ROLE OF WATER

CHEMISTY IN POWER
PLANT

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 WATER CHEMISTRY IN
POWER PLANT

• PRODUCTION OF D.M. WATER FOR BOILER

MAKE UP, UP CLARIFIED WATER FOR
COOLING AND OTHER PURPOSES.
• TESTING OF COAL.
• TESTING OF LUB OIL.
• MONITORING OF STEAM/ WATER
PARAMETERS
• H.P./L.P. DOSING

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 WATER CHEMISTRY IN
POWER PLANT
• CIRCULATING WATER TREATMENT
• POLLUTION MONITORING
– STACK MONITORING
– AMBIENT AIR
– WATER EFFLUENT
• EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANT
• COMMISSIONING ACTIVITES

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 SOURCES OF WATER

1. RIVERS,, LAKES AND RESEVOIRS (SURFACE

( DRAINAGE WATER))
2. UNDERGROUND WATERS (SALLOW WALL, DEEP WELL, SPRINGS)
3. RAIN WATER
4. SEA WATER

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 MAIN IMPURITIES IN WATER
1. Suspended
p Form (Macro
( size)) Sand, dirt, silt are the
suspended maters in water. These contribute turbidity to
raw water.
2. Colloidal form – Micro size particles
3. Dissolved form - Alkaline salts and neutral salts, organic
matter,
Alk li salts
Alkaline lt are mainly
i l bicarbonates
bi b t rarely l carbonates
b t
and hydrates of calcium, magnesium and sodium.
Neutral salts are sulphates, chlorides, nitrates of calcium,
magnesium
i and
d sodium.
di

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 POTENTIAL EFECTS OF
IMPURITIES IN WATER
1. Corrosion of plant items and equipments

2. Scaling in heat transfer units ( condenser tubes)

Additionally
Additi ll some substances
b t can effect
ff t the
th efficiency
ffi i
of operation of water treatment process used to obtain
satisfactory feed and boiler water make up and make up
to CW system.

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 TREATMENT OF WATER

1. Clarification

2. Filtration

3. Demineralization

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 CLARIFICATION
PRE- TREATMENT OF WATER
PRE

• MIXING OF CHEMICALS WITH WATER

• COAGULATION AND FLOCCULATION
• SEDIMENTATION
• FILTRATION

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WATER FLOW IN PRETREATMENTPLANT

RAW WATER CLARIFLOCCULATOR SGF/

PRESS.
FILTER

DM PLANT

SERVICE
WATER

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 CLARIFLOCCULATOR
Chlorine Lime Flash Flocculation
Alum Mixer
Clarification

Clarified
water to
filters

Raw
water
Water quality at Clarifier outlet Sludge
Turbidity - <20 NTU pH - 5.5 to 8.0 settling
pond
p
Residual Chlorine - 0.2 ppm
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 COAGULANTS

1. ALUMINIUM SULPHATE, SODIUM ALUMINATE

2. IRON SULPHATE
3. POLY ELECTROLYTES (LONG CHAIN AMIDES)
4. POLY ALUMINIUM CHLORIDE ( PAC )

FACTORS AFFECTING COAGULATION

1.
1 PH ( 5
5.5
5 – 8.0
8 0 ) FOR AL2(SO4)3
2. TEMPERATURE (30- 400C )
3
3. TIME
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 FILTRATION
Filtration is the removal of the solid particles from water by
passing it through a filtering medium. Filtration is usually
a mechanical p process does not remove dissolved
solids.

FILTERS USED IN WATER TREATMENT ARE MAINLY OF TWO

TYPES.

1.
1 Pressure Filters
2. Gravity filters

Pressure filters are in closed, round steel shells and function

with the pressure of the incoming water.
Gravity filters are in steel
steel, wood or concrete containers that
are open at the top and function at atmospheric
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 GRAVITY SAND
FILTER
GRAVITY SAND FILTER
CLARIFIED
IN
WATER
FROM
CLARIFIER

FOR BACK WASHING

5th layer OF THE GSF WATER
IS PASSED
THROUGH FILTER IN
4th layer
REVERSE
3rd layer DIRECTION
2nd layer
OUT
1st layer
y

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 FILTER MEDIA

Theoretically any inert granular material can be used for

filtration.
Quarts sand, Silica sand, anthracite coal, garnet may be
used for filtration.
Silica sand and anthracite are the types of filter media
which are commonly used.
At SSTPS sand is used as filtering medium and filters are
Pressure Filters in Stage-I
Stage I and Gravity sand filters
(GSF) in Stage- II.

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 FILTER MEDIUM IN GSF
1st layer - 50 mm X 37 mm gravel
2nd layer
y - 37 mm X 12 mm g
gravel

3rd layer – 12 mm X 6 mm gravel

4th layer – 6 mm X 2.5 mm grit

5th layer
y – 0.35 mm X 0.5 mm sand

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 USES OF FILTERED WATER

1. Feed water to DM plant

p
2. Feed water to Softening Plant
3. Drinking water – Township and plant
4. Service water – as cooling water for A/C and
Compressors

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 DM PLANT
From filter
For circuit rinse
water pumps

ACF WAC SBA

SAC WBA MB

DM
Air water
storage
DEGASSER tankk

PMI Revision 01 To main plant for 17

boiler make up
 DM PLANT
Water quality at different stages of Demineralisation
process:-
Feed water to DM plant
Turbidity - <2 NTU
ACF outlet
Residual chlorine - Nil
Turbidity - < 0.5
0 5 NTU
Cation Exchanger outlet
Na - <2 ppm
pp
Degasser outlet
Dissolved CO2 - <5 ppm

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 DM PLANT
Anion Exchanger outlet
Silica - < 200 ppb
Conductivity - < 10 µs/cm
pH - 6.8 - 7.2

Mixed bed outlet

Silica - < 20 ppb
Conductivity - < 0.1 µs/cm
pH - 6.8 - 7.2

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 ACTIVATED CARBON FILTER

SERVICE AND REGENERATION ( BACK WASH )

SI - Service Inlet
SO - Service Outlet
BWI - Backwash
B k h In
I
BWO - Backwash Out
RO - Rinse Out

Air BO
ventt
SI
BI
To Cation
SO
Exchanger RO
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 CATION EXCHANGER AND ANION EXCHANGER
SERVICE AND REGENERATION
Regeneration line to weak
exchanger

DF - Down
D Fl
Flow

Weak Strong NF - Nozzle flushing

Air NF Air
Vent Vent

SI DF
BI SI BI
Acid/Alkali injection
BO RO
SO BO RO SO
Drain PMI Revision 01
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Drain
 MIXED BED
SERVICE AND REGENERATION

Alkali injection

SI
Air
NF Vent

Air

Acid injection01 22
Drain PMI Revision
SO
MIXED BED
RESIN SEPARATION

ANION
EXCHANGE
RESIN

CATION
EXCHANGE
RESIN

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 ION-EXCHANGE REACTIONS
CATION
C O EXCHANGER
C G
• During Service
NaCl RNa + HCl
RH + CaCO3 R2Ca + H2CO3
MgSO4 R2Mg + H2SO4
Na2SiO3 RNa +H2SiO3

• During Regeneration

RNa NaCl

R2Ca + HCl RH + CaCl2

R2Mg MgCl2

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 ION-EXCHANGE REACTIONS
ANION EXCHANGER
• During Service
HCl R’Cl + H2O
R’OH + H2CO3 R’2CO3 + H2O
H2SO4 R’2SO4 + H2O
H2SiO3 R’2SiO3 + H2O
• During Regenration
R’Cl NaCl
R’2CO3 + NaOH R’OH + Na2CO3
R’2SO4 Na2SO4
R’2SiO3 Na2SiO3

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 D.M. WATER QUALITY

• pH = 5.5-6.8
• CONDUCTIVITY 0 2 μ mho
< 0.2
• TDS - NIL
• SiO2 < 20 pp
ppb

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 WATER STEAM CYCLE
(THERMAL PROJECT)
HYDRAZINE AMMONIA
DOSING DOSING

CEP

D.M. WATER CST CONDENSER D/A

TURBINE STEAM BOILER

BFP
T.S.P. DOSING

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 WATER STEAM CYCLE
(GAS PROJECT)
L.P. DOSING

D.M. WATER RFT CONDENSER D/A

LP TURBINE LP STEAM LP BOILER

LP BFP
H.P. DOSING

HP TURBINE HP STEAM HP BOILER

HP BFP
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WATER/STEAM CHEMISTRY
PARAMETERS MONITORED
• Ph
• Silica
• Conductivity
• After Cation Conductivity
• Dissolved Oxygen
• Sodium
• Copper
C
• Iron

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 WATER QUALITY
• CONDENSATE WATER

- ACC <0.02 µS/cm

µ

– pH 8.8-9.2

– Silica <0.02 ppm

– Dissolved Oxygen <50 ppb

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 WATER QUALITY

• FEED WATER
– ACC <0.02 µS/cm
– pH 8.8-9.2
– Total Iron+Copper <0.02 ppm
– Silica <0.02 ppm
– Dissolved Oxygen <7 ppb

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 WATER QUALITY
• BOILER WATER
– Conductivity <50 µS/cm

– pH 9.4-9.8

– Silica <0.300 ppm

– Phosphate
Ph h t 2 4 ppm
2-4

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 WATER QUALITY
• STEAM
– ACC <0.02 µS/cm

– pH 8.8-9.2

– Total Iron+Copper <0.02 ppm

– Silica
Sili <0.02
0 02 ppm

– Sodium <10 ppb

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 DISTRIBUTION RATIO
BETWEEN STEAM & BOILER
WATER AT pH 9.5
Drum Pressure Silica in Boiler Water

194 Kg/Cm2 130 ppb

176 Kg/Cm2 220 ppb
159 Kg/Cm2 290 ppb
134 Kg/Cm2 500 ppb
117 Kg/Cm2 1000 ppb
100 Kg/Cm2 2220 ppb
65 Kg/Cm2 4000 ppb
-- Boiler Drum Pressure is to be maintained so as
silica value in Main Steam is maintained below 20 ppb.

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 PARTITION COEFFICIENT AT
DIFFERENT PRESSURES

100

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-4

10-5

10-6

10-7

226 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 50 40 30

PRESSURE ( BAR) 35
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 SOURCES OF IMPURITIES IN
STEAM
• By evaporation from the boiler drum

• By entrainment of boiler water droplets in saturated

steam.

• As impurity present in feed water used in desuper

heater spray
spray.

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 EFFECTS OF SILICA

• Silica has high partition coefficient, so it has

tendency to deposit from steam onto turbine.

• Silica can deposit on turbine blades specially on LP

turbine, which can lead to significant loss of output.

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 H.P. DOSING
COORDINATED PHOSPHATE CONTROL

Na3PO4+H2O Na2HPO4 + NaOH

Na2HPO4+H2O NaH2PO4 + NaOH

N OH + HCl (As
NaOH (A Impurity)
I it ) N
NaCl
Cl + H2O

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 L.P.DOSING

AMMONIA & HYDRAZINE HYDRATE DOSING

AMMONIA IS USED TO INCREASE THE pH OF THE SYSTEM.

N2H4 + O2 N2 + H2O

3N2H4 4NH3 + N2

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 CHEMICAL CONTROL OF GENERATOR
STATOR WATER COOLING CIRCUITS

GENERATOR STATOR COOLANT ( D.M.

D M WATER)

STATOR WATER PARAMETER TO BE MAINTAINED

- pH = 6.8 + .2
-K < 1.0 µs/cm
µ
- Copper < 50 ppb
- D.O. < 10 ppb in low D.O. regime
2.0 to 5.0 ppm in high D.O. regime

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 CORROSION OF COPPER

THERE ARE TWO METHODS WHERE THE COPPER IS

BEST PASSIVATED AND MINIMUM CORROSION IS
FOUND.

1. LOW DISSOLVED OXYGEN REGIME.

1 REGIME
2. HIGH DISSOLVED OXYGEN REGIME.

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 LOW D.O. REGIME

- Limits below 10 ppb

With low D.O. concentration, copper corrosion is

inhibited by a passive film of Cuprous Oxide(Cu2O).

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 HIGH D.O. REGIME

- Limits 2 to 5 ppm

WITH HIGH D.O. CONCENTRATION, COPPER

CORROSION IS INHIBITED BY A PASSIVE FILM OF
CUPRIC OXIDE (C
(CuO).
O)

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THANK YOU

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