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World History, Vol. 1: To 1800, ª 2016, 2013, 2010 Cengage Learning
Eighth Edition
WCN: 02-200-203
William J. Duiker and Jackson J. Spielvogel
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ABOUT THE AUTHORS
WILLIA M J. DUIKER is liberal arts professor emeritus of East Asian studies at The Pennsylvania
State University. A former U.S. diplomat with service in Taiwan, South Vietnam, and Washington,
D.C., he received his doctorate in Far Eastern history from Georgetown University in 1968, where his
dissertation dealt with the Chinese educator and reformer Cai Yuanpei. At Penn State, he has written
widely on the history of Vietnam and modern China, including the widely acclaimed Communist Road to
Power in Vietnam (revised edition, Westview Press, 1996), which was selected for a Choice Outstanding
Academic Book Award in 1982–1983 and 1996–1997. Other recent books are China and Vietnam: The
Roots of Conflict (Berkeley, 1987), U.S. Containment Policy and the Conflict in Indochina (Stanford, 1995),
Sacred War: Nationalism and Revolution in a Divided Vietnam (McGraw-Hill, 1995), and Ho Chi Minh
(Hyperion, 2000), which was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize in 2001. Although his research specializa-
tion is in the field of nationalism and Asian revolutions, his intellectual interests are considerably more
diverse. He has traveled widely and has taught courses on the history of communism and non-Western
civilizations at Penn State, where he was awarded a Faculty Scholar Medal for Outstanding Achieve-
ment in the spring of 1996. In 2002 the College of Liberal Arts honored him with an Emeritus
Distinction Award.
TO YVONNE,
FOR ADDING SPARKLE TO THIS BOOK AND TO MY LIFE
W.J.D.
JA CKSON J. SPI ELVOGEL is associate professor emeritus of history at The Pennsylvania State
University. He received his Ph.D. from The Ohio State University, where he specialized in Reformation
history under Harold J. Grimm. His articles and reviews have appeared in such journals as Moreana,
Journal of General Education, Catholic Historical Review, Archiv f€ur Reformationsgeschichte, and American His-
torical Review. He has also contributed chapters or articles to The Social History of the Reformation, The
Holy Roman Empire: A Dictionary Handbook, Simon Wiesenthal Center Annual of Holocaust Studies, and Uto-
pian Studies. His work has been supported by fellowships from the Fulbright Foundation and the Foun-
dation for Reformation Research. At Penn State, he helped inaugurate the Western civilization course
as well as a popular course on Nazi Germany. His book Hitler and Nazi Germany was published in 1987
(seventh edition, 2014). He is the author of Western Civilization, published in 1991 (ninth edition, 2015).
Professor Spielvogel has won five major university-wide teaching awards. During the year 1988–1989,
he held the Penn State Teaching Fellowship, the university’s most prestigious teaching award. In 1996,
he won the Dean Arthur Ray Warnock Award for Outstanding Faculty Member and in 2000 received
the Schreyer Honors College Excellence in Teaching Award.
TO DIANE,
WHOSE LOVE AND SUPPORT MADE IT ALL POSSIBLE
J.J.S.
BRIEF CONTENTS
MAPS xi 8 EARLY CIVILIZATIONS IN AFRICA 212

CHRONOLOGIES xiii 9 THE EXPANSION OF CIVILIZATION IN SOUTH AND
FEATURES xv SOUTHEAST ASIA 239
DOCUMENTS xvii 10 THE FLOWERING OF TRADITIONAL CHINA 268
PREFACE xxi
11 THE EAST ASIAN RIMLANDS: EARLY JAPAN, KOREA,
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxvii AND VIETNAM 299
A NOTE TO STUDENTS ABOUT LANGUAGE AND THE
DATING OF TIME xxx
12 THE MAKING OF EUROPE 324
THEMES FOR UNDERSTANDING WORLD HISTORY xxxi 13 THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE AND CRISIS AND RECOVERY
IN THE WEST 356
I THE FIRST CIVILIZATIONS AND THE RISE OF III THE EMERGENCE OF NEW WORLD PATTERNS
EMPIRES (PREHISTORY TO 500 C.E.) 1 (1500–1800) 386
1 EARLY HUMANS AND THE FIRST CIVILIZATIONS 2 14 NEW ENCOUNTERS: THE CREATION OF A WORLD
2 ANCIENT INDIA 37 MARKET 388
3 CHINA IN ANTIQUITY 63 15 EUROPE TRANSFORMED: REFORM AND STATE

BUILDING 418
4 THE CIVILIZATION OF THE GREEKS 93
16 THE MUSLIM EMPIRES 446
5 THE ROMAN WORLD EMPIRE 126
17 THE EAST ASIAN WORLD 474
II NEW PATTERNS OF CIVILIZATION 18 THE WEST ON THE EVE OF A NEW WORLD
(500–1500 C.E.) 156 ORDER 503
6 THE AMERICAS 158 GLOSSARY 535

INDEX 545
7 FERMENT IN THE MIDDLE EAST: THE RISE OF
ISLAM 184
iv
CONTENTS
MAPS xi The Rise of New Empires 27

CHRONOLOGIES xiii The Assyrian Empire 28
The Persian Empire 30
FEATURES xv
O P P O S IN G V I E W P O IN T S
DOCUMENTS xvii THE GOVERNING OF EMPIRES: TWO APPROACHES 31
PREFACE xxi CHAPTER SUMMARY • CHAPTER TIMELINE • CHAPTER
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxvii REVIEW • SUGGESTED READING 34
A NOTE TO STUDENTS ABOUT LANGUAGE AND THE
DATING OF TIME xxx 2 ANCIENT INDIA 37
THEMES FOR UNDERSTANDING WORLD HISTORY xxxi The Emergence of Civilization in India: Harappan
Society 38
A Land of Diversity 38
PART I T HE F IRST CIVILIZATIONS AND Harappan Civilization: A Fascinating Enigma 38
THE R ISE OF E MPIRES COM P ARA T IVE E SSAY
(PREHISTORY TO 500 C.E.) 1 WRITING AND CIVILIZATION 41
1 EARLY HUMANS AND THE FIRST

CIVILIZATIONS 2
The Aryans in India
From Chieftains to Kings 42
The Mauryan Empire 43
42
Caste and Class: Social Structures in Ancient India 44

The First Humans 3 Daily Life in Ancient India 46
The Emergence of Homo sapiens 3
The Economy 47
The Hunter-Gatherers of the Paleolithic Age 3
The Neolithic Revolution, c. 10,000–4000 B.C.E. 5 Escaping the Wheel of Life: The Religious World of Ancient
COMPARATIVE ESSAY India 49
FROM HUNTER-GATHERERS AND HERDERS TO FARMERS 7 Brahmanism 49
The Emergence of Civilization 8 THE SEARCH FOR TRUTH 51
Early Civilizations Around the World 8
Popular Religion 52
What Were the Causes of Civilization? 9
Buddhism: The Middle Path 52
Civilization in Mesopotamia 9 The Exuberant World of Indian Culture 57
The City-States of Ancient Mesopotamia 9
Literature 57
Empires in Ancient Mesopotamia 11
Architecture and Sculpture 57
The Culture of Mesopotamia 13
Science 60
Egyptian Civilization: “The Gift of the Nile” 14 CHAPTER SUMMARY • CHAPTER TIMELINE • CHAPTER
The Impact of Geography 15 REVIEW • SUGGESTED READING 61
O P P O S I N G V I E W P O I NT S
THE GREAT FLOOD: TWO VERSIONS 16
The Old and Middle Kingdoms 17 3 CHINA IN ANTIQUITY 63
Society and Economy in Ancient Egypt 19 The Dawn of Chinese Civilization 64
The Culture of Egypt 19 The Land and People of China 64
Disorder and a New Order: The New Kingdom 21 The Shang Dynasty 65
Daily Life in Ancient Egypt: Family and Marriage 22 COM P ARA T IVE E SSAY
The Spread of Egyptian Influence: Nubia 22 THE USE OF METALS 67
New Centers of Civilization 23 The Zhou Dynasty 68
Nomadic Peoples: Impact of the Indo-Europeans 23 Political Structures 68
Territorial States in Western Asia: The Phoenicians 25 Economy and Society 70
The Hebrews: The “Children of Israel” 25 The Hundred Schools of Ancient Philosophy 71
O P P O S I N G V I E W P O I NT S Hellenistic Cities 119
A DEBATE OVER GOOD AND EVIL 75 The Importance of Trade 119
The First Chinese Empire: The Qin Dynasty 78 Social Life: New Opportunities for Women 119
The Qin Dynasty (221–206 B.C.E.) 79 Culture in the Hellenistic World 121
CHAPTER SUMMARY • CHAPTER TIMELINE • CHAPTER
The Glorious Han Dynasty (202 B.C.E.–221 C.E.) 81
REVIEW • SUGGESTED READING 124
Confucianism and the State 81
The Economy 82
Imperial Expansion and the Origins of the Silk Road 83
The Decline and Fall of the Han 84
5 THE ROMAN WORLD EMPIRE 126
Early Rome and the Republic 127
Daily Life in Ancient China 85 Early Rome 127
The Role of the Family 85 The Roman Republic 128
Lifestyles 86 The Roman Conquest of the Mediterranean (264–133
Cities 86 B.C.E.) 130
The Humble Estate: Women in Ancient China 86 The Decline and Fall of the Roman Republic (133–31
B.C.E.) 134
Chinese Culture 87
Metalwork and Sculpture 87
The Roman Empire at Its Height 136
The Age of Augustus (31 B.C.E.–14 C.E.) 136
Language and Literature 89
The Early Empire (14–180) 137
Music 90
Culture and Society in the Roman World 140
CHAPTER SUMMARY • CHAPTER TIMELINE • CHAPTER O P P O S IN G V I E W P O IN T S
REVIEW • SUGGESTED READING 90 WOMEN IN THE ROMAN AND HAN EMPIRES 143
4 THE CIVILIZATION OF THE GREEKS 93

F IL M & H IS T O R Y
GLADIATOR (2000)
Crisis and the Late Empire
145
147
Early Greece 94
Minoan Crete 94 Crises in the Third Century 147
The First Greek State: Mycenae 95 The Late Roman Empire 147
The Greeks in a Dark Age (c. 1100–c. 750 B.C.E.) 96 Transformation of the Roman World: The Development of
The Greek City-States (c. 750–c. 500 B.C.E.) 98 Christianity 148
The Polis 98 The Religious World of the Roman Empire 148
Colonization and the Growth of Trade 98 The Jewish Background 148
Tyranny in the Greek Polis 99 COM P ARA T IVE E SSAY
RULERS AND GODS 149
Sparta 100
The Rise of Christianity 149
Athens 100
The Spread of Christianity 150
Foreign Influence on Early Greek Culture 102
The High Point of Greek Civilization: Classical Greece 102 ROMAN AUTHORITIES AND A CHRISTIAN ON
The Challenge of Persia 103 CHRISTIANITY 151
The Growth of an Athenian Empire in the Age of A Comparison of the Roman and Han Empires 152
Pericles 103
The Great Peloponnesian War and the Decline of the Greek CHAPTER SUMMARY • CHAPTER TIMELINE • CHAPTER
States 104 REVIEW • SUGGESTED READING 153
The Culture of Classical Greece 105
COMPARATIVE ESSAY
THE AXIAL AGE 109 PART II N EW P ATTERNS OF C IVILIZATION
Greek Religion 110
(500–1500 C. E .) 156
Life in Classical Athens 111
WOMEN IN ATHENS AND SPARTA 113 6 THE AMERICAS 158
The Rise of Macedonia and the Conquests of Alexander 114 The Peopling of the Americas 159
Alexander the Great 114 The First Americans 159
FILM & HISTORY Early Civilizations in Central America 159
ALEXANDER (2004) 117 The Olmecs: In the Land of Rubber 160
The World of the Hellenistic Kingdoms 118 The Zapotecs 160
Hellenistic Monarchies 118 Teotihuacan: America’s First Metropolis 160
Political Institutions 119 The Olmecs: Mother Culture or First Among Equals? 162
vi j CONTENTS
The Maya 162 The Coming of Islam 220
The Aztecs 167 African Religious Beliefs Before Islam 220
The First Civilizations in South America 172 The Arabs in North Africa 220
Caral 172 The Kingdom of Ethiopia: A Christian Island in a Muslim
Sea 221
Moche 173
East Africa: The Land of the Zanj 222
COMPARATIVE ESSAY
HISTORY AND THE ENVIRONMENT 175 The States of West Africa 224
The Inka 176 States and Noncentralized Societies in Central and Southern
Stateless Societies in the Americas 179 Africa 228
The Eastern Woodlands 179 The Congo River Valley 228
Cahokia 179 Zimbabwe 228
The Ancient Pueblo Peoples 180 Southern Africa 228
South America: The Arawak 181 Africa: A Continent Without History? 229
Amazonia 181 African Society 229
CHAPTER SUMMARY • CHAPTER TIMELINE • CHAPTER Urban Life 229
REVIEW • SUGGESTED READING 181 Village Life 229
The Role of Women 230
7 FERMENT IN THE MIDDLE EAST: THE RISE OF

ISLAM 184
Slavery 231
African Culture 232
Painting and Sculpture 232
The Rise of Islam 185 Music 232
The Role of Muhammad 186 Architecture 234
FILM & HISTORY Literature 234
THE MESSAGE (MUHAMMAD: THE MESSENGER OF GOD) CHAPTER SUMMARY • CHAPTER TIMELINE • CHAPTER
(1976) 187
The Teachings of Muhammad 187
The Arab Empire and Its Successors
Creation of an Empire 189
The Rise of the Umayyads 190
189
9 THE EXPANSION OF CIVILIZATION IN SOUTH
AND SOUTHEAST ASIA 239
The Abbasids 192
The Silk Road 240
The Crusades 195
The Mongols 196 India After the Mauryas 242
Andalusia: A Muslim Outpost in Europe 196 The Gupta Dynasty: A New Golden Age? 242
The Transformation of Buddhism 243
Islamic Civilization 199
The Decline of Buddhism in India 244
Political Structures 199
When Did the Indians Become Hindus? 245
The Wealth of Araby: Trade and Cities in the Middle
East 200 The Arrival of Islam 246
COMPARATIVE ESSAY The Empire of Mahmud of Ghazni 246
TRADE AND CIVILIZATION 201 The Delhi Sultanate 247
Islamic Society 202 Tamerlane 248
The Culture of Islam 202
Society and Culture 248
Religion 248
COM P ARA T IVE E SSAY
CASTE, CLASS, AND FAMILY 252
8 EARLY CIVILIZATIONS IN AFRICA 212 Economy and Daily Life 252
The Wonder of Indian Culture 254
The Emergence of Civilization 213
The Golden Region: Early Southeast Asia 256
The Land 213
Paddy Fields and Spices: The States of Southeast Asia 256
The First Farmers 213
Daily Life 260
Axum and Mero€e 214
World of the Spirits: Religious Belief 262
The Sahara and Its Environs 217
Expansion into the Pacific 264
COMPARATIVE ESSAY
THE MIGRATION OF PEOPLES 218 CHAPTER SUMMARY • CHAPTER TIMELINE • CHAPTER
East Africa 219 REVIEW • SUGGESTED READING 266
CONTENTS j vii
10 THE FLOWERING OF TRADITIONAL
CHINA 268
China After the Han 269 12 THE MAKING OF EUROPE 324
China Reunified: The Sui, the Tang, and the Song 269 The Emergence of Europe in the Early Middle Ages 325
The Sui Dynasty 269 The New Germanic Kingdoms 325
The Tang Dynasty 270 The Role of the Christian Church 326
The Song Dynasty 271 Charlemagne and the Carolingians 328
Political Structures: The Triumph of Confucianism 272 The World of Lords and Vassals 329
O P P O S I N G V I E W P O I NT S Europe in the High Middle Ages 332
ACTION OR INACTION: AN IDEOLOGICAL DISPUTE IN
Land and People 332
MEDIEVAL CHINA 275
The New World of Trade and Cities 334
The Economy 276
F IL M & H IS T O R Y
COMPARATIVE ESSAY
THE LION IN WINTER (1968) 335
THE SPREAD OF TECHNOLOGY 277
Society in Traditional China 279
TWO VIEWS OF TRADE AND MERCHANTS 336
Explosion in Central Asia: The Mongol Empire 282 COM P ARA T IVE E SSAY
Mongol Rule in China 285 CITIES IN THE MEDIEVAL WORLD 338
The Mongols’ Place in History 286 Evolution of the European Kingdoms 340
FILM & HISTORY Christianity and Medieval Civilization 344
THE ADVENTURES OF MARCO POLO (1938) AND MARCO The Culture of the High Middle Ages 347
POLO (2007) 287
Medieval Europe and the World 350
The Ming Dynasty 288 The First Crusades 351
The Voyages of Zheng He 289 The Later Crusades 352
In Search of the Way 290 What Were the Effects of the Crusades? 352
The Rise and Decline of Buddhism and Daoism 290 CHAPTER SUMMARY • CHAPTER TIMELINE • CHAPTER
Neo-Confucianism: The Investigation of Things 292 REVIEW • SUGGESTED READING 353
The Apogee of Chinese Culture

Literature
Art 294
293
293
13 THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE AND CRISIS AND
RECOVERY IN THE WEST 356
CHAPTER SUMMARY • CHAPTER TIMELINE • CHAPTER From Eastern Roman to Byzantine Empire 357
REVIEW • SUGGESTED READING 296 The Reign of Justinian (527–565) 357
A New Kind of Empire 360
11 THE EAST ASIAN RIMLANDS: EARLY
JAPAN, KOREA, AND VIETNAM 299
The Zenith of Byzantine Civilization (750–1025)
The Beginning of a Revival 365
365
Japan: Land of the Rising Sun 300 The Macedonian Dynasty 365
A Gift from the Gods: Prehistoric Japan 301 Women in the Byzantine Empire 366
The Rise of the Japanese State 303 The Decline and Fall of the Byzantine Empire
COMPARATIVE ESSAY (1025–1453) 368
FEUDAL ORDERS AROUND THE WORLD 307 New Challenges and New Responses 368
Economic and Social Structures 308 Impact of the Crusades 369
In Search of the Pure Land: Religion in Early Japan 309 The Ottoman Turks and the Fall of Constantinople 370
FILM & HISTORY
RASHOMON (1950) 310 The Crises of the Fourteenth Century in the West 372
Sources of Traditional Japanese Culture 312 The Black Death: From Asia to Europe 372
Japan and the Chinese Model 315 COM P ARA T IVE E SSAY
THE ROLE OF DISEASE IN HISTORY 373
Korea: Bridge to the East 315 Economic Dislocation and Social Upheaval 374
The Three Kingdoms 315 O P P O S IN G V I E W P O IN T S
The Rise of the Koryo Dynasty 316 CAUSES OF THE BLACK DEATH: CONTEMPORARY
Under the Mongols 317 VIEWS 375
Political Instability 376
Vietnam: The Smaller Dragon 318
The Decline of the Church 377
The Rise of Great Viet 319
Society and Family Life 320 Recovery: The Renaissance 377
viii j CONTENTS
The Intellectual Renaissance 378 O P P O S IN G V I E W P O IN T S
The Artistic Renaissance 378 A REFORMATION DEBATE: CONFLICT AT MARBURG 424
The State in the Renaissance 380 The Social Impact of the Protestant Reformation 425
O P P O S I N G V I E W P O I NT S COM P ARA T IVE E SSAY
THE RENAISSANCE PRINCE: THE VIEWS OF MACHIAVELLI AND MARRIAGE IN THE EARLY MODERN WORLD 426
ERASMUS 383 The Catholic Reformation 427
CHAPTER SUMMARY • CHAPTER TIMELINE • CHAPTER Europe in Crisis, 1560–1650 429
REVIEW • SUGGESTED READING 384 Politics and the Wars of Religion in the Sixteenth
Century 429
Economic and Social Crises 432
PART III T HE E MERGENCE OF NEW Seventeenth-Century Crises: Revolution and War 434
W ORLD P ATTERNS Response to Crisis: The Practice of Absolutism 435
(1500–1800) 386 France Under Louis XIV 435
14 NEW ENCOUNTERS: THE CREATION OF A

WORLD MARKET 388
Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe
England and Limited Monarchy 439
438
Conflict Between King and Parliament 439

An Age of Exploration and Expansion 389 Civil War and Commonwealth 439
Islam and the Spice Trade 389 Restoration and a Glorious Revolution 440
The Spread of Islam in West Africa 390
The Flourishing of European Culture 440
A New Player: Europe 391
Art: The Baroque 441
The Portuguese Maritime Empire 393 Art: Dutch Realism 442
En Route to India 394 A Golden Age of Literature in England 442
The Search for the Source of Spices 394 CHAPTER SUMMARY • CHAPTER TIMELINE • CHAPTER
New Rivals Enter the Scene 395 REVIEW • SUGGESTED READING 443
The Conquest of the “New World” 397
The Voyages 397
The Conquests 397
16 THE MUSLIM EMPIRES 446
Governing the Empires 399

The Ottoman Empire 447
The Rise of the Ottoman Turks 447
FILM & HISTORY
THE MISSION (1986) 401 Expansion of the Empire 447
The Competition Intensifies 402 COM P ARA T IVE E SSAY
THE CHANGING FACE OF WAR 449
THE MARCH OF CIVILIZATION 403 The Nature of Turkish Rule 451
Christopher Columbus: Hero or Villain? 404 Religion and Society in the Ottoman World 453
The Ottoman Empire Under Challenge 454
Africa in Transition 404 The Ottoman Empire: A Civilization in Decline? 454
The Portuguese in Africa 404 Ottoman Art 454
COMPARATIVE ESSAY
THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE 405 The Safavids 456
The Dutch in South Africa 406 The Rise of the Safavids 457
The Slave Trade 406 Collapse of the Dynasty 457
Political and Social Structures in a Changing Continent 411 Safavid Politics and Society 458
Safavid Art and Literature 459
Southeast Asia in the Era of the Spice Trade 412
The Arrival of the West 412 The Grandeur of the Mughals 461
State and Society in Precolonial Southeast Asia 413 Babur: Founder of the Mughal Dynasty 461
CHAPTER SUMMARY • CHAPTER TIMELINE • CHAPTER Akbar and Indo-Muslim Civilization 461
REVIEW • SUGGESTED READING 416 Akbar’s Successors 462
The Impact of European Power in India 465
15 EUROPE TRANSFORMED: REFORM AND

STATE BUILDING 418
THE CAPTURE OF PORT HOOGLY 466
The Mughal Dynasty: A “Gunpowder Empire”? 468
The Reformation of the Sixteenth Century 419 Society Under the Mughals: A Synthesis of Cultures 468
Background to the Reformation 419 Mughal Culture 470
Martin Luther and the Reformation in Germany 421 CHAPTER SUMMARY • CHAPTER TIMELINE • CHAPTER
The Spread of the Protestant Reformation 423 REVIEW • SUGGESTED READING 471
CONTENTS j ix
17 THE EAST ASIAN WORLD 474
Economic Changes and the Social Order
New Economic Patterns 513
European Society in the Eighteenth Century
513
514
China at Its Apex 475
The Later Ming 475 Colonial Empires and Revolution in the Americas 515
The Greatness of the Qing 478 The West Indies 515
Changing China 481 British North America 515
The Population Explosion 481 French North America 516
Seeds of Industrialization 482 The American Revolution 516
COMPARATIVE ESSAY Toward a New Political Order and Global Conflict 517
POPULATION EXPLOSION 484 Prussia: The Army and the Bureaucracy 518
Daily Life in Qing China 485 The Austrian Empire of the Habsburgs 518
Cultural Developments 486 Russia Under Catherine the Great 519
Tokugawa Japan 488 Enlightened Absolutism Reconsidered 519
The Three Great Unifiers 488 Changing Patterns of War: Global Confrontation 520
Opening to the West 489 The French Revolution 521
The Tokugawa “Great Peace” 491 Background to the French Revolution 521
Life in the Village 494 F IL M & H IS T O R Y
Tokugawa Culture 494 MARIE ANTOINETTE (2006) 522
O P P O S I N G V I E W P O I NT S From Estates-General to National Assembly 523
SOME CONFUCIAN COMMANDMENTS 495 Destruction of the Old Regime 524
Korea and Vietnam 499 O P P O S IN G V I E W P O IN T S
Korea: In a Dangerous Neighborhood 499 THE NATURAL RIGHTS OF THE FRENCH PEOPLE: TWO
VIEWS 525
Vietnam: The Perils of Empire 499
The Radical Revolution 527
CHAPTER SUMMARY • CHAPTER TIMELINE • CHAPTER Reaction and the Directory 528
The Age of Napoleon 529
18 THE WEST ON THE EVE OF A NEW WORLD
ORDER 503
The Rise of Napoleon 529
Domestic Policies 530
Napoleon’s Empire 531
Toward a New Heaven and a New Earth: An Intellectual CHAPTER SUMMARY • CHAPTER TIMELINE • CHAPTER
Revolution in the West 504 REVIEW • SUGGESTED READING 532
The Scientific Revolution 504
Background to the Enlightenment 506 GLOSSARY 535
The Philosophes and Their Ideas 506 INDEX 545
COMPARATIVE ESSAY
THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION 507
Culture in an Enlightened Age 511
x j CONTENTS
MAPS
MAP 1.1 The Spread of Homo sapiens sapiens 4 SPOT MAP The Spread of Islam in Africa 221
MAP 1.2 The Development of Agriculture 6 SPOT MAP The Swahili Coast 222
SPOT MAP Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro 8 MAP 8.3 Trans-Saharan Trade Routes 225
SPOT MAP The Yellow River, China 9 MAP 8.4 The Emergence of States in Africa 227
SPOT MAP Central Asian Civilization 9 MAP 9.1 The Kushan Kingdom and the Silk Road 240
SPOT MAP Caral, Peru 9 MAP 9.2 The Gupta Empire 242
MAP 1.3 The Ancient Near East 10 MAP 9.3 The Spread of Religions in Southern and Eastern
SPOT MAP Hammurabi’s Empire 12 Asia, 600–1900 C.E. 245
MAP 1.4 Ancient Egypt 18 MAP 9.4 India, 1000–1200 247
MAP 1.5 The Spread of the Indo-Europeans 24 MAP 9.5 The Empire of Tamerlane 249
MAP 1.6 The Israelites and Their Neighbors in the First MAP 9.6 Southeast Asia in the Thirteenth Century 257
Millennium B.C.E. 26 MAP 10.1 China Under the Tang 271
MAP 1.7 The Assyrian and Persian Empires 30 SPOT MAP The Mongol Conquest of China 284
MAP 2.1 Ancient Harappan Civilization 39 MAP 10.2 Asia Under the Mongols 285
MAP 2.2 Writing Systems in the Ancient World 42 SPOT MAP Khanbaliq (Beijing) Under the Mongols 286
SPOT MAP Alexander the Great’s Movements in Asia 43 MAP 11.1 Early Japan 300
MAP 2.3 The Empire of Ashoka 55 MAP 11.2 Japan’s Relations with China and Korea 303
MAP 3.1 Neolithic China 65 SPOT MAP The Yamato Plain 303
SPOT MAP Shang China 66 SPOT MAP Korea’s Three Kingdoms 315
MAP 3.2 China During the Period of the Warring States 78 SPOT MAP The Kingdom of Dai Viet, 1100 319
SPOT MAP The Qin Empire, 221–206 B.C.E. 79 MAP 12.1 The Germanic Kingdoms of the Old Western
MAP 3.3 The Han Empire 84 Empire 326
MAP 4.1 Ancient Greece (c. 750–338 B.C.E.) 95 SPOT MAP Charlemagne’s Empire 328
SPOT MAP Minoan Crete and Mycenaean Greece 95 MAP 12.2 A Typical Manor 332
MAP 4.2 The Conquests of Alexander the Great 115 SPOT MAP Flanders as a Trade Center 334
MAP 4.3 The World of the Hellenistic Kingdoms 118 MAP 12.3 Europe in the High Middle Ages 342
MAP 5.1 Ancient Italy 127 MAP 12.4 The Migrations of the Slavs 343
SPOT MAP Livy, The Early History of Rome 130 SPOT MAP Crusader Kingdoms in Palestine 352
MAP 5.2 Roman Conquests in the Mediterranean, 264–133 MAP 13.1 The Eastern Roman Empire in the Time of
B.C.E. 131 Justinian 358
MAP 5.3 The Roman Empire from Augustus Through Trajan MAP 13.2 Constantinople 360
(14–117) 138 SPOT MAP The Byzantine Empire, c. 750 361
SPOT MAP Location of Constantinople, the “New Rome” 147 SPOT MAP The Byzantine Empire, 1025 365
MAP 6.1 Early Mesoamerica 160 SPOT MAP The Fall of Constantinople, 1453 370
MAP 6.2 The Maya Heartland 166 MAP 13.3 Spread of the Black Death 374
MAP 6.3 The Valley of Mexico Under Aztec Rule 168 SPOT MAP Italian States in the Renaissance 381
MAP 6.4 Early Peoples and Cultures of Central and South MAP 13.4 Europe in the Second Half of the Fifteenth
America 172 Century 382
MAP 6.5 The Inka Empire About 1500 C.E 177 SPOT MAP The Strait of Malacca 389
MAP 7.1 The Middle East in the Time of Muhammad 186 MAP 14.1 The Songhai Empire 390
MAP 7.2 The Expansion of Islam 191 MAP 14.2 European Voyages and Possessions in the Sixteenth
MAP 7.3 The Abbasid Caliphate at the Height of Its and Seventeenth Centuries 393
Power 192 SPOT MAP The Spice Islands 394
MAP 7.4 The Turkish Occupation of Anatolia 194 SPOT MAP Cape Horn and the Strait of Magellan 396
SPOT MAP Spain in the Eleventh Century 197 SPOT MAP The Arrival of Hernan Cortes in Mexico 398
MAP 8.1 Ancient Africa 214 MAP 14.3 Latin America from c. 1500 to 1750 400
MAP 8.2 Ancient Ethiopia and Nubia 215
xi
MAP 14.4 Patterns of World Trade Between 1500 and MAP 17.1 China and Its Enemies During the Late Ming
1800 402 Era 478
MAP 14.5 The Slave Trade 407 MAP 17.2 The Qing Empire in the Eighteenth Century 481
MAP 15.1 Catholics and Protestants in Europe by 1560 427 MAP 17.3 Tokugawa Japan 489
MAP 15.2 Europe in the Seventeenth Century 434 MAP 18.1 The Enlightenment in Europe 508
SPOT MAP Civil War in England 439 MAP 18.2 Global Trade Patterns of the European States in the
MAP 16.1 The Ottoman Empire 448 Eighteenth Century 514
MAP 16.2 The Ottoman and Safavid Empires, c. 1683 457 MAP 18.3 Europe in 1763 518
MAP 16.3 The Mughal Empire 462 SPOT MAP Revolt in Saint-Domingue 528
MAP 16.4 India in 1805 467 MAP 18.4 Napoleon’s Grand Empire 531
xii j MAPS
CHRONOLOGIES
The First Humans 3 The European Kingdoms 345

The Birth of Early Civilizations 9 The Crusades 352
The Egyptians 22 The Eastern Roman/Byzantine Empire to 750 361
Early Empires 33 The Byzantine Empire, 750–1453 371
Ancient India 45 Spanish and Portuguese Activities in the Americas 399
Ancient China 85 The Penetration of Africa 411
The Persian Wars 103 The Spice Trade 412
The Rise of Macedonia and the Conquests of Alexander 116 Key Events of the Reformation Era 429
The Roman Conquest of Italy and the Mediterranean 133 Europe in Crisis, 1560–1650: Key Events 435
Early Mesoamerica 168 Absolute and Limited Monarchy 440
Early South America 174 The Ottoman Empire 453
Islam: The First Millennium 198 The Safavids 458
Early Africa 221 The Mughal Era 468
Medieval India 242 China During the Early Modern Era 480
Early Southeast Asia 259 Japan and Korea During the Early Modern Era 493
Medieval China 273 Enlightened Absolutism in Eighteenth-Century Europe 519
Formation of the Japanese State 309 The French Revolution 528
Early Korea and Vietnam 321
xiii
FEATURES
COMPARATIVE ESSAYS The Adventures of Marco Polo (1938) and Marco Polo (2007) 287
From Hunter-Gatherers and Herders to Farmers 7 Rashomon (1950) 310
Writing and Civilization 41 The Lion in Winter (1968) 335
The Use of Metals 67 The Mission (1986) 401
The Axial Age 109 Marie Antoinette (2006) 522
Rulers and Gods 149
History and the Environment 175 OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS
Trade and Civilization 201 The Great Flood: Two Versions 16
The Migration of Peoples 218 The Governing of Empires: Two Approaches 31
Caste, Class, and Family 252 The Search for Truth 51
The Spread of Technology 277 A Debate over Good and Evil 75
Feudal Orders Around the World 307 Women in Athens and Sparta 113
Cities in the Medieval World 338 Women in the Roman and Han Empires 143
The Role of Disease in History 373 Roman Authorities and a Christian on Christianity 151
The Columbian Exchange 405 Action or Inaction: An Ideological Dispute in Medieval China 275
Marriage in the Early Modern World 426 Two Views of Trade and Merchants 336
The Changing Face of War 449 Causes of the Black Death: Contemporary Views 375
Population Explosion 484 The Renaissance Prince: The Views of Machiavelli and
Erasmus 383
The Scientific Revolution 507
The March of Civilization 403
FILM & HISTORY A Reformation Debate: Conflict at Marburg 424
Alexander (2004) 117 The Capture of Port Hoogly 466
Gladiator (2000) 145 Some Confucian Commandments 495
The Message (Muhammad: The Messenger of God) (1976) 187 The Natural Rights of the French People: Two Views 525
xv
DOCUMENTS
C H A P T E R 1 C H A P T E R 4
THE CODE OF HAMMURABI (The Code of HOMER’S IDEAL OF EXCELLENCE (Homer, Iliad) 97
Hammurabi) 13 THE LYCURGAN REFORMS (Plutarch, Lycurgus) 101
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: THE GREAT FLOOD: TWO ATHENIAN DEMOCRACY: THE FUNERAL ORATION
VERSIONS (The Epic of Gilgamesh and Genesis 6:11–15, OF PERICLES (Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian
17–19; 7:24; 8:3, 13–21) 16 War) 104
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE NILE RIVER AND THE SOPHOCLES: “THE MIRACLE OF MAN” (Sophocles,
PHARAOH (Hymn to the Nile and Hymn to the Pharaoh) 17 Antigone) 107
THE COVENANT AND THE LAW: THE BOOK OF OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: WOMEN IN ATHENS AND
EXODUS (Exodus 19:1–8 and Exodus 20:1–3, 7–17) 28 SPARTA (Xenophon, Oeconomicus; Xenophon, Constitution
THREE HEBREW PROPHETS: MICAH, ISAIAH, AND of the Spartans; Aristotle, Politics; and Plutarch,
AMOS (Micah 6:9–16, Isaiah 10:1–6, and Amos 3:1–2) 29 Lycurgus) 113–114
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: THE GOVERNING OF ALEXANDER MEETS AN INDIAN KING (Arrian, The
EMPIRES: TWO APPROACHES (King Sennacherib Campaigns of Alexander) 116
[704–681 B.C.E.] Describes His Siege of Jerusalem [701 B.C.E.], RELATIONS BETWEEN GREEKS AND NON-GREEKS
King Ashurbanipal [669–627 B.C.E.] Describes His Treatment (Letter to Zenon and Letter to Dionysios) 120
of Conquered Babylon, and The Cyrus Cylinder) 31
C H A P T E R 5
C H A P T E R 2
CINCINNATUS SAVES ROME: A ROMAN MORALITY
IN THE BEGINNING (The Upanishads) 43 TALE (Livy, The Early History of Rome) 128
SOCIAL CLASSES IN ANCIENT INDIA (The Law of THE DESTRUCTION OF CARTHAGE (Appian, Roman
Manu) 45 History) 132
THE POSITION OF WOMEN IN ANCIENT INDIA THE ASSASSINATION OF JULIUS CAESAR (Plutarch, Life
(The Law of Manu) 48 of Caesar) 135
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: THE SEARCH FOR TRUTH THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF AUGUSTUS (Augustus, Res
(The Rig Veda and The Mundaka Upanishad) 51 Gestae) 137
HOW TO ACHIEVE ENLIGHTENMENT (The Sermon OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: WOMEN IN THE ROMAN
at Benares) 54 AND HAN EMPIRES (Gaius Musonius Rufus, “That
A SINGULAR DEBATE (The Tripitaka) 56 Women Too Should Study Philosophy” and Ban Zhao,
RAMA AND SITA (The Ramayana) 58 Admonitions for Women) 143
THE ROMAN FEAR OF SLAVES (Tacitus, The Annals of
C H A P T E R 3 Imperial Rome, and Pliny the Younger to Acilius) 144
THE ERUPTION OF MOUNT VESUVIUS (Pliny, Letter to
THE MANDATE OF HEAVEN (The Book of History) 69
Cornelius Tacitus) 146
THE WIT AND WISDOM OF CONFUCIUS (The
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: ROMAN AUTHORITIES
Confucian Analects) 73
AND A CHRISTIAN ON CHRISTIANITY (An Exchange
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: A DEBATE OVER GOOD Between Pliny and Trajan, and Origen, Against Celsus) 151
AND EVIL (The Book of Mencius and The Book of Xunzi) 75
THE DAOIST ANSWER TO CONFUCIANISM (The Way C H A P T E R 6
of the Tao) 76
THE CREATION OF THE WORLD: A MAYAN VIEW
THE ART OF WAR (Sections from Sun Tzu) 77
(Popul Vuh: The Sacred Book of the Maya) 164
MEMORANDUM ON THE BURNING OF BOOKS
A SAMPLE OF MAYAN WRITING 165
(Sima Qian, Historical Records) 80
MARKETS AND MERCHANDISE IN AZTEC MEXICO
A PRESCRIPTION FOR THE EMPEROR (“People Are in
(Bernal Dıaz, The Conquest of New Spain) 169
Every Way the Root”) 82
xvii
AZTEC RELIGION THROUGH SPANISH EYES (Diego CHINESE TRADERS IN THE PHILIPPINES (A Description
Duran, The Aztecs: The History of the Indies of New Spain) 171 of Barbarian Peoples) 261
VIRGINS WITH RED CHEEKS (Huaman Poma, Letter THE SPREAD OF BUDDHISM IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
to a King) 178 (A Record of the Buddhist Religion as Practised in India and the
Malay Archipelago) 263
C H A P T E R 7
“DRAW THEIR VEILS OVER THEIR BOSOMS” (Qur’an, C H A P T E R 1 0
Sura 24: “The Light”) 188 CHOOSING THE BEST AND BRIGHTEST (Memorial to
THE SPREAD OF THE MUSLIM FAITH (The Qur’an: Emperor Renzong [1058]) 274
Chapter 47, “Muhammad, Revealed at Medina”) 190 OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: ACTION OR INACTION: AN
THE SIEGE OF JERUSALEM: A CHRISTIAN IDEOLOGICAL DISPUTE IN MEDIEVAL CHINA
PERSPECTIVE (Fulcher of Chartres, Chronicle of the First (Biography of a Great Man and Han Yu, Essentials of the Moral
Crusade) 196 Way) 275
A PILGRIMAGE TO MECCA (Ibn Jubayr, The Travels of Ibn PROPER ETIQUETTE IN TANG DYNASTY CHINA (Song
Jubayr) 197 Ruozhao, Analects for Women) 281
SAGE ADVICE FROM FATHER TO SON (Letter of Tahir A LETTER TO THE POPE (A Letter from Kuyuk Khan to
ibn Husayn) 199 Pope Innocent IV) 284
THE GIFT OF THE ROBE (The Travels of Ibn THE WAY OF THE GREAT BUDDHA (Shen-Hui,
Battuta) 203 Elucidating the Doctrine) 290
LOVE FOR A CAMEL (The Ode of Tarafah) 206 A CONFUCIAN WEDDING CEREMONY (Zhu Xi’s Family
Rituals) 293
C H A P T E R 8 TWO TANG POETS (Li Bo, “Quiet Night Thoughts”; Li Bo,
“Drinking Alone in Moonlight”; and Du Fu, “Spring
BEYOND THE PILLARS OF HERCULES (Herodotus, Prospect”) 295
History of the Persian Wars) 216
A CHINESE VIEW OF AFRICA (Chau Ju-kua on East C H A P T E R 1 1
Africa) 219
HOW THE EARTH WAS FORMED (Records of Ancient
BEWARE THE TROGLODYTES! (On the Erythraean
Matters) 301
Sea) 222
THE EASTERN EXPEDITION OF EMPEROR JIMMU (The
ROYALTY AND RELIGION IN GHANA (Al-Bakri’s
Chronicles of Japan) 302
Description of Royalty in Ghana) 226
THE SEVENTEEN-ARTICLE CONSTITUTION (The
WOMEN AND ISLAM IN NORTH AFRICA (Leo Africanus,
Chronicles of Japan) 304
The History and Description of Africa) 230
JAPAN’S WARRIOR CLASS (The Way of the
THE SLAVE TRADE IN ANCIENT AFRICA (Sale of a
Samurai) 305
Nubian Slave Girl) 231
SEDUCTION OF THE AKASHI LADY (Lady Murasaki, The
A WEST AFRICAN ORAL TRADITION (The Epic of
Tale of Genji) 311
Son-Jara) 235
THE FIRST VIETNAM WAR (Masters of Huai Nan) 318
C H A P T E R 9 A PLEA TO THE NEW EMPEROR (Le Tac, Essay on
Annam) 319
A PORTRAIT OF MEDIEVAL INDIA (Fa Xian, The Travels
of Fa Xian) 241
C H A P T E R 1 2
THE EDUCATION OF A BRAHMIN (Xuan Zang, Records of
Western Countries) 244 GERMANIC CUSTOMARY LAW: THE ORDEAL (Gregory
of Tours, An Ordeal of Hot Water [c. 580]) 327
THE ISLAMIC CONQUEST OF INDIA (A Muslim Ruler
Suppresses Hindu Practices) 250 THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF CHARLEMAGNE (Einhard, Life
of Charlemagne) 329
THE PRACTICE OF SATI (The Travels of Ibn
Battuta) 251 OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: TWO VIEWS OF TRADE
AND MERCHANTS (Life of Saint Godric and Ibn Khaldun,
THE KINGDOM OF ANGKOR (Chau Ju-kua, Records of
Prolegomena) 336
Foreign Nations) 259
xviii j DOCUMENTS
POLLUTION IN A MEDIEVAL CITY (The King’s C H A P T E R 1 5
Command to Boutham) 339 LUTHER AND THE NINETY-FIVE THESES (Martin
A MUSLIM’S DESCRIPTION OF THE RUS (Ibn Fadlan, Luther, Selections from the Ninety-Five Theses) 422
The Rus) 344 OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: A REFORMATION DEBATE:
A MIRACLE OF SAINT BERNARD (A Miracle of Saint CONFLICT AT MARBURG (The Marburg Colloquy,
Bernard) 346 1529) 424
UNIVERSITY STUDENTS AND VIOLENCE AT OXFORD A PROTESTANT WOMAN (A Letter from Catherine Zell
(A Student Riot at Oxford) 348 to Ludwig Rabus of Memmingen) 428
QUEEN ELIZABETH I: “I HAVE THE HEART OF A
C H A P T E R 1 3 KING” (Queen Elizabeth I, Speech at Tilbury) 431
A BYZANTINE EMPEROR GIVES MILITARY ADVICE A WITCHCRAFT TRIAL IN FRANCE (The Trial of
(Maurice, Strategikon) 364 Suzanne Gaudry) 433
A WESTERN VIEW OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE THE KING’S DAY BEGINS (Duc de Saint-Simon,
(Liudprand of Cremona, Antapodosis) 366 Memoirs) 437
THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF BASIL II (Michael Psellus, THE BILL OF RIGHTS (The Bill of Rights) 441
Chronographia) 367 WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE: IN PRAISE OF ENGLAND
CHRISTIAN CRUSADERS CAPTURE (William Shakespeare, Richard II) 443
CONSTANTINOPLE (Geoffrey de Villehardouin, The
Conquest of Constantinople) 370 C H A P T E R 1 6
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: CAUSES OF THE BLACK
THE FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE (Kritovoulos, Life of
DEATH: CONTEMPORARY VIEWS (Giovanni Boccaccio, Mehmed the Conqueror) 450
Decameron; On Earthquakes as the Cause of Plague; and
Herman Gigas on Well Poisoning) 375 A TURKISH DISCOURSE ON COFFEE (Katib Chelebi, The
Balance of Truth) 455
A WOMAN’S DEFENSE OF LEARNING (Laura Cereta,
Defense of the Liberal Instruction of Women) 379 THE RELIGIOUS ZEAL OF SHAH ABBAS THE GREAT
(Eskander Beg Monshi, “The Conversion of a Number of
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: THE RENAISSANCE Christians to Islam”) 458
PRINCE: THE VIEWS OF MACHIAVELLI AND
ERASMUS (Machiavelli, The Prince [1513] and Erasmus, DESIGNING THE PERFECT SOCIETY (Jalali’s Ethics) 460
Education of a Christian Prince [1516]) 383 THE POWER BEHIND THE THRONE (Nur Jahan,
Empress of Mughal India) 464
C H A P T E R 1 4 OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: THE CAPTURE OF PORT
HOOGLY (The Padshahnama and John Cabral, Travels of
THE GREAT CITY OF TIMBUKTU (Leo Africanus, History
Sebastian Manrique, 1629–1649) 466
and Description of Africa) 391
THE PORTUGUESE CONQUEST OF MALACCA (The
C H A P T E R 1 7
Commentaries of the Great Afonso de Albuquerque, Second
Viceroy of India) 395 THE ART OF PRINTING (Mateo Ricci, The Diary of
DIVIDING UP THE SPOILS OF EXPLORATION (The Matthew Ricci) 477
Treaty of Tordesillas [June 7, 1494]) 396 THE TRIBUTE SYSTEM IN ACTION (A Decree of
AN AZTEC’S LAMENT (Flowers and Songs of Sorrow) 399 Emperor Qianlong) 483
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: THE MARCH OF A PLEA FOR WOMEN’S EDUCATION (Chen Hongmou,
CIVILIZATION (Gonzalo Fernandez de Ovieda, Historia Jiaonu yigui) 487
General y Natural de las Indias and Bartolome de Las Casas, A PRESENT FOR LORD TOKITAKA (The Japanese
The Tears of the Indians) 403 Discover Firearms) 490
A SLAVE MARKET IN AFRICA (Slavery in Africa: A TOYOTOMI HIDEYOSHI EXPELS THE MISSIONARIES
Firsthand Report) 409 (Toyotomi Hideyoshi, Letter to the Viceroy of the
A PLEA BETWEEN FRIENDS (A Letter to King Jo~ao) 410 Indies) 492
IDOLATERS AND HEATHENS IN OLD SIAM OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: SOME CONFUCIAN
(Joost Schouten, A True Description of the Kingdom of COMMANDMENTS (Kangxi’s Sacred Edict and Maxims for
Siam) 415 Peasant Behavior in Tokugawa Japan) 495
DOCUMENTS j xix
C H A P T E R 1 8 OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: THE NATURAL RIGHTS OF
THE ATTACK ON RELIGIOUS INTOLERANCE (Voltaire, THE FRENCH PEOPLE: TWO VIEWS (Declaration of the
The Ignorant Philosopher and Voltaire, Candide) 509 Rights of Man and the Citizen and Declaration of the Rights
of Woman and the Female Citizen) 525–526
THE RIGHTS OF WOMEN (Mary Wollstonecraft,
Vindication of the Rights of Woman) 511 NAPOLEON AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WARFARE
(Napoleon Bonaparte, Proclamation to French Troops in Italy
BRITISH VICTORY IN INDIA (Robert Clive’s Account of [April 26, 1796]) 529
His Victory at Plassey) 520
THE STATE OF FRENCH FINANCES (Jacques Necker,
Preface to the King’s Accounts [1781]) 523
xx j DOCUMENTS
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Title: Dusty answer
Author: Rosamond Lehmann
Release date: January 6, 2024 [eBook #72642]
Language: English
Original publication: NYC: Henry Holt and Company, 1927
Credits: Chuck Greif and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team

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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DUSTY

ANSWER ***
DUSTY ANSWER
DUSTY ANSWER
By
Rosamond Lehmann
‘Ah, what a dusty answer gets the soul

When hot for certainties in this our life!’
George Meredith.
NEW YORK
Henry Holt and Company
1927
To
George Rylands
COPYRIGHT, 1927,
BY
HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY
FIRST PRINTED IN AMERICA

SEPTEMBER, 1927.
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

BY
QUINN & BODEN COMPANY, INC.
Part One, Part Two, Part Three, Part Four, Part Five.
PART ONE
W HEN Judith was eighteen, she saw that the house next door, empty for
years, was getting ready again. Gardeners mowed and mowed, and
rolled and rolled the tennis-court; and planted tulips and forget-me-
nots in the stone urns that bordered the lawn at the river’s edge. The ivy’s
long fingers were torn away from the windows, and the solid grey stone
front made prim and trim. When the blinds went up and the familiar oval
mirror-backs once more stared from the bedroom windows it seemed as if
the long time of emptiness had never been, and that the next-door children
must still be there with their grandmother,—mysterious and thrilling
children who came and went, and were all cousins except two who were
brothers, and all boys except one, who was a girl; and who dropped over the
peach-tree wall into Judith’s garden with invitations to tea and hide-and-
seek.
But in truth all was different now. The grandmother had died soon after
she heard Charlie was killed. He had been her favourite, her darling one. He
had, astoundingly, married the girl Mariella when they were both nineteen,
and he just going to the front. He had been killed directly, and some months
afterwards Mariella had had a baby.
Mariella was twenty-two years old now, Charlie’s widow with a child
Charlie had begotten. It seemed fantastic when you looked back and
remembered them both. The grandmother had left the house to Mariella,
and she was coming back to live there and have a gay time now that the war
was well over and Charlie (so you supposed) forgotten.
Would Mariella remember Judith next door, and how they used to share
a governess and do the same lessons in spite of Mariella’s four years’
seniority? Miss Pim wrote: ‘Judith is an exceptionally clever child,
especially about essays and botany. She laps up knowledge as a kitten laps
milk’. The letter had been left on Mamma’s desk: unforgettable, shameful,
triumphant day.
Mariella on the other hand—how she used to sit with her clear light eyes
blank, and her polite cool little treble saying: ‘Yes, Miss Pim,’ ‘No, Miss
Pim,’—and never be interested and never understand! She wrote like a
child of six. She would not progress. And yet, as Miss Pim said, Mariella
was by no means what you’d call a stupid girl.... By no means a stupid girl:
thrilling to Judith. Apart from the thrill which her own queerness gave, she
had upon her the reflected glory of the four boy-cousins who came for the
holidays,—Julian, Charlie, Martin and Roddy.
Now they were all grown up. Would they come back when Mariella
came? And would they remember Judith at all, and be glad to see her again?
She knew that, anyway, they would not remember so meticulously, so
achingly as herself: people never did remember her so hard as she
remembered them,—their faces especially. In earliest childhood it was plain
that nobody else realized the wonder, the portentous mystery of faces. Some
patterns were so pure, so clear and lovely you could go on looking at them
for ever. Charlie’s and Marietta’s were like that. It was odd that the same
bits of face shaped and arranged a little differently gave such deplorable
results. Julian was the ugly one. And sometimes the ugliest faces did things
that were suddenly lovely. Julian’s did. You dared not take eyes off a
stranger’s face for fear of missing a change in it.
‘My dear! How your funny little girl stares. She makes me quite
uncomfortable.’
‘Don’t worry, my dear. She doesn’t even see you. Always in the clouds.’
The stupids went on stupidly chattering. They little knew about faces.
They little knew what a fearful thing could happen to a familiar face—Miss
Pim’s for instance—surprised off its guard and broken up utterly into
grossness, withered into hatred or cunning; or what a mystery it was to see a
face day after day and find it always strange and surprising. Roddy’s was
that sort, though at first it had seemed quite dull and flat. It had some secret
in it.
At night in bed she invented faces, putting the pieces together till
suddenly there they were!—quite clear. They had names and vague sorts of
bodies and lived independent lives inside her head. Often they turned out to
have a likeness to Roddy. The truth was, Judith thought now, Roddy’s was a
dream rather than a real face. She felt she had never seen it as it actually
was, but always with that overstressed significance, that haunting quality of
curiousness which a face in a dream bears.
Queer Roddy must be twenty-one now; and Martin twenty; and Julian
twenty-four at least; and beautiful Charlie would have been Mariella’s age
if such an incredible thing had not happened to him. They would not want
anything to do with her. They would be grown up and smart, with friends
from London; and she still had her hair down and wore black cotton
stockings, and blushed wildly, hopelessly, eternally, when addressed in
public. It would be appalling to meet them again, remembering so much
they had certainly forgotten. She would be tongue-tied.
In the long spaces of being alone which they only, at rarer and rarer
intervals, broke, she had turned them over, fingered them so lovingly,
explored them so curiously that, melting into the darkly-shining enchanted
shadow-stuff of remembered childhood, they had become well-nigh
fantastic creatures. Presumably they had realised long ago that Charlie was
dead. When they came back again, without him, she would have to believe
it too. To see them again would be a deep wrenching sort of hurt. If only it
could be supposed it would hurt them too!... But Charlie had of course been
dead for years; and of course they did not know what it was to want to
know and understand and absorb people to such a degree that it was a fever.
Or if they did, it was not upon her, trifling female creature, that they applied
their endeavours. Even Martin, the stupid and ever-devoted, had felt, for a
certainty, no mysterious excitement about her.
When she looked backwards and thought about each of them separately,
there were only a few odd poignant trivialities of actual fact to remember.
Mariella’s hair was cut short like a boy’s. It came over her forehead in a
fringe, and beneath it her lucid mermaid’s eyes looked out in a blind
transparent stare, as if she were dazzled. Her skin was milk-white, her lips a
small pink bow, her neck very long on sloping shoulders, her body tall and
graceful with thin snakey long limbs. Her face was without expression,
composed and cool-looking. The only change it ever suffered was the
perfect upward lift of the lips when they smiled their limited smile. Her
voice was a small high flute, with few inflections, monotonous but soft and
sweet-tempered. She spoke little. She was remote and unruffled, coolly
friendly. She never told you things.
She had a great Dane and she went about alone with him for choice, her
arm round his neck. One day he was sick and started groaning, and his
stomach swelled and he went into the thickest part of the laurel bushes and
died of poison in half an hour. Mariella came from a French lesson in time
to receive his dying look. She thought he reproached her, and her head,
fainting in anguish, fell over his, and she said to him: ‘It wasn’t my fault.’
She lay beside him and would not move. The gardener buried him in the
evening and she lay on the grave, pale, extinguished and silent. When
Judith went home to supper she was still lying there. Nobody saw her cry,
and no one ever heard her speak of him again.
She was the one who always picked up naked baby-birds, and worms
and frogs and caterpillars. She had a toad which she loved, and she wanted
to keep a pet snake. One day she brought one home from the long-grass
meadow; but Miss Pim had a faint turn and the grandmother instructed
Julian to kill it in the back yard.
Charlie dared her to go three times running through the field with the
bull in it, and she did. Charlie wouldn’t. She could walk without a tremor
on the bit of the roof that made everyone else feel watery inside; and she
delighted in thunderstorms. Her hair crackled with electricity, and if she put
her fingers on you you felt a tiny tingling of shock. She was elated and
terrifying, standing at the window and smiling among all the flashes and
thunder-cracks.
Julian was the one she seemed to like best; but you never knew. She
moved among them all with detached undemanding good-humour.
Sometimes Judith thought Mariella despised her.
But she was kind too: she made funny jokes to cheer you up after tears.
Once Judith heard them whisper: ‘Let’s all run away from Judy’—and they
all did. They climbed up the poplar tree at the bottom of the garden and
made noises out of it at her, when she came by, pretending not to be looking
for them.
She went away and cried under the nursery sofa, hoping to die there
before discovery. The darkness had a thick dusty acrid smell, and breathing
was difficult. After hours, there were steps in the room; and then Mariella
lifted the sofa frill and looked in.
‘Judy, come out. There’s chocolate biscuits for tea.’
With a fresh burst of tears, Judith came.
‘Oo! You do look cry-ey.’ She was dismayed. ‘Shall I try to make you
laugh?’
Mariella unbuttoned her frock, stepped out of it and danced grotesquely
in her holland knickers. Judith began to giggle and sob at the same time.
‘I’m the fat man,’ said Mariella.
She blew out her cheeks, stuffed a cushion in her knickers and strutted
coarsely. That was irresistible. You had to squeal with laughter. After that
the others came in rather quietly and were very polite, not looking till her
face had stopped being blotched and covering her hiccups with cheerful
conversation. And after tea they asked her to choose the game. So
everything was all right.
It was autumn, and soon the lawn had a chill smoke-blue mist on it. All
the blurred heavy garden was as still as glass, bowed down, folded up into
itself, deaf, dumb and blind with secrets. Under the mist the silky river lay
flat and flawless, wanly shining. All the colours of sky and earth were thin
ghosts of themselves: and on the air were the troubling bitter-sweet odours
of decay.
When the children came from hiding in the bushes they looked all damp
and tender, with a delicate glow in their faces, and wet lashes, and drops of
wet on their hair. Their breath made mist in front of them. They were
beautiful and mysterious like the evening.
The happiness was a swelling pressure in the head and chest, too
exciting to bear. Going home under the willows in the little connecting
pathway between the two gardens Judith suddenly made up some poetry.
Stupid funny serious Martin had red cheeks and brown eyes and dirty
knees. His legs were very hairy for his age. He had an extremely kind
nature. He was the one they always teased and scored off. Charlie used to
say: ‘Let’s think of a sell for Martin,’ and when he had been sold, as he
always was, they danced in front of him shouting: ‘Sold again! Sold again!’
He never minded. Sometimes it was Judith who thought of the best sells,
which made her proud. She was very cruel to him, but he remained faithful
and loving, and occasionally sent her chaotic sheets of dirt and ink from
school, signing them: ‘Yrs truly, M. Fyfe.’
He loved Roddy too,—patiently, maternally. Sometimes they went about
each with an arm round the other’s neck; and they always chose each other
first in picking sides. Judith always prayed Charlie would pick her first, and
sometimes he did, but not always.
Martin had coagulated toffee in one pocket and hairy acid drops in the
other. He was always eating something. When there was nothing else he ate
raw onions and stank to Heaven.
He was the best of them all at running and chucking, and his muscle was
his fondest care and pride. What he liked best was to take Roddy or Judith
in the canoe and go bird’s nesting up the creek. Roddy did not tease him
about Judith—Roddy never cared what other people did enough to tease
them about it—but the others were apt to, so he was rather ashamed, and
spoke roughly and pushed her in public; and only showed he loved her
when they were alone together.
Once there was hide-and-seek and Charlie was he. Martin asked Judith
to hide with him. They lay in the orchard, under the hay-stack, with their
cheeks pressed into the warm sweet-smelling turf. Judith watched the
insects labouring over blades of grass; and Martin watched her.
‘Charlie’s a long time coming,’ said Judith.
‘I don’t think so. Lie still.’
Judith dropped back, rolled over and surveyed him out of the corner of
an eye. His face seen so near looked funny and rough and enormous; and
she laughed. He said:
‘The grass is wet. Sit on my chest.’
She sat on his hard chest and moved up and down as he breathed. He
said:
‘I say, which do you like best of us all?’
‘Oh, Charlie.... But I like you too.’
‘But not as much as Charlie?’
‘Oh no, not as much as Charlie.’
‘Couldn’t you like me as much?’
‘I don’t think so. I like him better than anyone.’
He sighed. She felt a little sorry for him and said:
‘But I like you next best,’ adding to herself, ‘I don’t think’—a sop to
God, who was always listening. For it was an untruth. Roddy came next,
then Julian, and then Martin. He was so boring and faithful, always
following her round and smelling slightly of perspiration and dirt, and so
entirely under her thumb that he almost had no part in the mysterious
thrillingness of the children next door. She had to think of him in his
detached aspects, running faster than anyone else, or diving for things at the
bottom of the river before he became part of it: or else she had to remember
him with Roddy’s arm flung over his shoulder. That gave him a glamour. It
was thrilling to think of being friends with a person—especially with Roddy
—to that extent. It was no use praying that Charlie would be willing to walk
about like that with her. He would never dream of it.
Charlie was beautiful as a prince. He was fair and tall with long bright
golden hair that he tossed back from his forehead, and a pale clear skin. He
had a lovely straight white nose, and a girl’s mouth with full lips slightly
apart, and a jutting cleft chin. He kept his shirt collar unbuttoned, and the
base of his throat showed white as a snowdrop. His knees were very white
too. Judith thought of him night and day. At night she pretended he was in
bed beside her; she told him stories and sang him to sleep: and he said he
liked her better than anyone else and would marry her when they grew up.
He went to sleep with a moonbeam across his brow and she watched over
him till morning. He fell into awful dangers and she rescued him; he had
accidents and she carried him for miles soothing his groans. He was ill and
she nursed him, holding his hand through the worst of the delirium.
He called out: ‘Judith! Judith! Why don’t you come?’ and she answered:
‘I am here, darling,’ and he opened his eyes and recognised her and
whispered, ‘Stay with me,’ and fell into a peaceful refreshing sleep. And the
doctor said, ‘We had all given him up; but your love has pulled him
through.’
Then she fell ill herself, worn out with watching and anxiety. Charlie
came to her and with tears implored her to live that he might show his
gratitude. Sometimes she did; but sometimes she died; and Charlie
dedicated his ruined life to her, tending her grave and weeping daily. From
the bottom of the grave she looked up and saw him pale and grief-stricken,
planting violets.
Nothing in the least like that ever really happened in spite of prayers. He
was quite indifferent.
Once she spent the night next door because Mamma and Papa were
away and Nurse’s mother was going at last. It seemed too exciting to be
true, but it happened. The grandmother said she was Mariella’s little guest,
so Mariella showed her the visitors’ lavatory. Charlie met her coming out of
it, and passed by politely, pretending not to notice. It was a great pity. She
had hoped to appear noble in all her works to him. There was no chance
now. It nearly made the visit a failure.
They had a midnight feast of caramels and banana mess which Julian
knew how to make because he was at Eton; and next morning Charlie did
not come to breakfast and Julian said he had been sick in the night and gone
to Grannie. He was always the one to be sick after things. They went up to
see him, and he was in bed with a basin beside him, flushed and very cross.
He turned to the wall and told them to get out. He spoke to the grandmother
in a whining baby voice and would not let her leave him. Julian muttered
that he was a spoilt sugar-baby and they all went away again. So the visit
was quite a failure. Judith went home pondering.
But next time she saw him he was so beautiful and lordly she had to go
on worshipping. Secretly she recognised his faults, but it was no use: she
had to worship him.
Once they turned out all the lights and played hide and seek. The
darkness in the hall was like crouching enormous black velvet animals.
Suddenly Charlie whispered: ‘Come on, let’s look together;’ and his damp
hand sought hers and clutched it, and she knew he was afraid of the dark.
He pretended he was brave and she the frightened one, but he trembled and
would not let go her hand. It was wonderful, touching and protecting him in
the dark: it made the blackness lose its terrors. When the lights went on
again he was inclined to swagger. But Julian looked at him with his sharp
jeering look. He knew.
Julian and Charlie had terrible quarrels. Julian was always quite quiet:
only his eyes and tongue snapped and bit. He was dreadfully sarcastic. The
quiet things he said lashed and tortured Charlie to screaming frenzies; and
he would give a little dry bit of laugh now and then as he observed the
boiling up of his brother. Once they fought with croquet mallets on the
lawn, and even Mariella was alarmed. And once Charlie picked up an open
penknife and flung it. Julian held his hand up. The knife was stuck in the
palm. He looked at it heavily, and a haggard sick horror crept over his face
and he fainted with a bang on the floor. Everybody thought he was dead.
But the grandmother said ‘Nonsense’ when Martin went to her and
announced the fatality; and she was right. After she had revived and
bandaged him, poor trembling Charlie was sent in to apologise. Later all the
others went in, full of awe and reverence, and everybody was rather
embarrassed. Charlie was a trifle hysterical and turned somersaults and
threw himself about, making noises in his throat. Everybody giggled a lot
with the relief, and Julian was very gentle and modest on the sofa. After
that Julian and Charlie were better friends and sometimes called each other
‘Old chap.’
Once at a children’s gymkhana that somebody had, Charlie fell down;
and when he saw a trickle of blood on his knee he went white and began to
whimper. He never could bear blood. Some of the gymkhana children
looked mocking and whispered, and Julian came along and told them to
shut up, very fiercely. Then he patted Charlie on the back and said: ‘Buck
up, old chap,’ and put an arm round him and took him up to the house to be
bandaged. Judith watched them going away, pressed close to each other, the
backs of their heads and their thin childish shoulders looking lonely and
pathetic. She thought suddenly: ‘They’ve no Mother and Father;’ and her
throat ached.
Charlie sometimes told you things. Once, after one of the quarrels,
chucking pebbles into the river, he said:
‘It’s pretty rotten Julian and me always quarreling.’
‘But it’s his fault, Charlie.’
‘Oh, I dare say it’s just as much mine.’
Magnanimous Charlie.
‘Oh no, he’s so beastly to you. I think he’s a horrid boy.’
‘Rot! What do you know about it?’ he said indignantly. ‘He’s ripping
and he’s jolly clever too. Much cleverer than me. He thinks I’m an awful
ass.’
‘Oh, you’re not.’
‘Well he thinks so,’ he said gloomily. ‘I expect I am.’
It was terrible to see him so depressed.
‘I don’t think so, Charlie.’ Then fearfully plunging: ‘I wish you were my
brother.’
He hurled a pebble, watched it strike the water, got up to go and said
charmingly:
‘Well, I wish you were my sister.’
And at once it was clear he did not really mean it. He did not care. He
was used to people adoring him, wanting from him what he never gave but
always charmingly pretended to give. It was a deep pang in the heart. She
cried out inwardly: ‘Ah, you don’t mean it!...’ Yet at the same time there
was the melting glow because he had after all said it.
Another time he took a pin out of his coat and said:
‘D’you see what this is?’
‘A pin.’
‘Guess where I found it.’
‘In the seat of your chair.’
The flippancy was misplaced. He ignored it and said impressively:
‘In my pudding at school.’
‘Oh!’
‘I nearly swallowed it.’
‘Oh!’
‘If I had I’d ‘a’ died.’
He stared at her.
‘Oh, Charlie!...’
‘You can keep it if you like.’
He was so beautiful, so gracious, so munificent that words failed....
She put the pin in a sealed envelope and wrote on it. “The pin that nearly
killed C.F.” with the date; and laid it away in the washstand drawer with her
will and a bit of uncut turquoise, and some shells, and a piece of bark from
the poplar tree that fell down in the garden. After that she was a good deal
encouraged to hope he might marry her.
Sometimes Charlie and Mariella looked alike—clear, bloodlessly cool;
and they both adored dogs and talked a special language to them. But
Charlie was all nerve, vulnerable, easy to trouble; and Mariella seemed
quite impervious. They disliked each other. He thought she despised him,
and it made him nag and try to score off her. Yet they had this subtle
likeness.
Sometimes Charlie played the piano for hours. He and Julian
remembered tunes in their heads and could play them correctly even if they
had only heard them whistled once. If one could not remember a bar, the
other could: they supplemented each other. It was thrilling to hear them.
They were wrapped in shining mists of glory. When Charlie sang Christmas
carols his voice was heart-breakingly sweet and he looked like the little
choir boy, too saintly, too blue-eyed to live,—which made Judith anxious.
The grandmother used to wipe her eyes when he sang, and say to Judith,
just as if she had been grown up, that he was the image of his dear father.
The grandmother did not love Julian in the same way, though sometimes
in the evening she would stroke his rough stormy-looking head as he lay on
the floor, and say very pityingly: ‘Poor old boy.’ He used to shut his eyes
tight when she said it, and let himself be stroked for a minute, then jerk
away. He always did things twice as vehemently as other people. He never
shut his eyes without screwing them up. At first you thought he was just
beastly, but later you found he was pathetic as well and knew why she said:
‘Poor old boy’ with that particular inflection. Later still you varied hating
him with almost loving him.
Judith was the only one he never mocked at. She was quite immune. He
did not always take notice of her, of course, being at Eton, and she much
younger; but when he did, he was always kindly—even interested; so that it
seemed unjust to dislike him so much, except for Charlie’s sake.
He was an uncomfortable person. If you had been alone with him it was
a relief to get back to the others. His senses were too acute, his mind too
angular. He would not let anything alone. He was always prying and poking
restlessly, testing and examining, and making you do the same, insistently
holding your attention as long as he wanted it, so that his company was
quite exhausting. He always hoped to find people more intelligent, more
interesting than they were, and he would not let them alone till he had
discovered their inadequacy and thrown them away.
But the more he poked at a person’s mind, the more that person
withdrew. He had that knack. He spent his time doing himself no good,
repelling where he hoped to attract. He was of a didactical turn of mind. He
loved instructing; and he knew so much about his subjects and was so
anxious to impart all he knew that he would go on and on and on. It was
very tiresome. Judith was too polite to show her boredom, so she got a lot
of instruction. Sometimes he tried when they were alone together to make
her tell him her thoughts, which would have been terribly embarrassing but
that he soon lost interest in them and turned to his own. He himself had a
great many thoughts which he threw at her pell mell. He had contemptuous
ideas about religion. He had just become an unbeliever, and he said ‘God’
in quite an ordinary unashamed conversational voice. Sometimes she
understood his thoughts, or pretended to, to save the explanation, and
sometimes she let him explain, because it made him so pleased and
enthusiastic. He would contort himself all over with agony searching for the
right, the perfect words in which to express himself, and if he was satisfied
at the end he hummed a little tune. He loved words passionately: he
invented very good ones. Also he made the most screamingly funny
monstrous faces to amuse them all, if he felt cheerful. Generally however,
he was morose when they were all together, and went away alone, looking
as if he despised and distrusted them. Judith discovered he did not really
prefer to be alone: he liked one other person, a listener. It made him light up
impetuously and talk and talk. The others thought him conceited, and he
was; yet all the time he was less conceited than self-abasing and sensitive,
less overbearing than diffident. He could not laugh at himself, only at
others; and he never forgave a person who laughed at him.
He told untruths to a disconcerting extent. Judith told a great many
herself, so she was very quick to detect his, and always extremely shocked.
Once the grandmother said:
‘Who broke the punt pole?’
And they all said:
‘I didn’t.’
Then she said patiently:
‘Well, who went punting yesterday?’ And Martin, red and anxious with
his desire to conceal nothing cried joyfully: ‘I did.’—adding almost with
disappointment: ‘But I didn’t break the pole.’ His truthfulness was quite
painfully evident. Nobody had broken the pole.
Julian whistled carelessly for a bit after that, so Judith knew.
Sometimes he invented dreams, pretending he had really dreamt them.
Judith always guessed when the dreams were untruths, though often they
were very clever and absurd, just like real dreams. She made up dreams too,
so he could not deceive her. She knew the recipe for the game; and that, try
as you would, some betraying touch was bound to creep in.
In the same way he could not deceive her about the adventures he had
had, the queer people he had met, plausible as they were. Made-up people
were real enough, but only in their own worlds, which were each as
different from the world your body lived in as the people who made them
were different from each other. The others always believed him when they
bothered to listen; they had not the imagination to find him out. Judith as a
fellow artist was forced to judge his lies intellectually, in spite of moral
indignation.
He was rather mean about sweets. Often he bought a bagful of acid
drops, and after handing them round once went away and finished them by
himself. Sometimes when Judith was with him he sucked away and never
once said: ‘Have one.’ But another time he bought her eightpence worth all
to herself and took her for a beetle walk. He adored beetles. He knew their
names in Latin, and exactly how many thousand eggs a minute they laid
and what they ate, and where and how long they lived. Coming back he put
his arm round her and she was proud, though she wished he were Charlie.
He read a lot and sometimes he was secretive about it. He stayed in the
bath room whole afternoons reading dictionaries or the Arabian Nights.
He was the only one who was said to know for certain how babies were
born. When the others aired their theories he laughed in a superior way.
Then one day after they had all been persuading him he said, surly and
brief: ‘Well, haven’t you noticed animals, idiots?’ And after they had
consulted amongst themselves a bit they all thought they understood, except
Martin, and Marietta had to explain to him.
Julian played the piano better than Charlie; he played so that it was
impossible not to listen. But he was not, as Charlie was, a pure vessel for
receiving music and pouring it forth again. Judith thought Charlie
undoubtedly lapped up music as a kitten lapped milk.
Julian said privately that he intended to write an opera. It was too
thrilling for words. He had already composed a lovely thing called ‘Spring’
with trills, and an imitation of a cuckoo recurring in it. It was wonderful,—
exactly like a real cuckoo. Another composition was called ‘The Dance of
the Stag-Beetles.’ That was very funny. You simply saw the stag-beetles
lumping solemnly round. It made everybody laugh—even the grandmother.
Then Roddy invented a dance for it which was as funny as the music; and it
became a regular thing to be done on rainy days. Julian himself preferred
‘Spring.’ He said it was a bigger thing altogether.
Roddy was the queerest little boy. He was the most unreal and thrilling
of all because he was there so rarely. His parents were not dead like Julian’s
and Charlie’s, or abroad like Martin’s or divorced and disgraced like
Mariella’s. (Mariella’s mother had run away with a Russian Pole, whatever
that was, when Mariella was a baby; and after that her father ... there Nurse
had broken off impressively and tilted an imaginary bottle to her lips when
she was whispering about it to the housemaid.)
Roddy’s parents lived in London and allowed him to come on a week’s
visit once every holiday. Roddy scarcely ever spoke. He had a pale, flat
secret face and yellow-brown eyes with a twinkling light remote at the back
of them. He had a ruffled dark shining head and a queer smile that you
watched for because it was not like anyone else’s. His lip lifted suddenly off
his white teeth and then turned down at the corners in a bitter-sweet way.
When you saw it you said ‘Ah!’ to yourself, with a little pang, and stared,—
it was so queer. He had a trick of spreading out his hands and looking at
them,—brown broad hands with long crooked fingers that were magical
when they held a pencil and could draw anything. He had another trick of
rubbing his eyes with his fist like a baby, and that made you say ‘Ah!’ too,
with a melting, quick sort of pang, wanting to touch him. His eyes fluttered
in a strong light: they were weak and set so far apart that, with their upward
sweep, they seemed to go round the corners and, seen in profile, to be set in
his head like a funny bird’s. He reminded you of something fabulous—a
Chinese fairy-story. He was thin and odd and graceful; and there was a
suggestion about him of secret animals that go about by night.
Once Judith saw a hawthorn hedge in winter, shining darkly with recent
rain. Deep in the heart of its strong maze of twigs moved a shadowy bird
pecking, darting silently about in its small mysterious confined loneliness
after a glowing berry or two. Suddenly Judith thought of Roddy. It was
ridiculous of course, but there it was: the suggestion came of itself with the
same queer pull of surprise and tenderness. A noiseless, intent creature
moving alone among small brilliancies in a profound maze: there was—oh,
what was there that was all of Roddy in that?

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MAPS xi 8 EARLY CIVILIZATIONS IN AFRICA 212

3 CHINA IN ANTIQUITY 63 15 EUROPE TRANSFORMED: REFORM AND STATE

6 THE AMERICAS 158 GLOSSARY 535

MAPS xi The Rise of New Empires 27

1 EARLY HUMANS AND THE FIRST

Caste and Class: Social Structures in Ancient India 44

4 THE CIVILIZATION OF THE GREEKS 93

7 FERMENT IN THE MIDDLE EAST: THE RISE OF

China After the Han 269 12 THE MAKING OF EUROPE 324

The Apogee of Chinese Culture

14 NEW ENCOUNTERS: THE CREATION OF A

Conﬂict Between King and Parliament 439

Governing the Empires 399

15 EUROPE TRANSFORMED: REFORM AND

The First Humans 3 The European Kingdoms 345

Title: Dusty answer

Author: Rosamond Lehmann

Release date: January 6, 2024 [eBook #72642]

Original publication: NYC: Henry Holt and Company, 1927

Credits: Chuck Greif and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DUSTY

‘Ah, what a dusty answer gets the soul

FIRST PRINTED IN AMERICA

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