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Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 118 (2021) 104166
A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T
Keywords: In this study, a 3D finite element analysis (FEA) is performed to examine the seismic behaviors of a three-hinge
Modular Underground Arch Bridge modular underground arch bridge (MUAB) subjected to a series of synthetic ground motions with a wide peak-
Prestressed Rebar ground-acceleration (PGA) spectrum. The FEA model of the MUAB under longitudinal and transverse synthetic
Arch Length
ground-motion loading is described by several modeling parameters [e.g., arch-to-arch interaction (AAI),
Arch-to-Arch Interaction
Soil–Structure Interaction
soil–structure interaction (SSI), and stiffness of prestressed rebar], to determine its various seismic response
Finite Element Model-Based Seismic Behavior characteristics (i.e., maximum displacement, maximum tensile and compressive stresses, and maximum crack
depth). The FEA results show that the MUAB’s seismic responses differ with respect to earthquake-loading di
rection owing to the different levels of seismic resistance associated with the considered modeling parameters. To
elucidate the influence of each modeling parameter on the seismic response, we performed MUAB parametric
studies featuring different arch lengths, SSI and AAI friction coefficients, and prestressed-rebar stiffnesses. The
key findings indicate that the seismic behaviors of MUABs depend on the PGAs and ground-motion directions;
furthermore, they exhibited a sensitivity to the arch length and prestressed-rebar stiffness. In addition, the SSI
friction coefficient exerted a minor influence on the seismic responses of MUABs, especially on their maximum
compressive and tensile stresses and maximum crack depths; meanwhile, the AAI friction coefficient had a
moderate influence upon seismic response.
* Corresponding author at: Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, South
Korea.
E-mail addresses: 198047@jnu.ac.kr (T. Van Nguyen), junwon.seo@sdstate.edu (J. Seo), jahn@gnu.ac.kr (J.-H. Ahn), haldar@u.arizona.edu (A. Haldar),
jwonhuh@chonnam.ac.kr (J. Huh).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2021.104166
Received 11 September 2020; Received in revised form 12 July 2021; Accepted 24 August 2021
Available online 21 September 2021
0886-7798/© 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
T. Van Nguyen et al. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology incorporating Trenchless Technology Research 118 (2021) 104166
(Sawamura et al., 2019). However, there needs to be a thorough 2.1. Studied MUAB
investigation into the mechanical behavior of three-hinged arch bridges
under seismic loadings. The three-hinge MUAB model previously employed by Miyazaki
Underground arch bridges constructed from these modular compo et al. (2020) was used for this study. This MUAB was constructed ac
nents are referred to as modular underground arch bridges (MUABs). In cording to Korean standards (KDS, 2019); that is, it was designed to be
general, the occurrence of cracks at component edges is common in resistant to an earthquake with a 500-year return period and another
MUABs (Abe and Nakamura, 2014). Numerous studies have attempted with a 1000-year return period. The peak ground acceleration (PGA)
to determine the seismic responses of different bridge types (Huh et al., values of 500- and 1000-year-return-period earthquakes are 0.4345 g
2017a; Huh et al., 2017b; Jeon et al., 2015; Mangalathu et al., 2018; and 0.5744 g, respectively.
Rogers and Seo, 2017; Seo, 2013; Seo and Linzell, 2012, 2013; Seo and The three-hinge MUAB was bounded by wing walls and embank
Rogers, 2017; Siqueira et al., 2014; Tavares et al., 2012); however, very ments that matched its geometrical properties; these were modeled
few have investigated the structural behaviors of cracked MUABs under using ABAQUS to numerically determine the MUAB seismic behavior (as
static and/or dynamic loadings. These studies have employed numerical shown in Fig. 1). Detailed dimensions for the MUAB (arch length: 7.5 m;
analyses (Byrne et al., 1996; Jeon et al., 2019; Sawamura et al., 2012; outer diameter: 10.5 m) are provided in Table 1. Notably, the total
Wood and Jenkins, 2000), laboratory testing (Miyazaki et al., 2017a,b, length of the MUAB (including wing walls) was 8.75 m, and it consisted
2018; Sawamura et al., 2015; Toyota and Takagai, 1999; Sawamura of 2 types of segmental arches: Segments 1 and 2. These segments
et al., 2016) and field measurements (Kim et al., 2019) as the research featured identical thicknesses and inner/outer radii, though their widths
methodology. Most recent works on cracked concrete components and differed (Segment 1: 1.25 m and Segment 2: 0.625 m). The MUAB was
embankment soils were based solely on linear elastic fracture mechanics placed on a concrete invert foundation (thickness: 1.0 m), and a concrete
while neglecting nonlinear behaviors (Miyazaki et al., 2018, 2020). wing-wall (thickness: 0.625 m) was placed on the wing-wall foot. The
Furthermore, Jeon et al. (2019) constructed a 3D nonlinear structural surrounding soil consisted of a 7.5 m-thick embankment and 6 m-thick
model for a slice of a multi-hinge precast underground arch bridge with subsoil lying on top of the bedrock.
outriggers to assess its structural behavior and the interactions between The studied MUAB was generated using the eight-node brick
segmental precast arch members during backfill construction; however, element, C3D8 [available in ABAQUS (Abaqus, 2014)]. The first-order
this study neglected dynamic effects. elements C3D8 were sufficient to obtain results with the desired accu
A small number of studies (Abuhajar et al., 2015; Abuhajar et al., racy for the FEA model and saved computing costs. The elements C3D8
2017; Kang et al., 2020; Le et al., 2014; Miyazaki et al., 2020; Santos were the most suitable for problems related to contacts between
et al., 2020) have sought to simulate MUABs by partially considering the deformable bodies in nonlinear dynamic analysis. The element sizes
arch-to-arch and/or soil–structure interactions. In particular, Miyazaki were finalized based on the number of trial analyses and also on the
et al. (Miyazaki et al., 2020) modeled arch segment components by stability limits, which was a function of mesh size and wavelength of the
considering the interactions between precast arch members and the FEA model (Abaqus, 2014). Finer meshings were provided in the con
surrounding soil. Furthermore, considerable efforts have been devoted crete parts, especially in the segmental arches, and other coarser
to modeling the arch-to-arch interactions of MUABs. Abuhajar et al. meshings were provided in the surrounding soils. The most optimal
(Abuhajar et al., 2015; Abuhajar et al., 2017) demonstrated the signif meshing of MUAB (Fig. 1a) was adopted to lay a foundation for the
icance of soil arching in controlling the structural static load responses study. The total numbers of model elements and nodes were 44,744 and
of MUABs by conducting 2D finite element analysis (FEA) alongside 79,476, respectively. The total mass of the model was ~ 15,000 tons.
corresponding downscaled centrifuge tests. However, Abuhajar et al. A two-step dynamic analysis was performed. In the first step (static
(Abuhajar et al., 2015; Abuhajar et al., 2017) only tested individual analysis), a gravitational load was applied to the FEA model; this was
samples; as a result, their study did not capture the influence of pre used to eliminate the abrupt influence of dynamic effects when ground
stressed rebars on the MUAB. acceleration was applied. The lateral surfaces were fixed against trans
This study aims to develop a sophisticated 3D FEA model of a MUAB, lation movements in the normal direction; meanwhile, the bottom face
to evaluate its seismic behaviors. More specifically, the FEA model is was fixed against all translation movements. In the second step (dy
used to study seismic deformation and stress development in the namic analysis), a ground motion was applied alongside the self-weight
segmental component structure by incorporating the friction co maintenance load. Thus, the boundary condition was changed to reflect
efficients of arch-to-arch interactions (AAIs) and soil–structure in the new loading condition. A viscous-spring artificial boundary was
teractions (SSIs) and the influence of the prestressed rebar. Parametric imposed by installing springs and dampers on the truncated boundaries
studies for various arch lengths, soil–structure and arch-to-arch in of the surrounding soil corresponding to excitation directions; thus, we
teractions, and prestressed rebars were also conducted to examine the assumed that incident waves were absorbed upon reaching the corre
seismic responses of MUABs subjected to different seismic loadings. This sponding truncated boundaries. As a result of the two-step dynamic
paper is organized into five sections (including the present one). Section analysis, the FEA model closely reproduced the actual response of far-
2 describes the 3D FEA model of the MUAB. Section 3 presents the modal field soil.
analyses and seismic responses of the MUAB model. Section 4 discusses
the findings of the parametric MUAB-model studies with respect to the 2.2. Concrete and prestressed rebar
key modeling parameters. Finally, Section 5 presents the conclusions
drawn from the work. The concrete used in the MUAB was modeled using ABAQUS. We
considered its nonlinearity (Hognestad, 1951) using the plastic-damage
2. 3D FEA modeling model established by Lee and Fenves (1998a, 1998b). This model can
represent the damage-cracking behavior of concrete, particularly for
In this section, we describe the 3D FEA model used to conduct MUABs under seismic loadings. In quasi-brittle materials, this model can
seismic-response evaluations of three-hinge MUABs. More specifically, be defined by evaluating the dissipated fracture energy required to
in the following subsections, we describe the studied MUAB—its con generate microcracks in the concrete of the MUAB. The uniaxial
crete, surrounding soil, contact surface, and prestressed rebar modeling compressive and tensile responses of the concrete were assumed to be
specifications as well as its design response spectrum under synthetic influenced by the damage plasticity, and this assumption formed the
ground motions. basis of the model. The key components of the inviscid-concrete damage
plasticity model under strain-rate decomposition were assumed for the
rate-independent model. The total strain tensor was comprised of elastic
2
T. Van Nguyen et al. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology incorporating Trenchless Technology Research 118 (2021) 104166
Table 1 Table 2
Segment component characteristics. Properties of MUAB model concrete.
Characteristic Unit Segment 1 Segment 2 Property Unit M40 M30
3
Number of segments – 11 2 Unit weight, γ kg/m 2450 2400
Outer radius, Rout m 5.25 5.25 Young’s modulus, Ec MPa 30,000 26,600
Inner radius, Rin m 5.00 5.00 Poisson’s ratio, υ – 0.2 0.2
Segment thickness m 0.25 0.25 Compressive strength, f’c MPa 40 30
Segment width m 1.25 0.625 Tensile strength, ft MPa 4.0 3.0
Number of prestressed holes on each lateral – 4 4 Dilation angle ◦
31 31
face Eccentricity – 0.1 0.1
Number of prestressed holes on top face – 2 1 fb0/fc0 – 1.16 1.16
K – 0.67 0.67
Viscosity parameter – 0 0
and plastic components.
Two damage variables (in terms of failure mode: tensile cracking and
compressive crushing) were considered for the MUAB model. Hardening descended after reaching the maximum (referred to as the softening
and softening variable values were applied to determine the cracking section of the curve). After the curve descended, crushing failure
and crushing trends, respectively. These were responsible for the loss of occurred at an ultimate strain of 20% f’c. However, the elastic strain
elastic stiffness and the development of the yield surface. Therefore, the increased up to the tensile strength. Cracking strain occurred beyond the
compressive and tensile damage states were characterized indepen tension stress peak (i.e., at the tensile strength). Stiffening failure
dently by two hardening variables. In this section, the numerical simu occurred at an ultimate strain of 1% ft.
lation of concrete material was briefly introduced. Details can be further The dynamic properties of M40- and M30-grade concrete were
referred to Zhang et al. (2013). employed for nonlinear seismic analyses. Structure damping was
M40-grade concrete (modeled in ABAQUS as having compressive incorporated in the FEA model by using Rayleigh’s damping and
strength f’c = 40 MPa) was used for the segmental arch and wing wall; assuming mass and stiffness to be proportional. A 5% damping was
meanwhile, M30-grade concrete (modeled as having compressive considered for the fundamental vibration modes of the MUAB system to
strength f’c = 30 MPa) was adopted for the invert foundation, as listed in determine the mass- and stiffness-proportional damping factors. Besides,
Table 2. In terms of compressive behavior, the inelastic strain was the concrete material damping values were defined for direct integration
initialized as 50% of f’c. Above this point, the curve increased gradually in the implicit ABAQUS application by using a mass-proportional
up to f’c. The initial crack occurred at 85% of f’c. The stress–strain curve damping αR of 0.77 and a stiffness-proportional damping βR of 0.003.
3
T. Van Nguyen et al. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology incorporating Trenchless Technology Research 118 (2021) 104166
The static analysis (with the self-weight of the MUAB) was initially Table 3
performed under the static stress state; however, nonlinear seismic Mechanical properties of prestressed rebar.
analysis under ground motions was performed by considering the dy Property Unit L-J and C-J
namic properties.
Young’s modulus MPa 19,700
Two types of prestressed rebar (length: 500 mm and diameter: 36 Poisson’s ratio – 0.2
mm) are aligned along the longitudinal (L-J) and circumferential (C-J) Ultimate strength, Fu MPa 1860
joints in accordance with the L-J holes and C-J holes, as illustrated in Yield strength, Fy MPa 1339
Fig. 1(c). The prestressed L-J and C-J rebars were modeled using spring
elements available in ABAQUS (Abaqus, 2014), as shown in Fig. 2. The
mechanical properties of the spring elements representing the rebars can Table 4
be seen in Table 3. The stiffnesses (K) of the rebars can be determined Properties of surrounding soil.
using Eq. (1). Property Unit Subsoil Embankment
AE Unit weight, γ kg/m3 1800 1750
K= (1) Young’s modulus, E MPa 45 50
l
Poisson’s ratio, υ – 0.33 0.28
where K = equivalent stiffness (N/m), A = cross-sectional area of Internal friction angle, ϕ ◦
25 35
rebar (m2), E = elastic modulus of material (Pa), and l = length of the Dilatancy angle, Ψ ◦
1 5
rebar (m). Cohesive force, c KPa 100 20
2.3. Surrounding soil interactions that incorporated their mechanical contact properties by
using the hard contact and standard Coulomb friction model available in
The surrounding soil plays an important role in maintaining the ABAQUS (Abaqus, 2014). The Coulomb friction model was defined with
overall stability of the MUAB via efficient load sharing. Embankment an interface friction coefficient of 0.6 for both the lateral and top AAI
shape patterns affect the seismic behavior of the MUAB. These shape surfaces of the segments to model a normal-weight concrete cast against
patterns can cause severe damage or collapse in large earthquakes owing hardened concrete (Mattock, 1977; ACI, 2014). Interface friction co
to the shallow soil cover (Miyazaki et al., 2017a). A symmetrical sur efficients of 0.3 and 0.45 were selected for the subsoil–concrete and
rounding soil profile and shallow embankment cover on top of the embankment–concrete SSI interactions (Sheng et al., 2007),
segmental arch were adopted for seismic analysis. The soil properties respectively.
considered in the FEA model of the MUAB are given in Table 4 for soil Furthermore, the FEA model employed tie constraints as a semi-rigid
generalizability. Notably, these are common values for the soil types link connecting the arch segments and concrete invert foundation.
applied to MUAB constructions, including normal clay subsoil and high- Surface-based tie constraints bind two surfaces together. The surface-to-
quality mixed sandy embankment soil. The FEA soil model geometries surface discretization method was adopted (Abaqus, 2014). These con
(see Fig. 1) were based on the Mohr–Coulomb plasticity model, which straints facilitated the modeling of kinematic relationships between the
allows for soil hardening behaviors. We assumed the soil properties to be points and surfaces of the arch base and top face of the concrete foun
identical before and after seismic loadings. dation. The connection between the wing-walls and the concrete foun
dation was modeled with a rigid link based upon an assumption of cast-
in-place construction. Note, the arch segment-foundation concrete and
2.4. Contact surface
wall-foundation concrete were unified as a single modeling component.
In the FEA model, contact surfaces were used to model the shear-
force resistance between segments. These surfaces were classified into
2.5. Synthetic ground motions
two groups: arch-to-arch interactions (AAIs), representing contacts be
tween segmental components [as shown in Fig. 3(a) and Fig. 3(b)], and
Synthetic ground motions were generated using the procedure rec
soil–structure interactions (SSIs), representing contact between the
ommended by the Hallodorson and Papageorgiou (Halldorsson and
concrete and surrounding soil [as shown in Fig. 3(c) and Fig. 3(d)].
Papageorgiou, 2005). As stated above, we assumed that the MUAB was
These contact surfaces were modeled with surface-to-surface contact
located in Seismic Zone 1 [according to the Korean standards (KDS,
2019)] with Ground Type S4 bedrock, which has an average shear-wave
velocity (at a depth of 30 m) of Vs30 = 620 m/s (Borcherdt, 1992, 1994,
2012). The ground motions were generated to simulate far-field earth
quakes of magnitudes below 6.9.
The elastic spectrum with 5% damping was adopted for the calcu
lation. The deconvolution procedure was used for matching the ground
motions. The soil beneath the MUAB foundation was assumed to consist
of a single-layered soil overlaying the bedrock. The accelerogram was
defined starting from a synthetic one. The accelerogram was compatible
with the target spectrum and adapted to its frequency content using the
Fourier Transform Method (see Fig. 4). As a result, seven different
synthetic ground motions were generated, which achieved convergence
errors smaller than 8% [as shown in Fig. 5(a)].
The ground motions were matched to the Korean-code-based spec
trum corresponding to a 500-year-return-period earthquake (KDS,
2019); these motions were then scaled up and down via intensity indices
with PGAs of 0.1–1.2 g. As shown in Fig. 1, the generated ground mo
tions were applied individually to the bottom face of the structure in the
longitudinal and transverse directions of the MUAB model. The vertical
Fig. 2. Prestressed rebar arrangement with L-J and C-J holes. direction was not considered in this study because the MUAB having
4
T. Van Nguyen et al. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology incorporating Trenchless Technology Research 118 (2021) 104166
5
T. Van Nguyen et al. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology incorporating Trenchless Technology Research 118 (2021) 104166
6
T. Van Nguyen et al. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology incorporating Trenchless Technology Research 118 (2021) 104166
components at angles of 22.5◦ (see S1-3, S1-4, S1-8, S1-9, and S1-10) longitudinal ground motions. Therefore, the components sustained
and in the edge components at angles of 10◦ (see S1-1, S1-6, S2-1, and greater damage under longitudinal ground motions than transverse
S2-2). Peeling was clearly visible at the tops of all segmental components ones.
under longitudinal ground motions, though it was less prominent under Many three-hinge modular underground arch bridges suffered
transverse ground motions. It can be concluded that the longitudinal damage under the Great East Japan earthquake (Abe and Nakamura,
ground motions lead to significant damage because the longitudinal 2014). Crack propagation and damage signs of MUAB from the site are
cross-section of each segment component is weaker than the transverse shown in Fig. 10(b). Noticeable signs of recorded damage consisted of
one. Furthermore, cracks scattered in many different locations (from the edge defects and cracks on the arch members, damage to the
along the bottom to the top of the segment components) under waterproof sheet by peeling and penetration between the segmental
7
T. Van Nguyen et al. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology incorporating Trenchless Technology Research 118 (2021) 104166
Fig. 8. Peak seismic response of MUAB subjected to ground motions with varying PGAs: (a) crack depth, (b) tensile stress, (c) compressive stress, and (d)
displacement.
arch members. Damage by cracks and defects appeared at the bottom of both the longitudinal and transverse displacements increased signifi
the segmental components, especially on the edge components. Besides, cantly as the PGA increased. When the PGA was increased from 0.3 g to
not only did peelings occur at the top of the arch, but they also occurred 1.2 g, the displacement difference between the longitudinal and trans
on the concrete foundations. Abe and Nakamura (2014) and Miyazaki verse ground motions increased by 33% (from 83% to 116%). Interest
(2019) noted that the damage levels of these MUABs were different, ingly, the displacements produced by the transverse ground motions
which might have depended on the geometry of arch cross-section, the exceeded those produced by the longitudinal ones when L exceeded 15
length of the arch, the type of foundation, the height of the embankment m. Both longitudinal and transverse displacements increased slightly
road, and the seismic excitation direction. when L was smaller than 11.25 m; however, they increased significantly
as expected when L was increased from 11.25 to 18.75 m owing to the
4. Parametric studies increase in PGA. This is because the increase of L decreases the seismic
capacity of the MUAB under increased PGAs.
The 3D FEA-developed model was applied to evaluate the effects of Fig. 11(b) and Fig. 11(c) illustrate the effects of L on the maximum
arch length, SSIs, AAIs, and prestressed rebars on the seismic response of compressive and tensile stresses in the segment components of the
a MUAB subjected to longitudinal and transverse ground motions. Each MUAB, respectively. When the PGA was increased from 0.3 g to 1.2 g,
input parameter determining the MUAB’s seismic response is discussed the maximum compressive stress increases generated by the longitudi
at length in the following sections. nal and transverse ground motions were 214% and 313%, respectively.
The difference in compressive stress between the longitudinal and
transverse ground motions decreased by 67% (from 105% to 38%).
4.1. Arch length
When the PGA was increased from 0.3 g to 0.6 g, the compressive stress
generated by the longitudinal and transverse ground motions was
Fig. 11(a) shows the effects of arch length (L) on the maximum
reduced by only 5% for values of L smaller than 7.5 m. However, the
displacement of a MUAB subjected to longitudinal and transverse
longitudinal- and transverse-ground-motion-induced compressive
ground motions, assuming a consistent arch diameter (D) of 10 m. When
stresses were maximally increased by 45% and 90%, respectively, when
L was increased from 3.75 to 18.75 m, the maximum displacement
L exceeded 15 m. For all values of L, the compressive stress produced by
generated by the longitudinal and transverse ground motions was
both longitudinal and transverse ground motions was smaller than the
increased by 65% and 117%, respectively. This is because the seismic
compressive strength of M40-grade concrete (i.e., 40 MPa) when the
resistance of the arch in the longitudinal direction exceeds that in the
PGA was smaller than 0.9 g. Meanwhile, the tensile stress of the
transverse direction when L exceeds D. For all examined values of L,
8
T. Van Nguyen et al. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology incorporating Trenchless Technology Research 118 (2021) 104166
Fig. 9. Cracking patterns of MUAB loaded with longitudinal and transverse ground motions.
longitudinal ground motions exceeded that of the transverse ground by longitudinal and transverse ground motions were 427% and 440%,
motions, exhibiting a downward trend under increasing L. Similar to the respectively. This indicates that the influence of SSIs on the MUAB’s
compressive stress results, for all analyzed cases of L, the longitudinal- displacement is relatively similar between both loading directions. In
ground-motion-induced tensile stress exceeded the tensile strength of particular, the maximum displacement generated by ground motions
M40-grade concrete (i.e., 4 MPa). A PGA increase from 0.3 g to 1.2 g led with a PGA of 0.3 g was almost 2 cm, which is approaching the MUAB’s
to a maximum increase of 156% and 181% in the tensile stress generated predefined displacement criteria. Thus, when the SSI coefficient exceeds
by the longitudinal and transverse ground motions; this suggests that, 0.5, the MUAB’s displacement criteria can be ensured if the PGA is
for values of L exceeding 15 m, the greater the MUAB arch length, the below 0.45 g and 0.55 g under longitudinal and transverse ground
more detrimental the ground motion’s effects. motions, respectively. This is because SSIs are fundamental in the global
Fig. 11(d) illustrates the effects of L on the maximum longitudinal- compaction and stability of MUABs under external loadings: larger SSI
and transverse-ground-motion-induced crack depths in the segment coefficients result in more compacted MUABs.
components. When L was below 11.25 m, the crack depth produced by Fig. 12(b) shows the influence of the SSI coefficient on the maximum
longitudinal PGAs of 0.3 g was ~ 2.5 times that produced by the same compressive stress in MUAB segment components. The influence of SSI
ground motions in the transverse direction. However, for all intensities, variation on the compressive stress produced by longitudinal ground
when L approached 18.75 m, the crack depth maximally decreased by motions was more significant than that produced by transverse ones.
26% under longitudinal ground motions; meanwhile, it maximally When the PGA was increased from 0.3 g to 1.2 g, the maximum increases
increased by 58% under transverse ones. This is primarily because the in the longitudinal- and transverse-ground-motion-induced compressive
crack depth is determined by the tensile stress, and the longitudinal stresses were 218% and 280%, respectively. The difference in
seismic resistance of the MUAB is greater if L exceeds D. compressive stress between the longitudinal and transverse ground
motions increased by 30% (from 93% to 123%). The longitudinal-
ground-motion-induced compressive stress under a PGA of 0.3 g was
4.2. SSI increased by 27% when the SSI coefficient was reduced from 0 to 0.5;
then, it stabilized at 15 MPa, which corresponds to 37.5% of the
Fig. 12(a) shows the effects of the SSI coefficient on the maximum compressive strength of M40-grade concrete. However, when the SSI
displacement of a MUAB subjected to longitudinal and transverse coefficient exceeded 0.3, PGAs of 0.6 g and 0.8 g were required under
ground motions. For all PGA values, increasing the SSI coefficient from longitudinal and transverse ground motions. The compressive stress
0 to 0.45 led to a decrease of 20% in the ground-motion-induced exceeded the compressive strength for all SSI coefficients when the PGA
displacement. In contrast, within the SSI coefficient range of 0.5–0.55, reached 1.2 g; thus, an increase in the SSI coefficient can increase the
the displacement values remained almost constant. When the PGA was compressive stress owing to the increase in soil aching associated with
increased from 0.3 g to 1.2 g, the difference in displacement between the ground motions.
longitudinal and transverse ground motions decreased by 18% (from As illustrated in Fig. 12(c), a significant variation of maximum
25% to 7%). Moreover, the maximum displacement increases generated
9
T. Van Nguyen et al. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology incorporating Trenchless Technology Research 118 (2021) 104166
Fig. 10. (a) Plan view of MUAB subjected to ground motion with PGAs of 1.2 g, and (b) Schematic of damage to three-hinged arch bridges subjected to Great East
Japan earthquake reported by Abe and Nakamura (2014) and drawn by Miyazaki et al. (2020).
tensile stress was observed with respect to the ground-motion intensity and transverse ground motions, respectively. This shows that an in
of both longitudinal and transverse ground motions. When the PGA was crease in SSI coefficient does not significantly reduce tensile stress in the
increased from 0.3 g to 1.2 g, the maximum tensile strength increases components because the composite soil arching that arises between the
produced by the longitudinal and transverse ground motions were 162% arch and surrounding soils is not sustainable under the repeated shear
and 225%, respectively. The maximum tensile stress increases for SSI impact of strong ground motions. Regarding all SSI coefficients, the
coefficients ranging from 0 to 0.9 were 4% and 6% under longitudinal tensile stress produced by the longitudinal and transverse ground
10
T. Van Nguyen et al. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology incorporating Trenchless Technology Research 118 (2021) 104166
Fig. 11. Maximum seismic responses of MUAB with respect to arch length and Fig. 12. Maximum seismic responses of MUAB with respect to SSI coefficient
ground motion direction: (a) displacement, (b) compressive stress, (c) tensile and ground motion direction: (a) displacement, (b) compressive stress, (c)
stress, and (d) crack depth. tensile stress, and (d) crack depth.
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T. Van Nguyen et al. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology incorporating Trenchless Technology Research 118 (2021) 104166
4.3. AAI
Fig. 13(a) shows the relationship between the AAI coefficient and the
maximum displacement of a MUAB subjected to ground motions; an
increase in the former leads to a considerable decrease in the latter.
When the PGA increased from 0.3 g to 1.2 g, the maximum displacement
increases produced by longitudinal and transverse ground motions were
470% and 434%, respectively; the difference in displacement between
longitudinal and transverse ground motions decreased by 51% (from
93% to 42%). When the PGA was below 0.6 g and the AAI coefficient
below 0.2, the displacements produced by the transversal ground mo
tions exceeded those caused by longitudinal ones. However, when the
AAI coefficient reached 0.6, the maximal decrease in transverse-ground-
motion-induced displacement was 2.7 times higher than that produced
by the longitudinal motions. When the AAI coefficient exceeds 0.7, the
displacement criteria of the MUAB can meet for longitudinal and
transverse PGAs smaller than 0.48 g or 0.59 g, respectively. Thus, the
AAI coefficient can considerably strengthen the seismic capacity of
MUABs subjected to strong ground motions, especially when loaded in
the transverse direction.
Fig. 13(b) and Fig. 13(c) illustrate the influence of the AAI coefficient
on the maximum ground-motion-induced compressive and tensile
stresses in the segment components, respectively; a significant change
can be seen in both owing to the change in AAI coefficient. When the
PGA was increased from 0.3 g to 1.2 g, the maximum increases in
maximum compressive stress were 231% and 305% for longitudinal and
transverse ground motions, respectively. Meanwhile, the difference
between the longitudinal- and transverse-ground-motion-induced
compressive stresses increased by 46% (from 78% to 124%). In partic
ular, for PGAs of 1.2 g, the compressive stress exceeded the compressive
strength under both ground motions for all AAI coefficients, leading to
significant compressive damage to the MUAB components. When the
PGA was increased from 0.3 g to 1.2 g, the maximum tensile strength
increases produced by longitudinal and transverse ground motions were
153% and 200%, respectively. On the other hand, for AAI coefficients
from 0 to 1, the maximum decreases in tensile stress under longitudinal
and transverse ground motions were 15% and 33%, respectively. The
tensile stress produced by the longitudinal ground motions with PGAs of
0.3 g exceeded the tensile strength for all AAI coefficients. This shows
that longitudinal ground motions pose a higher damage risk than
transverse ones.
Furthermore, Fig. 13(d) shows the influence of the AAI coefficient on
the maximum crack depth in segment components subjected to ground
motions. For all PGAs, the crack depths under longitudinal and trans
verse ground motions decreased by 37% and 62%, respectively, at the
maximum AAI coefficients (i.e., approaching 1). When the PGA was
increased from 0.3 g to 1.2 g, the difference in crack depth between the
longitudinal and transverse ground motions decreased by 34% (from
Fig. 13. Maximum seismic responses of MUAB with respect to AAI coefficient
46% to 12%).
and ground motion direction: (a) displacement, (b) compressive stress, (c)
tensile stress, and (d) crack depth.
4.4. Prestressed rebar
Fig. 14(a) shows the effects of the prestressed rebar stiffness on the
12
T. Van Nguyen et al. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology incorporating Trenchless Technology Research 118 (2021) 104166
5. Conclusions
13
T. Van Nguyen et al. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology incorporating Trenchless Technology Research 118 (2021) 104166
the prestressed rebar stiffnesses were modeled in parametric studies of Declaration of Competing Interest
various MUABs subjected to representative synthetic ground motions.
Thus, the study provides valuable insights into the procedural aspects of The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
seismic behavior evaluations for MUABs. The key conclusions drawn interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
from this study are as follows: the work reported in this paper.
(1) The FEA results show that the seismic behaviors of MUABs sub
jected to ground motions differ with respect to earthquake loading di
rections owing to the different levels of seismic resistance. The crack Acknowledgment
depth reached 5 cm when the PGA of the longitudinal ground motion
was 0.47 g; meanwhile, this occurred under a PGA of 0.59 g for the This work was supported by the Korea Agency for Infrastructure
transverse ground motion. A crack depth of 12.5 cm was observed for Technology Advancement (KAIA) grant funded by the Ministry of Land,
the longitudinal and transverse direction earthquakes at PGAs of 0.73 g Infrastructure, and Transport (Grant 20CTAP-C151892-02).
and 0.84 g, respectively. When the PGA was below 0.47 g, the segment
components of the MUAB might be repairable because the crack depth References
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Kint a folyosón már sötét volt; megfogta a kezemet és ugy
vezetett előre. – Nem szükséges hallgatni, – mondta, – egészen
bátran beszélhet. – És bementünk. Mig gyertyát gyujtott – nem
lámpát, hanem csak gyertyát, – mialatt ezt a gyertyát meggyujtotta,
halkan nevetve mondta:
– De most már nem szabad rám néznie. Huh, ugy szégyenlem
magam! De soha többé nem teszem.
– Mit nem tesz soha többé?
– Soha többé… Isten ments… soha többé nem csókolom meg.
– Nem teszi többé? – mondtam és mind a ketten nevetni
kezdtünk. Kinyujtottam a karomat utána, de ő oldalra siklott, az
asztal másik végére; egy kis ideig egymást néztük, a gyertya ott
állott közöttünk.
Elkezdte lebontani a fátyolát és levette a kalapját: ezalatt tréfásan
villámló tekintete rajtam függött és minden mozdulatomat figyelte,
hogy meg ne foghassam. Ujra megpróbáltam egy kirohanást,
megbotlottam a szőnyegben és elestem; fájós lábam nem birt tovább
fönntartani. Nagyon leverten állottam föl.
– Istenem, milyen vörös lett! – mondta. – De mennyire ügyetlen is
volt!
– Igaza van.
És megint elkezdtünk körbe futni.
– Ugy látom, hogy sántit.
– Igen, sántitok egy kicsit, de csak egy kicsit.
– A multkor az ujja fájt, most meg a lábának van valami baja;
mégis borzasztó, mennyi minden éri.
– Igen, pár nappal ezelőtt elgázolt egy kicsit egy szekér.
– Elgázolta? Hát megint ivott? Isten ments, milyen életet él maga,
fiatalember! – Megfenyegetett a mutatóujjával és igyekezett komoly
lenni. – Üljünk le, – mondta. – Nem, nem oda az ajtó mellé; ne
legyen olyan félénk; ide, ni; maga oda, én ide, igy… Juj, olyan
unalmasak a tartózkodó emberek! Az embernek mindent magának
kell megmondani és megtenni, semmi segitséget nem várhat tőlük.
Például most szépen rátehetné a kezét a székem támlájára és ezt
magától is kitalálhatta volna, ki bizony. Mert ha én mondok valami
ilyet, egyszerre olyan szemmel néz rám, mintha nem hinné, hogy
igaz; már többször észrevettem, most is ugy tesz. De csak ne akarja
elhitetni velem, hogy ilyen szerény akkor is, ha nem akar… Bezzeg
elég merész volt akkor nap, mikor részegen jött utánam egész
hazáig és a szellemességével üldözött: Kisasszony, elveszti a
könyvét, kisasszony, mindjárt elveszti a könyvét! Hahaha! Pfuj, ez
igazán illetlen volt!
Mintha eszemet vesztettem volna, ugy ültem ott és csak néztem
rá. A szivem hangosan dobogott, a vér melegen zugott ereimben.
Milyen csodálatos érzés megint egy emberi lakásban ülni, hallani,
hogy ketyeg az óra és egy eleven fiatal leánnyal beszélni, ahelyett,
hogy saját magammal vitázzam.
– Miért nem beszél semmit?
– Milyen bájos maga, – szóltam végre. – Itt ülök és érzem, hogy
hatalmában vagyok, egészen a hatalmában teljes lelkemmel. Ez
ellen nem lehet semmit sem tenni. Maga a legcsodálatosabb lény,
aki… Néha ugy sugárzik a szeme, amilyet még sohasem láttam,
olyan, mintha virág volna… Hogyan? Nem, nem – talán nem is virág,
hanem inkább… Olyan szerelmes vagyok és tudom, hogy egészen
hiába. Hogy hivják, mondja? Most már igazán meg kell mondania,
hogy hivják…
– Nem, előbb hogy hivják magát? Istenem, ezt majdnem
elfelejtettem! Tegnap egész nap arra gondoltam, hogy meg fogom
kérdezni. Vagyis tulajdonképpen nem is egész nap, hiszen csak nem
gondoltam egész nap magára!
– Tudja, hogy én hogyan neveztem el magát? Ylajalinak. Hogy
tetszik ez a név? Olyan lebegően hangzik…
– Ylajali?
– Igen.
– Valami idegen nyelven van?
– Nem, azt nem mondhatnám.
– Egészen csinos.
Hosszu alkudozások után megmondtuk egymásnak a nevünket.
Egészen mellém ült a pamlagra és lábával eltaszitotta a széket
magától. Azután ujra elkezdtünk beszélgetni.
– Ma este meg is borotválkozott, – mondta. – Egészben véve egy
kicsit csinosabb ma, mint a multkor, de csak egy kicsikét, hogy el ne
bizza magát… Na, mert a multkor igazán csuful jelent meg; még
hozzá egy rongy is volt az ujja körül csavarva. És ilyen állapotban
minden áron be akart valahová menni velem egy pohár borra. Nem,
köszönöm.
– Hát a nyomorult külsőm volt az oka, hogy nem akart velem
jönni? – mondtam.
– Nem, – felelt és lesütötte a szemét. – Isten a tanum, hogy nem!
Erre nem is gondoltam.
– Hallgasson meg, – szóltam; – maga bizonyosan abban a hitben
él, hogy én éppen ugy élhetek és öltözködhetem, mint ahogy
szeretnék. Pedig ezt nem tehetem, mert nagyon, nagyon szegény
vagyok.
Rám nézett.
– Igazán szegény? – kérdte.
– Igazán.
Hallgatás.
– Istenem, hiszen én is szegény vagyok, – mondta fejének egy
bátor mozdulatával.
Minden szava ittassá tett, mintha bort csepegtetett volna a
lelkembe, pedig aligha volt más, mint egy mindennapi krisztiániai
leány, azoknak a szokott zsargonjával, apró merészségeivel és
fecsegésével. Egészen elbájolt a mozdulataival, ahogy a fejét oldalt
hajtotta, mikor valamire hallgatott, amit mondtam. Éreztem a
lehelletét, amint az arcomba áramlott.
– Tudja, hogy, – kezdtem el, – hogy… de nem szabad
megharagudnia… mikor tegnap este lefeküdtem, a karomat ugy
helyeztem el, mintha maga… mintha… ott feküdt volna benne. És
igy aludtam el.
– Igazán? Ez már szép volt! – Csönd. – De csak a távolság volt
az oka, hogy meg merte tenni; mert különben…
– Nem hiszi, hogy különben is meg merném tenni?
– Nem, nem hiszem.
– Pedig mindenre el lehet készülve, – mondtam merészen és
körülfontam derekát a karommal.
– Igazán? – Csak ennyit kérdett.
Bosszantott és levert, hogy annyira tisztességesnek tart;
összeszedtem a bátorságom, megerősitettem a szivemet és
megfogtam a kezét. De szó nélkül elvonta tőlem és egy kissé
távolabb huzódott. Ez megint elvette minden bátorságomat,
elszégyeltem magam és az ablak felé néztem. Nagyon is
nyomoruságos alak lehettem, amint itt ültem, igazán nem volt jogom
képzelődőnek lenni. Minden más volna, ha akkor találkoztam volna
vele, amikor még emberi formám volt, a jólétem napjaiban, mikor
még volt valami, amire támaszkodhattam.
– No lássa! – mondta, – most láthatja, hogy igazam volt: egy
homlokráncolással el lehet kergetni, csak egy kicsit el kell huzódni,
hogy mindjárt megszégyelje magát… – Nevetett és erősen
beszoritotta a szemét, mintha nem tudná elviselni, hogy most
ránézzek.
– A mindenhatóra! – törtem ki, – hát majd meglátja! – És hevesen
körülöleltem a vállát mind a két karommal. Elvesztette az eszét ez a
lány! Vagy annyira tapasztalatlannak tart! Hah, majd megmutatom…
az élő istenre! Senki se mondhassa rólam, hogy nem tudtam
megfelelni… Az ördög bujt ebbe a leányba! Ha csak erről van szó…
Mintha már semmire a világon nem volnék való!
Egészen nyugodtan ült ott és a szeme még mindig le volt csukva;
egyikünk sem beszélt. Erősen magamhoz szoritottam, testét a
mellemhez nyomtam és még mindig nem szólt egy szót sem.
Hallottam a szivünk verését, mindkettőnkét egyszerre, mint távoli
lódobogást.
Megcsókoltam.
Nem voltam teljes öntudatomnál; valami bolondot mondtam, amin
halkan nevetett, becéző neveket suttogtam a szájába,
megsimogattam az arcát és sokszor megcsókoltam. Fölnyitottam
egynéhány gombot a ruháján és a melle, két fehér kerek melle, mint
édes, csodálatos igéret, világitott elém a vászon közül.
– Engedje, hogy megnézzem, – mondom és megpróbálok még
több gombot fölnyitni, hogy a nyilást nagyobbá tegyem; de a
mozdulataim ügyetlenek, az utolsó gomboknál, ahol a ruhaderék
nagyon feszes, nem jutok tovább. Csak egy kicsit… egy kicsit
szeretném látni…
Egyik karját a nyakam köré fonja, lassan, gyöngéden; lehellete
egyenesen arcomat éri pirosló, reszkető orrlyukaiból; a másik
kezével maga kezdi fölnyitni a ruháját, egyik gombot a másik után.
Zavarában halkan, röviden fölnevet és többször rám néz, hogy
észreveszem-e, mennyire fél. Fölnyitja a derékszalagot, kikapcsolja
a füzőjét, boldog és remeg egyszerre. És én durva kezemmel
szintén a gombokkal és szalagokkal bibelődöm…
Hogy elvonja figyelmemet arról, amit csinál, bal kezével elkezdi a
vállamat simogatni és azt mondja:
– Mennyi kihullott haj van itt!
– Igen, – felelem és megpróbálom ajkamat a mellére nyomni.
Ebben a pillanatban nyitott ruhával fekszik előttem. Egyszerre,
mintha meggondolná, mintha most venné észre, hogy nagyon
messze ment, félig betakarja magát és kissé fölemelkedik. És hogy
zavarát, kibontott ruhája miatt, elrejtse, megint elkezd a kihullott
hajról beszélni a vállamon.
– Miért hull annyira a haja?
– Nem tudom.
– Bizonyosan sokat iszik és talán… pfuj, ki sem akarom mondani!
Nem szégyenli magát? Nem, ezt igazán nem hittem volna magáról!
Ilyen fiatal és már mind kihull a haja!… És most legyen szives,
beszélje el, hogyan szokott tulajdonképpen élni. Bizonyos vagyok
benne, hogy rettenetes dolgokat fogok hallani! De csak az igazságot,
érti, semmi mentegetődzés! Különben is észre fogom venni, ha
valamit eltitkol. Hát már most beszéljen!
Óh, milyen fáradt lettem! Milyen szivesen ültem volna csöndesen
mellette, hogy csak nézzem, ahelyett, hogy igy törjem magam
ezekkel a kisérletekkel. Nem voltam való semmire, olyan lettem, mint
egy fatönkő.
– Kezdje el hát, – mondta.
Örültem az alkalomnak, elbeszéltem mindent és csak az
igazságot mondtam. Nem szineztem ki még rosszabbra, mint
amilyen volt, nem szándékoztam fölkelteni a részvétét; azt is
elmondtam, hogy egy este hogyan loptam el öt koronát.
Nyitott szájjal ült mellettem és szavaimat sápadtan, ijedten
hallgatta, rémült zavar látszott ragyogó szemében. Jóvá akartam
tenni a dolgot, eloszlatni a szomoru hatást, amit keltettem s ezért
ujra kiegyenesedtem és azt mondtam:
– De ezen most már tul vagyok; nem is szükséges többé róla
beszélni; most már biztositva vagyok…
De ő csak levert maradt. – Isten ments! – mondta s aztán
elhallgatott. Rövid időközökben ujra ismételte: – Isten ments! – és
mindig ujra elhallgatott.
Tréfálni kezdtem vele, megcsiklandoztam, a mellemre vontam.
De ő ujra begombolta a ruháját és ez bosszantott. Miért gombolta be
a ruháját? Hát kevésbé voltam méltó a szemében most, hogy nem
magam voltam az oka kicsapongó életemmel annak, hogy a hajam
hull? Méltóbbnak tartott volna magához, ha könnyelmü ember lettem
volna?… Csak semmi fecsegés! Most az a fő, hogy megmutassam!
És ha erről van szó, akkor emberére talált.
Ujra kezdtem a kisérletet.
Lefektettem, egyszerüen lefektettem a pamlagra. Ellenkezett, de
nagyon gyöngén és csodálkozva nézett rám.
– Nem… de mit akar? – mondta.
– Hogy mit akarok!?
– Nem… nem, dehát…
– De igen, igen…
– Nem! Hallja! – kiáltott. És ezt a sértő mondást tette még hozzá:
– Igazán azt hiszem, hogy megőrült.
Akaratom ellenére megakadtam és igy szóltam:
– Ezt nem mondja komolyan.
– De igen. Olyan különös most! És akkor délelőtt, mikor utánam
jött, akkor sem volt ittas?
– Nem; de akkor éhes sem voltam, éppen azelőtt ettem valamit.
– Annál rosszabb volt.
– Hát jobban szeretné, ha részeg lettem volna?
– Igen… félek magától! Istenem, hát eresszen el!
Egy pillanatig gondolkoztam. Nem, most nem ereszthettem el.
Csak semmi buta fecsegés késő éjszaka egy pamlagon! Eh,
micsoda kifogásokat nem tudnak ilyen pillanatban találni! Mintha
nem tudnám, hogy csak szégyenlősség az egész! Olyan éretlen már
nem vagyok! És most nyugodtan! Csak semmi habozás!
Nagyon hevesen ellenkezett, sokkal erősebben, semhogy
szégyenlősség lehetett volna. Ugy tettem, mintha véletlenségből
földöntöttem volna a gyertyát, hogy kialudjon. De ő kétségbeesetten
ellentállott és végre halkan följajdult.
– Nem, nem, csak ezt nem! Ha akarja, inkább csókolja meg a
mellemet. Kedves, jó…
Abban a pillanatban visszahuzódtam. Olyan rémülten, olyan
gyámoltalanul hangzottak a szavai, hogy teljesen legyőztek
bensőleg. Azt hitte, hogy azzal, ha megengedi, hogy megcsókoljam
a mellét, kárpótolhat! Milyen szép volt, milyen szép és együgyü!
Térdre tudtam volna esni előtte.
– De kedves barátom, – mondtam egészen megzavarodva, –
akkor nem értem… igazán nem értem, hogy mit akart akkor ezzel a
játékkal…
Fölállott és reszkető kézzel gyujtotta meg ujra a gyertyát; hátra
támaszkodtam a pamlagon és semmit sem próbáltam tenni. Mi fog
most következni? Nagyon kellemetlenül éreztem magam
bensőmben.
Tekintete a falra tévedt, az órára nézett és összerázkódott.
– Jaj, nemsokára itt lesz a leány! – mondta. Ezt mondta
legelőször.
Megértettem a célzást és fölállottam. Ő pedig a kabátja után
nyult, mintha föl akarná venni, de meggondolta magát és a kályha
mellé állott. Nagyon halvány volt és mindig nyugtalanabb lett. Aztán,
hogy mégis ne legyen olyan látszata, mintha kiutasitott volna, azt
kérdeztem:
– Katonatiszt volt az atyja?
– Igen, katonatiszt. Honnan tudja?
– Nem tudtam, csak ugy eszembe jutott.
– Ez mégis különös!
– Hja, néha ilyen sejtelmek lepnek meg. Haha, ez is az
őrültségeim közé tartozik…
Hirtelen fölnézett, de nem felelt. Éreztem, hogy a jelenlétem
kinozza szegényt és röviden akartam végezni. Az ajtóhoz mentem.
Vajjon nem akar többé meg sem csókolni? Még kezet sem akar
adni? Állva maradtam és vártam.
– Most már menni akar? – kérdezte, de még mindig
mozdulatlanul állt a kályhánál.
Nem feleltem. Megalázottan és zavartan álltam tovább és szó
nélkül néztem rá. Haj, mi minden pusztult el most az életemből! Ugy
látszott, semmit sem jelentett többé neki, hogy el akarok menni,
mintha egyszerre teljesen elvesztettem volna és én kerestem, hogy
mit mondjak neki bucsuzóul, valami sulyos, mély szót, ami megrázná
és talán imponálna neki. És komoly elhatározásom ellen,
sértődötten, ahelyett, hogy büszke és hideg lettem volna,
nyugtalanul és bosszankodva csupa haszontalanságot beszéltem; a
megrázó szót nem találtam meg és minden eredeti gondolat nélkül
csupa papirosizü frázist mondtam.
– Miért nem jelenti ki mindjárt világosan és egyenesen, hogy
mehetek az utamra? – kérdeztem. – Igen, igen, miért nem? Igazán
nem érdemes udvariaskodni velem. Ahelyett, hogy a leány
hazajövetelére tett célzással akart az elmenetelre emlékeztetni,
egyenesen azt mondhatta volna: most már tünjék el, mert most már
az anyámért kell mennem és nem akarom, hogy az utcán
végigkisérjen. Nem, egyáltalában nem erre gondolt? De igen, éppen
erre gondolt, ezt azonnal kitaláltam. Olyan kevés kell ahhoz, hogy
nyomára jusson az ember valaminek; ahogy az előbb a kabátja után
nyult és mégis otthagyta, az azonnal világot gyujtott. Amint
mondtam, nekem már ilyen sejtelmeim vannak. És tulajdonképpen,
miért lenne ez őrültség…
– Óh istenem, bocsássa meg már, hogy ezt mondtam! Véletlenül
mondtam ki! – kiáltott föl. De azért még mindig mozdulatlanul állott
és nem jött közelebb hozzám.
Én pedig hajlithatatlanul folytattam. Folytattam és tovább
fecsegtem, azzal a biztos érzéssel, hogy untatom, hogy egyetlenegy
szavam sem találja el a lelkét és mindez még sem tartott vissza: –
Alapjában véve az ember nagyon érzékeny természet lehet, anélkül,
hogy őrült volna, – fejtettem ki véleményemet; – vannak olyan
természetek, amelyek apróságokból élnek, de egyetlen kemény szó
megöli őket. – És ezzel éreztetni akartam, hogy én éppen ilyen
természet vagyok. – A dolog ugy áll, hogy szegénységem olyan
tehetségeket fejlesztett ki bennem, amik egyenesen
kellemetlenségeket okoznak nekem, igen, biztosithatom, hogy
sajnos, csak kellemetlenségeket. De azért ennek is megvan a maga
előnye; egyes helyzetekben kisegit a nehézségekből. Az intelligens
szegény sokkal finomabb megfigyelő, mint az intelligens gazdag. A
szegény minden lépését meggondolja, amit tesz, gyanakodva figyel
minden szóra, amit az emberek mondanak, akikkel találkozik;
minden lépés uj föladatot, ugyszólván uj munkát ró gondolataira és
érzelmeire. Finom hallása és érzéke van, tapasztalatokat szerez, a
lelke tele van égési sebekkel…
És még sokat beszéltem azokról az égési sebekről, amelyek az
én lelkemen is vannak. De minél tovább beszéltem, a leány annál
nyugtalanabb lett. – Istenem! – kiáltott föl végre néhányszor
kétségbeesetten és a kezét törte. Láttam, hogy kinozom a
szavaimmal, pedig nem akartam kinozni és mégis megtettem. Végre
ugy éreztem, hogy nagy vonásokban megmondtam a
legszükségesebb mondanivalómat, kétségbeesett tekintete
meghatott és igy kiáltottam:
– Megyek már, megyek! Nem látja, hogy már a kilincsen a
kezem? Isten vele! Azt mondom, hogy isten vele! Igazán felelhetne
most már, miután kétszer istenhozzádot mondtam és az ajtót
készülök kinyitni. Még csak arra sem kérem, hogy ujra találkozzunk,
mert az csak kellemetlen volna önnek. De mondja meg legalább:
miért nem hagyott békében? Mit vétettem ellene? Nem én jöttem az
utjába, ugy-e? Miért fordul el tőlem, mintha egyáltalában nem is
ismerne? Csak még jobban szétszaggatott bensőleg, még
szerencsétlenebbé tett, mint valaha voltam. De istenemre, azért nem
vagyok őrült. Maga is be fogja látni, ha gondolkozik rajta, hogy nincs
semmi bajom. Jöjjön és adjon kezet! Jó? Semmi rosszat nem fogok
tenni, csak egy percre le szeretnék térdelni előtte, letérdelni a földre,
csak egy pillanatig; megengedi? Nem, nem, hát nem teszem, látom,
hogy megijedt, hallgasson rám. Istenem, hát mitől fél annyira?
Hiszen csendesen állok, meg sem mozdulok. Csak oda szerettem
volna térdepelni a szőnyegre egy pillanatra, éppen arra a piros
szinre a lába előtt. De megijedt, azonnal láttam a szeméből, hogy
megijedt, azért nem mozdultam. Egy lépést sem tettem közelebb,
ugy-e, mikor kértem. Éppen olyan mozdulatlanul álltam, mint most,
mikor arra a helyre mutatok, ahova le akartam térdelni a lába elé,
oda arra a piros rózsára a szőnyegen. Nem is mutatok az ujjammal,
egyáltalában nem mutatok, ezt meg sem próbálom, hogy meg ne
ijesszem, csak arrafelé intek a fejemmel, igy! És igy is nagyon jól
érti, hogy melyik rózsára gondolok, de nem akarja megengedni,
hogy oda térdeljek; fél tőlem és nem mer közelebb jönni. Nem értem,
hogyan veheti a lelkére, hogy őrültnek nevezzen. Ugy-e bár, most
már nem is hiszi? Egyszer a nyáron, már nagyon régen, akkor őrült
voltam. Nagyon sokat és keményen dolgoztam s elfelejtettem
idejében ebédelni menni, annyi gondolkozni valóm volt. És ez
napról-napra igy történt; gondolnom kellett volna rá, de mindig
elfelejtettem. Esküszöm az égre, hogy igaz. Ne engedjen isten erről
a helyről elmozdulnom, ha hazudom! Ebből is láthatja, hogy
igazságtalan velem szemben. Nem kényszerüségből tettem; van
nekem hitelem, nagy hitelem van Ingebret és Gravesennél; és
akárhányszor volt sok pénz a zsebemben és mégsem vettem
ennivalót, mert elfelejtettem. Hallgasson meg! Nem mond semmit,
nem felel. Meg sem mozdul a kályhától. Csak ott áll és várja, hogy
már elmenjek…
Ekkor gyorsan előre jött és odanyujtotta a kezét. Gyanakodva
néztem rá. Szivéből teszi vajjon? Vagy csak azért, hogy
megszabaduljon tőlem? Karját a nyakam köré fonta és könnyes lett
a szeme. Én csak álltam és ugy néztem rá. Felém nyujtotta a száját;
de én nem hittem neki, bizonyosan áldozat volt tőle, csak eszköz,
hogy véget vessen az egésznek.
Valamit mondott, ami olyanformán hangzott, hogy: Azért mégis
szeretem magát! Nagyon halkan és érthetetlenül mondta, talán nem
is hallottam jól, talán nem is éppen ezeket a szavakat mondta; de
egy pillanatig hevesen átölelt, mindkét karjával megszoritotta a
nyakamat, még lábujjhegyre is állott, hogy jól elérjen és igy maradt.
Féltem, hogy rákényszeriti magát erre a gyöngédségre és csak
azt mondtam:
– Milyen szép most!
Csak ennyit mondtam, visszaléptem, föltaszitottam az ajtót és
hátrálva mentem ki. Ő pedig bentmaradt.
IV.