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Contents

Preface xxiii

PART I Introduction And Internet Applications

Chapter 1 Introduction And Overview 1

1.1 Growth Of Computer Networking 1

1.2 Why Networking Seems Complex 2
1.3 The Five Key Aspects Of Networking 2
1.4 Public And Private Parts Of The Internet 6
1.5 Networks, Interoperability, And Standards 8
1.6 Protocol Suites And Layering Models 9
1.7 How Data Passes Through Layers 11
1.8 Headers And Layers 12
1.9 ISO And The OSI Seven Layer Reference Model 13
1.10 Remainder Of The Text 14
1.11 Summary 14

Chapter 2 Internet Trends 17

2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 Resource Sharing 17
2.3 Growth Of The Internet 18
2.4 From Resource Sharing To Communication 21
2.5 From Text To Multimedia 21
2.6 Recent Trends 22
2.7 From Individual Computers To Cloud Computing 23
2.8 Summary 24

Chapter 3 Internet Applications And Network Programming 27

3.1 Introduction 27
3.2 Two Basic Internet Communication Paradigms 28
viii Contents

3.3 Connection-Oriented Communication 29

3.4 The Client-Server Model Of Interaction 30
3.5 Characteristics Of Clients And Servers 31
3.6 Server Programs And Server-Class Computers 31
3.7 Requests, Responses, And Direction Of Data Flow 32
3.8 Multiple Clients And Multiple Servers 32
3.9 Server Identification And Demultiplexing 33
3.10 Concurrent Servers 34
3.11 Circular Dependencies Among Servers 35
3.12 Peer-To-Peer Interactions 35
3.13 Network Programming And The Socket API 36
3.14 Sockets, Descriptors, And Network I/O 36
3.15 Parameters And The Socket API 37
3.16 Socket Calls In A Client And Server 38
3.17 Socket Functions Used By Both Client And Server 38
3.18 The Connect Function Used Only By A Client 40
3.19 Socket Functions Used Only By A Server 40
3.20 Socket Functions Used With The Message Paradigm 43
3.21 Other Socket Functions 44
3.22 Sockets, Threads, And Inheritance 45
3.23 Summary 45

Chapter 4 Traditional Internet Applications 49

4.1 Introduction 49
4.2 Application-Layer Protocols 49
4.3 Representation And Transfer 50
4.4 Web Protocols 51
4.5 Document Representation With HTML 52
4.6 Uniform Resource Locators And Hyperlinks 54
4.7 Web Document Transfer With HTTP 55
4.8 Caching In Browsers 57
4.9 Browser Architecture 59
4.10 File Transfer Protocol (FTP) 59
4.11 FTP Communication Paradigm 60
4.12 Electronic Mail 63
4.13 The Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) 64
4.14 ISPs, Mail Servers, And Mail Access 66
4.15 Mail Access Protocols (POP, IMAP) 67
4.16 Email Representation Standards (RFC2822, MIME) 67
4.17 Domain Name System (DNS) 69
4.18 Domain Names That Begin With A Service Name 71
4.19 The DNS Hierarchy And Server Model 72
4.20 Name Resolution 72
4.21 Caching In DNS Servers 74
Contents ix

4.22 Types Of DNS Entries 75

4.23 Aliases And CNAME Resource Records 76
4.24 Abbreviations And The DNS 76
4.25 Internationalized Domain Names 77
4.26 Extensible Representations (XML) 78
4.27 Summary 79

PART II Data Communication Basics

Chapter 5 Overview Of Data Communications 85

5.1 Introduction 85
5.2 The Essence Of Data Communications 86
5.3 Motivation And Scope Of The Subject 87
5.4 The Conceptual Pieces Of A Communications System 87
5.5 The Subtopics Of Data Communications 90
5.6 Summary 91

Chapter 6 Information Sources And Signals 93

6.1 Introduction 93
6.2 Information Sources 93
6.3 Analog And Digital Signals 94
6.4 Periodic And Aperiodic Signals 94
6.5 Sine Waves And Signal Characteristics 95
6.6 Composite Signals 97
6.7 The Importance Of Composite Signals And Sine Functions 97
6.8 Time And Frequency Domain Representations 98
6.9 Bandwidth Of An Analog Signal 99
6.10 Digital Signals And Signal Levels 100
6.11 Baud And Bits Per Second 101
6.12 Converting A Digital Signal To Analog 102
6.13 The Bandwidth Of A Digital Signal 103
6.14 Synchronization And Agreement About Signals 103
6.15 Line Coding 104
6.16 Manchester Encoding Used In Computer Networks 106
6.17 Converting An Analog Signal To Digital 107
6.18 The Nyquist Theorem And Sampling Rate 108
6.19 Nyquist Theorem And Telephone System Transmission 108
6.20 Nonlinear Encoding 109
6.21 Encoding And Data Compression 109
6.22 Summary 110
x Contents

Chapter 7 Transmission Media 113

7.1 Introduction 113

7.2 Guided And Unguided Transmission 113
7.3 A Taxonomy By Forms Of Energy 114
7.4 Background Radiation And Electrical Noise 115
7.5 Twisted Pair Copper Wiring 115
7.6 Shielding: Coaxial Cable And Shielded Twisted Pair 117
7.7 Categories Of Twisted Pair Cable 118
7.8 Media Using Light Energy And Optical Fibers 119
7.9 Types Of Fiber And Light Transmission 120
7.10 Optical Fiber Compared To Copper Wiring 121
7.11 Infrared Communication Technologies 122
7.12 Point-To-Point Laser Communication 122
7.13 Electromagnetic (Radio) Communication 123
7.14 Signal Propagation 124
7.15 Types Of Satellites 125
7.16 Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) Satellites 126
7.17 GEO Coverage Of The Earth 127
7.18 Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Satellites And Clusters 128
7.19 Tradeoffs Among Media Types 128
7.20 Measuring Transmission Media 129
7.21 The Effect Of Noise On Communication 129
7.22 The Significance Of Channel Capacity 130
7.23 Summary 131

Chapter 8 Reliability And Channel Coding 135

8.1 Introduction 135

8.2 The Three Main Sources Of Transmission Errors 135
8.3 Effect Of Transmission Errors On Data 136
8.4 Two Strategies For Handling Channel Errors 137
8.5 Block And Convolutional Error Codes 138
8.6 An Example Block Error Code: Single Parity Checking 139
8.7 The Mathematics Of Block Error Codes And (n,k) Notation 140
8.8 Hamming Distance: A Measure Of A Code’s Strength 140
8.9 The Hamming Distance Among Strings In A Codebook 141
8.10 The Tradeoff Between Error Detection And Overhead 142
8.11 Error Correction With Row And Column (RAC) Parity 142
8.12 The 16-Bit Checksum Used In The Internet 144
8.13 Cyclic Redundancy Codes (CRCs) 145
8.14 An Efficient Hardware Implementation Of CRC 148
8.15 Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) Mechanisms 148
8.16 Summary 149
Contents xi

Chapter 9 Transmission Modes 153

9.1 Introduction 153

9.2 A Taxonomy Of Transmission Modes 153
9.3 Parallel Transmission 154
9.4 Serial Transmission 155
9.5 Transmission Order: Bits And Bytes 156
9.6 Timing Of Serial Transmission 156
9.7 Asynchronous Transmission 157
9.8 RS-232 Asynchronous Character Transmission 157
9.9 Synchronous Transmission 158
9.10 Bytes, Blocks, And Frames 159
9.11 Isochronous Transmission 160
9.12 Simplex, Half-Duplex, And Full-Duplex Transmission 160
9.13 DCE And DTE Equipment 162
9.14 Summary 162

Chapter 10 Modulation And Modems 165

10.1 Introduction 165

10.2 Carriers, Frequency, And Propagation 165
10.3 Analog Modulation Schemes 166
10.4 Amplitude Modulation 166
10.5 Frequency Modulation 167
10.6 Phase Shift Modulation 168
10.7 Amplitude Modulation And Shannon’s Theorem 168
10.8 Modulation, Digital Input, And Shift Keying 168
10.9 Phase Shift Keying 169
10.10 Phase Shift And A Constellation Diagram 171
10.11 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 173
10.12 Modem Hardware For Modulation And Demodulation 174
10.13 Optical And Radio Frequency Modems 174
10.14 Dialup Modems 175
10.15 QAM Applied To Dialup 175
10.16 V.32 And V.32bis Dialup Modems 176
10.17 Summary 177

Chapter 11 Multiplexing And Demultiplexing (Channelization) 181

11.1 Introduction 181

11.2 The Concept Of Multiplexing 181
11.3 The Basic Types Of Multiplexing 182
11.4 Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) 183
xii Contents

11.5 Using A Range Of Frequencies Per Channel 185

11.6 Hierarchical FDM 186
11.7 Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) 187
11.8 Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) 187
11.9 Synchronous TDM 188
11.10 Framing Used In The Telephone System Version Of TDM 189
11.11 Hierarchical TDM 190
11.12 The Problem With Synchronous TDM: Unfilled Slots 190
11.13 Statistical TDM 191
11.14 Inverse Multiplexing 192
11.15 Code Division Multiplexing 193
11.16 Summary 195

Chapter 12 Access And Interconnection Technologies 199

12.1 Introduction 199

12.2 Internet Access Technology: Upstream And Downstream 199
12.3 Narrowband And Broadband Access Technologies 200
12.4 The Local Loop And ISDN 202
12.5 Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) Technologies 202
12.6 Local Loop Characteristics And Adaptation 203
12.7 The Data Rate Of ADSL 204
12.8 ADSL Installation And Splitters 205
12.9 Cable Modem Technologies 205
12.10 The Data Rate Of Cable Modems 206
12.11 Cable Modem Installation 206
12.12 Hybrid Fiber Coax 207
12.13 Access Technologies That Employ Optical Fiber 208
12.14 Head-End And Tail-End Modem Terminology 208
12.15 Wireless Access Technologies 209
12.16 High-Capacity Connections At The Internet Core 209
12.17 Circuit Termination, DSU / CSU, And NIU 210
12.18 Telephone Standards For Digital Circuits 211
12.19 DS Terminology And Data Rates 212
12.20 Highest Capacity Circuits (STS Standards) 212
12.21 Optical Carrier Standards 213
12.22 The C Suffix 213
12.23 Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) 214
12.24 Summary 215
Contents xiii

PART III Packet Switching And Network Technologies

Chapter 13 Local Area Networks: Packets, Frames, And Topologies 219

13.1 Introduction 219

13.2 Circuit Switching And Analog Communication 220
13.3 Packet Switching 221
13.4 Local And Wide Area Packet Networks 222
13.5 Standards For Packet Format And Identification 223
13.6 IEEE 802 Model And Standards 224
13.7 Point-To-Point And Multi-Access Networks 225
13.8 LAN Topologies 227
13.9 Packet Identification, Demultiplexing, MAC Addresses 229
13.10 Unicast, Broadcast, And Multicast Addresses 230
13.11 Broadcast, Multicast, And Efficient Multi-Point Delivery 231
13.12 Frames And Framing 232
13.13 Byte And Bit Stuffing 233
13.14 Summary 234

Chapter 14 The IEEE MAC Sublayer 239

14.1 Introduction 239

14.2 A Taxonomy Of Mechanisms For Shared Access 239
14.3 Static And Dynamic Channel Allocation 240
14.4 Channelization Protocols 241
14.5 Controlled Access Protocols 242
14.6 Random Access Protocols 244
14.7 Summary 250

Chapter 15 Wired LAN Technology (Ethernet And 802.3) 253

15.1 Introduction 253

15.2 The Venerable Ethernet 253
15.3 Ethernet Frame Format 254
15.4 Ethernet Frame Type Field And Demultiplexing 254
15.5 IEEE’s Version Of Ethernet (802.3) 255
15.6 LAN Connections And Network Interface Cards 256
15.7 Ethernet Evolution And Thicknet Wiring 256
15.8 Thinnet Ethernet Wiring 257
15.9 Twisted Pair Ethernet Wiring And Hubs 258
15.10 Physical And Logical Ethernet Topology 259
15.11 Wiring In An Office Building 259
xiv Contents

15.12 Ethernet Data Rates And Cable Types 261

15.13 Twisted Pair Connectors And Cables 261
15.14 Summary 262

Chapter 16 Wireless Networking Technologies 265

16.1 Introduction 265

16.2 A Taxonomy Of Wireless Networks 265
16.3 Personal Area Networks (PANs) 266
16.4 ISM Wireless Bands Used By LANs And PANs 267
16.5 Wireless LAN Technologies And Wi-Fi 267
16.6 Spread Spectrum Techniques 268
16.7 Other Wireless LAN Standards 269
16.8 Wireless LAN Architecture 270
16.9 Overlap, Association, And 802.11 Frame Format 271
16.10 Coordination Among Access Points 272
16.11 Contention And Contention-Free Access 272
16.12 Wireless MAN Technology And WiMax 274
16.13 PAN Technologies And Standards 276
16.14 Other Short-Distance Communication Technologies 277
16.15 Wireless WAN Technologies 278
16.16 Micro Cells 280
16.17 Cell Clusters And Frequency Reuse 280
16.18 Generations Of Cellular Technologies 282
16.19 VSAT Satellite Technology 284
16.20 GPS Satellites 285
16.21 Software Defined Radio And The Future Of Wireless 286
16.22 Summary 287

Chapter 17 Repeaters, Bridges, And Switches 291

17.1 Introduction 291

17.2 Distance Limitation And LAN Design 291
17.3 Fiber Modem Extensions 292
17.4 Repeaters 293
17.5 Bridges And Bridging 293
17.6 Learning Bridges And Frame Filtering 294
17.7 Why Bridging Works Well 295
17.8 Distributed Spanning Tree 296
17.9 Switching And Layer 2 Switches 297
17.10 VLAN Switches 299
17.11 Multiple Switches And Shared VLANs 300
17.12 The Importance Of Bridging 301
17.13 Summary 302
Contents xv

Chapter 18 WAN Technologies And Dynamic Routing 305

18.1 Introduction 305

18.2 Large Spans And Wide Area Networks 305
18.3 Traditional WAN Architecture 306
18.4 Forming A WAN 308
18.5 Store And Forward Paradigm 309
18.6 Addressing In A WAN 309
18.7 Next-Hop Forwarding 310
18.8 Source Independence 313
18.9 Dynamic Routing Updates In A WAN 313
18.10 Default Routes 314
18.11 Forwarding Table Computation 315
18.12 Distributed Route Computation 316
18.13 Shortest Paths And Weights 320
18.14 Routing Problems 321
18.15 Summary 322

Chapter 19 Networking Technologies Past And Present 325

19.1 Introduction 325

19.2 Connection And Access Technologies 325
19.3 LAN Technologies 327
19.4 WAN Technologies 328
19.5 Summary 332

PART IV Internetworking

Chapter 20 Internetworking: Concepts, Architecture, And Protocols 335

20.1 Introduction 335

20.2 The Motivation For Internetworking 335
20.3 The Concept Of Universal Service 336
20.4 Universal Service In A Heterogeneous World 336
20.5 Internetworking 337
20.6 Physical Network Connection With Routers 337
20.7 Internet Architecture 338
20.8 Intranets And Internets 339
20.9 Achieving Universal Service 339
20.10 A Virtual Network 339
20.11 Protocols For Internetworking 341
20.12 Review Of TCP/IP Layering 341
xvi Contents

20.13 Host Computers, Routers, And Protocol Layers 342

20.14 Summary 342

Chapter 21 IP: Internet Addressing 345

21.1 Introduction 345

21.2 The Move To IPv6 345
21.3 The Hourglass Model And Difficulty Of Change 346
21.4 Addresses For The Virtual Internet 346
21.5 The IP Addressing Scheme 348
21.6 The IP Address Hierarchy 348
21.7 Original Classes Of IPv4 Addresses 349
21.8 IPv4 Dotted Decimal Notation 350
21.9 Authority For Addresses 351
21.10 IPv4 Subnet And Classless Addressing 351
21.11 Address Masks 353
21.12 CIDR Notation Used With IPv4 354
21.13 A CIDR Example 354
21.14 CIDR Host Addresses 356
21.15 Special IPv4 Addresses 357
21.16 Summary Of Special IPv4 Addresses 359
21.17 IPv4 Berkeley Broadcast Address Form 359
21.18 Routers And The IPv4 Addressing Principle 360
21.19 Multihomed Hosts 361
21.20 IPv6 Multihoming And Network Renumbering 361
21.21 IPv6 Addressing 362
21.22 IPv6 Colon Hexadecimal Notation 363
21.23 Summary 364

Chapter 22 Datagram Forwarding 369

22.1 Introduction 369

22.2 Connectionless Service 369
22.3 Virtual Packets 370
22.4 The IP Datagram 370
22.5 The IPv4 Datagram Header Format 371
22.6 The IPv6 Datagram Header Format 373
22.7 IPv6 Base Header Format 373
22.8 Forwarding An IP Datagram 375
22.9 Network Prefix Extraction And Datagram Forwarding 376
22.10 Longest Prefix Match 377
22.11 Destination Address And Next-Hop Address 378
22.12 Best-Effort Delivery 378
Contents xvii

22.13 IP Encapsulation 379

22.14 Transmission Across An Internet 380
22.15 MTU And Datagram Fragmentation 381
22.16 Fragmentation Of An IPv6 Datagram 383
22.17 Reassembly Of An IP Datagram From Fragments 384
22.18 Collecting The Fragments Of A Datagram 385
22.19 The Consequence Of Fragment Loss 386
22.20 Fragmenting An IPv4 Fragment 386
22.21 Summary 387

Chapter 23 Support Protocols And Technologies 391

23.1 Introduction 391

23.2 Address Resolution 391
23.3 An Example Of IPv4 Addresses 393
23.4 The IPv4 Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) 393
23.5 ARP Message Format 394
23.6 ARP Encapsulation 395
23.7 ARP Caching And Message Processing 396
23.8 The Conceptual Address Boundary 398
23.9 Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) 399
23.10 ICMP Message Format And Encapsulation 400
23.11 IPv6 Address Binding With Neighbor Discovery 401
23.12 Protocol Software, Parameters, And Configuration 401
23.13 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) 402
23.14 DHCP Protocol Operation And Optimizations 403
23.15 DHCP Message Format 404
23.16 Indirect DHCP Server Access Through A Relay 405
23.17 IPv6 Autoconfiguration 405
23.18 Network Address Translation (NAT) 406
23.19 NAT Operation And IPv4 Private Addresses 407
23.20 Transport-Layer NAT (NAPT) 409
23.21 NAT And Servers 410
23.22 NAT Software And Systems For Use At Home 410
23.23 Summary 411

Chapter 24 UDP: Datagram Transport Service 415

24.1 Introduction 415

24.2 Transport Protocols And End-To-End Communication 415
24.3 The User Datagram Protocol 416
24.4 The Connectionless Paradigm 417
24.5 Message-Oriented Interface 417
xviii Contents

24.6 UDP Communication Semantics 418

24.7 Modes Of Interaction And Multicast Delivery 419
24.8 Endpoint Identification With Protocol Port Numbers 419
24.9 UDP Datagram Format 420
24.10 The UDP Checksum And The Pseudo Header 421
24.11 UDP Encapsulation 421
24.12 Summary 422

Chapter 25 TCP: Reliable Transport Service 425

25.1 Introduction 425

25.2 The Transmission Control Protocol 425
25.3 The Service TCP Provides To Applications 426
25.4 End-To-End Service And Virtual Connections 427
25.5 Techniques That Transport Protocols Use 428
25.6 Techniques To Avoid Congestion 432
25.7 The Art Of Protocol Design 433
25.8 Techniques Used In TCP To Handle Packet Loss 434
25.9 Adaptive Retransmission 435
25.10 Comparison Of Retransmission Times 436
25.11 Buffers, Flow Control, And Windows 437
25.12 TCP’s Three-Way Handshake 438
25.13 TCP Congestion Control 440
25.14 Versions Of TCP Congestion Control 441
25.15 Other Variations: SACK And ECN 441
25.16 TCP Segment Format 442
25.17 Summary 443

Chapter 26 Internet Routing And Routing Protocols 447

26.1 Introduction 447

26.2 Static Vs. Dynamic Routing 447
26.3 Static Routing In Hosts And A Default Route 448
26.4 Dynamic Routing And Routers 449
26.5 Routing In The Global Internet 450
26.6 Autonomous System Concept 451
26.7 The Two Types Of Internet Routing Protocols 451
26.8 Routes And Data Traffic 454
26.9 The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) 454
26.10 The Routing Information Protocol (RIP) 456
26.11 RIP Packet Format 457
26.12 The Open Shortest Path First Protocol (OSPF) 458
26.13 An Example OSPF Graph 459
Contents xix

26.14 OSPF Areas 459

26.15 Intermediate System - Intermediate System (IS-IS) 460
26.16 Multicast Routing 461
26.17 Summary 465

PART V Other Networking Concepts & Technologies

Chapter 27 Network Performance (QoS And DiffServ) 469

27.1 Introduction 469

27.2 Measures Of Performance 469
27.3 Latency Or Delay 470
27.4 Capacity, Throughput, And Goodput 472
27.5 Understanding Throughput And Delay 473
27.6 Jitter 474
27.7 The Relationship Between Delay And Throughput 475
27.8 Measuring Delay, Throughput, And Jitter 476
27.9 Passive Measurement, Small Packets, And NetFlow 478
27.10 Quality Of Service (QoS) 479
27.11 Fine-Grain And Coarse-Grain QoS 480
27.12 Implementation Of QoS 482
27.13 Internet QoS Technologies 484
27.14 Summary 485

Chapter 28 Multimedia And IP Telephony (VoIP) 489

28.1 Introduction 489

28.2 Real-Time Data Transmission And Best-Effort Delivery 489
28.3 Delayed Playback And Jitter Buffers 490
28.4 Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP) 491
28.5 RTP Encapsulation 492
28.6 IP Telephony 493
28.7 Signaling And VoIP Signaling Standards 494
28.8 Components Of An IP Telephone System 495
28.9 Summary Of Protocols And Layering 498
28.10 H.323 Characteristics 499
28.11 H.323 Layering 499
28.12 SIP Characteristics And Methods 500
28.13 An Example SIP Session 501
28.14 Telephone Number Mapping And Routing 502
28.15 Summary 503
xx Contents

Chapter 29 Network Security 507

29.1 Introduction 507

29.2 Criminal Exploits And Attacks 507
29.3 Security Policy 511
29.4 Responsibility And Control 512
29.5 Security Technologies 513
29.6 Hashing: An Integrity And Authentication Mechanism 513
29.7 Access Control And Passwords 514
29.8 Encryption: A Fundamental Security Technique 514
29.9 Private Key Encryption 515
29.10 Public Key Encryption 515
29.11 Authentication With Digital Signatures 516
29.12 Key Authorities And Digital Certificates 517
29.13 Firewalls 519
29.14 Firewall Implementation With A Packet Filter 520
29.15 Intrusion Detection Systems 522
29.16 Content Scanning And Deep Packet Inspection 522
29.17 Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) 523
29.18 The Use of VPN Technology For Telecommuting 525
29.19 Packet Encryption Vs. Tunneling 526
29.20 Security Technologies 528
29.21 Summary 529

Chapter 30 Network Management (SNMP) 533

30.1 Introduction 533

30.2 Managing An Intranet 533
30.3 FCAPS: The Industry Standard Model 534
30.4 Example Network Elements 536
30.5 Network Management Tools 536
30.6 Network Management Applications 538
30.7 Simple Network Management Protocol 539
30.8 SNMP’s Fetch-Store Paradigm 539
30.9 The SNMP MIB And Object Names 540
30.10 The Variety Of MIB Variables 541
30.11 MIB Variables That Correspond To Arrays 541
30.12 Summary 542

Chapter 31 Software Defined Networking (SDN) 545

31.1 Introduction 545

31.2 Marketing Hype And Reality 545
Contents xxi

31.3 Motivation For A New Approach 546

31.4 Conceptual Organization Of A Network Element 548
31.5 Control Plane Modules And The Hardware Interface 549
31.6 A New Paradigm: Software Defined Networking 550
31.7 Unanswered Questions 551
31.8 Shared Controllers And Network Connections 552
31.9 SDN Communication 553
31.10 OpenFlow: A Controller-To-Element Protocol 554
31.11 Classification Engines In Switches 555
31.12 TCAM And High-Speed Classification 556
31.13 Classification Across Multiple Protocol Layers 557
31.14 TCAM Size And The Need For Multiple Patterns 557
31.15 Items OpenFlow Can Specify 558
31.16 Traditional And Extended IP Forwarding 559
31.17 End-To-End Path With MPLS Using Layer 2 560
31.18 Dynamic Rule Creation And Control Of Flows 561
31.19 A Pipeline Model For Flow Tables 562
31.20 SDN’s Potential Effect On Network Vendors 563
31.21 Summary 564

Chapter 32 The Internet Of Things 567

32.1 Introduction 567

32.2 Embedded Systems 567
32.3 Choosing A Network Technology 569
32.4 Energy Harvesting 570
32.5 Low Power Wireless Communication 570
32.6 Mesh Topology 571
32.7 The ZigBee Alliance 571
32.8 802.15.4 Radios And Wireless Mesh Networks 572
32.9 Internet Connectivity And Mesh Routing 573
32.10 IPv6 In A ZigBee Mesh Network 574
32.11 The ZigBee Forwarding Paradigm 575
32.12 Other Protocols In the ZigBee Stack 576
32.13 Summary 577

Chapter 33 Trends In Networking Technologies And Uses 579

33.1 Introduction 579

33.2 The Need For Scalable Internet Services 579
33.3 Content Caching (Akamai) 580
33.4 Web Load Balancers 580
33.5 Server Virtualization 581
xxii Contents

33.6 Peer-To-Peer Communication 581

33.7 Distributed Data Centers And Replication 582
33.8 Universal Representation (XML) 582
33.9 Social Networking 583
33.10 Mobility And Wireless Networking 583
33.11 Digital Video 583
33.12 Higher-Speed Access And Switching 584
33.13 Cloud Computing 584
33.14 Overlay Networks 584
33.15 Middleware 586
33.16 Widespread Deployment Of IPv6 586
33.17 Summary 587

Appendix 1 A Simplified Application Programming Interface 589

Index 617
Preface

I thank the many readers who have taken the time to write to me with comments
on previous editions of Computer Networks And Internets. The reviews have been in-
credibly positive, and the audience is surprisingly wide. In addition to students who use
the text in courses, networking professionals have written to praise its clarity and to
describe how it helped them pass professional certification exams. Many enthusiastic
comments have also arrived from countries around the world; some about the English
language version and some about foreign translations. The success is especially satisfy-
ing in a market glutted with networking books. This book stands out because of its
breadth of coverage, logical organization, explanation of concepts, focus on the Internet,
and appeal to both professors and students.

What’s New In This Edition

In response to suggestions from readers and recent changes in networking, the new
edition has been completely revised and updated. As always, material on older technol-
ogies has been significantly reduced and replaced by material on new technologies. The
significant changes include:

Updates throughout each chapter

Additional figures to enchance explanations
Integration of IPv4 and IPv6 in all chapters
Improved coverage of MPLS and tunneling
New chapter on Software Defined Networking and OpenFlow
New chapter on the Internet of Things and Zigbee

Approach Taken

Should courses take a top-down or bottom-up approach to the subject? In a

bottom-up approach, one starts with transmission of bits over a single wire, and then
learns how successive layers of protocols expand the functionality. In a top-down ap-
proach, one starts with high-level applications, initially learning only enough to under-
stand how such applications operate. Later, one learns about the underlying details.
xxiv Preface

This text combines the best of top-down and bottom-up approaches. The text be-
gins with a discussion of network applications and the communication paradigms that
the Internet offers. It allows students to understand the facilities the Internet provides to
applications before studying the underlying technologies that implement the facilities.
Following the discussion of applications, the text presents networking in a logical
manner so a reader understands how each new technology builds on lower layer tech-
nologies.

Intended Audience

The text answers the basic question: how do computer networks and internets
operate? It provides a comprehensive, self-contained tour through all of networking that
describes applications, Internet protocols, network technologies, such as LANs and
WANs, and low-level details, such as data transmission and wiring. It shows how pro-
tocols use the underlying hardware and how applications use the protocol stack to pro-
vide functionality for users.
Intended for upper-division undergraduates or beginning graduate students who
have little or no background in networking, the text does not use sophisticated
mathematics, nor does it assume a detailed knowledge of operating systems. Instead, it
defines concepts clearly, uses examples and figures to illustrate how the technology
operates, and states results of analysis without providing mathematical proofs.

Organization Of The Material

The text is divided into five parts. The first part (Chapters 1–4) focuses on uses of
the Internet and network applications. It describes protocol layering, the client-server
model of interaction, the socket API, and gives examples of application-layer protocols
used in the Internet.
The second part (Chapters 5–12) explains data communications, and presents back-
ground on the underlying hardware, the basic vocabulary, and fundamental concepts
used throughout networking, such as bandwidth, modulation, and multiplexing. The fi-
nal chapter in the second part presents access and interconnection technologies used in
the Internet, and uses concepts from previous chapters to explain each technology.
The third part (Chapters 13–19) focuses on packet switching and packet switching
network technologies. Chapters give the motivation for using packets, introduce the
IEEE model for layer 2 protocols, and consider wired and wireless networking technolo-
gies, such as Ethernet and Wi-Fi. The third part also introduces the four basic
categories of network technologies: LAN, MAN, PAN, and WAN, and discusses rout-
ing in WANs. The final chapter presents examples of network technologies that have
been used in the Internet.
Organization Of The Material xxv

The fourth part (Chapters 20–26) focuses on the Internet protocols. After discuss-
ing the motivation for internetworking, the text describes Internet architecture, routers,
Internet addressing, address binding, and the TCP/IP protocol suite. Protocols such as
IPv4, IPv6, TCP, UDP, ICMP, ICMPv6, and ARP are reviewed in detail, allowing stu-
dents to understand how the concepts relate to practice. Because IPv6 has (finally) be-
gun to be deployed, material on IPv6 has been integrated into the chapters. Each
chapter presents general concepts, and then explains how the concepts are implemented
in IPv4 and IPv6. Chapter 25 on TCP covers the important topic of reliability in trans-
port protocols.
The final part of the text (Chapters 27–33) considers topics that cross multiple
layers of a protocol stack, including network performance, network security, network
management, bootstrapping, multimedia support, and the Internet of Things. Chapter 31
presents Software Defined Networking, one of the most exciting new developments in
networking. Each chapter draws on topics from previous parts of the text. The place-
ment of these chapters at the end of the text follows the approach of defining concepts
before they are used, and does not imply that the topics are less important.

Use In Courses

The text is ideally suited for a one-semester introductory course on networking

taught at the junior or senior level. Designed for a comprehensive course, it covers the
entire subject from wiring to applications. Although many instructors choose to skip
over the material on data communications, I encourage them to extract key concepts and
terminology that will be important for later chapters. No matter how courses are orga-
nized, I encourage instructors to engage students with hands-on assignments. In the un-
dergraduate course at Purdue, for example, students are given weekly lab assignments
that span a wide range of topics: from network measurement and packet analysis to net-
work programming. By the time they finish our course, each student is expected to
know how an IP router uses a forwarding table to choose a next hop for an IP datagram;
describe how a datagram crosses the Internet; identify and explain fields in an Ethernet
frame; know how TCP identifies a connection and why a concurrent web server can
handle multiple connections to port 80; compute the length of a single bit as it propa-
gates across a wire at the speed of light; explain why TCP is classified as end-to-end;
know why machine-to-machine communication is important for the Internet of Things;
and understand the motivation for SDN.
The goal of a single course is breadth, not depth — to cover the subject, one can-
not focus on a few technologies or a few concepts. Thus, the key to a successful course
lies in maintaining a quick pace. To cover the most important topics in a semester, the
lower layer material in Part II can be condensed, and the sections on networks and inter-
networking can be allocated four weeks each, leaving two weeks for the introductory
material on applications and topics such as network management and security. The de-
tails of socket programming can be covered in programming exercises, either in labs or
as homework problems.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Mr. Robertson: Did you hear that?
Professor Ferguson: I beg you, Mr. Robertson—
Robertson: It is highly preposterous—
Burns: Will you allow me, sir, to apologise? I withdraw my
observation, and you may call the Elegy what you will.
Ferguson: May I add my word—
Robertson: Very well, very well. I will overlook your indiscretion, Mr.
Burns. And believe me Gray is a very inferior poet.
[They are now followed into the room by Dr. Blacklock, the
aged blind poet, and Lord Muir, a middle-aged sporting
laird. Blacklock sits beside the Duchess of Gordon,
conducted by Ferguson; Robertson by Miss Taylor; Muir
on a chair near them; Ferguson goes to Walter Scott,
who has returned to his book at the window; and Burns joins
Mrs. Stewart, who is still seated at the piano. There is an
undercurrent of conversation from the various groups.]
Miss Taylor (to Robertson): That was extremely generous of you,
dear Mr. Robertson.
Robertson: Charity becomes my cloth, madam.
Muir (immensely pleased with the incident): Yes, but a damned
blockhead. That’s straight riding, you must allow that, sir.
Robertson: I regret, your lordship, I am no Nimrod.
Muir: No, but damme, sir, we can all admire a straight line. I like the
lad.
Miss Taylor: It’s all very well, Lord Muir, but it’s most unbecoming to
call a reverend gentleman a—h’m—blockhead.
Muir: A damned blockhead, ma’am, that’s the word.
Robertson (turning his back to him, addressing Miss Taylor): As I
was remarking to you at luncheon, the history of pew-rents is very
misleading—
 [They drift into their own conversation.]
Muir (to Mrs. Montgomery, under his breath): That’s the kind of
poetry I can understand.
Burns (to Mrs. Stewart): You did me great honour in your singing.
Mrs. Stewart: The songs are their own recommendation, Mr. Burns.
Burns: Sponsored by such beauty, madam, they could not fail.
Mrs. Stewart (touching the piano very lightly to the air of ‘Afton
Water’): Do you find Edinburgh agreeable?
Burns: Some moments of it.
Mrs. Stewart: I hear of your fame everywhere.
Burns: Fortunately it does not deceive me.
Mrs. Stewart: But you have the sincere interest of many.
Burns: There are not many whose interest is valuable. With most, I
please for a season—a new fashion in the window.
Mrs. Stewart: A poet must not be bitter, Mr. Burns.
Burns: I am not bitter, madam. I know my friends from the rest, that
is all.
Mrs. Stewart: Your friends should be happy.
Burns: You are very gracious. You forget the—condescensions.
Mrs. Stewart: But that would be impossible.
Burns: Believe me, it is common. My plough lends a virtue to flattery.
Mrs. Stewart: There is honest esteem as well—delight.
Burns: I am as sensitive to it, madam, as the top leaves to the last
ripple of evening wind. You are bountiful.
The Duchess (speaking across): Mrs. Ferguson, do you think we
might ask Mr. Burns to sing one of his songs himself?
Mrs. Ferguson: If he would be so kind.
Burns: Madam, if her Grace so compliments me. Will Mrs. Stewart
play an air for me?
Muir: Couldn’t it be something with a chorus—eh? Nothing like
opening the lungs, sir (to Robertson).
Robertson: I regret, your lordship, I am no Orpheus.
Muir: No, but damme, sir, sing cracked, what odds?
Burns: Do you know ‘The Campbells are Coming,’ madam?
Mrs. Stewart: This?
[She plays the air.]
Burns: Aye—that. I’ve made some new verses for it—thus—
[He sings.]

Upon the Lomonds I lay, I lay,

Upon the Lomonds I lay, I lay,
I looked down to bonnie Lochleven
And saw three bonnie perches play.

The Campbells are comin’, Oho! Oho!

The Campbells are comin’, Oho! Oho!
The Campbells are comin’ to bonnie Lochleven,
The Campbells are comin’, Oho! Oho!

Great Argyle he goes before;

He makes the cannons and guns to roar,
Wi’ sound o’ trumpet, fife and drum;
The Campbells are comin’, Oho! Oho!

The Campbells are comin’, etc.

The Campbells they are a’ in arms,

Their loyal faith and truth to show,
Wi’ banners rattling in the wind,
The Campbells are comin’, Oho! Oho!
 The Campbells are comin’, etc.

[The Duchess of Gordon, and Mrs. Stewart, with

Blacklock and Ferguson, join enthusiastically in the
choruses, Mrs. Ferguson more mildly, Mrs. Montgomery
perfunctorily, and Muir excitedly, moving about the room,
vainly exhorting Robertson and Miss Taylor. Walter
Scott, tense with wondering admiration, slowly approaches
Burns as he sings, and stands beside him.
At the close of the song there is a burst of applause, and cries
of, ‘Bravo! Bravo! Another please, Mr. Burns,’ through which is
heard.]
Miss Taylor (to Robertson): Very incendiary in sentiment, I must
say.
Robertson: A very just criticism.
[The calls for another song persist.]
Burns: The tune of ‘The Collier’s Bonnie Lassie’?
[Mrs. Stewart plays the air, and he sings, very quietly, his
audience now Mrs. Stewart alone.]

O saw ye bonnie Lesley,

As she gaed o’er the Border?
She’s gane, like Alexander,
To spread her conquests farther.

To see her is to love her,

And love but her for ever;
For Nature made her what she is,
And never made anither!

Thou art a queen, fair Lesley,

Thy subjects, we before thee:
Thou art divine, fair Lesley,
The hearts o’ men adore thee.
The Deil he could na scaith thee,
Or aught that wad belang thee;
He’d look into thy bonnie face,
And say, ‘I canna wrang thee!’

[Very gravely and courteously he bows to Mrs. Stewart at

the end, and to a murmur of approval moves across to the
fireplace. Mrs. Stewart remains talking to Walter. Muir
follows Burns to the fireplace.]
Muir: Very pretty, Mr. Burns—especially that one about the
Campbells. I believe you join our little party at dinner to-night?
Burns: I am much obliged to your lordship.
Muir: The Barley Sheaf at seven. I subscribed for two copies of your
book. Don’t understand most of it, but I daresay I’ve spent money
worse. And I like straight riding, sir. Seven o’clock. [Burns bows to
this.]
Muir (to the Duchess): Good-day, your Grace. (To Mrs. Ferguson.)
Very entertaining, Mrs. Ferguson.
[He takes his leave generally and goes, speaking to
Ferguson on his way out. Robertson is saying good-bye to
Miss Taylor, and crosses to Mrs. Ferguson.]
Robertson: Good-afternoon, Mrs. Ferguson. A most instructive
gathering, I am sure.
Mrs. Ferguson: Good-afternoon, Mr. Robertson. It was very
considerate of you to spare us the time.
Robertson (bowing stiffly to Burns): Good-afternoon, Mr. Burns. And
may the Lord chasten your muse.
Burns: Yes, sir. I will speak to Him about it.
Robertson: I will remember it in my devotions.
[He follows Muir, taking leave of the company as he goes.]
Burns (to Mrs. Ferguson): I fear I was a little heated before we left
table. I beg your indulgence. (To the Duchess.) Ma’am.
The Duchess (privately to him): You were quite right. He is a—
damned blockhead, I think you said.
Ferguson (to Miss Taylor): Very striking poems those, don’t you
think, Miss Taylor?
Miss Taylor: Poetry is a pagan art, Mr. Ferguson.
Ferguson: But such fervour is refreshing.
Miss Taylor: Very irregular.
[Burns has moved up to Ferguson, and is studying the
Bunbury print on the wall.]
Blacklock: That young man has the pure flame of genius in him.
Mrs. Montgomery: A little disconcerting, doctor. We have to
remember society, you know.
Blacklock: Society may be trusted with its own preservation, Mrs.
Montgomery, but Scotland has never heard songs the like of that
before. We must cherish them.
Burns: There is a sublime pathos in that. (Reading from the print.)
‘The child of misery baptised in tears.’ Whose words are those?
Ferguson: I do not remember. Dr. Blacklock, perhaps—Doctor, ‘The
child of misery baptised in tears’—do you recall the author?
Blacklock: No, I am afraid not.
[Walter Scott speaks with some timid excitement to Mrs.
Stewart.]
Mrs. Stewart: Walter Scott here tells me they are by Langhorne.
Burns: Indeed, Langhorne. You read the poets?
Walter Scott: Every day.
Burns: They will never fail you. I am much indebted to you, Mr. Scott.
[He leaves the boy entirely elated, and moves towards his
place by the fire.]
Blacklock: Mr. Burns.
Burns (crossing to him): Sir?
Blacklock: I am an old man, Mr. Burns, and I have been allowed, if I
may say so, many honours. I would give them all to have written
those songs.
Burns: They have often been my only security, sir.
Mrs. Montgomery: Dr. Blacklock is very considerate of your merit, Mr.
Burns.
Burns: There are obligations, ma’am, not easy to discharge with
modesty. I am very sensible of Dr. Blacklock’s kindness.
Blacklock: Mr. Burns is quite right, Mrs. Montgomery. I was not
offering him compliments.
[He lifts his hand paternally for Burns to take. Burns, with
great tenderness, returns the salute, and goes back to the
fireplace. Miss Taylor rises and moves over to Mrs.
Ferguson.]
Miss Taylor: Good-afternoon, Mrs. Ferguson. We meet on Friday.
Mrs. Ferguson: Yes, Miss Taylor.
Miss Taylor: Good-afternoon, Mr. Burns. I trust you will not neglect
the vineyard.
Burns: There are no vineyards at Mossgiel, madam.
Miss Taylor: I mean the Lord’s. The labourer must be worthy of his
hire.
Burns: The labourer—hired. Yes, I will remember.
[Miss Taylor takes leave of the Duchess and the company,
and goes, accompanied to the door by Mrs. Ferguson.
Walter Scott comes to Mrs. Ferguson and shakes her
hand. He stands a moment before Burns, looking at him
uncertainly.]
Burns (holding out his hand, which Walter takes): Good-bye.
Walter Scott: Good-bye, sir.
 [Leaving Burns rather poignantly taken aback by the
unexpected ceremony of address, he bows to the Duchess
and the others and goes. Mrs. Stewart is now standing by
Dr. Blacklock, and as Mrs. Montgomery rises, she takes
her place.]
Mrs. Montgomery (to her hostess): Good-afternoon. Good-afternoon,
Duchess. If I can help Mr. Burns with any recommendation, he will let
me know. Word left at Wilson’s bookshop will reach me.
[She goes, escorted by the Fergusons.]
The Duchess: Dr. Blair was praising your poems this morning, Mr.
Burns. But he suggested that you might with advantage enlarge your
scope. He spoke of Dr. Young and Mr. Akenside.
Burns: I fear my Pegasus is for light journeys only, your Grace.
[Mrs. Ferguson is now sitting opposite Mrs. Stewart with
Blacklock. Ferguson joins the group at the fire.]
Blacklock: If Mr. Burns would humour me before I go, might I ask for
another of his—masterpieces.
The Duchess: Yes—please.
Burns: Will Mrs. Stewart favour me—the duet you were speaking of?
[Mrs. Stewart goes to the piano, and they sing.]

She

As I gaed down the water-side,

There I met my shepherd lad,
He row’d me sweetly in his plaid,
And ca’d me his dearie.
Ca’ the yowes to the knowes,
Ca’ them where the heather grows,
Ca’ them where the burnie rows,
My bonnie dearie!

He
Will ye gang down the water-side,
And see the waves sae sweetly glide?
Beneath the hazels spreading wide
The moon it shines fu’ clearly.
Ca’ the yowes, etc.

She

If ye’ll but stand to what ye’ve said,

I’se gang wi’ you, my shepherd lad,
And ye may row me in your plaid,
And I sall be your dearie.
Ca’ the yowes, etc.

Blacklock: The sweetest voice of Caledonia’s sons, Mrs. Ferguson.

The Duchess (rising): Well, your poet has captivated me entirely,
Mrs. Ferguson. I return to Gordon Castle next week, Mr. Burns. I
hope you will visit us there.
Burns (kissing her offered hand): If you will indulge me so far, your
Grace.
[The Duchess says good-bye to Mrs. Stewart and Dr.
Blacklock, and goes out with Mrs. Ferguson, passing
Ferguson at the door. Ferguson moves down to
Blacklock.]
Blacklock (rising): Mr. Ferguson? I am greatly your debtor. It has
been one of the most memorable occasions in a long life. A very
great privilege, Mr. Burns.
[He holds out his hand in the direction of Burns, who takes it
with real veneration. Then he goes, Ferguson directing his
steps.]
Burns: You are staying in Edinburgh long?
Mrs. Stewart: I leave to-morrow.
Burns (looking at his watch): I must go. Mrs. Ferguson will be tired of
me. You sang enchantingly.
Mrs. Stewart: You are joining the Barley Sheaf party to-night?
Burns: Yes.
Mrs. Stewart: You are happy there?
Burns: I am free. And nobody patronises me.
Mrs. Stewart: But they have been very civil to you here.
Burns: Some of them. And there have been consolations even
beyond that. The old man, and the boy, and you. But the others—
you heard. Why should I? Where does it lead me?
Mrs. Stewart: Success at the Barley Sheaf is more gratifying?
Burns: I know, madam, I know. But I shall never learn discipline.
Mrs. Stewart: Not even for the sake of your friends?
Burns: In a few weeks I shall have passed out of all this—back from
it, if you will. My friends, who will they be then? I do not expect
remembrance.
Mrs. Stewart: That is not kind.
Burns: It is generous of you to think it. O, I am not ungrateful, believe
me. I have been fortunate in opinions that I shall cherish. But those
—with their vineyards, and preachments over me, and Akensides,
and Wilson’s bookshop—did you hear that? My time may come, but
it is not now, in Edinburgh.
Mrs. Stewart: And so birthright may be wasted, at the Barley Sheaf?
Burns: Do not let me deceive you, madam. Like my songs—yes, I
pray you will do that. But they thrive in that company—I am at home
there. I am not proud of it, and it will settle my account early, likely
enough. But I know my condition. Virtue was born a caprice in me,
madam, and fortune has not husbanded her for me. I sing
sometimes, and for the rest I have no talent, perhaps, but a little to
know myself.
Mrs. Stewart: I understand. And you will be yourself.
Burns: Even through disaster, I must. It is the only honour I have.
[The Fergusons come back.]
Mrs. Ferguson: Forgive us, please.
Burns: Thank you, Mrs. Ferguson, for your kindness—it was very
obliging of you to bring me here. Good-afternoon.
Mrs. Ferguson: Good-afternoon, Mr. Burns.
Ferguson: Many flattering things have been said, Mr. Burns.
Burns (to Mrs. Stewart): Good-afternoon, madam.
Mrs. Stewart: Good luck, Mr. Burns.
Ferguson (going out with him): Very flattering, I assure you. Most
gratifying you must find it—
[They go out.]
Mrs. Ferguson: Shall you come with me, my dear, to Dr.
Mackenzie’s?
Mrs. Stewart: I think I would rather stay at home this afternoon, Mrs.
Ferguson.
[Ferguson returns and goes to his desk for a book.]
Mrs. Ferguson: Certainly, my dear. I’ll tell Maggie.
Ferguson: Very pleasant. Dr. Robertson was most instructive at
lunch upon the second epistle, don’t you think? Yes.
[He bustles out.]
Mrs. Ferguson: She shall bring tea to you here.
[She goes.]
[Mrs. Stewart plays a few notes of ‘Afton Water’ on the
piano. Then she changes the air, and sings very softly.]
O whistle, and I’ll come to you, my lad,
O whistle, and I’ll come to you, my lad,
Tho’ father and mother and a’ should gae mad,
O whistle, and I’ll come to you, my lad.
[She pauses, and laughs lightly and humorously at herself,
and]
THE CURTAIN FALLS
 SCENE IV
A room at the Barley Sheaf, by candlelight, in the late evening
of the same day.
Seated round a table are Lord Muir and Baliol White, a
young spark of fashion; Sam Ogilvie, a flash but
unprosperous ‘sport’; Neil Simpson, a drab and dissolute
little schoolmaster; ‘Shy’ Duncan, a speculative gentleman of
finance, at present half asleep, and Burns.
Their cups are frequently replenished from a large punch-
bowl in the middle of the table.
Burns (to full chorus, is singing),

O, Willie brew’d a peck o’ maut,

And Rob and Allan cam’ to see;
Three blyther hearts, that lee-lang night,
Ye wad na found in Christendie.

Chorus

We are na fou, we’re nae that fou,

But just a drappie in our e’e;
The cock may craw, the day may daw,
And aye we’ll taste the barley bree.

Here are we met, three merry boys,

Three merry boys, I trow, are we;
And mony a night we’ve merry been,
And mony mae we hope to be!

Chorus

We are na fou, etc.

It is the moon, I ken her horn,
That’s blinkin’ in the lift sae hie;
She shines sae bright to wyle us hame,
But, by my sooth, she’ll wait a wee!

Chorus

We are no fou, etc.

Muir (beating the table): There’s no eloquence like it. Was not
Demosthenes an orator? Then was Demosthenes drunk.
Neil Simpson: Very logically put, my lord. In vino salutas.
Sam Ogilvie: There’s no badger in the world like wine. It defies the
dogs of care. The cravenous dogs of care.
Simpson: Cravenous is not good lexicon. It is no word.
Ogilvie: I’ll have you know, Mr. Simpson, it is my word. It means
exactly what I mean.
Simpson: It is an abuse—
Baliol White: Let your lexicon go to sleep, dominie. We’ll have no
precisians here. I said precisians. Does anyone dispute it?
Muir: Gentlemen, I give you a toast. We have with us this evening a
genius of the most pre-eminent intoxication—inspiration. In my
opinion he makes Homer look a ninny. I have not perused the works
of that celebrated Greek, but I am convinced that he was a ninny. Mr.
Burns is not a ninny, and I defy anyone to say that he is. Mr. Burns, if
anyone says you are a ninny, he shall answer to me for it.
Ogilvie: Who suggested that Mr. Burns was a ninny?
Muir: I’m not suggesting that anyone suggested it. I merely assert
that he is not. Mr. Burns, let me assure you of the confidence of the
assembled company. Gentlemen, I give you the health of Mr. Robert
Burns, and may his glass never be empty.
[They drink to the toast boisterously.]
White: Speech, speech!
 [He is supported by the rest.]
Burns (rising): It is a great honour to be in your convivial company.
They are fools outside, but we are Solomons, with the perpetual
fount of wisdom before us. We are the true ministers of state, for our
policy is everlasting. Love is our law, and drink is our prophet, and
shall we not obey these? I give you back a toast—Woman and the
brimming bowl—gentlemen!
[The toast is honoured.]
Burns: Mr. Duncan, wake up, sir. Be not dejected in sleep, Mr.
Duncan.
White (shaking him): Wake up, Shy. Shall we forget our behaviour
before a man of genius, a man of temperament?
Duncan (rousing himself): Ten per cent.? What’s ten per cent. to me?
I’ll not deal under twelve. Not a guinea under fifteen.
Muir: Behave yourself, Shy. To-morrow we will be again your
devoted clients. To-night we do not discuss these things.
Duncan: I beg your pardon, gentlemen. I fell asleep, and was
dreaming of a small transaction—most negligent of me to mention it
in this company. By no means.
White: A very unpleasant reference, Shy. When is quarter-day?
Duncan: Don’t allow that to trouble you, Mr. White. I am always
accommodating.
Simpson: Sat ad diem diei malum est.
Duncan: Most probably you are. But scholarship has a hungry belly,
Mr. Simpson. I forswore it when I was a swaddler. I stand for the
receipt of custom.
Muir: O nimble Shy, we are not interested in your biography.
Duncan: Will you write my biography, Mr. Burns?
Ogilvie: It is as unwanted as a paunch on a jockey.
Duncan: My lord, I ask you, does this pea-and-thimble man mean to
insult me? (Rising.) I asked Mr. Burns to write my biography.
Muir: Sit down, Shy, you’re drunk.
Duncan: I know I’m drunk—I’m pleased to confess to anybody I’m
drunk—
Ogilvie: Drunk and daft, Shylock, sit down.
Duncan: You stable-fly, you tap-sawdust, you ninepenny wager—he
owes me four pounds ten—
White (pulling him down): Sit down, Shy, don’t be a fool. A song, Mr.
Burns.
The Others: A song, a song.
Burns: Shall gentlemen of spirit quarrel about four pound ten? Call it
quits, Mr. Duncan.
Muir: Come, Shy, quits, in honour of Mr. Burns. Sam meant no
offence.
Duncan: I honour Mr. Burns highly. But I’ll see him damned before I
will stand out of four pound ten.
Simpson: A very ignoble sentiment.
White: A song, a song.
Burns: I’m sorry, Mr. Ogilvie, that our friend will not oblige us. But
was ever candour more becoming? A song for you, gentlemen.

Duncan Gray cam’ here to woo,

Ha, ha, the wooing o’t,
On blythe Yule-night when we were fou,
Ha, ha, the wooing o’t.
Maggie coost her head fu’ high,
Look’d asklent and unco skeigh,
Gart poor Duncan stand abeigh;
Ha, ha, the wooing o’t.

Time and chance are but a tide;

 Ha, ha, the wooing o’t;
Slighted love is sair to bide;
Ha, ha, the wooing o’t.
‘Shall I, like a fool,’ quoth he,
‘For a haughty hizzie die?
She may gae to—France for me!’
Ha, ha, the wooing o’t.

How it comes let doctors tell;

Ha, ha, the wooing o’t;
Meg grew sick—as he grew hale,
Ha, ha, the wooing o’t.
Something in her bosom wrings,
For relief a sigh she brings;
And O, her een, they spak’ sic things!
Ha, ha, the wooing o’t.

Duncan was a lad o’ grace

Ha, ha, the wooing o’t;
Maggie’s was a piteous case
Ha, ha, the wooing o’t.
Duncan couldna be her death,
Swelling pity smoor’d his wrath;
Now they’re crouse and canty baith—
Ha, ha, the wooing o’t.

Simpson: A very sweet measure, Mr. Burns, and exemplary morality.

The ancients would most unconsciously have approved. And he who
has not the expedition of the ancients is a blockhead.
Muir: A damned blockhead, dominie. That’s what Mr. Burns called
the minister at lunch to-day. I never heard a compliment more prettily
put. A damned blockhead.
Duncan (rousing from his stupor): Who says I’m a damned
blockhead? I resent the insults of this company—I am tired of them.
If Mr. Burns says I am a damned blockhead, he’s a bankrupt bastard.
Simpson and White: Order, order.
Muir (a little sobered): Shy Duncan, be ashamed of yourself, man.
No one is welcome in this company who cannot get drunk like a
gentleman.
Ogilvie (rising): I warned you, my lord, he was no fit member for our
society.
Duncan (standing to him): You’re fit enough, I suppose, Mr. Five-Ace
Ogilvie.
Muir (with authority now): Drop it, Duncan, I tell you. Sam is our gillie
of all games. You’re our financier. We know our obligations. Very
well. But you must apologise to Mr. Burns.
Duncan: I will not apologise if he calls me a damned blockhead.
Burns: Mr. Duncan, believe me I had not considered you in that light.
Ogilvie: You are a damned blockhead anyway, Shy.
Duncan: Then I’ve done with argument.
[With this he flings the contents of his cup in Ogilvie’s face.
Ogilvie tries to close with him, but is restrained by White and
Simpson, while Muir and Burns hold Duncan.]
Duncan (to Burns): Leave me alone, you bawdy jingler. Go back to
your wenching, and let men settle their own affairs. Take your hands
off me, I say.
White (to Ogilvie): Sit down, Sam.
Simpson: Brawling is licentious.
[They quieten him.]
Duncan: Let me go, you.
[But Burns needs a little help from Muir to keep him in
control.]
Burns: Why do you discompose yourself, Mr. Duncan? No one
means you any harm.
Duncan: You have no right to address me at all. I am above your
quality.
Muir (tipsy like the rest, but clear as to the situation): Duncan, are
you going to apologise? Either that, or you can go home, and don’t
come back.
Duncan (relapsing suddenly from temper to maudlin stupor, sinking
into his chair): I will apologise if Mr. Burns will write my biography.
Simpson: He shall write it, and I will exhibit it by citation.
Duncan: Very well then, I apologise.
Muir: Very unedifying, Mr. Burns. I beg you will overlook it. Fill up,
gentlemen.
[He fills the cups. As he is doing so a serving maid comes in.]
The Girl: This has just been left for Mr. Burns. (Giving him a note.) A
lady in a coach.
White: A love letter, I’ll warrant. (To the Girl.) Did you read it,
darling?
[He puts his arm round her and kisses her.]
The Girl: I have my own, thank you.
White: O, you have, have you?
[She moves to go. Burns is fumbling with his letter, beyond
any easy reading of it.]
Muir (filling the last cup): A moment, Meg. The bowl is empty. We will
replenish it. Bear it in front of us. Come, Baliol, we will administer the
ingredients together. Excuse us, gentlemen.
[Meg carries the bowl out, Muir and White following her.
Ogilvie has subsided on to the floor, and is lying with his
head on Duncan’s knee, both asleep.]
Burns (the opened letter in his hand): This handwriting is
confoundedly fidgetty.
Simpson (who has carried his liquor better than the rest): Is it of a
private character, Mr. Burns?
Burns: Its character escapes me.
 [Handing the letter to him.]
Simpson (reading): ‘Remember your friends. They remember you.
Be just to yourself. Afton Water.’ (Returning the letter.) An obscure
reference.
Burns: Just to myself. Are we just to ourselves, Mr. Simpson?
Simpson: It is many years since I asked myself that question, Mr.
Burns. I was ambitious once.
Burns: And you betrayed yourself?
Simpson: I accepted my limitations.
Burns: I could have been a different man, Mr. Simpson, and she
died. I, too, am accepting my limitations. We’re not very proud of it,
eh, Mr. Simpson?
Simpson: I do not vex my mind on the matter any longer.
Burns: That’s it. It comes. It is coming to me—I know it. Mary, lass,
Mary.
[And now, brooding far away from his environment, he sings.]

Thou ling’ring star, with less’ning ray,

That lov’st to greet the early morn,
Again thou usher’st in the day
My Mary from my soul was torn.
O Mary! dear departed shade!
Where is thy place of blissful rest?
See’st thou thy lover lowly laid?
Hear’st thou the groans that rend his breast?

That sacred hour can I forget?

Can I forget the hallowed grove,
Where, by the winding Ayr, we met,
To live one day of parting love?
My Mary! dear departed shade!
Where is thy place of blissful rest?
See’st thou thy lover lowly laid?