to touch the flowers; A Parisian evening;
Life.

“The writer gives us the impression of being extremely young—not

in the sense of a child taking notes, but in the sense that she seems to
be seeing, smelling, drinking, picking hops and blackberries for the
first time. For such sketches as ‘An old Indian’ and ‘From an old
malt-house’ we have nothing but praise. But while we welcome her
warmly, we would beg her, in these uncritical days, to treat herself
with the utmost severity.” K. M.

+ − Ath p831 Je 25 ’20 190w

“They have color, dramatic vivacity and interesting

characterization. Somewhat depressing.”

+ − Booklist 17:61 N ’20

 “Miss Easton writes with a certain graceful precision, an unerring
touch for the right word, for the exact effect, and a deeply
sympathetic attitude toward nature and toward humanity in its
varied aspects.” L. B.

+ Freeman 1:622 S 8 ’20 200w

“They are simple, vivid and effective in their simplicity. There is

real insight and real skill in putting down what the author has seen.”

+ Ind 103:440 D 25 ’20 200w

“With a remarkable economy of means she renders the rather

drowsy sweetness of her south of England scenes. And occasionally,
as in the sketches called Laughing down, her tenderness for her
landscape makes her sentimental and callous—the two are never far
apart—about people. But her best sketches, of which there are many,
have their brief moments of irony and tragedy and so combine
beauty and wisdom in uncommon measure.” Ludwig Lewisohn

+ − Nation 111:161 Ag 7 ’20 360w

“Miss Easton holds almost constantly to this objectivity, except

that she relieves, or perhaps one should say illuminates, it sometimes
with the suggestion of spiritual significance by means of a delicate,
elusive touch that seems less her own than the inescapable
implication of that which she is describing.”

+ N Y Times p22 Ag 8 ’20 600w

 “An ardent fancy and a delicate yet firm hand have gone to its
making; and, thank heaven, it reminds us of nobody! I am not sure,
in thinking it over, but the main charm of the book, apart from its
beauty of workmanship, lies in its total lack of that ‘humor’ which is
the god of the current literary machine.” H. W. Boynton

+ Review 3:502 N 24 ’20 450w

“A book very well worth writing and, what is more, worth reading
afterwards.”

+ Spec 125:744 D 4 ’20 50w

“The author has a deep and comprehensive feeling for the

transitory values of life which she succeeds in communicating to the
emotions of her audience. She writes with a delicacy which would
beautify the most sordid subjects.”

+ Springf’d Republican p8 D 14 ’20 430w

“The quality of the volume suggests that stronger work may follow.
More experience should confirm that individual quality already
described, and may help to put a curb on an exuberance of sentiment
which is at present Miss Easton’s chief weakness.”

+ − The Times [London] Lit Sup p454 Jl 15

’20 390w

EATON, WALTER PRICHARD. In Berkshire

fields. il *$3.50 Harper 917.44