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The Palgrave Handbook
of Malicious Use of AI and
Psychological Security
Edited by
Evgeny Pashentsev
The Palgrave Handbook of Malicious Use
of AI and Psychological Security
“This book provides a powerful account of modern and potential future threats to
psychological security posed by both state and non-state actors through MUAI. This
book is a rigorous review of an advantage in psychological warfare. This subject has
historically been studied far less extensively than the positive applications of AI. An
interesting book with many great discussions.”
—Don Donghee Shin, Professor and Program Coordinator,
Zayed University & Swansea University, UK
“This important book is a forward looking and practical examination of the negative
risks and realities of artificial intelligence. It is comprehensive and practical, illustrat-
ing the present and future dangers of MUAI for nations, companies and individuals
with its compelling exploration of psychological security and influence.”
—Dr. Michael R. Finch, Chair of Communication, Media & Culture at Bryan
College, USA; Affiliate Researcher for LCC International University, LT, Executive
Director for the Communication Association of Eurasian Researchers
“AI is a paradox: its potential benefits are extraordinary; so too are the dystopian
consequences of its misuse, among them the psychological destabilization and
manipulation of whole populations. In this collection marshalled by a leading scholar
of strategic communication, Professor Evgeny Pashentsev, and based on analyses by
23 experts in 11 countries, the nature of the evolving crisis and the urgent need to
resolve it are clearly and cogently laid out in a way that facilitates understanding and
the imperatives which must follow.”
—Michael McKinley, Emeritus Faculty, The Australian National University
“Organized in a systemic way, the book illustrates in an organic, comprehensive and
in-depth way the many aspects of the malicious use of AI: from the methodological
approach to the analysis of the implications of this problem on the main areas of civil,
political, institutional coexistence as well as on regional and national areas in which
the world order is currently organized. The analysis is completed by a valid projection
on possible future prospects: a further element of great added value and support
offered to the reader by this handbook.”
—Marco Ricceri, The Secretary General, Eurispes Institute, Rome-Italy
“An extremely timely book on a significant and rapidly growing problem in interna-
tional relations and international security. The book provides new facts and new
assessments of existing and growing threats related to the weaponization of artificial
intelligence. This volume is a remarkable source of materials for undergraduate and
graduate classes in the fields of security and international relations in general. An
outstanding and very informative handbook for a wide range of professionals.”
—Eric Shiraev, Ph.D., George Mason University, CARP-Character
Assassination and Reputation Management Research Lab
“This handbook is a remarkable work that goes well beyond the current state of the
art on the current and future methods, uses and consequences of the malicious use of
artificial intelligence globally and across different geographical, technological, social,
political, psychological and informational environments. An impressive number of
authors from around the world are represented, which is fitting as MUAI is a global
problem that requires global solutions to tackle it. An extremely valuable book packed
with critical knowledge for students, researchers and practitioners alike.”
—Associate Professor Greg Simons, Uppsala University in Sweden
and Turiba University in Latvia
Evgeny Pashentsev
Editor
The Palgrave
Handbook of
Malicious Use of AI
and Psychological
Security
Editor
Evgeny Pashentsev
Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry
of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation
Moscow, Russia
This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Contents
1 Introduction:
The Malicious Use of Artificial Intelligence—
Growing Threats, Delayed Responses 1
Evgeny Pashentsev
2 General
Content and Possible Threat Classifications of the
Malicious Use of Artificial Intelligence to Psychological
Security 23
Evgeny Pashentsev
3 The
Malicious Use of Deepfakes Against Psychological
Security and Political Stability 47
Evgeny Pashentsev
4 Automating
Extremism: Mapping the Affective Roles of
Artificial Agents in Online Radicalization 81
Peter Mantello, Tung Manh Ho, and Lena Podoletz
5 Hate
Speech in Perception Management Campaigns: New
Opportunities of Sentiment Analysis and Affective Computing105
Yury Kolotaev
v
vi Contents
6 The
Malicious Use of Artificial Intelligence Through Agenda
Setting133
Evgeny Pashentsev
7 The
COVID-19 Pandemic and the Rise of Malicious Use of AI
Threats to National and International Psychological Security175
Marta N. Lukacovic and Deborah D. Sellnow-Richmond
8 Malicious
Use of Artificial Intelligence in Political Campaigns:
Challenges for International Psychological Security for the
Next Decades203
Marius Vacarelu
9 Destabilization
of Unstable Dynamic Social Equilibriums and
the Malicious Use of Artificial Intelligence in High-Tech
Strategic Psychological Warfare231
Evgeny Pashentsev
10 Current
and Future Threats of the Malicious Use of Artificial
Intelligence by Terrorists: Psychological Aspects251
Darya Bazarkina
11 Malicious
Use of Artificial Intelligence and the Threats to
Corporate Reputation in International Business273
Erik Vlaeminck
12 Malicious
Use of Artificial Intelligence: Risks to Psychological
Security in BRICS Countries297
Evgeny Pashentsev and Darya Bazarkina
Contents vii
13 The
Threats and Current Practices of Malicious Use of
Artificial Intelligence in Psychological Security in China335
Darya Bazarkina, Ekaterina A. Mikhalevich, Evgeny Pashentsev,
and Daria Matyashova
14 Malicious
Use of Artificial Intelligence, Uncertainty, and
U.S.–China Strategic Mutual Trust377
Cuihong Cai and Ruoyang Zhang
15 Scenario
Analysis of Malicious Use of Artificial Intelligence
and Challenges to Psychological Security in India397
Arvind Gupta and Aakash Guglani
16 Current
and Potential Malicious Use of Artificial Intelligence
Threats in the Psychological Domain: The Case of Japan419
Darya Bazarkina, Yury Kolotaev, Evgeny Pashentsev, and
Daria Matyashova
17 Geopolitical
Competition and the Challenges for the
European Union of Countering the Malicious Use of Artificial
Intelligence453
Pierre-Emmanuel Thomann
18 Germany:
Rising Sociopolitical Controversies and Threats to
Psychological Security from the Malicious Use of Artificial
Intelligence487
Daria Matyashova
19 Artificial
Intelligence and Deepfakes in Strategic Deception
Campaigns: The U.S. and Russian Experiences507
Sergei A. Samoilenko and Inna Suvorova
20 Malicious
Use of Artificial Intelligence and Threats to
Psychological Security in Latin America: Common Problems,
Current Practice and Prospects531
Evgeny Pashentsev and Darya Bazarkina
viii Contents
21 Malicious
Use of Artificial Intelligence and the Threat to
Psychological Security in the Middle East: Aggravation of
Political and Social Turbulence561
Vitali Romanovski
22 Malicious
Use of Artificial Intelligence in the Metaverse:
Possible Threats and Countermeasures583
Sergey A. Sebekin and Andrei Kalegin
23 Unpredictable
Threats from the Malicious Use of Artificial
Strong Intelligence607
Alexander Raikov
24 Prospects
for a Qualitative Breakthrough in Artificial
Intelligence Development and Possible Models for Social
Development: Opportunities and Threats631
Evgeny Pashentsev
25 Conclusion:
Per Aspera Ad Astra677
Evgeny Pashentsev
I ndex687
About the Editor
ix
Notes on Contributors
xi
xii Notes on Contributors
technical cooperation in the UAE and an analytical post with the United
Nations Assistance Mission in Iraq, Baghdad. Regular participant of the
Chatham House events on information security and counter-terrorism in the
EU, Middle East, and Russia. Member of the International Studies Association
(ISA) and East European Studies Association (CEEISA). His research interest
includes intelligence studies, psychological warfare, artificial intelligence, and
information security.
Sergei A. Samoilenko is an assistant professor at the Department of
Communication at George Mason University. Samoilenko is a past president
of the Communication Association of Eurasian Researchers (CAER) and a
co-founder of the Research Lab for Character Assassination and Reputation
Politics (CARP) at George Mason University. His research focuses on issues in
public relations, reputation management, and crisis communication. He is a
co-editor of Routledge Handbook of Character Assassination and Reputation
Management, Handbook of Research on Deception, Fake News, and
Misinformation Online, and Media and Public Relations Research in Post-Soviet
Societies. Samoilenko actively contributes to the development of communica-
tion education internationally. He is a past president of Communication
Association of Eurasion Researchers (CAER), an organization established to
promote joint projects between scholars from Russia, CIS, and Baltic states
and their North American counterparts. He is a co-founder and a board
member of the Kazakhstan Communication Association. He is also a member
of the Global Alliance for Public Relations and Communications Management.
Sergey A. Sebekin defended his PhD thesis “The Genesis and Development
of Strategies to Deter Cyber Threats in the United States, China and Russia
(1990s–2014)” in 2020. He is a lecturer at the Department of Political
Science, History and Regional Studies of Irkutsk State University. He is a fel-
low of the Oxford Russian Foundation 2014–2015. In 2016, he completed
an internship at Hokkaido University as part of the Russian–Japanese pro-
gram Russia–Japan East 3 (RJE 3), Sapporo, Japan. In 2020–2021, he com-
pleted an internship at the Moscow-based Russian Center for Policy Studies
(PIR Center) under the program “New Technologies and International
Security”. His research interests are issues of international cybersecurity, theo-
ries of cyber warfare, artificial intelligence and the future of international rela-
tions, and the impact of high technologies on international relations. He has
authored 30 academic articles, analytical notes and papers on various aspects
of international cybersecurity, published by such journals and organizations
operating in the field of international relations as Russia in Global Affairs,
xviii Notes on Contributors