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BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODS
This edition is dedicated to the memory of Professor Alan Bryman (1947-2017). H ­ undreds
of thousands of students across six continents have been fortunate enough to learn from
Alan’s publications. Few contemporary UK academics have had such a profound effect on
learning. At Oxford University Press we are incredibly proud of Alan’s significant achieve-
ments over the many years we worked with him. We thank him for everything he has done
for research methods as a discipline, and for his tireless dedication to the pursuit of shining
the light of understanding into the dark corners of students’ minds. It was a real pleasure
to work with him.
BUSINESS
RESEARCH METHODS
Fifth Edition

Emma Bell
Alan Bryman
Bill Harley

1
 1
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP,
United Kingdom
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship,
and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of
Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries
© Bell, Bryman and Harley 2019
The moral rights of the authors have been asserted
Second Edition 2007
Third Edition 2011
Fourth Edition 2015
Impression: 1
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the
prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted
by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics
rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the
above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the
address above
You must not circulate this work in any other form
and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer
Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press
198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Data available
Library of Congress Control Number: 2018949231
ISBN 978–0–19–254590–9
Printed in Italy by L.E.G.O. S.p.A.
Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and
for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials
contained in any third party website referenced in this work.
BRIEF CONTENTS

PARTONE THE RESEARCH PROCESS 1

1 The nature and process of business research 3

2 Business research strategies 17
3 Research designs 44
4 Planning a research project and developing research questions 75
5 Getting started: reviewing the literature 89
6 Ethics in business research 109
7 Writing up business research 137

PARTTWO QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH 161

8 The nature of quantitative research 163

9 Sampling in quantitative research 185
10 Structured interviewing 207
11 Self-completion questionnaires 231
12 Asking questions 252
13   Quantitative research using naturally occurring data 272
14   Secondary analysis and official statistics 294
15   Quantitative data analysis 310
16   Using IBM SPSS statistics 333

PARTTHREE QUALITATIVE RESEARCH 353

17   The nature of qualitative research 355

18   Sampling in qualitative research 388
19   Ethnography and participant observation 403
20   Interviewing in qualitative research 433
21  Focus groups 462
22   Language in qualitative research 482
23   Documents as sources of data 499
24   Qualitative data analysis 517
25   Computer-assisted qualitative data analysis: using NVivo 538

PARTFOUR MIXED METHODS RESEARCH 555

26   Breaking down the quantitative/qualitative divide 557

27   Mixed methods research: combining quantitative and qualitative research 568
DETAILED CONTENTS

Abbreviations xxvii
About the authors xxviii
About the students and supervisors xxx
Guided tour of textbook features xxxii
Guided tour of the online resources xxxiv
About the book xxxvi
Acknowledgements xlii
Editorial Advisory Panel xliii

PARTONE THE RESEARCH PROCESS 1

Chapter 1 The nature and process of business research 3

Introduction 4
What is ‘business research’? 4
Why do business research? 4
Business research methods in context 5
Relevance to practice 6
The process of business research 8
Literature review 8
Concepts and theories 8
Research questions 9
Sampling 11
Data collection 11
Data analysis 12
Writing up 12
The messiness of business research 13
Key points 15
Questions for review 15

Chapter 2 Business research strategies 17

Introduction: the nature of business research 18
Theory and research 19
What is theory? 19
Deductive and inductive logics of inquiry 20
Philosophical assumptions in business research 25
Ontological considerations 26
Objectivism 26
Constructionism 27
Epistemological considerations 29
A natural science epistemology: positivism 30
Interpretivism 30
Research paradigms 34
viii Detailed contents

Developing a research strategy: quantitative or qualitative? 35

Other considerations 37
Values 37
Practicalities 39
Key points 42
Questions for review 42

Chapter 3 Research designs 44

Introduction 45
Quality criteria in business research 46
Reliability 46
Replicability 46
Validity 46
Research designs 48
Experimental design 48
Cross-sectional design 58
Longitudinal design 61
Case study design 63
Comparative design 68
Level of analysis 71
Bringing research strategy and research design together 72
Key points 73
Questions for review 73

Chapter 4 Planning a research project and developing

research questions 75
Introduction 76
Getting to know what is expected of you by your university 76
Thinking about your research area 76
Using your supervisor 77
Managing time and resources 79
Developing suitable research questions 80
Criteria for evaluating research questions 85
Writing your research proposal 86
Checklist 87
Key points 88
Questions for review 88

Chapter 5 Getting started: reviewing the literature 89

Introduction 90
Reviewing the literature and engaging with what others
have written 91
Reading critically 92
Systematic review 92
Narrative review 97
Searching databases 98
Online databases 98
Keywords and defining search parameters 100
Making progress 102
Referencing 103
The role of the bibliography 104
 Detailed contents ix
Avoiding plagiarism 105
Checklist 107
Key points 107
Questions for review 108

Chapter 6 Ethics in business research 109

Introduction 110
The importance of research ethics 112
Ethical principles 114
Avoidance of harm 114
Informed consent 118
Privacy 123
Preventing deception 123
Other ethical and legal considerations 124
Data management 124
Copyright 125
Reciprocity and trust 126
Affiliation and conflicts of interest 127
Visual methods and research ethics 129
Ethical considerations in online research 130
The political context of business research 132
Checklist 135
Key points 135
Questions for review 136

Chapter 7 Writing up business research 137

Introduction 138
Writing academically 138
Writing up your research 140
Start early 141
Be persuasive 141
Get feedback 142
Avoid discriminatory language 142
Structure your writing 143
Writing up quantitative and qualitative research 147
An example of quantitative research 147
Introduction 148
Role congruity theory 148
Goals of the present study 148
Methods 149
Results 149
Discussion 149
Lessons 150
An example of qualitative research 152
Introduction 152
Loving to labour: identity in business schools 153
Methodology 153
Research findings 153
Discussion 153
Summary and conclusion 154
Lessons 155
x Detailed contents

Reflexivity and its implications for writing 156

Writing differently 156
Checklist 157
Key points 158
Questions for review 159

PARTTWO QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH 161

Chapter 8 The nature of quantitative research 163

Introduction 164
The main steps in quantitative research 164
Concepts and their measurement 167
What is a concept? 167
Why measure? 168
Indicators 168
Dimensions of concepts 169
Reliability of measures 172
Stability 172
Internal reliability 173
Inter-rater reliability 173
Validity of measures 174
Face validity 174
Concurrent validity 174
Predictive validity 174
Convergent validity 175
Discriminant validity 175
The connection between reliability and validity 175
The main preoccupations of quantitative researchers 175
Measurement 176
Causality 177
Generalization 177
Replication 178
The critique of quantitative research 180
Criticisms of quantitative research 181
Is it always like this? 182
Reverse operationism 182
Reliability and validity testing 182
Sampling 183
Key points 183
Questions for review 184

Chapter 9 Sampling in quantitative research 185

Introduction 186
Introduction to sampling 187
Sampling error 189
Types of probability sample 191
Simple random sample 191
Systematic sample 191
Stratified random sampling 192
 Detailed contents xi
Multi-stage cluster sampling 192
The qualities of a probability sample 193
Sample size 195
Absolute and relative sample size 195
Time and cost 196
Non-response 196
Heterogeneity of the population 197
Types of non-probability sampling 197
Convenience sampling 197
Quota sampling 198
Limits to generalization 201
Error in survey research 202
Sampling issues for online surveys 202
Key points 204
Questions for review 205

Chapter 10 Structured interviewing 207

Introduction 208
The structured interview 208
Reducing error due to interviewer variability 208
Accuracy and ease of data processing 210
Other types of interview 210
Interview contexts 212
More than one interviewee 212
More than one interviewer 212
In person or by telephone? 212
Computer-assisted interviewing 214
Conducting interviews 215
Know the schedule 215
Introducing the research 215
Rapport 216
Asking questions 216
Recording answers 217
Clear instructions 217
Question order 217
Probing 219
Prompting 220
Leaving the interview 221
Training and supervision 221
Other approaches to structured interviewing 222
The critical incident method 222
Projective methods, pictorial methods, and photo-elicitation 223
The verbal protocol approach 226
Problems with structured interviewing 226
Characteristics of interviewers 226
Response sets 227
The problem of meaning 228
Key points 229
Questions for review 229
xii Detailed contents

Chapter 11 Self-completion questionnaires 231

Introduction 232
Different kinds of self-completion questionnaires 232
Evaluating the self-completion questionnaire in relation to
the structured interview 232
Advantages of the self-completion questionnaire over the
structured interview 233
Disadvantages of the self-completion questionnaire in
comparison to the structured interview 234
Steps to improve response rates to postal and online
questionnaires 235
Designing the self-completion questionnaire 237
Do not cramp the presentation 237
Clear presentation 237
Vertical or horizontal closed answers? 238
Identifying response sets in a Likert scale 239
Clear instructions about how to respond 239
Keep question and answers together 240
Email and online surveys 240
Email surveys 240
Web-based surveys 241
Comparing modes of survey administration 242
Diaries as a form of self-completion questionnaire 245
Advantages and disadvantages of the diary as a method
of data collection 247
Experience and event sampling 248
Key points 251
Questions for review 251

Chapter 12 Asking questions 252

Introduction 253
Open or closed questions? 253
Open questions 253
Closed questions 254
Types of question 256
Rules for designing questions 258
General rules of thumb 258
Specific rules when designing questions 258
Vignette questions 263
Piloting and pre-testing questions 265
Using existing questions 265
Checklist 268
Key points 269
Questions for review 270

Chapter 13 Quantitative research using naturally occurring data 272

Introduction 273
Structured observation 273
The observation schedule 275
Strategies for observing behaviour 275
 Detailed contents xiii
Sampling for structured observation 276
Sampling people 276
Sampling in terms of time 276
Further sampling considerations 276
Issues of reliability and validity 278
Reliability 278
Validity 278
Criticisms of structured observation 279
On the other hand … 280
Content analysis 280
What are the research questions? 281
Selecting a sample for content analysis 282
Sampling media 282
Sampling dates 282
What is to be counted? 283
Significant actors 283
Words 283
Subjects and themes 284
Dispositions 284
Images 284
Coding in content analysis 285
Coding schedule 286
Coding manual 286
Potential pitfalls in devising coding schemes 288
Advantages of content analysis 290
Disadvantages of content analysis 290
Key points 291
Questions for review 292

Chapter 14 Secondary analysis and official statistics 294

Introduction 295
Other researchers’ data 295
Advantages of secondary analysis 296
Limitations of secondary analysis 301
Accessing data archives 302
Archival proxies and meta-analysis 304
Official statistics 306
Reliability and validity 308
Official statistics as a form of unobtrusive measure 308
Key points 308
Questions for review 309

Chapter 15 Quantitative data analysis 310

Introduction 311
A small research project 311
Missing data 313
Types of variable 316
Univariate analysis 318
Frequency tables 318
Diagrams 319
xiv Detailed contents

Measures of central tendency 320

Measures of dispersion 320
Bivariate analysis 321
Relationships, not causality 321
Contingency tables 322
Pearson’s r 323
Spearman’s rho 324
Phi and Cramér’s V 325
Comparing means and eta 325
Multivariate analysis 326
Could the relationship be spurious? 326
Could there be an intervening variable? 326
Could a third variable moderate the relationship? 326
Statistical significance 327
The chi-square test 328
Correlation and statistical significance 330
Comparing means and statistical significance 330
Key points 331
Questions for review 331

Chapter 16 Using IBM SPSS statistics 333

Introduction 334
Getting started in SPSS 335
Beginning SPSS 335
Entering data in the Data Viewer 335
Defining variables: variable names, missing values,
variable labels, and value labels 337
Recoding variables 338
Computing a new variable 340
Data analysis with SPSS 341
Generating a frequency table 341
Generating a bar chart 342
Generating a pie chart 342
Generating a histogram 343
Generating the arithmetic mean, median,
standard deviation, range, and boxplots 343
Generating a contingency table, chi-square,
and Cramér’s V 343
Generating Pearson’s r and Spearman’s rho 344
Generating scatter diagrams 345
Comparing means and eta 346
Generating a contingency table with
three variables 346
Further operations in SPSS 347
Saving your data 347
Retrieving your data 351
Printing output 351
Key points 351
Questions for review 352
 Detailed contents xv
PARTTHREE QUALITATIVE RESEARCH 353

Chapter 17 The nature of qualitative research 355

Introduction 356
The main steps in qualitative research 357
Theory and research 360
Concepts in qualitative research 361
Reliability and validity in qualitative research 362
Adapting reliability and validity for qualitative research 362
Alternative criteria for evaluating qualitative research 363
Overview of the issue of criteria 365
The main preoccupations of qualitative researchers 366
Seeing through the eyes of people being studied 366
Description and emphasis on context 367
Emphasis on process 368
Flexibility and limited structure 369
Concepts and theory grounded in data 369
Not just words 369
The critique of qualitative research 374
Qualitative research is too subjective 374
Qualitative research is difficult to replicate 374
Problems of generalization 374
Lack of transparency 375
Is it always like this? 376
Contrasts between quantitative and qualitative research 376
Similarities between quantitative and qualitative research 378
Researcher–participant relationships 379
Action research 379
Feminism and qualitative research 381
Postcolonial and indigenous research 384
Key points 385
Questions for review 386

Chapter 18 Sampling in qualitative research 388

Introduction 389
Levels of sampling 390
Purposive sampling 391
Theoretical sampling 391
Generic purposive sampling 394
Snowball sampling 395
Sample size 397
Not just people 399
Using more than one sampling approach 400
Key points 401
Questions for review 401

Chapter 19 Ethnography and participant observation 403

Introduction 404
Organizational ethnography 405
xvi Detailed contents

Access 407
Overt versus covert? 410
Ongoing access 411
Key informants 413
Roles for ethnographers 413
Active or passive? 414
Shadowing 415
Field notes 416
Types of field notes 417
Bringing ethnographic fieldwork to an end 418
Feminist ethnography 419
Global and multi-site ethnography 420
Virtual ethnography 421
Visual ethnography 425
Writing ethnography 426
Realist tales 426
Other approaches 428
Key points 431
Questions for review 431

Chapter 20 Interviewing in qualitative research 433

Introduction 434
Differences between the structured interview and the
qualitative interview 435
Asking questions in the qualitative interview 436
Preparing an interview guide 439
Kinds of questions 441
Using an interview guide: an example 443
Recording and transcription 445
Non-face-to-face interviews 450
Telephone interviewing 451
Online interviews 451
Interviews using Skype 452
Life history and oral history interviews 454
Feminist interviewing 455
Merits and limitations of qualitative interviewing 457
Advantages of qualitative interviews 457
Disadvantages of qualitative interviews 458
Checklist 459
Key points 460
Questions for review 460

Chapter 21 Focus groups 462

Introduction 463
Uses of focus groups 464
Conducting focus groups 465
Recording and transcription 465
How many groups? 466
Size of groups 468
Level of moderator involvement 468
Selecting participants 470
 Detailed contents xvii
Asking questions 470
Beginning and finishing 471
Group interaction in focus group sessions 472
Online focus groups 473
The focus group as an emancipatory method 476
Limitations of focus groups 478
Checklist 479
Key points 480
Questions for review 480

Chapter 22 Language in qualitative research 482

Introduction 483
Discourse analysis 483
Main features of discourse analysis 484
Interpretive repertoires and detailed procedures 486
Critical discourse analysis 488
Narrative analysis 489
Rhetorical analysis 491
Conversation analysis 493
Overview 496
Key points 497
Questions for review 497

Chapter 23 Documents as sources of data 499

Introduction 500
Personal documents 500
Public documents 503
Organizational documents 504
Media outputs 506
Visual documents 507
Documents as ‘texts’ 510
Interpreting documents 511
Qualitative content analysis 511
Semiotics 512
Historical analysis 512
Checklist 514
Key points 515
Questions for review 515

Chapter 24 Qualitative data analysis 517

Introduction 518
Thematic analysis 519
Grounded theory 521
Tools of grounded theory 521
Outcomes of grounded theory 522
Memos 524
Criticisms of grounded theory 525
More on coding 530
Steps and considerations in coding 531
Turning data into fragments 531
The critique of coding 533
xviii Detailed contents

Secondary analysis of qualitative data 534

Key points 537
Questions for review 537

Chapter 25 Computer-assisted qualitative data analysis: using NVivo 538

Introduction 539
Is CAQDAS like quantitative data analysis software? 539
No industry leader 539
Limited acceptance of CAQDAS 539
Learning NVivo 541
Coding 542
Searching data 550
Memos 552
Saving an NVivo project 553
Opening an existing NVivo project 553
Final thoughts 553
Key points 553
Questions for review 553

PARTFOUR MIXED METHODS RESEARCH 555

Chapter 26 Breaking down the quantitative/qualitative divide 557

Introduction 558
The natural science model and qualitative research 558
Quantitative research and interpretivism 560
Quantitative research and constructionism 561
Epistemological and ontological considerations 561
Problems with the quantitative/qualitative contrast 562
Behaviour versus meaning 562
Theory tested in research versus theory emergent from data 562
Numbers versus words 562
Artificial versus natural 563
Reciprocal analysis 564
Qualitative analysis of quantitative data 564
Quantitative analysis of qualitative data 565
Quantification in qualitative research 565
Thematic analysis 565
Quasi-quantification in qualitative research 566
Combating anecdotalism through limited quantification 566
Key points 566
Questions for review 567

Chapter 27 Mixed methods research: combining quantitative

and qualitative research 568
Introduction 569
The arguments against mixed methods research 569
The embedded methods argument 569
The paradigm argument 570
Two versions of the debate about quantitative and
qualitative research 570
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 + N Y Times p9 D 12 ’20 80w

ELIAS, MRS EDITH L. Periwinkle’s island. il

*$1.50 (4c) Lippincott

An English story for children, all about the surprising adventures

of Meg, Peg and Topkins, who go to the country with their mother,
the queen, Fuzzy Wuzz, their nurse, and Tut-Tut, their tutor. Only
good children are allowed to land on Periwinkle’s island and at first
attempt Meg, Peg and Topkins can not pass the test, but they
improve and after the second trial go ashore to take part in the great
chase after the Creepingo, aided by the Top Twins, the Elastic Dog
and other queer folk. The pictures in color are by Molly Benatar.

Reviewed by Hildegarde Hawthorne

+ N Y Times p9 D 12 ’20 70w

ELIOT, CHARLES WILLIAM. Road to unity

among the Christian churches. *$1 (8½c) Am.
Unitar. 280

20–2426

This little volume contains the first lecture delivered under the
Arthur Emmons Pearson foundation, established in 1918 with the
object of promoting “the advancement of mutual understanding and
helpfulness between the people of all denominations and creeds.” Dr
Eliot points out the factors that have promoted division in the past
and then enumerates the present forces that are encouraging
unification. He says, “To the United States the world is indebted for
the demonstration that on the principle of federation a strong, stable,
and just government can be constructed.... The same principle
applied to the divided Christian churches will produce analogous
good results; but as in a group of federated states federation will not
be fusion.”

+ Ind 103:318 S 11 ’20 50w

ELIOT, SAMUEL ATKINS, ed. Little theater

classics, v 2 il *$1.50 Little 808.2

18–19312

This is volume two of “Little theater classics” adapted and edited

by Samuel Atkins Eliot, jr. Each one of the four plays has an
introduction giving its origin and history, and staging suggestions.
The plays are: Patelin, from “Maître Pierre Pathelin” by Guillaume
Alécis; Abraham and Isaac, from the Book of Brome and the Chester
cycle of miracles; The loathed lover, from “The changeling” of
Middleton and Rowley; Sganarelle, or, Imaginary horns, from
Molière. Three of the plays have already been produced by little
theaters and are illustrated with photographs from the production.

Booklist 16:233 Ap ’20

 “Sganarelle is a charming little antique. Abraham and Isaac is a
beautiful piece of work.”

+ Boston Transcript p6 Ap 14 ’20 520w

“There are some intrepidities in Mr Eliot which rather stagger me,

though whether the protest comes from real disapprobation or
simply from that unusedness which whimpers at the approach of
novelty it is hard for me to say. For instance, I stand agape, if not
aghast, at Mr Eliot’s consolidation of the Chester play and the Brome
play on Abraham and Isaac into one drama.” O. W. Firkins

+ − Review 2:608 Je 5 ’20 340w

“On the whole, this second volume measures up to the high

standard set by the first. The work has been done with fine taste and
intelligence and forms a valuable contribution to the dramatic
literature available to little theatres.”

+ Theatre Arts Magazine 4:256 Jl ’20

300w

ELIOT, THOMAS STEARNS. Poems. *$1.25

Knopf 811

20–4200

Mr Eliot is a poet of American birth who lives in London. “He

published ‘Prufrock’ in 1917 and ‘Poems’ in 1919—this volume
assembles the contents of the two, together with a number of other
poems, and is the first volume to be published in America, where
heretofore it has been exceedingly difficult to obtain his poems.”
(Publisher’s announcement) Some of the poems have appeared in
Poetry, Others, the Little Review, and other periodicals.

“Mr Eliot is always quite consciously ‘trying for’ something, and

something which has grown out of and developed beyond all the
poems of all the dead poets. Poetry to him seems to be not so much
an art as a science.”

+ − Ath p491 Je 20 ’19 600w

Booklist 16:305 Je ’20

“The ‘Poems’—ironically so-called—of T. S. Eliot, if not heavy and

pedantic parodies of the ‘new poetry,’ are documents that would find
sympathetic readers in the waiting-room of a private sanatorium. As
a parodist, Mr Eliot is lacking in good taste, invention, and wit.” R.
M. Weaver

− Bookm 52:57 S ’20 1400w

“Reading these poems (?) is like being in a closed room full of foul
air; not a room in an empty house that is sanctified with mould and
dust, but a room in which the stale perfume of exotics is poisoned
with the memory of lusts.” W. S. B.

− Boston Transcript p6 Ap 14 ’20 500w

Reviewed by E. E. Cummings
 + Dial 68:781 Je ’20 1400w

“At least two-thirds of Eliot’s sixty-three pages attain no higher

eminence than extraordinarily clever—and eminently uncomfortable
—verse. The exaltation which is the very breath of poetry—that
combination of tenderness and toughness—is scarcely ever present in
Eliot’s lines. Scarcely ever, I reiterate, for a certain perverse
exultation takes its place; an unearthly light without warmth which
has the sparkle if not the strength of fire. It flickers mockingly
through certain of the unrhymed pictures and shines with a bright
pallor out of the two major poems.” L: Untermeyer

+ − Freeman 1:381 Je 30 ’20 2000w

“He is the most proficient satirist now writing in verse, the

uncanniest clown, the devoutest monkey, the most picturesque
ironist; and aesthetically considered, he is one of the profoundest
symbolists.” M. V. D.

+ Nation 110:856 Je 26 ’20 300w

“In such poems as ‘Gerontion,’ the ‘Love song of J. Alfred

Prufrock,’ ‘Portrait of a lady,’ ‘Cooking egg,’ we get a glimpse of the
visions and tragedies that are in the soul—it does not matter that the
soul in these situations has to look out on restaurants instead of on
temples.” Padraic Colum

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“His is a book to gaze upon worshipfully and humbly. We shall

always cherish it, for its shrieking modernity—though we are one of
the Philistines who still ask for poetry and sanity in lines presented
as poetry.” Clement Wood

− + N Y Call p10 Je 20 ’20 270w

“Mr Eliot, like Browning, likes to display out-of-the-way learning,

he likes to surprise you by every trick he can think of. He has
forgotten his emotions, his values, his sense of beauty, even his
common-sense, in that one desire to surprise, to get farther away
from the obvious than any writer on record.”

− + The Times [London] Lit Sup p322 Je 12

’19 550w

ELLIOT, HUGH SAMUEL ROGER. Modern

science and materialism. *$3 (*7s 6d) Longmans 146

20–4021

“The philosophy expounded by Hugh Elliot in ‘Modern science and

materialism’ is the complete materialism which not only makes mind
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thus conceived as consisting of one substance. Not all of those who
agree with the materialistic hypothesis will accept this extreme
simplification of it. To many Mr Elliot’s view will seem as
metaphysical as the opposite view which regards matter as a form of
mind. Mr Elliot’s book, however, is not merely an argument against
the commonly accepted dualism in the conception of matter and
mind. It is also a survey of the creation of man and the universe, as
interpreted by a method which reduces all processes to the working
of blind, but immutable, laws. In all respects, Mr Elliot’s view of the
universe is rigidly mechanistic.”—Springf’d Republican

“It is difficult not to be unjust to ‘Modern science and materialism.’

Its science is above reproach and occupies the center of the author’s
interest and the bulk of the book. But it is impossible to say more of
the author’s ‘materialism’ than that it is what physical science always
is when it attempts to substitute itself for life.” C. E. Ayres

+ − Am J Soc 26:249 S ’20 280w

“A good bird’s-eye view, not unduly technical, for the interested

layman or student.”

+ Booklist 16:257 My ’20

+ N Y Times p18 O 17 ’20 140w

“Mr Elliot is one of the most intolerant of materialists, but those

who read his book are likely to see that he frequently falls into the sin
he castigates, that of accepting ideas as true which are merely
speculative. Mr Elliot also falls into the familiar error of claiming to
be an agnostic and, from this negative doctrine, he immediately and
cheerfully builds up a most positive philosophy.”

+ − Review 3:45 Jl 14 ’20 850w

Sat R 128:613 D 27 ’19 1150w

“Mr Elliot writes with refreshing clearness and vigour; he is always

entertaining, and he never leaves his readers in doubt about his
meaning. But while admiring Mr Elliot’s gifts of exposition and
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advantages of a larger share in his own writing of that agnosticism
whose value he so strenuously upholds.”

+ − Spec 124:214 F 14 ’20 480w

“Unquestionably able book. Mr Elliot states his stern ideas with

the utmost simplicity and clarity.”

+ Springf’d Republican p13 F 1 ’20 1400w

The Times [London] Lit Sup p634 N 6
’19 40w

[2]
ELLIOTT, LILIAN ELWYN. Black gold.
*$2.25 Macmillan

20–19915

“The ‘black gold’ which gives its title to L. E. Elliott’s novel is

rubber. Though it opens in England, the greater part of the scene is
laid in Brazil. The heroine is an English girl, Margarita Channing,
whose elder sister, Francina, is the wife of a musician, Salvatore.
Both Margarita and her sister sing nicely, and with the help of some
rich Brazilians Salvatore organizes an opera company and takes it up
the Amazon as far as Manaos. The voyage and the people they meet
on board the steamer afford opportunities for the discussion of
Brazilian affairs, of which the author makes full use. Presently they
reach Manaos, are taken to see all its sights and especially the
operations of the rubber industry, and have some experiences with
South American politics. Of course there is a love story for Margarita,
with a young Englishman, an inventor and the owner of a rubber
plantation, as its hero.”—N Y Times

“I have felt nowhere else so keenly the spell of South America, the
power of the golden blood of the ‘rio das Amazonas,’ and the power
of the forest.” D. L. M.

+ Boston Transcript p1 D 4 ’20 1300w

“The novel is neither good nor bad; merely mediocre. Those who
enjoy swift moving tales will find it slow. Those who like style,
characterization, will find it uninteresting. As it is, it exemplifies the
immortal (and overworked) ‘words, words, words.’”

− + N Y Evening Post p18 D 4 ’20 90w

“It is in this descriptive portion of the volume that the author has
done her best work, for, though her style is usually good, she lacks
dramatic and character sense, and is essentially an article rather than
a fiction writer.”

+ − N Y Times p28 Ja 2 ’21 350w

“Not only the physical beauty of Brazilian scenes, but the

industries, social conditions and political upheavals are set forth
interestingly.”

+ Springf’d Republican p5a Ja 23 ’21 170w

 ELLIS, JULIAN. Fame and failure. il *$3.75
Lippincott 920

(Eng ed 20–8729)

“Short biographies of a number of famous people who ended as

failures. Amongst the characters discussed are Edwin James the
lawyer, Wainewright the murderer, Lady Hamilton, King Ludwig of
Bavaria and Beau Brummel. In all there are eighteen biographies.”—
Ath

Ath p1412 D 26 ’19 40w

Ath p174 F 6 ’20 390w

“A better selection to illustrate his thesis that fame and success are
not alway marriageable ideas could not have been made.” B: de
Casseres

+ N Y Times 25:12 Jl 4 ’20 2300w

“Notwithstanding his rather absurd classification, Mr Julian Ellis

has written a very amusing book. His style is clear and lively; and he
doesn’t bore us with footnotes or authorities, which so often spoil the
pleasure of reading biographies.”

+ − Sat R 128:587 D 20 ’19 640w

 The Times [London] Lit Sup p753 D 11
’19 80w

“If we must decline to take Mr Ellis too seriously as a biographer,

this need not prevent us from wiling away some pleasant time in his
company. If he has the faults of the journalist, he has also no small
measure of his virtues.”

+ − The Times [London] Lit Sup p5 Ja 1 ’20

2550w

ELLIS, STEWART MARSH. George Meredith.

il $6 Dodd

20–26976

“This book follows the lines of articles which Mr Ellis contributed

to the Fortnightly Review and the Saturday Review. His primary
object was to use his information about the early life of Meredith,
who was his father’s first cousin, and to reconsider in connexion with
it the inner history of some of the novels, particularly ‘Evan
Harrington,’ ‘Beauchamp’s career,’ ‘Vittoria,’ and ‘Diana of the
crossways.’ There are numerous portraits and other illustrations.”—
The Times [London] Lit Sup

“Mr Ellis makes an absorbingly interesting volume out of his

revelations.”

+ Ath p62 F ’19 2100w

 Booklist 17:112 D ’20

“All the details in this volume are of surpassing interest, and it

contains not a little acute criticism of Meredith’s novels. The work as
a whole is an exceptional pen portraiture of a literary personality
who was as great and influential as he was interesting.” E. F. E.

+ Boston Transcript p6 S 25 ’20 1350w

“Written without any distinction of style, Mr Ellis’s contribution

belongs to that class of biographical work which owes its existence to
the fact that some one or other has known, or been connected with, a
famous man and is able to satisfy, by the composition of a book of
this kind, the promptings of his own personal egotism.” Llewelyn
Powys

− Freeman 2:189 N 3 ’20 740w

“That Meredith, in Evan Harrington, misinterpreted and, as the

biographer holds, maligned the character of Mr Ellis’s grandparents
may, or may not, have been a contributing cause of the publication of
this rather shallow and rather malicious book. Certain it is that
George Meredith was on no very friendly terms with his Ellis cousins,
and the reader must be warned of the evident animus on the part of
the biographer.” S. C. C.

− + New Repub 25:267 Ja 26 ’21 1200w

“Mr Ellis’s book on Meredith is to be welcomed, though it appears

to be in no sense an ‘official’ biography and though it is not written in
a manner which could have pleased Meredith himself. It is neither an
‘inspired’ exposition of his career nor a book which could be counted
excellent on its own independent merits. But it is the only biography
in existence.”

+ − New Statesman 12:378 F 1 ’19 2050w

“What should have been a great portrait is only a rather ordinary

photograph. He is painstaking and accurate enough. Any one who is
interested in Meredith can gather from this book much which he will
be glad to know. But he will seek in vain and with growing
exasperation for the things which are really needful.” W. H. Durham

+ − N Y Evening Post p9 D 31 ’20 600w

“Extremely interesting and well-written book.” R: Le Gallienne

+ N Y Times p6 N 21 ’20 2350w

+ Sat R 127:157 F 15 ’19 700w
Sat R 130:182 Ag 28 ’20 340w
The Times [London] Lit Sup p46 Ja 23
’19 70w

ELWELL, AMBROSE. At the sign of the Red

swan, il *$1.75 Small

19–19053
 “A rollicking old-fashioned story of the sea with romance, murder
and suicide generously interwoven is told by Ambrose Elwell in ‘At
the sign of the Red swan.’ From a quiet, simple fisherman’s home on
the rockbound Maine coast, Elwell, who tells the story in the first
person, sails forth over the horizon to seek a living and money with
which to support his widowed mother and younger brother. His
quest, teeming with adventure, leads him into strange paths and
foreign waters—Liverpool, the south seas, and, finally, back to the
old home. At the Red swan inn, sailors’ dive on a South Sea island, he
becomes entangled in the law, charged with deserting his ship and
murder of a wealthy Jewish trader. All looks black for him with a
gibbet as the closing chapter of his adventurous career. But the
devotion of a settlement physician and a chaplain aids him to escape
in the nick of time. Later, the sensational suicide of the guilty one,
while at sea on the same ship, clears the name of our hero.”—
Springf’d Republican

“The fact that this story is ‘different’ from most of the large grist of
fiction turned out so steadily and voluminously since the armistice
will probably cause it to attract more than ordinary attention.”

+ N Y Times 25:33 Ja 18 ’20 500w

Springf’d Republican p11a Je 13 ’20
160w

EMERSON, GUY. New frontier. *$2 (3c) Holt

304

20–12285
 A series of papers on Americanism. The new frontier is the present
social and industrial situation and the author’s plea is that it be faced
with the spirit that conquered the old geographical frontier of the
expanding west. This spirit is for him typified by Theodore
Roosevelt. The introduction says, “In this book two main points are
emphasized; first, that the spirit of that portion of our people which
has actually shaped the destinies of America has been liberal, rather
than radical or conservative.... Second, it is claimed that our national
spirit has taken its essential liberal flavor from the frontier, from the
generations of tireless, self-reliant effort which won this continent
for the men and women of our own day and which stamped them
with its indelible character.” Contents: The frontier of American
character; The leadership that made America; What is a liberal? The
politics of the middle of the road; Public opinion and the industrial
problem; The need for fifty million capitalists; An American
federation of brains; Human resources; The weapons of truth; The
American spirit in world affairs; The new frontier. There is a
bibliographical appendix, also an index.

“Written by a layman for laymen, with a limited and somewhat

uneven bibliography appended for the use of readers not especially
familiar with the development of the United States, the book is
interesting and valuable as an illustration of one type of thought
which has to be taken into consideration by the student of forces
making American history today.” L. B. Shippee

+ Am Hist R 26:370 Ja ’21 400w

+ Am Pol Sci R 11:738 N ’20 40w
Booklist 17:11 O ’20

“Excellent book. He sees clearly and writes as clearly, giving no

handy panaceas as such, on a topic where the temptation is great.” R.
D. W.

+ Boston Transcript p7 Jl 17 ’20 450w

“Mr Emerson knows his American history thoroughly. He is also a

student of American psychology, as is shown by his success in
directing the publicity of the Liberty loan drives. These two
characteristics probably account for much of his ability to strike out a
new path in the already overcrowded field of ‘Americanization.’ For
that there is novelty and freshness in his attack on an old problem,
no one can deny. Nor should it be held against him that he has
achieved this novelty through a distinctly original and forceful use of
another man’s idea. He has developed Professor Turner’s profound
conception of the influence of the frontier in a new field; for the
purpose of his argument he has made it his own.” Lincoln MacVeagh

+ Dial 69:303 S ’20 1800w

“The best chapter, we think, is the one on ‘The industrial problem,’

but the whole book is vital and invigorating.” C. F. L.

+ Grinnell R 15:258 O ’20 500w

Reviewed by G: Soule

Nation 111:478 O 27 ’20 1700w

“A book of timely consequence, whose pages deserve wide and

careful reading.”

+ N Y Times p21 Ag 15 ’20 1900w

 “An interpretation of America which is thoughtful and scholarly,
which is simply and forcibly written, and which is well worth
anybody’s reading.”

+ Review 3:421 N 3 ’20 900w

R of Rs 62:333 S ’20 90w

ENGLAND, GEORGE ALLAN. Flying legion.

*$1.90 McClurg

20–12813

“In a lofty tower at the summit of the palisades of the Hudson is

the eyrie of the master where he dwells with his Arabian servants.
Mysteriously he summons a company of thirty veterans of the war,
all longing for excitement, a battalion is formed and a new, giant
aeroplane, just ready for service on the Jersey shore is seized and the
party take to flight for the Arabian desert. Mysteriously they went
away, mysteriously they returned after scores of adventures.”
(Boston Transcript) “One of the thirty with the master had been an
uninvited member—a ‘Captain Alden,’ who is a mysterious personage
altogether and whose identity, ultimately discovered, furnishes the
story’s principal romantic interest.” (N Y Times)

“A tale of romance and adventure in which improbability is

obscured by thrills. The style is awkward.”

+ − Booklist 17:70 N ’20

“Well-told tale.”
 + Boston Transcript p4 Ag 28 ’20 220w

“The story is told in a casual, rather than an inspired, way. But

when the action once really starts, the reader forgets the critical
attitude in a breathless absorption in the vigor of the narrative.”

+ − N Y Times p25 S 5 ’20 470w

+ Springf’d Republican p11a S 12 ’20 150w

ENOCK, C. REGINALD. Spanish America: its

romance, reality and future. 2v il *$8 Scribner 918

20–26989

“The scheme of Mr Enock’s book is what Stowe would have called a

perambulation. Beginning with Central America and Mexico, he
takes us right along the Pacific coast through Colombia, Ecuador,
Peru and Chile, with an excursion into Bolivia: the remaining two
chapters of the first volume are devoted to the Cordillera of the
Andes. In the second volume we are taken down the Atlantic coast,
with its rich and still imperfectly explored hinterlands, from the
‘lands of the Spanish Main’—Colombia, Venezuela and Guiana—
through the Amazon valley and Brazil to the River Plate and the
pampas, the go-ahead countries of Argentina and Uruguay and the
secluded pastures of Paraguay. The historical associations, natural
resources, and present industrial life of each district are uniformly
described in passing.”—The Times [London] Lit Sup
 + Booklist 17:150 Ja ’21

“He has prepared what might quite accurately be called a primer of

Latin America. It contains much valuable information, of course, but
so does an ordinary primer. He expects practically nothing of his
readers.” D. J. M.

+ − Boston Transcript p4 D 31 ’20 600w

“Such comprehensive, birdseye-view books as Mr Enock’s are of

value as a starting point for more detailed study.”

+ N Y Times p4 N 7 ’20 2350w

+ Outlook 126:654 D 8 ’20 70w

“In spite of an occasional tendency to slipshod writing Mr Enock

has given us a readable and informing work.”

+ The Times [London] Lit Sup p643 O 7

’20 900w

EQUIPMENT of the workers. $4 Sunwise turn

(*10s 6d Allen & Unwin) 331.8

“There have already been exhaustive surveys of the physical and

economic condition of the workers; and the findings of Booth and
Rowntree have almost become classical. It was plainly necessary,
however, to have these surveys supplemented by an inquiry far more
inward and intimate into the mind and the outlook of the workers.
What are they thinking? What are they living for? Do they read? If
so, what? ‘The equipment of the workers’ gives us the answer to these
and the like questions. The inquiry was planned and carried out by a
group of workers at a Y. M. C. A. settlement in Sheffield; and it deals
exclusively with Sheffield conditions. The finding of the group is that
25 per cent of the workers are well equipped, 60 per cent
inadequately equipped, and 15 per cent ill equipped. The body of the
book consists of a detailed record of the results of the inquiry in 408
typical cases.”—Nation

“An extraordinarily interesting inquiry. The results are very

illuminating and important.”

+ Ath p894 S 12 ’19 60w

Ath p975 O 3 ’19 1500w

“In the main the tests applied and the judgment passed upon the
reaction of the investigated persons to the tests seem sound. We have
in this volume an important datum for our thought upon
reconstruction and the problems of the new world.”

+ Nation 109:766 D 13 ’19 550w

“This book combines the exactness of scientific inquiry with the

vivid appeal of art. A picture such as this of American life would be
one of the most revealing documents in our time.” H. J. L.

+ New Repub 21:322 F 11 ’20 1600w