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The Palgrave Handbook of
Diplomatic Thought and
Practice in the Digital Age
Edited by Francis Onditi
Katharina McLarren · Gilad Ben-Nun
Yannis A. Stivachtis · Pontian G. Okoth
The Palgrave Handbook of Diplomatic Thought
and Practice in the Digital Age
 Francis Onditi • Katharina McLarren
Gilad Ben-Nun
Yannis A. Stivachtis • Pontian G. Okoth
Editors

The Palgrave
Handbook of
Diplomatic Thought
and Practice in the
Digital Age
Editors
Francis Onditi Katharina McLarren
School of International Relations and MAGGI, Max Planck Institute for
Diplomacy Comparative Public Law and
Riara University International Law
Nairobi, Kenya Heidelberg, Germany

Gilad Ben-Nun Yannis A. Stivachtis

Global and European Studies Institute Department of Political Science
Leipzig University Virginia Tech
Leipzig, Germany Blacksburg, VA, USA

Pontian G. Okoth
Department of Peace and
Conflict Studies
Masinde Muliro University of Science
and Technology
Kakamega, Kenya

ISBN 978-3-031-28213-3    ISBN 978-3-031-28214-0 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28214-0
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature
Switzerland AG 2023
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher,
whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprint-
ing, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other
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The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
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 Foreword

Diplomacy forms an inseparable part of international relations (IR). The tradi-

tional core of IR concerns the mutual interaction of sovereign states in the
context of the larger global system. At times, this interaction is altered by the
disruptions induced by technological, societal changes as well personality dif-
ferences, subsequently influencing the character of diplomacy. It is expected
that over the years, the changes shape the theory and practice of diplomacy in
the sense as it is with other social science disciplines. Unfortunately, however,
in spite of its long ancestry and the evolution of how states relate to each other
in the digital age, diplomacy largely remains tethered around two things; it still
means a ‘kaleidoscope’ of things, including negotiations and meetings revolv-
ing around international conferences, treaties, state visits, summit meetings,
and other international events between sovereign states; secondly, it stands for
strategic political and policy actions taken in the context, interest and on the
basis of interstate officialdom.
The status quo and diplomatic tradition tends to make the practice of
diplomacy exclusive and overly formalistic and structured. Although it is also
true that in the context of real politics, the influence of forceful political
personalities and popular movements deeply influences these formalistic and
structured practices. This handbook has grown out of this esoteric focus of
diplomacy by state officials and other reductionist scholars of IR. However,
matters of trade, environment and climate change interstate management,
refugees, conflicts, or wars are not confined to state actors. Increasingly non-
state actors are now more involved in trade, environment, climate change
responses, peace and conflict dynamics than they have ever been. Moreover,
different regional formations such as the African Union Peace and Security
Council are actively shaping the security diplomatic architecture in the arena of
peace and security for example.
The influence of personalities in politics and the attitudes of individual political
leaders have historically not been at the center of our understanding of diplo-
matic thought and practice. Yet, through political ideology, rhetoric, and pol-
icy formulations, individual personalities appear to be crucial to the interaction

v
vi FOREWORD

of states and the establishment of stable and astute foreign policy initiatives. In
my experience as a diplomat, and in my reading of history, the impact and role
of personality on diplomacy has been enormous. Hitherto studies on the links
between the personality traits and foreign policy attitudes remain scarce. The
personality-political behavior factor is not far behind the dispensation of diplo-
macy and international politics, with several recent landmark examples across
the globe. The example of the difference between President Barack Obama and
President Donald Trump is a classic example of such a consequence, where the
diplomatic stance and methods of a nation change radically and the concrete
outcome of policy changes as well because of a change in political leadership.
The same could be said, for example, of President Jakaya Kikwete and his suc-
cessor John Pombe Magufuli of Tanzania where the personality of a leader
might upend years of diplomatic practice and behavior by a country. Although
the fundamental principles and frameworks of diplomacy remain more or less
the same, over time the impact of personality (mostly determined by the tenure
of a particular leader in power) can be hugely consequential in shaping foreign
policy dimensions, including, but not limited to, cooperative internationalism
versus isolationism and globalization versus nationalism.
To address these normative and practical concerns editors of this handbook
decided to assemble a group of scholars and practitioners who approached the
issues from a diverse disciplinary perspective, including diplomacy, political
psychology, international relations, gender and feminism, international devel-
opment, law, history, and political science. It is a handbook for both practitio-
ners and theorists. It has been compiled specifically with the purpose of helping
to increase access to diplomatic resources and to improve the quality of manag-
ing diplomatic services and foreign affairs. But it is also a body of knowledge
putting together thoughts and research from diplomatic reformists with per-
sonal viewpoint and perspectives which overall reflects the way former
diplomats-­turned-scholars recollect their memories of diplomatic practice; as
people who have both experience and training in diplomacy.The handbook
recognizes the fact that various peace and conflict situations require a unique
attention and resolution. The needs of every state whether in conflict or coop-
eration are different and the relevant diplomatic processes vary, but there are
some broad general principles that are exemplified throughout the handbook.
One of these is the primacy of formalization of the informal diplomatic prac-
tices and how diplomats ought to change tact and strategies in engaging non-­
state actors and those outside the purview of statehood. At the same time,
modern diplomacy has become very conscious of the importance of keeping
issues of gender, youth, race, and historical injustices in clear view. The role of
media and communication in diplomacy has also become singularly dynamic
and important. There is a deep complementarity between these socio-economic
issues and the dispensation of diplomacy. It is, therefore, important to give
simultaneous recognition to the centrality of individual and group rights and
to the force of social factors as well as media writ large on the extent and reach
of diplomacy.
 FOREWORD vii

All these factors have a bearing on the future of diplomacy at a time when
states and multilateral arrangements and institutions continue to undergo geo-
political and strategic realignments and socio-economic transformation. In the
context of international peace and security for example, the deadlock in the
United Nations Security Council (UNSC) as countries like China and Russia
have taken a more emboldened stance and western democracies have conse-
quently entrenched in their engagement of these two other powers has left the
Council deadlocked and unable to make important decisions crucial to interna-
tional peace and security.This state of affair raises a host of both empirical and
normative questions regarding the effectiveness of UNSC and other multilat-
eral institutions in overcoming contemporary global climate change, environ-
ment, trade, peace, and security challenges; how to collectively protect and
advance human rights, how to deal with recalcitrant states; resolving challenges
around cooperation in protecting global goods, and collective responsibility
versus individual rights.
There are no obvious answers to these concerns. However, increasingly, we
have seen regional entities such as the African Union influencing key decisions
both at the regional level and at the UNSC. Article 53 gives the UNSC the
power to utilize regional arrangements to carry out enforcement under its
guidance for maintaining international peace and security. And where diplo-
macy is effective and cooperative we have witnessed significant success in global
corporation, for example, with humanitarian challenges and terrorism, and in
dealing with global emergencies and pandemics such as COVID-19. These,
among other issues, are what this volume tries to explore and examine.The
authors have endeavored to provide not only solutions to peace and security
complexes, but also reconfigure theoretical formulations in the light of other
such developments. This handbook is largely based on the work of eminent
scholars on the subjects, and it will serve as a model for using both formal and
informal diplomatic approaches in resolving some of the most challenging con-
cerns of our time.
I believe both practitioners and researchers will find this volume useful for
open deliberations and application in addressing and resolving unconventional
and traditional challenges and crises in the coming years.

Former Principal Secretary Macharia Kamau

Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Kenya 
 Contents

1 Introduction:
 Diplomatic Thought and Practice  1
Francis Onditi

Part I Foundations of Diplomatic Thought and Practice  33

2 Visibilizing
 African Heritage in Diplomatic Thought and
Practice 35
Edmond M. Were and Pontian G. Okoth

3 Afrodiplomacy:
 Collective Continental Communiqué 65
Dan Kuwali and Tapiwa Kuwali

4 Feminist
 Foreign Policy and Diplomacy 83
Marieke Fröhlich and Victoria Scheyer

5 Modifying
 Diplomacy for the Twenty-First Century: A New
Postmodern Approach105
Costa Georghiou

Part II Tools and Types of Diplomacy 125

6 The
 Increasing Significance of Public Diplomacy in
International Relations: New Types and Actors127
Lauren Maunder and Yannis A. Stivachtis

7 Sport Diplomacy147
Alexander Brand

ix
x Contents

8 Humanitarian Diplomacy173
Anna Felfeli

9 Vaccine Diplomacy201
Alexander Brand

10 Global Environmental Diplomacy223

George Atisa

11 Faith-Based
 Diplomacy as a New (and Old) Practice
in Foreign Policy: Concepts and Cases243
Joshua Lehmann and Katharina McLarren

12 Dynastic
 Diplomacy: Soft Suzerainty, Transdynastic
Relations, Nepotism265
Douglas A. Yates

13 Great
 Power Diplomacy in the Digital Age287
Yannis A. Stivachtis

Part III Diplomacy in a Dynamic World 311

14 African
 Union Non-Military Conflict Interventions313
Ulf Engel

15 How
 to Apply Kinetic Diplomacy to Gray Zone Conflict333
Francis Onditi and James Yuko

16 Africa’s Science Diplomacy359

Thokozani Simelane and Hilary I. Inyang

17 Neighboring
 Military Occupation: Modern Surrogate to
Conquest379
Gilad Ben-Nun

18 Negotiating
 with the Devil: Counter-Terrorism and the Rise
of Mediation Organizations399
Pierre Hazan

19 Diplomacy
 and Foreign Policy in the Digital Era: A Case
Study of the 2015 “Refugee Crisis” in Germany413
Elena Dück
 Contents  xi

20 Women
 and Feminist Diplomacy in Turbulent Times:
How France Coped with the Silent Pandemic435
Ruchi Anand

21 From
 National to International Actorness: International
Organizations and the Transformation of Public
Diplomacy—The Cases of the European Union and NATO459
Yannis A. Stivachtis

Part IV Experiences of Diplomacy 483

22 Foreign
 Service Officers: Are They Fit for Purpose?485
Anil Sooklal

23 Diplomats
 in Uniform: ‘Security Diplomacy’ Described
Through a Practical Experience Report501
Peter Christian Waldbauer-Hable

24 Conclusion:
 The English School and Diplomacy as
a Dynamic and Core Primary Institution521
Katharina McLarren

Index535
 Notes on Contributors

Ruchi Anand (PhD) is an Indian-born full professor at the American Graduate

School in Paris, France. She is also the Faculty Director at the international
business school Centre d’Études Franco-Américain de Management (CEFAM)
in Lyon. Anand holds a Doctorate in International Relations (2002) from
Purdue University, US; an MA in International Relations and an MPhil
in International Law (1994) from the Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi;
and a Bachelor’s degree (Honors) in Political Science (1990) from Lady
Shri Ram College in New Delhi, India. Author of several published arti-
cles, her two books are entitled International Environmental Justice: A
North-South Dimension (2004) and Self-Defense in International Relations
(Palgrave 2009).
George Atisa is associate professor at the University of Texas Rio Grande
Valley in Texas. Atisa teaches in the Master of Public Administration in the
Department of Public Affairs and Security Studies. Prior to coming to
academia, he worked for WWF-International, Lutheran World Federation,
and International Rescue Committee for a total of 15 years. His research
spans across public management, governance, public policy, environmental
management, climate change, and sustainability.
Gilad Ben-Nun is a senior lecturer at Leipzig University’s Global and
European Studies Institute, holder of the Alfred Grosser chaired professorship
at Sciences Po Paris (2021–2022), and the guest professorship for Israel Studies
at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (2020–2022). He was previously
FORD Foundation senior research fellow at the United Nations Institute for
Disarmament Research in Geneva, a UNDP senior Program Officer, and an
EU Marie Curie individual fellow at Verona University’s Law Faculty
(2016–2018). He holds a PhD and Habilitation from Leipzig University.
Alexander Brand is Professor of Political Science/International Relations at
Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences, Campus Kleve, Germany. Starting
in 2018, he has been acting as one of two Principal Investigators in the research

xiii
xiv NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

project EUFOOT (‘Becoming European Through Football?’ sponsored

through the German Research Foundation DFG). He is a long-time member
of ‘Sport & EU’, the former Association for the Study of Sport and the
European Union. Among his main research interests are foreign policy analysis,
the politics of development policy, mass media, discourse and international
relations, and sport/football and politics.
Elena Dück is a post-doctoral researcher at the Christian-Albrechts-University
in Kiel. She holds a PhD in International Relations from the University of
Passau. In 2020/2021 she was Mercator-IPC Fellow at the Istanbul Policy
Center at the Sabancı University, where she conducted a research project
on German External Cultural and Educational Policy in Turkey. She has
published on German and EU-Turkish relations, international relations
theory, and the Syrian War. Her focus is on security and foreign policy
analysis from post-structuralist and critical perspectives.
Ulf Engel is Professor of ‘Politics in Africa’ at the Institute of African Studies,
Leipzig University (Germany). He is also a visiting professor at the
Institute for Peace and Security Studies at Addis Ababa University
(Ethiopia) and a professor extraordinary in the Department of Political
Science at Stellenbosch University (South Africa). Since 2006 he is advis-
ing the African Union Political Affairs, Peace and Security Department in
the fields of conflict prevention, early warning, preventive diplomacy, and
knowledge management.
Anna Felfeli is a PhD candidate at the University of Passau, Germany. Her
fields of interest include social constructivism in international relations, foreign
policy analysis, securitization theory, identity theory, and discourse analy-
sis. She gained practical experience in non-governmental and governmen-
tal humanitarian organizations, which includes managing humanitarian
relief projects in Haiti, Lebanon, and Sri Lanka and implementing
capacity-­ building activities in Jordan on behalf of the German Federal
Agency for Technical Relief.
Marieke Fröhlich (MA) is research associate for sociology and equal oppor-
tunity officer for the Faculty of Society and Economics at Rhine-Waal University,
Germany. Her research interests are feminist and postcolonial approaches to
international relations and peace research, particularly feminist foreign policy
and the women, peace, and security agenda. She is also active as an inde-
pendent gender expert and is the co-president of the German section of the
Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom.
Costa Georghiou is an emeritus professor at the University of Johannesburg
(UJ) where he taught international relations. He was also the co-director of the
Centre for African Diplomacy and Leadership (CADL). Previously, as diplo-
mat, he represented South Africa in the 1980s as Vice-Consul at the SA
Consulate-General in Hong Kong. Later he served as First Secretary and
Charge d’Affaires a.i. in the 1990s at the SA Embassy in Athens, Greece,
 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xv

and as Counsellor in Seoul, South Korea, from 1993 to 1997. Before his
departure from the Department of Foreign Affairs and joining UJ, he was
Acting-Director of the UN Desk.
Pierre Hazan is a senior advisor with the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue,
one of the main organizations in armed conflict mediation. He has advised
international organizations, governments, and armed groups on questions
related to justice, amnesty, reparation, truth commission, forced disap-
pearances, international humanitarian law, and human rights. In March
2022, he became a Richard von Weizsäcker fellow at the Robert-Bosch
Foundation in Berlin. His latest book, Negotiating with the Devil, Mediating in
Armed Conflicts, published in France in September 2022 (Textuel), received an
enthusiastic reception from the media.
Hilary I. Inyang is an internationally known geo-environmental researcher,
educator, and expert who is serving as US Ambassador’s Distinguished Scholar
to Ethiopia with a base at Bahir Dar University. Formerly, he served as the
President of the African University of Science and Technology in Abuja,
Nigeria, as well as the Vice Chancellor of the Botswana International
University of Science and Technology, in Palapye, Botswana. He is active
in several initiatives on global sustainable development and has authored
more than 275 publications on related matters.
Dan Kuwali serves in the Malawi Defense Force as Commandant of the
National Defense College. He is a visiting professor at the Raoul Wallenberg
Institute of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, Lund University;
Extraordinary Professor of International Law at the Centre for Human
Rights, University of Pretoria; adjunct professor and Founding Executive
Director, Centre of Strategic Studies, Malawi University of Science and
Technology; Distinguished Professor of Law, University of Lilongwe; fel-
low at the Harvard Kennedy School of Government; fellow and scholar, US
Army War College; Immediate Past President of the Governing Council of the
African Military Law Forum; and Executive Member of the African Bar
Association. Of his numerous peer-reviewed publications, his most recent one
is The Palgrave Handbook of Sustainable Peace and Security in Africa (2022).
Tapiwa Kuwali is a lecturer and researcher at the University of Lilongwe,
Malawi. She holds a bachelor’s degree in Public Management with Honors
majoring in Political Science from the University of Namibia. She is passionate
about community development, international affairs, and diplomacy. She
has received certifications in a leadership program from WEDU global
leadership development in and the role of women in politics, peace, security,
and economic institutions from the Young African Leadership Initiative.
Joshua Lehmann studies International Security and War Studies in Paris and
London and is employed as a student research and teaching assistant at Rhine-
Waal University. Next to his studies, he gained work experience at the German
Federal Foreign Office, the German Federal Ministry of Defense, and the
xvi NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

Munich Security Conference. His research interest focuses in particular on

irregular warfare in thought and practice as well as the role of irregular forces
in interstate wars.
Lauren Maunder studies law at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri,
and serves as non-resident graduate research fellow at Virginia Tech’s Jean
Monnet Center of Excellence of European Union, Transatlantic, and Trans-­
European Space Studies (CEUTTSS). She holds a BA in International
Studies with distinction from Virginia Tech with a major in National
Security and Foreign Affairs (NSFA). While at Virginia Tech, she served
as undergraduate research fellow at CEUTTSS.
Katharina McLarren (PhD) is a senior research fellow in the MAGGI
research group at the Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and
International Law she is also a visiting fellow at the AIA NRW, Bonn. She pre-
viously held positions as lecturer and research fellow at the Rhine Waal
University of Applied Sciences and the University of Passau in Germany. She
was one of the coordinators of the DAAD-funded project on ‘Tunisia in
Transition’ and co-editor of the volume Tunisia’s International Relations Since
the ‘Arab Spring’. In her doctoral dissertation she focused on religion in inter-
national relations theories, particularly the English School. She is examining
the role of religion in international politics during the outbreak of war.
Pontian G. Okoth is Professor of History and International Relations at
Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kenya. His PhD in
Diplomatic History is from the University of California, Los Angeles. Okoth’s
teaching and research interests lie in diplomatic history, diplomacy, foreign
policy, and international conflict management, areas in which he has pub-
lished over 180 publications, including books, book chapters, and peer-­
reviewed international journal articles. Okoth has been Vice Chancellor at
Lugazi University, Kampala, Uganda, and has received several awards,
including the Fulbright Scholarship and Carnegie Corporation of New York
Research Grant.
Francis Onditi is Associate Professor of Conflictology & Dean, School of
International Relations and Diplomacy, Riara University, Nairobi, Kenya. He is
also the recipient of the Erasmus Mundus Global teaching fellowship at Leipzig
University, Germany. He has been named the World’s Top 2% scientists of the
year 2022 listed by the Stanford University, USA. He is enlisted as a distin-
guished research author and professor of research at the Institute for Intelligent
Systems (IIS), University of Johannesburg, South Africa. Onditi has published
more than 70 articles in peer reviewed journals, several book chapters and
authored/co-edited 6 university level books. His epistemic research affiliation
is conflictology, specialising in the geography of conflict, institutional evolution
theory (tribal markets), regional integration, and civil-military relations.
 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xvii

Victoria Scheyer is a PhD researcher at the Gender, Peace and Security Centre
at Monash University Melbourne. She works as research associate at Peace
Research Institute Frankfurt in a project about resistances and backlashes to gen-
der-sensitive human rights in peacebuilding. Her research interest is around
feminist peace research, feminist foreign policy, and resistances, such as anti-­
feminism in far right movements. She advocates for women’s rights and peace at
the German section of the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom.
Thokozani Simelane (PhD and DEng) is a principal investigator of South
Africa’s National Food and Nutrition Security Survey and a senior research fel-
low at University of Johannesburg: Institute for Pan-African Thought &
Conversation. His previous positions include Interim Research Director
at Africa Institute of South Africa; Manager at the Council for Scientific
and Industrial Research and South African Bureau of Standards; member
of the Standing Advisory Committee on Intellectual Property Right of
South Africa. He has served as the PhD and MSc external examiner for
WITS University and has produced a total of 70 publications ranging
from journal articles to book chapters.
Anil Sooklal is the Ambassador-at-Large: Asia and BRICS at the Department
of International Relations and Cooperation (DIRCO), and South Africa’s
Sherpa for BRICS as well as IBSA Sherpa and Focal Point for Indian
Ocean Rim Association. He holds a PhD and Oriental History as well as
DPhil in Religious Studies from the University of KwaZulu-Natal.
Sooklal served as Deputy Director-General, Asia and Middle East, in
DIRCO until 31 January 2022 and during his career also served as South
Africa’s G20 Sherpa Ambassador to the European Union, Belgium, and
Luxembourg and served completed diplomatic assignments in Geneva
and New Delhi.
Yannis A. Stivachtis is Professor of Political Science and Jean Monnet Chair
at Virginia Tech. He is the Director of Virginia Tech’s Jean Monnet Center of
Excellence of European Union, Transatlantic, and Trans-European Space
Studies (CEUTTSS). He also serves as Director of the International Studies
Program, university coordinator of the Diplomacy Lab, and liaison with
the US Department of State. He is the editor of the Critical European
Studies book series and co-editor of the Athens Journal of Mediterranean
Studies. He has published several books, edited volumes, book chapters, and
articles in peer-reviewed journals.
Peter Christian Waldbauer-Hable (BA, MA) is a Senior Detective Chief
Inspector and the acting head of the Criminal Department for Economic
Crime, Financial Crime and Corruption of the criminal police directorate in
Passau/Bavaria/Germany. In 2003 he started to be engaged in international
missions for institutions such as the United Nations, the European Commission,
and the International Centre for Migration Policy Development. Furthermore,
he worked for NGOs and consulting agencies supporting the implemen-
xviii NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

tation and execution of projects related to the security sector. During his work
in these projects, the author lived in countries of the Balkan Region, Central
Asia, Southeast Asia, Central Europe, and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan.
Edmond M. Were is Associate Professor of Peace and Conflict Studies at Kisii
University, Kenya. He has taught in public universities in East and Central
Africa and mentored several graduate students. He is a CIDA as well as DAAD
scholar. He is widely published in several peer-reviewed journals, contrib-
uted chapters in tertiary-level books, and edited and coauthored books,
including Reimagining Security Communities: A Systems Thinking Approach
for Africa (published by Palgrave Macmillan).
Douglas A. Yates (MA/PhD political science (Boston University 1994)) has
been a professor at the American University of Paris, American Graduate
School in Paris, and CY Cergy Paris University. Author of The Historical
Dictionary of Gabon, 4th ed. (2018), he became interested in dynastic rule after
the succession in that African republic of President Ali Bongo, publishing
‘Modern Dynastic Rule’, Oxford Bibliographies in Political Science (2016),
‘Dynastic Rule in Gabon’, Cahiers d’études africaines (January 2019), and
‘Dynastic Rule in Syria and North Korea: Nepotism, Succession, and Sibling
Rivalry’, International Political Science Review (June 2022).
James Yuko is an adjunct lecturer in the School of International Relations and
Diplomacy-Riara University, Kenya. He holds a BA degree (2010) and an
MA degree (2020) in Political Science and Public Administration with a
focus on Comparative Politics and International Relations—both from
the University of Nairobi. His MA dissertation is a longitudinal study
that examines the influence of devolution on access to public healthcare
services in Kenya, 2013–2018. He has published, together with others, a
journal article titled ‘Coronavirus Pandemic and Crisis Management: A
Cross-Country Perspective’, in the Political Science Applied (PSCA) jour-
nal, Issue XII, available at ­https://www.psca.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/
12/Issue_XII.
 List of Figures

Fig. 8.1 The cluster approach (OCHA, 2020) 178

Fig. 12.1 The Bongos of Gabon 278
Fig. 12.2 The Sassou-Nguesso of the Congo 279
Fig. 15.1 Map of the disputed area (DW Africa, 2016) 339
Fig. 15.2 Declining export and import between Kenya and Somalia.
(Source: Field data) 345
Fig. 15.3 The Former Northern Frontier District, and Jubaland Province
(Somalia). (Source: Author’s compilation using the National
Geographic Data Base) 345
Fig. 15.4 U.S. Interventions by year and region (MIP, 2022) 347
Fig. 15.5 The quadruple nature of kinetic diplomacy tool
(Author’s own construct) 353
Fig. 16.1 Data storage and management systems that can support
diplomacy (Inyang, 2011) 372

xix
 List of Maps

Map 17.1 Ongoing Neighboring Military Occupations (NMOs).

(© Gilad Ben-­Nun 2022) 380
Map 17.2 Concluded Neighboring Military Occupations (NMOs).
(© Gilad Ben-­Nun 2022) 383
Map 17.3 Neighboring Military Occupations. (© Nick Danforth 2016) 392

xxi
 List of Tables

Table 7.1 Actors in sport diplomacy 154

Table 11.1 Typology of faith-based diplomacy 247
Table 12.1 States with ruling dynasties in 2023 by region and regime type 266
Table 16.1 Priority areas of the Science, Technology, and Innovation Strategy
for Africa (STISA) 2024 365
Table 20.1 France’s gender equality objectives 446
Table 20.2 Recommendations to governments and the UN by UN
Women 2020 452

xxiii
 CHAPTER 1

Introduction: Diplomatic Thought and Practice

Francis Onditi

Foundations of Diplomacy
In commonplaces, diplomacy is a ‘kaleidoscope’ of things. They include interna-
tional conferences, state visits, summit meetings, parliamentary activities and
other international events between sovereign states. This ‘kaleidoscopy’ has also
been reflected in the interaction among supranational and subnational entities,
all of which define the classic object of diplomacy. In western Europe, the prac-
tice of diplomacy was initially confined to the royal families, in which, the
prince would grant favors and documents to facilitate individuals representing
the monarch to travel. This mundane practice of diplomacy has evolved. As
noted by diplomatic historians (Helmers, 2016; Mowat, 1928), the practice of
diplomacy has advanced to be associated with official agreements between
states or institutions. After the Westphalian boom in the seventeenth century,
the practice of diplomacy begun to follow a canon-esoteric focus on the state
and diplomats (Murray et al., 2011).
The focus on state and its diplomats defined the identity of diplomacy, espe-
cially during the time of Abraham de Wicquefort (Keens-Soper, 1997).
Wicquefortian diplomatic identity persisted into the eighteenth century and
the early part of the Napoleonic diplomatic adventure in the nineteenth cen-
tury. It is on this basis that diplomatic historians (Bruley, 2009; Frey & Frey,
1993) have illustrated how the French culture adopted the term diplomate as a
framework to guide those who engaged in states’ negotiation. During this
time, although diplomats were not held in high esteem as military marshals,

F. Onditi (*)
School of International Relations and Diplomacy, Riara University, Nairobi, Kenya
e-mail: fonditi@riarauniversity.ac.ke

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature 1

Switzerland AG 2023
F. Onditi et al. (eds.), The Palgrave Handbook of Diplomatic Thought and
Practice in the Digital Age,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28214-0_1
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 LETTER FROM SAN FRANCISCO.
My Dear Miss Emerson:
Having just returned from my class of Chinese children, my mother
thought, for the sake of variety, I might give an account of this
interesting though curious gathering. This class was formed about
three years ago. There was no Sabbath-school for Chinese children
at the time, and seeing the great need of one, and being unable to
attend to it on Sunday, I decided to have it on Friday afternoon, at
three o’clock.
About three-quarters of an hour before the time for commencing, I
start for the children, going from home to home, inviting and coaxing
them to come. I sometimes carry with me pieces of cake and candy
or a bright text-card to attract those who seem more timid than the
rest.
If I meet a stray child on the street, I say “Na lie dook she?” (You
come to school?) Sometimes my labors are rewarded by seeing a
bundle of clothes slip past me, and a minute afterward all is lost in
oblivion in a small alley; but sometimes they slip their dirty hands into
mine and trudge along with me, amid the jeers and contemptuous
smiles of those passing by. Finally we arrive at our school room,
between twenty and thirty children being present, ranging all the way
from five to twelve years. We commence by singing three or four
hymns; then all rise and repeat a prayer after me in concert,
sentence by sentence. I then explain the Sabbath-school lesson
through an interpreter, and either show the picture of the
International Lessons, or a black-board drawing, and sometimes an
object. I find, as with all children, their interest can be awakened and
held by means of an object or picture. After letting each repeat the
text given the week before, we close with the Lord’s Prayer in
Chinese; and after good-bye is said all around, I dismiss them,
taking some of them home, as their parents are afraid to trust them
across the car tracks alone.
These children are exceedingly bright and attentive, and as to their
good behavior, I can sometimes hold up their example as worthy of
the imitation of my class of American boys. Only to-day, in speaking
of the lesson on “Worshiping the Golden Calf,” I asked which they
worshiped, God or idols, and one little girl said, “Me worship God;
idols no good. They have eyes, no see; hands and feet, and no
walk.” And when I asked all to raise their hands who would worship
Jesus, she raised both hands. When shown the picture of Abraham
offering Isaac, one of them said, “Why did not he run away?” One
day, when taking home a little girl of five years of age, she looked at
the cable car which was passing, and said, “What for does that car
go faster than that one (pointing to a horse car)? That has no horse.”
They ask innumerable questions, and want to know the why and
wherefore of everything.
Oh! my dear Christian friends, pray for me, that I may be aided in
teaching and guiding these precious souls, on whom so much of
China’s progress depends.
Yours in Christ,
Lilian Lamont.
OUR YOUNG FOLKS.
 LITTLE INDIANS.
Perhaps there are little children in some of the beautiful homes in the
cities who cannot understand that the Indians are not all born grown
up, with feathers on their heads and tomahawks in their hands. One
little blue-eyed girl once said to me with a very long O-o-o-o and her
hand over her mouth, “Oh, o-h! I did not know there were little Indian
boys and girls!” but let me tell you, little Golden Hair, there are Indian
boys and girls.
They have some very funny names, too. But there is one thing
pleasant about it; their names are given to them because they mean
something. As I write this article, I look out from my window and see
an Indian boy with a roughly-made sled drawing his little sister up the
hill so that she can slide down again behind him. Little Indians are
not wholly unlike little white boys and girls. They eat and sleep, laugh
and cry, but they do not fight. That comes with civilization.
I can from my window watch the boys and girls playing on the hillside
every day as long as the snow lasts, and I never have heard a child
cry nor have I seen one child hurt another. I can hear them laugh
and shout and cheer when one tumbles off the sled, but no angry or
bad words are ever used. They are very merry and happy when we
remember that there is no Indian child that does not know what it is
to be hungry and have the mother say there is no food.
When a little baby comes into an Indian home, he is wrapped up in a
blanket and it is tied all about him so that he cannot use his arms or
legs, and he looks very much like a rag doll, but he cries and laughs
just like a real flesh and blood and bones baby. But, little Golden
Hair, let me whisper to you one secret of the Indian baby’s happy life:
he never gets spanked! They leave that to the uncivilized white
mother. So, after all, the white boy does not have all the good in life;
does he? Only think of sliding down hill a whole morning without
even a board between the smooth snow and the trousers, going
home with wet and worn clothes and not getting whipped; not even
sent to bed!
Indian children are never punished; but, after all, they are not bad.
The boys like to hunt the snowbirds with bows and arrows. They kill
a great many too. The little girls play with corn-cob dolls and little
tents and travois, or toshoes, as they call them, sometimes drawn by
dogs.
The Indian children have hard lives after all. They cannot live to grow
up unless they are pretty strong. A great many little ones die for want
of good, wholesome food, and many for want of fresh air and warm
clothes. We want all the little boys and girls in Christian homes to
remember the little Dakotas. There is much good in them; and if they
had the advantages you have, perhaps they would be fully as well
behaved, and as true and faithful to God, as are you. Will you help
us to save the little Indians?
MARY C. COLLINS.
 LITTLE INDIAN CHILDREN IN THE BIRDS’ NEST AT SANTEE
AGENCY, NEB.

They are such happy little girls, and so easily entertained. Just now I
saw two of them getting such a merry time out of dragging the bowl
of a large pewter spoon over the ground for a wagon, putting a little
stick in the way to represent water they had to cross—for our recent
rains have flooded the bottom-lands in several places. There was a
nail lying in the spoon, and I asked what that meant. “Oh,” Maggie
said, “that is me, and I am going to the store to buy some beads.” A
shorter nail was there to represent her younger playmate. No little
girls to-day, pushing their red-cheeked wax dollies in their miniature
baby carriages, are any happier than our little Indian girls, drawing
their broken pewter spoon and representing themselves by old rusty
nails.
At our Missionary Society, which meets every Saturday for an hour, I
generally read them a little story; sometimes from “The Pansy,”
which was sent us last year, or from “Our Little Men and Women,”
also a gift from an unknown friend. They enjoy it always and like to
see the pictures; but the book that holds the charm, and of which
they never tire, is “The Story of the Bible.”
They have pieced two small quilts and one large one this season,
and will finish two others of medium size. Our mite box contains
$2.50 at this date. These are the pennies that their parents send
them to be used in this way, and occasionally they earn one by some
little service for us.
HARRIET B. ILSLEY.
 RECEIPTS FOR JULY, 1888.

MAINE, $1,281.94.
Bangor. Hammond St. Ch. $75.75
Bangor. J.H. Crosby, for Atlanta U. 5.00
Bethel. Sab. Sch. of Second Cong. Ch. 12.50
Blanchard. Mrs. Rose B. Packard, deceased, by J. C. B.
Packard 5.00
Brunswick. Mrs. S. F. C. Hammond, for Student Aid, Atlanta
U. 25.00
Castine. Trin. Cong. Ch. 5.00
Castine. Class No. 9, Trin. Sab. Sch., for Student Aid,
Tougaloo U. 1.25
Eastport. Sab. Ch. of Central Cong. Ch. 5.00
Falmouth. First Cong. Ch. and Soc. 23.50
Gorham. Miss E. B. Emery, for Atlanta U. 25.00
Hallowell. Mrs. H. K. Baker 5.00
Hampden. Cong. Ch. and Soc. 5.79
North Yarmouth. Rev. J. B. Carruthers, 5; Cong. Ch. and
Soc., 4 9.00
Portland. State St. Cong. Ch. and Soc., 150; Williston Ch.,
84; Rev. F. T. Bayley, 25 259.00
Saco. First Parish Ch. 21.68
Skowhegan. Island Av. Cong. Ch. 12.65
South Waterford. Miss M. E. Shurtleff 10.00
Wells. B. Maxwell, 20; First Cong. Ch. and Soc., 10.25 30.25
——. “Friend in Maine,” for Williamsburg, Ky. 10.00
Woman’s Aid to A.M.A., by Mrs. C. A. Woodbury, Treas., for
Woman’s Work.
Albany. Mrs. H. G. Lovejoy 3.00 701.93
Albany. Mrs. A. K. Cummings 3.00
Auburn. High St. 25.00
Auburn. Sixth St. 5.00
Bethel. First Ch. 14.00
Bethel. Second Ch. 12.00
Bethel. Sec. Ch., Little Helpers 3.00
Brunswick. 72.00
Berlin. (N.H.) 10.00
Calais. 10.00
Cape Elizabeth. Star Mission Circle 3.60
Cumberland Center. 20.00
Dennysville. 6.50
Dennysville. Dea. E. P. Vose 5.00
Dover and Foxcroft. Ch. 17.00
East Baldwin. 10.00
East Machias. 4.00
Freeport. 22.00
Freeport, South. 42.35
Gilead. 1.00
Gray. 6.50
Harpswell Center. 10.00
Harrison. 6.00
Jonesboro. 1.00
Jonesport. 2.00
Lewiston. Pine St. 27.00
Machias. 20.00
Machiasport. 8.75
Marshfield. 2.00
Mechanic Falls. 13.50
Minot Center. 18.00
 New Gloucester. 26.50
North Yarmouth. 4.00
Oxford. 2.50
Phippsburg. 5.23
Portland. High St. Ch. 75.00
Portland. State St. Ch. 50.00
Portland. Second Parish Ch. 40.00
Pownal. 3.10
Red Beach. 1.00
Shelburne. (N.H.) 2.00
South Bridgton. 5.25
Steuben. 5.00
Sweden. 2.00
Turner. 15.00
Upton. 2.25
West Auburn. 3.05
West Minot and Hebron. 6.50
Whiting. 1.75
Yarmouth. First Parish. 48.60
———
Received by Mrs. J.P. Hubbard, for Williamsburg, Ky.
Hiram. Mrs. Z.W. Banks, for Student Aid 1.00 33.64
North Yarmouth. Mrs. J.B. Carruthers, for
Student Aid 11.14
Portland. Mrs. Nathan Dane, for Student Aid 5.00
Woodfords. S. S. Class, by Miss W. Perry,
for Student Aid 4.00
Bethel. Mrs. D. W. Hardy, for Freight 3.00
Biddeford. Mrs. J. W. Haley, for Freight 1.00
Farmington Falls. Miss S. G. Croswell, for
Freight 2.00
Litchfield Corner. Mrs. J. T. Hawes, for 1.00
 Freight
South Freeport. Miss H. H. Ilsley, for Freight 4.50
West Falmouth. Rev. W. H. Haskell, for
Freight 1.00
——
Clothing, etc., received by Mrs. J. P. Hubbard, for
Williamsburg, Ky.:
Auburn. Bbl., by Mrs. F.S. Root
Bethel. Bbl., by Mrs. D. W. Hardy
Biddeford. Bbl., by Mrs. J. W. Haley
Falmouth. Bbl., by Mrs. Geo. O. Knight
Farmington Falls. Miss Susan G. Croswell, Box of
Hats
Litchfield Corner. Bbl., by Mrs. J. T. Hawes
North Yarmouth. Bbl., by Mrs. J. B. Carruthers
Phillips. Bbl., by Miss Cornelia T. Crosby
Portland. Bbl., by Mrs. Chas. Frost
South Freeport. Bbl., by Miss H. H. Ilsley
West Falmouth. One and one-half Bbls., by Rev.
W. H. Haskell
Woodfords. Half-Bbl., by Miss W. Perry
Unknown Source. Bbl.

NEW HAMPSHIRE, $574.18.

Exeter. Mary E. Shute 50.00
Gilsum. Cong. Ch. and Soc. 7.50
Great Falls. First Cong. Ch. 30.00
Lebanon. Cong. Ch. and Soc. 50.00
Lyme. G. W. Randlett, for Mountain White Work 2.00
Manchester. Hanover St. Cong. Ch. and Soc. 32.13
Nashua. Ladies Miss’y Soc., by Dora N. Spaulding, for
Woman’s Work 20.00
Nashua. Betsy A. Wilson, for Negroes, Indians and 300.00
Chinese and to const. Anna M. Wilson, Carrie Fay,
Mrs. Jefferson Dean, Nettie A. Wilson, Ira B.
Wilson, Addie L. Wilson, Etta A. Wilson and Mrs.
Nellia A. Morris L. M’s.
Penacook. Rev. A. Wm. Fiske, for Chinese M. 5.00
Piermont. “A Friend” 5.00
Walpole. First Cong. Ch. 23.25
————
$524.88
ESTATES.
Portsmouth. Estate of Mrs. E. A. Brooks, by H. A. Yeaton,
Ex. 25.00
Cornish. Estate of Sarah W. Westgate, by Albert E.
Wellman, for Trustees Cong. Ch. of Cornish 24.30
————
$574.18

VERMONT, $593.70.
Barre. Cong. Ch. 17.08
Castleton. Sab. Sch. of Cong. Ch., for Indian M. 25.00
Chelsea. Ladies, by Mrs. Ellen D. Wild, for McIntosh, Ga. 10.00
Danville. Sab. Sch. of Cong. Ch. 10.00
Franklin. Ladies, by Mrs. Henry Fairbanks, for McIntosh,
Ga. 2.65
Greensboro. Rev. S. Knowlton 20.00
Manchester. Miss Ellen Hawley, for Student Aid, Talladega
C. 70.00
New Haven. Cong. Ch. and Soc. 19.00
North Craftsbury. Cong. Ch. and Soc. 11.60
Norwich. Mrs. H. Burton 2.00
Quechee. Cong. Sab. Sch., Box of Books, for Talladega C.
Peacham. Ladies of Cong. Ch., by Mrs. C. A. Bunker, for 26.00
 McIntosh, Ga.
Royalton. A. W. Kenney. 30, to const. Seymour Culver
L.M., Cong. Ch. and Soc., 20.02 50.02
Saint Johnsbury. Ladies, by Mrs. Henry Fairbanks, for
McIntosh, Ga. 91.00
Saint Johnsbury. Ladies, ad’l for McIntosh, Ga. 55.00
South Royalton. Mrs. Susan H. Jones 10.00
Thetford. First Cong. Ch. 7.00
Vergennes. Miss Minnie Wood 2.00
West Brattleboro. Cong. Ch. 9.24
Woodstock. Cong. Ch. and Soc. 136.11
Woman’s Home Missionary Union of Vt., for McIntosh,
Ga., by Mrs. Wm. P. Fairbanks, Treas.:
Manchester. L. H. M. S. 5.00
———— 5.00
————
$578.70
ESTATE.
Wilmington. Estate of Mary Ray, by E. M. Haynes, Ex. 15.00
————
$593.70

MASSACHUSETTS, $7,726.29.
Abington. Sab. Sch. of First Cong. Ch., for Student Aid,
Fisk U. 20.00
Adams. “Memorial Band” Box of C., Val. 10, for Tougaloo
U.
Amherst. First Cong. Ch., 40; South Cong. Ch., 6.67 46.67
Andover. Mrs. Phebe A. Chandler, for Lexington, Ky. 2000.00
Andover. Primary Dep’t Sab. Sch. of So. Ch., Birthday
Boxes 1.62
Ashland. Cong. Ch. and Sab. Sch. 25.00
Auburndale. Cong. Ch., for Atlanta U. 17.11
Auburndale. Rev. Horace Dutton and “Other Friends,”
Prouty Job Printing Press, for Atlanta U.
Ayer. First Cong. Ch., for Indian M. 12.52
Boston. Union Ch. 225.58
Miss Julia S. Bartlett, 100; Old So.
Ch. Sab. Sch., 35; Berkeley
Temple Sab. Sch., 31.83; for
Boston. Student Aid, Atlanta U. Miss Mary
L. Thompson, 5; Chas. F. Atkinson,
Box of Books; Horace P. Chandler,
Box of Books; for Atlanta U. 171.83
“Union Workers of Union Ch.” for
Boston.
Indian M. 5.00
Mrs. Jacob Fullarton, for Prof.
Boston.
Lawrence, Jellico, Tenn. 1.00
Second Cong. Ch. and Soc. (10 of
Dorchester.
which for Indian M.) 148.29
Dorchester. Harvard Ch. 1.00
Roxbury. Immanuel Cong. Ch. 105.93
“King’s Daughters,” Highland Cong.
Roxbury.
Ch., Box of C., for Tougaloo U.
West
South Evan. Ch. and Soc.
Roxbury. 22.14
——— 680.77
Barre. Sab. Sch. of Cong. Ch. 8.51
Beverly. Dane St. Ch. and Soc. 187.80
Beverly. Sab. Sch. of Dane St. Cong. Ch., for Student
Aid, Atlanta U. 16.00
Boxboro. Primary Class Cong. Sab. Sch., for Rosebud
Indian M. 2.00
Brimfield. Mrs. P. C. Browning, 10; Mrs. J. S. Webber, 1;
First Cong. Ch., 6.80 17.80
Brookline. Harvard Ch. 74.13
Chesterfield. Cong. Ch. 5.00
Coleraine. Cong. Ch. 7.00
Concord. “A” 10.00
Clinton. W. M. Soc., for Talladega C. 30.00
Cambridge. North Av. Ch. and Soc. 150.31
Cambridgeport. Ladies of Pilgrim Ch., Box of C., for
Tougaloo U.
Chelsea. First Cong Ch. 30.00
Chester. Sab. Sch. Second Cong. Ch., for Jellico, Tenn. 15.00
Danvers. Maple St. Cong. Sab. Sch., 28.39; Bible Class
Maple St. Cong. Sab. Sch., 6.50; for Atlanta U. 34.89
East Billerica. Mrs. A. R. Richardson, from her little
children’s Mite Box, for Mountain White Work 5.00
East Cambridge. Miss Mary F. Aikin, for Pleasant Hill,
Tenn. 5.00
East Taunton. Cong Ch. 2.00
Everett. Cong. Ch. 17.19
Fall River. Third Cong. Ch., for Indian M. 10.57
Falmouth. First Ch., M. C. Coll. 14.25
Georgetown. Sab. Sch. First Cong. Ch., for Atlanta U. 10.00
Gloucester. Evan. Cong. Ch. and Soc. 50.00
Haverhill. North Cong. Ch. and Soc., 200; Centre Cong.
Ch. and Soc., 100 300.00
Haydenville. Cong. Ch. and Soc. 14.15
Holden. Cong. Ch. 25.00
Holliston. Cong. Sab. Sch. Primary Class, 6; Class of
Young Men, 5.50; Class of Boys, 2.30; for Student Aid,
Talladega C. 13.80
Hubbardston. “Ladies,” for Tougaloo U., 20; Cong. Ch.,
10 30.00
Hyde Park. Woman’s H. M. Union, for Freight 9.00
Ipswich. First Ch. and Soc. 20.00
Lenox. Cong. Ch. 21.75
Lexington. Hancock Ch. 35.00
Littleton. Cong. Ch. 19.00
Lowell. “The Cent. Soc. of Eliot Ch.” 30.00
Malden. First Ch. 48.15
Malden. Mrs. Dr. Wadsworth, Bbl., Children’s Books,
Toys, etc., for Williamsburg, Ky.
Maynard. Cong. Ch. and Soc. 81.00
Medway. Village Ch. 60.00
Melrose. Miss S. J. Elder 3.06
Monterey. Cong. Ch. 18.00
New Bedford. Mrs. M. L. F. Bartlett 30.00
Newton. Eliot Ch. 100.00
Newton Centre. Maria B. Furber Miss’y Soc., for Atlanta
U. 105.50
Newton Center. First Cong. Ch. 64.09
Newton Highlands. Cong. Ch. (25 of which for Tougaloo
U.) 104.22
Newtonville. Central Cong. Ch. 98.59
Northampton. A. L. Williston 300.00
Northboro. Mrs. M. D. Wells 5.00
North Brookfield. First Cong. Ch., to const. Rev. Charles
S. Mills, Rosella H. Whiting and Edward L. Havens
L. M’s 100.00
North Brookfield. Ladies’ Benev. Soc., First Ch., for
Freight 2.00
North Middleboro. Cong. Ch. and Soc. 27.43
Orange. Central Evan. Cong. Ch. 9.11
Otis. “A Friend” 6.00
Oxford. First Cong. Ch. 51.00
Paxton. Mrs. Rev. A. Morton, Bbl. of C., for Tougaloo U.
Pepperell. Sab. Sch. Cong. Ch., for Atlanta U. 20.00
Pittsfield. Sab. Sch. of First Cong. Ch., for Student Aid,
Atlanta U. 10.00
Quincy. Evan. Cong. Ch. 72.00
Reading. Cong. Ch., “Special” 2.00
Richmond. Cong. Ch. 6.84
Sheffield. Cong. Ch. and Soc. 7.00
Shelburne Falls. A. M. Aids, add’l 0.10
South Deerfield. “L. S. C.” 3.00
South Framingham. South Cong. Ch., for Student Aid,
Atlanta U. 50.00
South Framingham. R. L. Day, 25; “Friend,” 50c., for
Mountain Work 25.50
Spencer. Cong. Ch., one 1,570 lbs. McShane Bell. val.
504.43; cash for expenses, 97.63, for Atlanta U. 97.63
Springfield. Y. P. S. C. E., Hope Cong. Ch., for Pleasant
Hill, Tenn. 12.50
Springfield. Home Miss’y Circle, Box of C., Val. 34.95, for
Tougaloo U.
Taunton. Union Ch. 15.89
Templeton. Trin. Ch. and Soc. 18.35
Ware. H. B. Anderson’s Sab. Sch. Class, for Indian M. 35.00
Wakefield. Cong. Ch. 48.97
Waltham. Trin. Cong. Soc. 23.03
Waverly. Mrs. Daniel Butler, for Mountain Work 10.00
West Hampton. “A Friend” 5.00
West Medway. Sab. Sch., of Second Cong. Ch. 13.32
Westminster. Cong. Ch. and Soc., ad’l 10.00
West Somerville. Young Men of Day St. Ch., for Pleasant
Hill, Tenn. 25.00
West Springfield. Ladies’ Mission Circle of Park St. Ch.,
for Tougaloo U. 100.00
West Springfield. Sab. Sch. of Park St. Ch. for Student
Aid, Atlanta U. 43.42
West Springfield. Mrs. Aaron Bagg’s S. S. Class, for
Indian M. 5.00
West Springfield. Ladies’ Mission Circle of Park St. Ch., 5.00
for Pleasant Hill, Tenn.
West Yarmouth. Cong. Ch. 5.38
Whately. Cong. Ch. and Sab. Sch. to const. Mrs. Sarah
J. Wells L. M. 31.00
Williamsburg. Mrs. Sophia K. Nash, to const. herself
L. M. 30.00
Williamstown. First Cong. Ch. 21.57
Winchendon. North Cong. Ch., a’dl 2.50
Winthrop. “Friends” 0.80
Worcester. Plymouth Cong. Ch. 210.84; Piedmont Ch.,
qr. 143.75; Family of Hiram Smith, deceased, by Mary
A. and Joanna F. Smith, 50; Park Cong. Ch., 5; Mrs.
S. A. Howard, 5 414.59
Worcester. Piedmont Sab. Sch., for Ch., Petty, Tex. 100.00
Worcester. Mrs. Whittemore, for Mountain Work 2.00
Worcester. Logan, Swift and Brigham, Case Envelopes;
Whitcomb Envelope Co., Case Envelopes, for Atlanta
U.
Worcester. Ladies’ Benev. Soc. Central Ch., Bbl. of C., for
Tougaloo U.
——. “Cash” 100.00
——. “A Friend” for Rev. G. W. Lawrence 5.00
Hampden Benevolent Association, by Charles Marsh.
Treas.:
Chicopee. Second 38.05 611.91
Feeding Hills. 21.13
Holyoke. First 23.27
Huntington. Second 21.10
Long Meadow. Ladies’ Ben. Ass’n. 15.35
Long Meadow. Gentlemen’s Benev.
Ass’n. 26.23
Monson. Sab. Sch. 50.00
 Palmer. Second 100.00
South Hadley Falls 14.00
Springfield. First 20.00
Springfield. North 44.32
Springfield. South 67.37
Springfield. Memorial 31.47
Westfield. Second 14.46
West Springfield. First Ch. 35.00
West Springfield. Sab. Sch. First Ch. 20.00
West Springfield. Park St., for Indian M. 52.91
West Springfield. Park St. 5.00
Wilbraham. 12.25
———
————
$7,226.29
ESTATE.
Cambridge. Estate of A. E. Hildreth, by Trustees, for
Freedmen 500.00
————
$7,726.29

RHODE ISLAND, $297.10.

Central Falls. Cong. Ch. 31.10
Little Compton. United Cong. Ch. 16.00
Peace Dale. Rowland G. Hazard, for Atlanta U. 250.00

CONNECTICUT, $2,395.14.
Bethel. “Willing Workers,” for Student Aid, Talladega C. 25.00
Bolton. By Rev. L. H. Barber 12.50
Bristol. Cong. Ch., for Student Aid, Tougaloo U. 50.00
Bristol. Mrs. Lewis, for Williamsburg, Ky. 2.00
Bridgeport. Sab. Sch. of Second Cong. Ch., to const. 50.00
Chester W. Bennett L. M.
Canaan. —— 2.00
Center Brook. Ladies of Cong. Ch., for Conn. Ind’l Sch., Ga. 25.00
Central Village. “A Friend,” for Conn. Ind’l Sch., Ga. 1.00
Cornwall. Sab. Sch. of Cong. Ch. 22.32
Cromwell. Ladies of Cong. Ch., by Miss M. G. Savage, for
Conn. Ind’l Sch., Ga. 19.00
Danielsonville. Westfield Cong. Ch. and Soc. 30.37
East Avon. Cong. Ch. 16.00
East Hartford. First Ch. 40.00
Fairfield. Sab. Sch. of Cong. Ch., for Indian Sch’p. 50.00
Farmington. Cong. Ch. (200 of which from Henry D. Hawley,
to const. Robert K. Howe and John Leon Webster L.
M’s) 317.63
Glastonbury. Miss A. M. Goodrich 60.00
Goshen. Cong. Ch. 28.86
Greenfield Hill. Cong. Ch. 12.19
Guilford. —— 100.00
Hadlyme. R. E. Hungerford, 100; Jos. W. Hungerford, 100 200.00
Kensington. Cong. Ch., bal. to const. Mrs. Mary P. Quill
L. M. 4.25
Lebanon. First Ch. 32.38
Mansfield Center. Cong. Ch. 16.60
Marlboro. Cong. Ch. 16.37
New Haven. Howard Av. Ch. 26.96
New London. First Cong. Ch. 54.93
Norwich. Park Cong. Ch., for Atlanta U. 200.00
Norwichtown. “*, First Cong. Ch.” 24.00
Plantsville. “Tougaloo Mission Quintet,” for Tougaloo U. 11.66
Plymouth. Geo. Langdon 50.00
Putnam. Second Cong. Ch. 35.38
Redding. “A Friend,” for Mountain Work 10.00
Rockville. Second Cong. Ch. 29.65
Simsbury. Cong. Ch. 33.17
South Britain. Cong. Ch. 9.89
Southington. First Cong. Ch. 36.64
Taftville. First Cong. Ch. 15.00
Terryville. Cong. Ch., 45: Elizur Fenn, 5; Mrs. Elizur Fenn, 5 55.00
Tolland. Cong. Ch. 10.25
Wallingford. H. L. Judd, for Sch’p, Tougaloo U. 70.00
Wallingford. Cong. Ch. 66.84
West Hartford. Anson Chappell 10.00
Westminster. Mrs. S. B. Carter, for Thomasville, Ga. 5.00
Westport. Saugatuck Cong. Soc. 24.76
West Winsted. Second Cong. Ch. and Soc. 134.32
Wilton. Cong. Ch. 10.00
Woodstock. First Cong. Ch. and Soc. 24.22
Woodstock. Sab. Sch. and Ladies of Cong. Ch., for
Thomasville, Ga. 16.50
——. “A Friend in Conn.” 100.00
——. “A Friend,” for Student Aid, Atlanta U. 17.50
Woman’s Home Missionary Union of Conn., by Mrs. S. M.
Hotchkiss, Sec.:
Bridgeport. Ladies’ Social Circle of South 180.00
Ch., for Conn. Ind’l Sch., Ga. 35.00
Chaplin. Ladies’ Soc., for Conn. Ind’l Sch.,
Ga. 15.00
Enfield. Ladies’ Benev. Soc., for Woman’s
Work 35.00
Pomfret. Ladies’ Soc., for Conn. Ind’l Sch.,
Ga. 20.00
Hartford. Sab. Sch. of First Ch., for Ind’l
Work, Williamsburg, Ky. 50.00
Wallingford. W. H. M. U., for Ind’l Work, 25.00