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 why will he be a cause of guilt unto Israel?] Compare Leviticus iv.
3, “if the anointed priest shall sin so as to bring guilt on the people”
(Revised Version). The community is a unit, and the guilt of one falls
on all.

⁴Nevertheless the king’s word prevailed

against Joab. Wherefore Joab departed, and
went throughout all Israel, and came to
Jerusalem.
4. came to Jerusalem] In 2 Samuel xxiv. 4‒8 the route is
described and the time taken in the numbering is stated, nine
months and twenty days.

⁵And Joab gave up the sum of the numbering

of the people unto David. And all they of Israel
were a thousand thousand and an hundred
thousand men that drew sword: and Judah
was four hundred threescore and ten
thousand men that drew sword.
5. they of Israel] Chronicles gives Israel as 1,100,000 and Judah
as 470,000; 2 Samuel gives Israel as 800,000 and Judah as
500,000. It is difficult to correlate these figures. There are, however,
reasons for thinking that the last part of the verse and Judah was
470,000, etc., may be a gloss. If so, then the 200,000 less in
Chronicles (1,300,000 in Samuel; 1,100,000 in Chronicles, where
Israel would as so often denote both Israel and Judah) might well be
explained as an allowance for the exclusion of Levi and Benjamin
(see verse 6).

that drew sword] All males over twenty years of age; compare
Numbers i. 20.
 ⁶But Levi and Benjamin counted he not among
them: for the king’s word was abominable to
Joab.
6. Levi] In Numbers i. 49 it is ordained that Levi is not to be
numbered among the children of Israel, i.e. treated as liable to
military service. The Levites were, however, numbered separately:
Numbers iii. 15, xxvi. 57. In 2 Samuel there is nothing to correspond
with this verse, Levi and Benjamin being there reckoned in the
census. Why the Chronicler excludes Benjamin as well as Levi it is
not easy to see.

⁷And God was displeased with this thing;

therefore he smote Israel.
7. he smote Israel] with the plague.

⁸And David said unto God, I have sinned

greatly, in that I have done this thing: but now,
put away, I beseech thee, the iniquity of thy
servant; for I have done very foolishly.
8. put away ... the iniquity] Render perhaps, remove the
punishment; compare Genesis iv. 13, Revised Version with margin:
also 1 Samuel xxviii. 10.

⁹And the Lord spake unto Gad, David’s seer,

saying,
9. And the Lord spake] The historian now retraces his steps to
describe the circumstances which heralded the approach of the
plague.
 Gad] He is three times mentioned in Chronicles, each time as a
“seer,” viz. xxi. 9 (= 2 Samuel xxiv. 11); xxix. 29; 2 Chronicles xxix.
25. He was perhaps an older contemporary of Nathan, who bears
the more modern title of “prophet” (compare 1 Samuel ix. 9).

¹⁰Go and speak unto David, saying, Thus saith

the Lord, I offer ¹ thee three things; choose
thee one of them, that I may do it unto thee.
¹¹So Gad came to David, and said unto him,
Thus saith the Lord, Take which thou wilt;
¹ Hebrew stretch out unto.

10. I offer thee three things] The offer is a test of David’s

character, just as God’s different offer in 2 Chronicles i. 7 was a test
of Solomon’s.

¹²either three years of famine; or three months

to be consumed before thy foes, while that the
sword of thine enemies overtaketh thee; or
else three days the sword of the Lord, even ¹
pestilence in the land, and the angel of the
Lord destroying throughout all the coasts of
Israel. Now therefore consider what answer I
shall return to him that sent me.
¹ Or, and.

12. three years of famine] 2 Samuel, seven years of famine (LXX.

however three, as Chronicles).
 three months to be consumed] The correct text, however, is
probably that found in 2 Samuel xxiv. 13, or wilt thou flee three
months?

the angel of the Lord] Compare 2 Kings xix. 35; Acts xii. 23.

coasts] Render, borders, i.e. through the whole land.

¹³And David said unto Gad, I am in a great

strait: let me fall now into the hand of the
Lord; for very great ¹ are his mercies: and let
me not fall into the hand of man.
¹ Or, many.

13. into the hand of the Lord] The answer reveals the sincerity
and efficacy of David’s penitence: a right spirit is renewed within him.
He now chooses to trust in God.

¹⁴So the Lord sent a pestilence upon Israel:

and there fell of Israel seventy thousand men.
14. there fell of Israel] 2 Samuel adds, from Dan even to Beer-
sheba. The pestilence was throughout the whole land.

¹⁵And God sent an angel unto Jerusalem to

destroy it: and as he was about to destroy, the
Lord beheld, and he repented him of the evil,
and said to the destroying angel, It is enough;
now stay thine hand. And the angel of the
Lord stood by the threshing-floor of Ornan ¹
the Jebusite.
 ¹ In 2 Samuel xxiv. 16, &c., Araunah.

15. unto Jerusalem] The peril of the plague extends until

Jerusalem itself is threatened.

he repented him] Compare Genesis vi. 6; 1 Samuel xv. 11, 35;

Jonah iii. 10, etc.

It is enough] The sudden cessation of this pestilence has

numerous parallels in the history of epidemics.

the threshing-floor of Ornan] The Chronicler makes this

threshing-floor the site of the Temple. The author of Samuel is silent
on the point. Compare notes on verses 25, 28, and especially xxii. 1.

Ornan] This is the form of the name throughout this chapter, but
in 2 Samuel xxiv. the Ḳerī gives everywhere Araunah. The Kethīb of
Samuel, however, offers various forms, one of which (to be read
Ornah, verse 16) approximates to the form given in Chronicles
Variation in reproducing foreign names is common; see note on xviii.
5 (Damascus), and on 2 Chronicles xxxvi. 6 (Nebuchadnezzar).

¹⁶And David lifted up his eyes, and saw the

angel of the Lord stand between the earth
and the heaven, having a drawn sword in his
hand stretched out over Jerusalem. Then
David and the elders, clothed in sackcloth, fell
upon their faces.
16. saw the angel] The full description of the vision is peculiar to
Chronicles; compare 2 Samuel xxiv. 17.

and the elders, clothed in sackcloth] The wearing of sackcloth

was doubtless accompanied by fasting; compare Jonah iii. 5.
 ¹⁷And David said unto God, Is it not I that
commanded the people to be numbered?
even I it is that have sinned and done very
wickedly; but these sheep, what have they
done? let thine hand, I pray thee, O Lord my
God, be against me, and against my father’s
house; but not against thy people, that they
should be plagued. ¹⁸Then the angel of the
Lord commanded Gad to say to David, that
David should go up, and rear an altar unto the
Lord in the threshing-floor of Ornan the
Jebusite. ¹⁹And David went up at the saying of
Gad, which he spake in the name of the Lord.
17. let thine hand ... be against me] Compare Moses’
intercession in Exodus xxxii. 32; but Moses was innocent, David
guilty.

²⁰And Ornan turned back, and saw the angel;

and his four sons that were with him hid
themselves. Now Ornan was threshing wheat.
20. hid themselves] in fear, lest they too should see the angel of
Jehovah and their lives be thereby imperilled, compare Judges vi.
22, xiii. 22.

²¹And as David came to Ornan, Ornan looked

and saw David, and went out of the threshing-
floor, and bowed himself to David with his face
to the ground.
 21. was threshing wheat] By driving oxen over it; compare verse
23.

²²Then David said to Ornan, Give me the

place of this threshing-floor, that I may build
thereon an altar unto the Lord: for the full
price shalt thou give it me: that the plague
may be stayed from the people.
22. the place of this threshing-floor] The expression implies
perhaps that David bought more than the mere area of the threshing-
floor.

for the full price] Genesis xxiii. 9 (Revised Version).

²³And Ornan said unto David, Take it to thee,

and let my lord the king do that which is good
in his eyes: lo, I give thee the oxen for burnt
offerings, and the threshing instruments for
wood, and the wheat for the meal offering; I
give it all. ²⁴And king David said to Ornan,
Nay; but I will verily buy it for the full price: for I
will not take that which is thine for the Lord,
nor offer a burnt offering without cost.
23. the meal offering] Compare Leviticus ii. 1‒16.

²⁵So David gave to Ornan for the place six

hundred shekels of gold by weight.
25. gave ... for the place six hundred shekels of gold by weight] In
2 Samuel xxiv. 24, bought the threshing-floor and the oxen for fifty
shekels of silver. The huge discrepancy here between Chronicles
and Samuel is noteworthy. If the price in Samuel, 50 shekels of silver
for threshing-floor and oxen, seems somewhat small (compared with
the 400 shekels paid by Abraham for the cave of Machpelah,
Genesis xxiii. 15‒17), the 600 shekels of gold in Chronicles is
extravagantly large. It is accounted for by the fact that the Chronicler
regarded the transaction, not as the acquisition merely of the site for
the altar but of the area on which the Temple was afterwards built
(see verse 22). No sum could well seem too large for the purchase
of ground destined to be so holy. The figure 600 may have been
chosen on the ground that it was equal to a payment of 50 shekels
for each tribe.

²⁶And David built there an altar unto the Lord,

and offered burnt offerings and peace
offerings, and called upon the Lord; and he
answered him from heaven by fire upon the
altar of burnt offering. ²⁷And the Lord
commanded the angel; and he put up his
sword again into the sheath thereof.
26. peace offerings] See xvi. 1, note. At the end of the verse LXX.
(compare Peshitṭa) adds, and consumed the burnt offering. Compare
Leviticus ix. 24; 1 Kings xviii. 38. The fire is not mentioned in 2
Samuel.

Chapter XXI. 28‒Chapter XXII. 1.

The Selection of the Site of the Temple.

²⁸At that time, when David saw that the

Lord had answered him in the threshing-floor
of Ornan the Jebusite, then he sacrificed
there.
 28. At that time, etc.] The construction of this section must be
carefully noted. chapter xxi. 28 is continued by chapter xxii. i, verses
29, 30 of chapter xxi. being a parenthesis. The division of chapters
here is unfortunate.

At that time] The phrase is taken up by “Then” of xxii. 1. The

Chronicler wishes us to note that David regarded the success of his
intercession at the floor of Ornan as an indication that this floor was
God’s approved site for the Temple.

²⁹For the tabernacle of the Lord, which Moses

made in the wilderness, and the altar of burnt
offering, were at that time in the high place at
Gibeon.
29. For] The beginning of a parenthesis.

the tabernacle of the Lord] See the prefatory note to chapter xiii.;
also compare xvi. 1, 39, and 2 Chronicles i. 3.

³⁰But David could not go before it to inquire of

God: for he was afraid because of the sword
of the angel of the Lord.
30. he was afraid] Or, he was terrified. The Hebrew word is
unusual.

Chapter XXII.
¹Then David said, This is the house of the
Lord God, and this is the altar of burnt
 offering for Israel.
1. Then] The word refers back to xxi. 28, At that time.

David said] The king acts in conformity with the law contained in
Deuteronomy xii. 5, 6.

This is the house of the Lord, etc.] Hence the necessity for
relating the story of David’s sinful action in taking the census. The
Chronicler’s desire to show only the idealistic aspect of David’s life
has frequently been pointed out. The present section, then, is
notable as showing very clearly how even this desire was made to
yield to the supreme object of relating the Divinely-guided origin and
growth of the Temple and its worship.

2‒19.
David’s Preparations for Building the Temple. His charge to
Solomon and to the Princes.

It is of course quite probable that preparations for a Temple were

begun in David’s time, but the picture given in this chapter must not
be taken as historically true, the material being of a general
character such as the imagination could readily supply, and the
figures mentioned in verse 14 being impossibly exaggerated. The
chapter in fact is the outcome of the Chronicler’s zealous but
uncritical mind working in the belief that, not Solomon, but the pious
David was the “moving spirit in the great enterprise.” As Moses led
Israel to Jordan’s brink, so David (he thought) must stop short only at
the actual building of the Temple.

²And David commanded to gather together

the strangers that were in the land of Israel;
and he set masons to hew wrought stones to
build the house of God. ³And David prepared
iron in abundance for the nails for the doors of
 the gates, and for the couplings; and brass in
abundance without weight;
2. the strangers] Compare 2 Chronicles ii. 17; viii. 7‒9. Hewing of
stone was regarded as task-work unfit for free men. This verse is
simply an anticipation of the preparations recorded in Solomon’s
reign: see 2 Chronicles ii. 1, 17.

wrought stones] All the stone used for the building of the Temple
was previously cut to the right size; compare 1 Kings vi. 7.

⁴and cedar trees without number: for the

Zidonians and they of Tyre brought cedar
trees in abundance to David.
4. Zidonians and they of Tyre] Compare 1 Kings v. 1‒6 (15‒20,
Hebrew).

⁵And David said, Solomon my son is young

and tender, and the house that is to be builded
for the Lord must be exceeding magnifical, of
fame and of glory throughout all countries: I
will therefore make preparation for it. So David
prepared abundantly before his death.
⁶Then he called for Solomon his son, and
charged him to build an house for the Lord,
the God of Israel.
5. exceeding magnifical] The Temple took seven years in
building, and it was richly overlaid with gold, but its proportions were
small, viz., about 90 ft. × 45 ft. × 30 ft. These small proportions, are
not surprising, for the Temple itself required only to be big enough to
hold its furniture. The courts, however, were of large extent, that they
might afford room for worshippers at the times of the great feasts.

Note the archaic magnifical = splendid, stately (magnificent). It is

found of course in the Authorized Version (1611), and also in the
Geneva Bible (1560); compare Starkey, England, ii. i. 176 (1538),
“Gudly cytes and townys wyth magnyfycal and gudly housys.”

⁷And David said to Solomon his son ¹, As for

me, it was in my heart to build an house unto
the name of the Lord my God.
¹ According to another reading, My son, as for me &c.

7. said to Solomon his son] So Kethīb; the margin, said to

Solomon, My son, follows the Ḳerī.

unto the name] Compare Deuteronomy xii. 5; 2 Samuel vii. 13.

⁸But the word of the Lord came to me,

saying, Thou hast shed blood abundantly, and
hast made great wars: thou shalt not build an
house unto my name, because thou hast shed
much blood upon the earth in my sight:
8. Thou hast shed blood abundantly] Compare xxviii. 3; in 1
Kings v. 3 Solomon tells Hiram that David wished to build a temple,
but was hindered from his design by war.

⁹behold, a son shall be born to thee, who shall

be a man of rest; and I will give him rest from
all his enemies round about: for his name shall
 be Solomon ¹, and I will give peace and
quietness unto Israel in his days:
¹ That is, Peaceful.

9. I will give him rest] Compare 1 Kings v. 4. The promise here

made is of a period of peace sufficiently long for the work of Temple-
building. Solomon’s reign was not wholly peaceful; compare 1 Kings
xi. 14, 23, 26.

¹⁰he shall build an house for my name; and he

shall be my son, and I will be his father; and I
will establish the throne of his kingdom over
Israel for ever. ¹¹Now, my son, the Lord be
with thee; and prosper thou, and build the
house of the Lord thy God, as he hath
spoken concerning thee. ¹²Only the Lord give
thee discretion and understanding, and give
thee charge concerning Israel; that so thou
mayest keep the law of the Lord thy God.
10. for ever] Compare 2 Samuel vii. 13‒16.

¹³Then shalt thou prosper, if thou observe to

do the statutes and the judgements which the
Lord charged Moses with concerning Israel:
be strong, and of good courage; fear not,
neither be dismayed.
13. be strong, and of good courage] Compare Joshua i. 9.
 ¹⁴Now, behold, in my affliction ¹ I have prepared
for the house of the Lord an hundred
thousand talents of gold, and a thousand
thousand talents of silver; and of brass and
iron without weight; for it is in abundance:
timber also and stone have I prepared; and
thou mayest add thereto.
¹ Or, low estate.

14. in my affliction] LXX. κατὰ τὴν πτωχείαν μου, and so margin in

my low estate. The exact meaning of the phrase is not quite certain.
Does it refer to the comparative slenderness of David’s resources (in
my poverty), or to the difficulties of the wars and rebellions which
marked his reign, or does it cover both ideas? Render perhaps in
my straitened circumstances. Some translate by my strenuous
labour (compare xxix. 2), but there is insufficient evidence for
rendering the Hebrew word by labour.

an hundred thousand talents of gold, and a thousand thousand

talents of silver] This sum is incredibly large. In 1 Kings x. 14 it is told
in illustration of the riches of Solomon—a wealthier king than David
—that he received in one year 666 talents of gold, but even at this
rate David would have amassed only 26,640 talents in forty years,
and further the sum assigned to Solomon as his yearly revenue is
fantastically large, see note 2 Chronicles ix. 13. The passage
illustrates the exaggeration which is so characteristic of midrashic
style; compare xxix. 4, and the note on 2 Chronicles xvii. 14.

¹⁵Moreover there are workmen with thee in

abundance, hewers and workers of stone and
timber, and all men that are cunning in any
manner of work; ¹⁶of the gold, the silver, and
 the brass, and the iron, there is no number;
arise and be doing, and the Lord be with
thee. ¹⁷David also commanded all the princes
of Israel to help Solomon his son, saying,
15, 16. any manner of work; of the gold ... there is no number]
Render in every work of gold ... without number; i.e. the two
verses are to be read in close connection.

¹⁸Is not the Lord your God with you? and hath
he not given you rest on every side? for he
hath delivered the inhabitants of the land into
mine hand; and the land is subdued before the
Lord, and before his people.
18. the inhabitants of the land] Compare xi. 4, the Jebusites, the
inhabitants of the land. The remnant of the earlier inhabitants of
Canaan is meant.

¹⁹Now set your heart and your soul to seek

after the Lord your God; arise therefore, and
build ye the sanctuary of the Lord God, to
bring the ark of the covenant of the Lord, and
the holy vessels of God, into the house that is
to be built to the name of the Lord.
19. and the holy vessels of God] Compare 1 Kings viii. 4.
 Chapters XXIII.‒XXIX.
The Conclusion of David’s Reign.

Chapter XXIII.
1.
Solomon made King.

¹Now David was old and full of days; and he

made Solomon his son king over Israel.
The Chronicler unhistorically ignores the struggle between the
parties of Solomon and of Adonijah for the throne (compare xxix. 22
f.; 1 Kings i. 5 ff.), and makes the reign of David culminate in the
appointment of Solomon as David’s successor and in a grand
organisation of the ecclesiastical and other authorities of the realm.
chapter xxiii. 1 intimates the appointment of Solomon and the
assembling by royal command of the princes, priests, and Levites of
Israel. The topics thus suggested are then, after the prevailing
fashion of Chronicles, treated in the reverse order; first the Levites,
chapter xxiii.; then the priests, xxiv. (followed by the singers, xxv.;
and the doorkeepers, xxvi.); then the civil and military orders.
chapters xxviii., xxix. are occupied with the concluding exhortations
of King David. Compare xxix. 22‒24; 1 Kings i. 5‒53.

2‒23.
Organisation of the Levites (first account).
 ²And he gathered together all the princes of
Israel, with the priests and the Levites. ³And
the Levites were numbered from thirty years
old and upward: and their number by their
polls, man by man, was thirty and eight
thousand.
3. the Levites were numbered from thirty years] Two accounts are
here given of the organisation of the Levites. According to the first
the Levites were admitted to service at thirty years of age; verse 3;
compare Numbers iv. 3, 23, 30, where the period from thirty to fifty is
fixed as the period for service. According to the second account
(verses 24‒27) the Levites were taken from twenty years old and
upwards; this was apparently the later custom; compare 2
Chronicles xxxi. 17; Ezra iii. 8. The discrepancy probably arises from
an actual variation in practice. The original age of admission for
Levites was probably thirty, but owing to the scarcity of their numbers
it seems to have been necessary to reduce the limit of age to twenty.
But see also the note on pp. 51 f.

by their polls] Literally by their skulls. “Poll” is an almost obsolete

word for “head,” retained in the compound word, “poll-tax.”

thirty and eight thousand] Numbers iii. 39 gives 22,000, and

Numbers xxvi. 62, 23,000, as the number of male Levites from a
month old and upwards in the time of Moses.

⁴Of these, twenty and four thousand were to

oversee the work of the house of the Lord;
and six thousand were officers and judges:
4. twenty and four thousand] These were divided into courses
(verse 6), serving by turn, apparently twenty-four in number,
consisting each of a thousand men. See, however, the note on
verses 6‒23 below.
 to oversee the work] It is true that there were some Temple
servants subordinate to the Levites—see note on the Nethinim, ix. 2.
But the duty of the Levites was to perform the work of the Temple (as
is said e.g. in verses 24, 28), not to act as overseers of the work of
others. It is therefore to be inferred that the “work” spoken of here
and in verse 5 is not the routine duties of the Temple but the work of
its construction. Adding the Levites of verse 4 to the officers,
doorkeepers, and musicians of verse 5, we have a total of 38,000
overseers: that the number is incredibly large is no objection in
Chronicles.

officers and judges] Compare 2 Chronicles xix. 8, 11. According

to Deuteronomy xvii. 9 (compare Deuteronomy xvi. 18) the harder
causes were reserved for “the priests the Levites,” ordinary causes
being decided by judges who were not Levites.

⁵and four thousand were doorkeepers; and

four thousand praised the Lord with the
instruments which I made, said David, to
praise therewith.
5. doorkeepers] The courses and duties of these are given in
xxvi. 1‒19.

four thousand praised the Lord] Compare xxv. 1‒31, which tells
of a picked choir consisting of 288 persons, divided into twenty-four
courses, whose special duty was psalmody.

the instruments which I made] Compare 2 Chronicles xxix. 26.

6‒23. It is natural to expect that twenty-four heads of fathers’

houses will appear in this list (compare note on verse 4), in harmony
with the twenty-four courses of priests, of musicians, and of
doorkeepers referred to in the chapters following. The present text,
however, appears to yield but twenty-two, and the various
emendations suggested in order to obtain twenty-four are all
precarious. The best suggestion is that of Curtis, for which see note
on verse 22.

⁶And David divided them into courses ¹

according to the sons of Levi; Gershon,
Kohath, and Merari.
¹ Hebrew divisions.

6. the sons of Levi] Compare vi. 1, 16.

⁷Of the Gershonites; Ladan ¹ and Shimei. ⁸The

sons of Ladan; Jehiel the chief, and Zetham,
and Joel, three.
¹ In chapter vi. 17, Libni.

7. Ladan and Shimei] For “Ladan” here and in xxvi. 21 we have in

vi. 17 and Exodus vi. 17 “Libni.”

⁹The sons of Shimei; Shelomoth, and Haziel,

and Haran, three. These were the heads of
the fathers’ houses of Ladan.
9. The sons of Shimei] This Shimei in distinction from the Shimei
of verses 7, 10 might conceivably be a descendant of Ladan,
although the relationship is not indicated; but it is more probable that
some confusion has come into the text of verses 8, 9, 10—as e.g.
that verse 9b “These were ... of Ladan” is a gloss, and that for
Shimei in verse 10 we should read Shelomoth.

¹⁰And the sons of Shimei; Jahath, Zina ¹, and

Jeush, and Beriah. These four were the sons
 of Shimei. ¹¹And Jahath was the chief, and
Zizah the second: but Jeush and Beriah had
not many sons; therefore they became a
fathers’ house in one reckoning.
¹ In verse 11, Zizah.

10. Zina] Better, as in verse 11, Zizah; the two words are readily
confused in Hebrew writing.

¹²The sons of Kohath; Amram, Izhar, Hebron,

and Uzziel, four.
12. The sons of Kohath] Compare vi. 2; Exodus vi. 18.

¹³The sons of Amram; Aaron and Moses: and

Aaron was separated, that he should sanctify ¹
the most holy things, he and his sons, for ever,
to burn incense before the Lord, to minister
unto him, and to bless in his name, for ever.
¹ Or, to sanctify as most holy him &c.

13. separated] i.e. set apart, sometimes with the additional

meaning of making a distinction between sacred and common.
Compare Romans i. 1, where St Paul describes himself as
separated unto the gospel of God; Acts xiii. 2; Galatians i. 15.

the most holy things] Such for instance as the altar of incense
(Exodus xxx. 1‒10), or again the shewbread (Leviticus xxiv. 5‒9).

to bless] compare Numbers vi. 23‒27.