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ECOSYSTEM SERVICES FOR
WELL-BEING IN DELTAS
Integrated Assessment
for Policy Analysis
Edited by Robert J. Nicholls, Craig W. Hutton, W. Neil Adger,
Susan E. Hanson, Md. Munsur Rahman and Mashfiqus Salehin
Ecosystem Services for Well-Being in Deltas
Robert J. Nicholls
Craig W. Hutton
W. Neil Adger • Susan E. Hanson
Md. Munsur Rahman
Mashfiqus Salehin
Editors
Ecosystem Services
for Well-Being
in Deltas
Integrated Assessment for Policy
Analysis
Editors
Robert J. Nicholls Craig W. Hutton
Faculty of Engineering and the Environment Geodata Institute
and Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Geography and Environment
Research, University of Southampton University of Southampton
Southampton, UK Southampton, UK
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018. This book is an open access publication.
Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution
and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s)
and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made.
The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book’s Creative Commons
license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the book’s
Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the
permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or
the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any
errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional
claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer International
Publishing AG part of Springer Nature.
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Dedication: To Dr. Nazmul Haq, University of Southampton, aka ‘Uncle’,
for his facilitation of the research herein and his ongoing commitment to the
people of Bangladesh.
Foreword
vii
viii Foreword
References
Braat, L., and R. de Groot. 2012. The ecosystem services agenda: Bridging the
worlds of natural science and economics, conservation and development, and
public and private policy. Ecosystem Services 1: 4–15.
Costanza, R., R. d’Arge, R. de Groot, S. Farber, M. Grasso, B. Hannon,
K. Limburg, S. Naeem, R.V. Oneill, J. Paruelo, R. G. Raskin, P. Sutton, and
M. van den Belt. 1997. The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natu-
ral capital. Nature 387 (6630): 253–260.
Costanza, R., M. Daly, C. Folke, P. Hawken, C. S. Holling, A.J. McMichael,
D. Pimentel, and D. Rapport. 2000. Managing our environmental portfolio.
Bioscience 50 (2): 149–155.
Daily, G.C. (1997). Nature’s Services: Societal dependence on natural ecosys-
tems. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Day, J.W., J. Agboola, Z. Chen, C. D’Elia, D.L. Forbes, L. Giosan, P. Kemp,
C. Kuenzer, R.R. Lane, R. Ramachandran, J. Syvitski, and A. Yañez-
Arancibia. 2016. Approaches to defining deltaic sustainability in the 21st
century. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 183: 275–291.
de Groot, R., L. Brander, S, van der Ploeg, R. Costanza, F. Bernard, L. Braat,
M. Christie, N. Crossman, A. Ghermandi, L. Hein, S. Hussain, P. Kumar,
A. McVittie, R. Portela, L.C. Rodriguez, P. ten Brink, and P. van Beukering.
2012. Global estimates of the value of ecosystems and their services in mon-
etary units. Ecosystem Services 1: 50–61.
Foreword
xi
Bangladesh Organisations
xiii
xiv Participants from the Following Organisations Attended…
Local Organisations
International Organisations
Deltas provide diverse ecosystem services and benefits for their large pop-
ulations. At the same time, deltas are also recognised as one of the most
vulnerable coastal environments, with a range of drivers operating at mul-
tiple scales, from global climate change and sea-level rise to delta-scale
subsidence and land cover change. Lastly, many delta populations experi-
ence significant poverty. Hence when the Ecosystem Services for Poverty
Alleviation (ESPA) programme was announced, we rapidly focussed on
deltas as an issue for study. The focus of the book is the world’s most
populated delta, the Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna Delta, and more
particularly within coastal Bangladesh west of the Lower Meghna River.
In our first visit to Dhaka, Bangladesh, in 2010, we recognised the com-
plexity and challenges of understanding rural livelihoods in a dynamic delta.
We held an intensive multidisciplinary workshop of UK and Bangladeshi
scientists, followed by an inspiring visit to the Sundarbans. The resulting
debates and conclusions, supported by acres of white board conceptual
maps, formed the foundation that became the ESPA Deltas (Assessing
Health, Livelihoods, Ecosystem Services and Poverty Alleviation in Populous
Deltas) international consortium project. This involves more than 120 indi-
viduals and 21 institutions across Bangladesh, India and the UK. The col-
lective thinking and experience of this team is distilled into this book, which
examines the present and future of ecosystem services and livelihoods in
xvii
xviii Preface
Last but not least, we also express our gratitude to the people of
Bangladesh who, during our research, provided hospitality and were ever
willing to give their time and enthusiasm to ensure that our research
remained relevant and successfully achieved its aim.
Contents
xxiii
xxiv Contents
*
* *
Haddou l’Rahmani,
Celui qui t’a réjouie deux mois,
Réjouis-le deux ans.
Réjouis-toi en ce jour
Où ne se réjouissent que mes amies,
Mes sœurs et mes cousines.