Nonlinear Wave and Plasma Structures

in the Auroral and Subauroral

Geospace 1st Edition Evgeny Mishin
Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://ebookmass.com/product/nonlinear-wave-and-plasma-structures-in-the-auroral-
and-subauroral-geospace-1st-edition-evgeny-mishin/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

A Textbook of Data Structures and Algorithms, Volume 2:

Mastering Nonlinear Data Structures Vijayalakshmi Pai

https://ebookmass.com/product/a-textbook-of-data-structures-and-
algorithms-volume-2-mastering-nonlinear-data-structures-
vijayalakshmi-pai/

Nonlinear Differential Equations in Micro/Nano

Mechanics: Application in Micro/Nano Structures and
Electromechanical Systems 1st Edition Ali Koochi

https://ebookmass.com/product/nonlinear-differential-equations-
in-micro-nano-mechanics-application-in-micro-nano-structures-and-
electromechanical-systems-1st-edition-ali-koochi/

Waves and Wave Interaction in Plasmas 1st Edition

Prasanta Chatterjee

https://ebookmass.com/product/waves-and-wave-interaction-in-
plasmas-1st-edition-prasanta-chatterjee/

Wave Fields in Real Media: Wave Propagation in

Anisotropic, Anelastic, Porous and Electromagnetic
Media 4th Edition José M. Carcione

https://ebookmass.com/product/wave-fields-in-real-media-wave-
propagation-in-anisotropic-anelastic-porous-and-electromagnetic-
media-4th-edition-jose-m-carcione/
State Laughter. Stalinism, Populism, and Origins of
Soviet Culture 1st Edition Evgeny Dobrenko

https://ebookmass.com/product/state-laughter-stalinism-populism-
and-origins-of-soviet-culture-1st-edition-evgeny-dobrenko/

Data Structures and Algorithms in C++ 2nd Edition

https://ebookmass.com/product/data-structures-and-algorithms-
in-c-2nd-edition/

Introduction to Plasma Physics 1st Edition Gerard

Belmont

https://ebookmass.com/product/introduction-to-plasma-physics-1st-
edition-gerard-belmont/

Advances in Engineered Cementitious Composite

Materials, Structures, and Numerical Modeling Y. X.
Zhang

https://ebookmass.com/product/advances-in-engineered-
cementitious-composite-materials-structures-and-numerical-
modeling-y-x-zhang/

Nonlinear Electronics 1: Nonlinear Dipoles, Harmonic

Oscillators and Switching Circuits Brahim Haraoubia

https://ebookmass.com/product/nonlinear-electronics-1-nonlinear-
dipoles-harmonic-oscillators-and-switching-circuits-brahim-
haraoubia/
NONLINEAR WAVE
AND PLASMA
STRUCTURES IN
THE AURORAL
AND SUBAURORAL
GEOSPACE
EVGENY V. MISHIN
Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States

ANATOLY V. STRELTSOV
Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Department of Physical Sciences, Daytona Beach, Florida, United States
Elsevier
Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands
The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom
50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States

Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without
permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the
Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance
Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher
(other than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden
our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become
necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and
using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information
or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for
whom they have a professional responsibility.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any
liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or
otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the
material herein.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN: 978-0-12-820760-4

For information on all Elsevier publications visit our website

at https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals

Publisher: Candice Janco

Acquisitions Editor: Peter Llewellyn
Editorial Project Manager: Lindsay C. Lawrence
Production Project Manager: Kumar Anbazhagan
Cover Designer: Victoria Pearson

Typeset by TNQ Technologies

 Preface
From smart watches and cell phones to
GPS satellites, humanity increasingly relies
on the ability of modern gadgets to exchange
information via electromagnetic waves. The
quality of such communication links, how-
ever, depends on the propagation character-
istics of the near-Earth plasma environment,
which is frequently not at equilibrium. In
particular, plasma irregularities occurring in
the ionosphere during space storms cause
severe distortion of wave trajectories, leading
to the interruption of communication and
navigation. Enhanced fluxes of MeV, so-
called “killer” electrons forming the Earth’s
radiation belts, strike spacecraft, thereby
shortening their lifetime. These phenomena
represent just a fraction of the Sun-driven
space weather affecting technological sys-
tems in near-Earth space. The self-explana-
tory term “space weather” remains in use
since the space era began.
Humankind will probably never have
control of space weather. The main practical
FIGURE 0.1 Artist’s not-to-scale illustration of a Space Weather event: Coronal Mass Ejection manifested by a
solar flare (white light) creates a shock wave moving toward the Earth’s magnetosphere. Source: NASA www.
sunearthplan.net/3/inter.
vii
purpose driving research in this field is,
therefore, to identify possible effects of space
storms, to understand and to predict storm
development from the Sun to the ground,
and then to develop methods to mitigate
those effects. The Sun is the ultimate energy
source of space weather. Ground-based and
onboard sensors monitor the Sun to detect
the onset of coronal mass ejections (CMEs),
when billions of tons of the hot solar plasma
are ejected into interplanetary space and
create a shock wave moving from the Sun at
a speed greatly exceeding that of an undis-
turbed solar wind.
CMEs are manifested by sharply intensi-
fied optical (solar flare), radio, and X-ray
radiation. The radiation covers the distance
between the Sun and the Earth (1 AU z 150
million kilometers) in about 500 seconds,
whereas the shocks approach the Earth in
about 1e2 days. The shock arrival at the
magnetosphere’s boundary, the magneto-
pause, leads to an abrupt compression of the
viii PREFACE
magnetosphere, indicated by a so-called
“storm sudden commencement (SSC)” in the
geomagnetic field. Another global manifes-
tation is the so-called “shock aurora” caused
by electrons precipitating from the disturbed
magnetosphere into the lower atmosphere.
Fig. 0.1 provides an impressive illustration of
the space weather concept.
A more continuous effect results from a
so-called magnetic cloudda twisted, mag-
netic structure carried by the perturbed solar
winddwhich interacts with the Earth’s
magnetic field. This interaction, via a com-
plex process of “reconnection” or “merging”
at the magnetopause, leads to the electro-
magnetic and plasma energy inflow and a
strong distortion of the geomagnetic field.
The interaction is particularly strong at polar
latitudes because of this region’s magnetic
connection to the solar wind. This process
results in the intensification of a global elec-
tric field and current system accompanied by
particle energization and precipitation into
the atmosphere, creating aurorae even at
mid-latitudes during major space storms.
The electromagnetic and particle energy
flowing into the magnetosphere makes the
magnetosphereeionosphere system unsta-
ble. Various plasma instabilities lead to en-
ergy release and the ultimate relaxation of
the system to a new equilibrium state after
the magnetic cloud passes on. Instabilities in
the outer magnetosphere, such as reconnec-
tion at the magnetopause and in the mag-
netotail, maintain the global energy balance
by injecting electromagnetic and particle
fluxes into the inner magnetosphere. In turn,
instabilities in the inner magnetosphere
generate electromagnetic waves and plasma
turbulence that enhances energy dissipation
in a global electric circuit, energizes plasma,
and makes particles trapped in the geomag-
netic field precipitate.
The goal of this book is to consistently
apply the methods of plasma theory to
selected geospace phenomena that are crit-
ical for the understanding of electromagnetic
and plasma disturbances in the near-Earth
plasma environment at auroral and sub-
auroral latitudes. We intend to demonstrate
that the underlying physics of many of these
phenomena is the same in the different parts
of the strongly coupled magnetospheree
ionosphere system. Nonetheless, the same
classical plasma instabilities and nonlinear
interactions occurring at different latitudes
can lead to different observational phenom-
ena, depending on the background parame-
ters and the disturbance magnitude. We
illustrate the results of the theoretical anal-
ysis with a large number of observations
made over the past 40 years, starting with
the first active experiments conducted in
space and ending with the most recent ob-
servations from the ground sensors and
satellites.
This book consists of five parts. In Part 1,
we provide a general description of the basic
structural elements of the near-Earth space
environment for readers unfamiliar with the
subject. Part 2 describes the linear theory of
plasma waves, basic plasma instabilities, and
nonlinear waveeparticle and waveewave
interactions. Part 3 outlines processes occur-
ring in the auroral geospace during sub-
storms, as well as the spatial and temporal
characteristics of different types of aurorae
and their physical sources. Part 4 contains a
survey of the “classical” aurora resulted from
the collisional impact of energetic electrons on
the atmosphere, describes observations of
noncollisional auroral features, artificial
aurora experiments, the theory of nonlinear
electron beameplasma interactions applied
to aurorae, and plasma heating effects in the
auroral E region. Part 5 describes the basic
features and processes occurring during
auroral substorms in the subauroral geo-
space, including subauroraleauroral bound-
ary processes, subauroral flow channels and
 PREFACE
arcs, as well as the generation and dynamics
of VLF whistler waves.
As a rule, we will not dwell on theoretical
details by giving all the basic derivations and
concepts; rather we will provide just enough
background for understanding theoretical
and experimental results in subsequent
chapters. Nonetheless, the requirement for
this text is a reasonable familiarity with the
contents of a typical graduate physics or
engineering curriculum, including classical
mechanics, vector algebra, Maxwell’s equa-
tions, and calculus. Inquisitive readers can
find further details and rigorous derivations
in comprehensive reviews and textbooks
listed in Recommended Reading.
This book is not just a summary of
research results; rather it is a presentation of
the basic issues of auroral and subauroral
plasma physics, together with illustrations of
simple models wherever appropriate. The
material covered could serve as a good
foundation on which an undergraduate or
graduate student could build an under-
standing of the past and present research in
this field. We have already used some parts
of this book in undergraduate and graduate
Space Plasma Physics courses at Embry-
Riddle Aeronautical University. For the
experienced researcher, we hope that this
book is a useful presentation of the status
ix
quo in the field. Concerning references, we
believe that the historical aspects of the field
are subordinate to a proper grasp of the
underlying physics described in most recent
books and review papers.
This book is a result of 40þ years of the
authors’ active research, started in the USSR
and continued in the US, in cooperation with
many colleagues whose hard work led to the
development of this discipline. We are
grateful to all of them. We would especially
like to acknowledge and thank Roald Sag-
deev, who introduced the many fascinating
ideas constituting the core of nonlinear
plasma physics, as well as Albert (Alec)
Galeev, Gerhard Haerendel, Tor Hagfors,
Vitaly Shapiro, Dennis Papadopoulos, Goran
Marklund, Larry Lyons, John Foster, Bill
Burke, and Vilen Mishin. Our special thanks
go to Charlotte Johnson for her able assis-
tance in editing this manuscript and making
it more readable for people unfamiliar with
plasma instabilities.
We acknowledge the continuous financial
support of our activity by the Air Force
Office of Scientific Research. And last, but
not least, our deep appreciation to our wives,
Luba Mishin and Natalia Streltsov, for their
constant encouragement during the writing
of this book and for bearing with us through
its successful completion.
 C H A P T E R

1
Introduction: near-Earth space
environment
The near-Earth space can be defined as the region where the solar wind magnetic field and
plasma interact with the magnetic field and plasma supplied by the Earth. It starts at the dis-
tance w10e12 RE toward the Sun and extends to >100 RE in the direction from the Sun. It
consists of several large, distinctive regions, which, in turn, contain smaller regions with
different parameters of the plasma and the magnetic field, and as a result, with different
dominant wave and particle processes. In that sense, the near-Earth space is similar to a
Russian “Matryoshka” doll or Chinese Boxes, where smaller objects are nested inside the
larger ones.
Fig. 1.1 depicts five main regions in the near-Earth space: (1) Bow Shock, (2) Magneto-
sheath, (3) Cusps, (4) Magnetosphere, and (5) Ionosphere. Each of these regions has its own
subregions, with different parameters of the plasma and the magnetic field. For example,
the integral parts of the Magnetosphere are the Magnetotail, Plasmasheet, and Plasmasphere.
In the Magnetotail, we distinguish the Mantle, Lobes, and Current sheet. In the plasmasphere,
which contains mainly a dense cold plasma, corotating with the Earth, two energetic particle
populations deserve special attention. One of these populations is radiation belt particles, and
the other is ring current particles.
Let us discuss these regions in some detail.

1.1 Bow shock

This is a region at a distance z10e12 RE from the center of the Earth toward the Sun. Here,
the shock wave associated with the supersonic solar wind plasma around the obstacle
(Earth’s magnetosphere) is formed. Indeed, the average velocity of the solar wind near the
Earth (at distance 1 AU from the Sun) is usw ¼ 400 km/s; the electron temperature
Te z 105 K; and the ion temperature Ti z 104 K. A typical value of the sound speed in the so-
lar wind plasma is cs w 40 km/s, so that the sonic Mach number Ms ¼ usw/cs z 10. There-
fore, the solar wind is supersonic near the Earth’s orbit, and the shock wave appears near

Nonlinear Wave and Plasma Structures in the Auroral and Subauroral Geospace
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-820760-4.00001-6 1 © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
2 1. Introduction: near-Earth space environment

FIGURE 1.1 Near-Earth space environment and magnetospheric currents. From the internet.

the location where the supersonic flow interacts with the Earth’s magnetosphere. This is the
bow shock.

1.2 Magnetosheath

This is a region between the bow shock and the Earth’s magnetosphere. Here, the transi-
tion from the interplanetary magnetic field carried by the solar wind to the magnetic field
generated inside the Earth occurs. The plasma in the magnetosheath is the postshock solar
wind plasma of the density n z 5 cm3 and Te z Te z 10 eV.

1.3 Polar cusps

These are two narrow, funnel-like regions in the Northern and Southern hemispheres
where the solar wind plasma can penetrate to low altitudes up to the ionosphere due to
the dipole geometry of the Earth’s magnetic field (Smith and Lockwood, 1996).
 1.4 Magnetosphere 3

1.4 Magnetosphere
This is a part of the near-Earth space with primarily the magnetic dipole field although
disguised by the interaction with the solar wind (e.g., Bagenal, 1985). The magnetosphere
is normally divided into the dayside magnetosphere and the magnetotail. The boundary
separating the magnetosphere from the magnetosheath is called a magnetopause. Technically
speaking, this is the boundary around the dayside magnetosphere and the magnetotail, but
more often, it is used to specify the boundary between the magnetosheath and the dayside
magnetosphere (Paschmann, 1979; Russel, 1981).
One of the main parameters describing the dayside magnetopause is the so-called standoff
distance, which defines the distance from the center of the Earth to the subsolar point where
the magnetopause is supposed to be. This distance is calculated from a pressure balance be-
tween the dynamic pressure in the solar wind, rSW u2SW , and the magnetic field pressure inside


the magnetosphere, B2 2m0 . Basically, it is assumed that the magnetic field in the solar wind is
weak (usually, BSW z 4e8 nT near the Earth), and the pressure in the solar wind is due to the
dynamic pressure only. Inside the magnetosphere, the plasma is relatively cold, stationary,
and diluted, and the pressure there is due to the magnetic field only. If we assume that the
magnetic field inside the dayside magnetosphere is dipole, then the magnitude of this field
in the equatorial plane is B ¼ BE ðRE =rÞ3 , where r is the geocentric distance, RE ¼ 6371.2 km
is the radius of the Earth, and BE ¼ 3.2  105 T. In this case, the equation defining the dis-
tance to the magnetopause in the subsolar point from the center of the Earth, rMP , is
 1=6
B2E
rMP ¼ RE (1.1)
2m0 rSW u2SW

For “typical” parameters of the solar wind, usw ¼ 400 km/s, mi ¼ mp ¼ 1.67  1027 kg,
and n ¼ 6 cm3, this distance is rMP z8RE , which is less than the average distance to the
magnetopause observed by satellites in the subsolar region. This value can be corrected by
considering effects from the ChapmaneFerraro currents flowing around the dayside magne-
tosphere. These currents will be described shortly in this chapter. Here, we just note that they
originate from the magnetic curvature and gradient drift motion of the particles in the solar
wind facing the strong magnetic field on the magnetosphere. The resulting current flows in
the ecliptic plane from dawn to dusk producing a magnetic field, which increases the mag-
netic field inside the magnetosphere and decreases it outside the magnetopause.
If the magnitude of the magnetic field produced by the ChapmaneFerraro current is equal
to the magnitude of the field outside the magnetopause, then it will cancel the magnetic field
outside and double it inside. In this case, to calculate the distance to the magnetopause, one
should use B0E ¼ 2BE in Eq. (1.1) instead of BE , and the resulting expression for rMP is
 1=6
B2E
rMP ¼ 21=3 RE (1.2)
2m0 rSW u2SW

Now, rMP z10RE for the same typical parameters of the solar wind, and this value corre-
sponds to the observations.
4 1. Introduction: near-Earth space environment

1.4.1 Magnetotail
Plasma Mantle. This is the region of the magnetosphere adjacent to the magnetopause.
Here, the plasma density is z 0.1e1.0 cm3 and Te z 100 eV.
Tail Lobes. Northern and southern lobes of the magnetotail extend downstream from
the Earth to >200 RE. Magnetic field lines in the lobes are nearly parallel to each other
and the strength of the magnetic field is z 20 nT. The plasma density here is very low,
z 0.01 cm3, Te z 100 eV, and Ti z 1 keV. This region of the magnetotail maps along the
magnetic field to the polar cap and provides a spatially homogeneous “polar rain” of elec-
trons with energies of a few hundred eV into the ionosphere.
Plasmasheet. This is a central part of the magnetosphere. In the nightside magnetosphere, it
separates two tail lobes. The magnetic field in the nightside of the plasmasheet is weaker than
in the lobes. The field is supposed to be near zero in the most central part of the nightside
plasmasheet where the reconnection occurs. In the part of the plasmasheet closer to the Earth,
the magnetic field lines are “closed,” and this region maps by the magnetic field to the auroral
oval in the high-latitude ionosphere. The average plasma density in the plasmasheet
is z 0.3e1.0 cm3, Te z 0.5e1.0 keV, and Ti z 3.0e6.0 keV. The magnetic field here is
weaker than in the lobes and the plasma is denser than the plasma in the lobes.
Boundary Layers. Two additional subregions in the magnetotail deserving special attention
are the plasmasheet boundary layer and the low-latitude boundary layer (LLBL). They are
shown in Fig. 1.1. These layers represent narrow transition regions, where parameters of
the plasma change significantly over a relatively short distance leading to strong transverse
gradients in plasma density, temperature, and velocity. These gradients cause the develop-
ment of the hydrodynamics instabilities (e.g., KelvineHelmholtz instability in LLBL), which
affect the electromagnetic dynamics of the magnetosphere.

1.4.2 Plasmasphere
The plasmasphere consists of a torus of relatively cold and dense plasma of ionospheric
origin corotating with the Earth. Here, n > 100 cm3 and Te z Ti z 1 eV. The period of the
plasmasphere rotation around the Earth is z 26 h or w10% longer than the period of the
Earth’s rotation. The plasmasphere is bounded in the radial direction by a sharp, well-
defined boundary called the plasmapause. During quiet geomagnetic conditions, the plasma-
pause locates on the magnetic field lines that map down to z60 degrees magnetic latitude.
The characteristic scale size of the plasmapause in the radial direction can be in the range
0.01e0.1 RE, and the plasma density changes over this distance from <10 cm3 outside the
plasmasphere to >100 cm3 inside (Carpenter and Anderson, 1992; Lui and Hamilton, 1992).
The plasmasphere also contains several populations of energetic particles which normally
are considered separately. These populations include particles forming radiation belts and
carrying ring current.

1.4.3 Radiation belts

The first population consists of low-density energetic electrons and ions forming so-called
radiation belts around the Earth. The electrons with energies >0.5 MeV accelerated in the
 1.5 Ionosphere 5
plasmasheet, form an outer radiation belt in the region between L ¼ 2.4 and L ¼ 6 magnetic
shells. Protons with energies >100 MeV, originating from the decay of neutrons produced in
the atmosphere by cosmic rays, form the inner radiation belt near L ¼ 1.5. The two radiation
belts are separated by the “gap” or “slot” region near L ¼ 2.0.
The density of the energetic particles in both radiation belts is 104e106 of the total den-
sity, but because of their high energy, these particles create a real danger for satellites and
humans operating in space. They also can generate some type of plasma waves (for example,
VLF whistler-mode waves) via cyclotron waveeparticle interactions.

1.4.4 Ring current

The second population comprises of ions with a typical energy of z50e70 keV. The
mechanism producing the ring current is the magnetic field curvature and gradient drift,
as is the case of the currents on the dayside magnetosphere. However, the ring current
ions are energized in the magnetotail and move along an almost parallel magnetic field in
the plasmasheet until they reach the region of the strong dipole magnetic field in the plasma-
sphere. Then due to the gradient and curvature of the magnetic field ions start drifting
westward and electrons eastward in the ecliptic plane around the Earth. The net current flows
in the westward direction in the equatorial plane. During storm time, substantial fraction of
the ring current ions comes from the ionosphere.

1.5 Ionosphere

The ionosphere is a partially ionized gas occupying the range of altitudes from 80 to
2000 km above the Earth. Some books suggest considering this gas as a plasma and some
do not. The reason for that discrepancy is that the density of the neutral atmospheric particles
in the main regions of the ionosphere (<400 km) is 100e1000 times higher than the density of
the charged particles, which makes collisions with neutrals and electrochemical reactions be-
tween different species very important participants of the ionospheric processes. Excellent re-
view of physics and chemistry of the ionosphere is given by Schunk (1983), Schunk and Nagy
(2004), and Kelley (2009).
The midlatitude ionosphere is mostly produced by the photoionization of the neutral at-
mosphere by EUV and X-ray radiation from the Sun. Two other important production mech-
anisms are (1) the impact ionization of neutrals by superthermal electrons and (2) charge
exchange. The dissociative and radiative recombination balances the ionization and creates
a dynamically stable configuration of charged particles with some averaged values of the
main parameters.
Tables 1.1e1.3 list some of the major reactions used in photochemical models, with the re-
action rate coefficients from Grubbs et al. (2018), unless noted. As common, we denote the
excited state of nitrogen, N(2D), as N# and si,n ¼ Ti,n (K)/300.
6 1. Introduction: near-Earth space environment

TABLE 1.1 Ion-molecular reactions.

# Reaction Rate coefficient, cm3/s/Ref. # Reaction Rate coefficient, cm3/s/Ref.
( (
1 NOþ þ O1D 1.4  1010 6 N2þ þ O/NOþ þ N # 1:4  1010 s0:44
i at si < 5
þ
O2 þ N/ þ
NO þ O1S 2.5  1011

2 Oþ þ
2 þ NO/NO þ O2 4:1  1010 7 N2þ þ O/Oþ þ N2 1011 si0:23 at si < 5
 
3 Oþ þ
2 þ N2 /NO þ NO 5  1016 8 Oþ þ NO/NOþ þ O 1013 6:4  1:3si þ 0:8s2i :::
at si < 13
 
4 N2þ þ O2 /Oþ
2 þ N2 5 1011 si0:8 9 þ
O þ N2 /NO þ N þ
1012 1:7  0:7si þ 0:13s2i :::
at si < 12
 
5 N2þ þ NO/NO þ N2 þ
7:5  109 Tn0:52 10 O þ þ
O2 /Oþ
2 þO 1011 2:8  0:7si þ 0:08s2i :::
at si < 16

TABLE 1.2 Recombination.

# Reaction Rate coefficient, cm3/s
( ( (
1 O1D þ O1D 7:6  108 se0:7 7:5  108 s0:61
Oþ
e
2 þ e/ ðse < 4Þand ðse  4Þ
O1D þ O 1:2  107 se0:7 1:2  107 s0:61
e
( ( (
2 N# þ N 1:9  107 se0:39 1:7  107 s0:57
N2þ þ e/
e
ðse < 4Þand ðse  4Þ
N# þ N# 2:6  108 se0:39 2:3  108 s0:57
e
( ( (
3 N# þ O 2:6  107 se0:69 2:3  107 s0:56
e
þ
NO þ e/ ðse < 4Þand ðse  4Þ
NþO 8:4  108 se0:69 7:3  108 s0:56
e

TABLE 1.3 Chemical reactions.

# Reaction Rate coefficient, cm3/s References

1 N þ O2 /NO þ O 1.5  1011 expð 12 =sn Þ Barth et al. (2009)

2 N þ NO/N2 þ O 1.6  1010 expð 1:53 =sn Þ Barth et al. (2009)

( (
3 NO þ O 5:6  1012 sn Duff et al. (2005)
#
N þ O2 /
NO þ O1D 6  1013 sn
( (
4 N2 þ O 7  1011 Barth et al. (2009)
#
N þ NO/ 11
N þ NO 6:7  10
( (
5 NþO 1:3  1012
N # þ O/
N þ O1D 1:4  1013

6 N # þ N2 /N þ N2 1013 expð 1:7 =sn Þ

 1.5 Ionosphere 7

1.5.1 Ionospheric regions

The “classical” daytime midlatitude ionosphere consists of four regions: D, E, F1, and F2, as
shown in Fig. 1.2A:
• The D region occupies the altitude range 70e90 km. A typical electron density here is
w102e103 cm3. The main ion species are NOþ and Oþ 2 . The main sources of ionization
are solar Lyman-a, galactic X-rays, and galactic cosmic rays. This region practically dis-
appears during the nighttime.
• The E region with the peak electron density 1e2  105 cm3 is between 95 and 140 km.
The main ion species are Oþ þ
2 and NO . The main sources of the ionization are solar
Lyman-b, soft X-rays, and UV Continuum.
• The F1 region occurs at the altitudes 140e200 km. The electron density is 105e106 cm3.
The main ion species are Oþ and NOþ. The main sources of the ionization are solar He
II and UV Continuum (100e800 Å). This region also disappears during nighttime.
• The F2 region is the region with the ionospheric density peak between 200 and 400 km.
The peak density in this region is 5  105e5  106 cm3. The main ion species are Oþ
and Nþ. The main sources of the ionization are solar He II and UV Continuum
(100e800 Å).
These ionospheric parameters are “typical” for middle latitudes only. At high latitudes, the
ionosphere strongly depends on particle precipitation from the plasmasheet, and hence, on
the geomagnetic conditions. The nighttime ionosphere between the F2 and E regions features
the so-called “valley,” which depth and location varies with latitude (Fig. 1.2B).

FIGURE 1.2 (A) The average structure of the ionosphere. (B) The electron density in the nighttime ionosphere at
various geographic latitudes. Adapted from (A) Jursa, A.S., 1985, Handbook of Geophysics and Space Environment, AFRL,
National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161. (B) Titheridge, J., 2003. Ionization below the night F2 layerda
global model. J. Atm. Solar-Terr. Phys. 65, 1035e1052. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6826(03)00136-6.
8 1. Introduction: near-Earth space environment

Because the main energy source for the ionospheric production is the radiation from the
Sun, the ionosphere demonstrates a strong temporal variability depending on the position
and intensity of the Sun. Thus, the density of the ionosphere at noon is more than 10 times
larger than the density in the same location during local midnight. The daytime density of
the ionosphere during the solar maxima can be 10 times more than the daytime density dur-
ing the solar minima. Moreover, the nighttime F2-region density during the solar maxima can
be more than the daytime density during the solar minima.
The amount of solar radiation used to ionize the neutrals also depends on the latitude, and
therefore, the ionosphere at low and middle latitudes is “denser” than the ionosphere at high
latitudes. At the same time, at high latitudes (particularly, in the auroral zone), the precipi-
tation of energetic electrons from the plasmasheet is an important source of the ionization.
This source strongly depends on the geomagnetic activity in the magnetotail (e.g., sub-
storms). As a result, the ionospheric density can be very high in the auroral zone and change
significantly over relatively short time intervals and spatial scales.

1.5.2 Ionospheric conductivities

One very important distinction of the dynamics of the ionospheric plasma below 400 km
altitude from the dynamics of the magnetospheric plasma is that the ionospheric plasma is
embedded into the dense neutral gas. Collisions between neutral and charged particles signif-
icantly affect the electromagnetic processes occurring in the ionosphere. In particular, colli-
sions provide a finite conductivity of the ionospheric plasma, connecting currents and the
electric field in the ionosphere.
Expressions for the ionospheric conductivity are derived in a straightforward way from
the equations of motion for charged particles

dvs
ms ¼ qs ðE þ vs  BÞ  ms ns ðvs  vN Þ (1.3)
dt

Here, index s indicates the species of the charged particles (e for electrons and i for ions), nS
is the collision frequency between species s and neutrals, and yN is the velocity of the neutrals.
Let us consider electrons moving without acceleration ðd =dt h0Þ parallel to the magnetic
field ðve jjBÞ or without any magnetic field ðB ¼ 0Þ. Also let us assume that neutrals are sta-
tionary ðvN ¼ 0Þ. In this case, Eq. (1.3) gives

m e ne me ne me ne 1
E¼  ve ¼  2 neve ¼ je ¼ j: (1.4)
e ne ne 2 sjje e


Here, sjje ¼ ne2 me ne is the parallel electron conductivity. The total parallel conductivity,
sjj , includes a contribution from electrons and ions. In the plasma consisting of electrons and
one species of ions only, it is
 
1 1
sjj ¼ sjje þ sjji ¼ ne2 þ (1.5)
m e n e m i vi
 1.5 Ionosphere 9
If the plasma consists of multiple ion species with different masses and charges, then the
parallel conductivity is

ne2 Xni q2
sjj ¼ þ i
(1.6)
me ne i
mi n i

P
Here, index i marks different ion species and n ¼ i ni .
If one will consider electrons moving without acceleration ðd =dt h0Þ under some angle to
the background magnetic field, and assume that neutrals are stationary ðvN ¼ 0Þ, then Eq.
(1.3) gives

m e ne m e ne 1
E¼  ve  ve  B ¼ j þ j B (1.7)
e ne2 e ne e

It is convenient to analyze Eq. (1.7) by introducing an orthogonal coordinate system with

the z axis aligned with the ambient magnetic field B. In this case, components of Eq. (1.7)
become

me n e m e ve B m e ne B
Ez ¼ jez ; Ex ¼ jex þ jey ; Ey ¼ jey  jex (1.8)
ne2 ne 2 ne ne 2 ne

or

jez ¼ sjje Ez ; jex ¼ sPe Ex  sHe Ey ; jey ¼ sPe Ey þ sHe Ex (1.9)

Here,

n2e ne uce
sPe ¼ sjje and sHe ¼ sjje (1.10)
n2e þ u2ce n2e þ u2ce

The relations between the electric field and the total current carried by the electrons and
multiple ion species can be obtained in a similar way:

jz ¼ sjj Ez ; jx ¼ sP Ex  sH Ey ; jy ¼ sP Ey þ sH Ex (1.11)

Here, sjj is given by Eq. (1.6), sP is called Pedersen conductivity, and sH is called Hall
conductivity

n2e X n2i ne uce X ni uci

sP ¼ sjje þ sjji ; sH ¼ sjje 2  sjji 2 ; (1.12)
ne þ uce
2 2
i
ni þ uci
2 2
ve þ uce 2
i
ni þ u2ci

The relation between the current and the electric field in the ionosphere in the matrix form is
0 1
sp sH 0
!
 !  B C
j ¼ s ,E; where s ¼ B @ sH sp 0C A (1.13)
0 0 sjj
10 1. Introduction: near-Earth space environment

The Pedersen conductivity is responsible for the Pedersen currents flowing in the iono-
sphere in the direction of the electric field. This current is carried mostly by ions. It causes
dissipation of the electric field energy in the ionosphere and the ionospheric heating. The
Hall conductivity is responsible for the Hall current flowing in the ionosphere in the direction
perpendicular to the electric field and mostly carried by electrons.
Both conductivities result from the fact that collisions with neutrals demagnetize ions in
the ionosphere, and they start to move in the direction of the electric field instead of partici-
pating in the E  B drift. Electrons remain magnetized, and they continue to move perpendic-
ular to E with the velocity of the electric drift. Thus, collisions effectively separate electrons
from ions, the ions carry Pedersen current in the direction of the electric field, and the elec-
trons carry Hall currents in the direction perpendicular to E.
The Hall and Pedersen currents arise from the peculiarities of the electric drift motion
in the collisional media. They both depend on the orientation of the background magnetic
and electric field relative to each other. These fields are oriented differently at high and
low latitudes. At high latitudes, the magnetic field has a large angle with the ionosphere
and with the electric field produced in the ionosphere. At low latitudes, the magnetic field
in the southenorth direction is parallel to the ionosphere and, if there is an electric field in
the eastewest direction in the ionosphere, then the E  B drift pushes electrons in the ver-
tical direction and creates a vertical component of the electric field. By considering the
contribution from this field, one can get the relation between the eastewest
electric field
and current in the ionosphere, jEW ¼ sC EEW , where sC ¼ sP þ s2H sP is called Cowling
conductivity.
Fig. 1.3 shows “typical” profiles of sP , sH , and sC with an altitude reproduced from Jursa
(1985). It should be noticed here that all three conductivities are proportional to the plasma
density in the ionosphere, particularly in the D and E regions, as well as on the temperature of
electrons and ions. This fact has been used in many active ionospheric experiments based on
changing ionospheric conductivity by heating electrons in the D and E regions with HF
waves produced by powerful ground transmitters, like the High-frequency Active Auroral
Research Program (HAARP) facility in Gakona, Alaska.

1.6 Electric currents

Interactions between the plasma and magnetic field carried by the solar wind with plasma
and the magnetic field of the Earth’s origin distort the dipole geometry of the Earth’s mag-
netic field, and these distortions of the magnetic field generate a system of electric currents
threading different near-Earth space regions. The interactive visualization of the currents in
the near-Earth space is shown on the website http://meted.ucar.edu/hao/aurora/txt/x_
m_3_1.php. These currents include dayside magnetosphere or ChapmaneFerraro currents,
nightside magnetosphere or tail currents, cross-tail or neutral sheet current, ring current,
field-aligned or Birkeland currents, and the ionospheric currents, as depicted in Figs. 1.1
and 1.4. Let us consider those in some detail.
• Dayside Magnetosphere or ChapmaneFerraro Currents. These currents occur on the
dayside magnetopause. They are carried by the solar wind particles experiencing the
magnetic field curvature and gradient drifts. Both these drifts cause the motion of
the electrons and ions in opposite directions and produce electric current flowing in the
 1.6 Electric currents 11

FIGURE 1.3 Example of distribution of Pedersen (sP), Hall (sH), and Cowling (sC) conductivities with altitude.
In general, these conductivities depend on the plasma density and temperature. Adapted from Jursa, A.S., 1985,
Handbook of Geophysics and Space Environment, AFRL, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161.

eastward direction in the ecliptic plane on the magnetopause. This current increases
the Earth’s magnetic field inside the magnetopause and decreases it outside. This effect
is consistent with a simple physical picture of solar wind compressing the magneto-
sphere on the dayside and increasing the magnetic field inside.
• Nightside Magnetosphere or Tail Current. This is a system of two “solenoid-like” currents
flowing around the magnetotail. The currents are the result of the geometry of the mag-
netic field in the tail, which is described by almost uniform and almost parallel magnetic
field lines. Because the magnetic field in the southern magnetosphere is pointing from the
Earth, and in the northern magnetosphere, it is pointing toward the Earth; the currents
around the southern and northern parts of the tail should flow in opposite directions.
• Cross Tail or Neutral Sheet Current. This current flows across the tail through the
neutral sheet providing the closure of the northern and southern tail currents.
Field-Aligned or Birkeland Currents. Field-aligned currents, named after their discoverer
Birkeland currents, are different from other currents in the magnetosphere in several
ways. First, they are carried mostly by the electrons traveling along the ambient magnetic
field and originated from polarization charges at plasma boundaries and often driven by a
parallel voltage between the ionosphere and equatorial magnetosphere (e.g., Arnoldy,
1974). There exist several possible mechanisms producing potential drops with different
spatial characteristics and temporal behavior (Baumjohann, 1982; Lyons, 1992). It is com-
mon to distinguish large-scale, quasi-stationary Region 1 and 2 currents (Iijima and
Potemra, 1978) and small-scale currents carried by Alfvén waves.
12 1. Introduction: near-Earth space environment

FIGURE 1.4 (A) A schematic illustration of the global magnetospheric current system in the Northern Hemi-
sphere: Region 1 and 2 currents, the magnetopause (ChapmaneFerraro, black), partial ring current (black dashed),
and the Pedersen currents (green). Red/blue lines indicate upward/downward current regions in the polar region
and Region 1 and 2 currents. (B) A global view of Region 1 and Region 2 currents. (C) Ionospheric closure of the field-
aligned currents. Adapted from (A) Carter, J., Milan, S., Coxon, J., Walach, M.-T., Anderson, B., 2016. Average field-aligned
current configuration parameterized by solar wind conditions. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 121, 1294e1307. https://doi.org/10.
1002/2015JA021567. (B, C) Pictures from the website http://meted.ucar.edu/hao/aurora/txt/x_m_3_1.php.

o Large-Scale, Region 1 and Region 2 Currents. The current system connecting the magne-
topause (and the solar wind) with the polar ionosphere is called the Region 1 current
system. The poleward boundary of R1 currents coincides with the polar cap boundary.
This region is z 100e200 km wide and the current density of this current is z 1 mA/m2.
The current system connecting the inner boundary of the plasmasheet with the equator-
ward part of the auroral ionosphere and the ring current with the subauroral ionosphere
is called the Region 2 current system.
o Small-Scale Alfvénic Currents. Ultra-low-frequency shear Alfvén waves, generated in
the magnetosphere by coupling between shear and fast MHD waves or waveeparticle
interactions, or by the different sources in the ionosphere, carry field-aligned currents
playing an important role in the exchange of the mass, energy, and momentum between
 1.8 Magnetosphere-ionosphere (MI) coupling 13
the ionosphere and the magnetosphere. These current systems have transverse sizes in
the ionosphere z10e100 km and oscillate with frequencies 0.5e100 mHz. Satellite and
ground-based observations suggest that these currents are closely related to the bright,
discrete auroral arcs, and other nonluminous wave and plasma phenomena in the
auroral and subauroral ionosphere.
Ionospheric Currents. The Pedersen and Hall currents are two main currents in the lower
ionosphere. They are localized in the ionospheric D and E regions, where the corresponding
Hall and Pedersen conductivities maximize. Fig. 1.4C show a schematic plot of these currents
in the ionosphere.
o Pedersen Current. The Pedersen current flows in the direction of the electric field in the
ionosphere. It is carried mainly by the bulk ions due to ion-neutral collisions that
demagnetize ions. That is, collisions disrupt ion gyrorotation around the magnetic field
thus making ions move in the direction of the electric field instead of E  B drift.
o Hall Current. The Hall current flows in the direction of the E  B drift. It is carried
mainly by the bulk electrons in the altitude range where ions are demagnetized but
electrons remain magnetized.

1.7 Aurora and auroral oval

Aurora, known as polar or northern lights (aurora borealis) or southern lights (aurora Aus-
tralis), is a natural airglow in the Earth’s sky. As auroras were formerly thought to be the first
light of dawn, the name “Aurora” came from the Latin word for “dawn, morning light,”
while “Borealis” was coined by Galileo in 1619 from the Roman goddess of the dawn and
the Greek name for the north wind (Siscoe, 1986). Auroral emission is produced when fluxes
of energetic electrons and protons precipitate along the magnetic field into the upper atmo-
sphere below w130 km. The region of the most frequent occurrence of aurorae is the auroral
or Feldstein oval (Feldstein, 2016). Fig. 1.5 presents examples of aurora and a snapshot of the
auroral oval taken from the Polar satellite over the Northern Hemisphere. Clearly, aurorae fill
in a continuous, oval-shape pattern around the geomagnetic pole replicating the shape of the
Earth’s magnetosphere: compressed on the dayside and stretched on the nightside. The oval
maps into the plasma domains of the Earth’s magnetosphere with precipitating 20 keV elec-
tron fluxes. The auroral oval is a natural system of reference for description of rapidly chang-
ing phenomena in the geospace.

1.8 Magnetosphere-ionosphere (MI) coupling

Magnetosphereeionosphere coupling includes many different subjects in the global study

of the near-Earth space physics, with many different complex and complicated phenomena to
explore. This coupling includes various linear and nonlinear mechanisms providing the ex-
change of energy, mass, and momentum between the ionosphere and the magnetosphere.
These mechanisms work in the same spatial domain but different geomagnetic conditions,
on different spatial scales, and with different timeframes. Several very different mechanisms
14 1. Introduction: near-Earth space environment

FIGURE 1.5 (Top) Examples of auroral displays: (A) Corona and (B) rayed arcs (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Aurora). (Bottom) Ultraviolet (UV) image from the Polar satellite over the Northern Hemisphere. (Top) From Mishin,
E., 2019. Artificial Aurora experiments and application to natural aurora. Front. Astron. Space Sci. 6, 14. https://doi.org/10.
3389/fspas.2019.00014. (Bottom) From http://eiger.physics.uiowa.edu/wvis/examples.

can produce very similar observational effects, and the same physical mechanism can pro-
duce very different observational effects under different conditions. Fig. 1.6 (courtesy of
Joe Grebowsky, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center) illustrates geophysical processes man-
ifesting coupling between different regions in the terrestrial magnetosphere, ionosphere, and
atmosphere.
Ultra-low-frequency (ULF) shear Alfvén waves and field-aligned currents carried by those
are the main participants in the electromagnetic coupling between the ionosphere and
magnetosphere in the auroral and subauroral zones. One of the main mechanisms demon-
strating the importance of magnetosphereeionosphere coupling for understanding the origin
and dynamics of intense ULF waves, currents, and density structures is the active feedback
from the density disturbances in the ionosphere on the structure and amplitude of the magne-
tospheric, field-aligned currents causing these disturbances.
The basic idea of this mechanism is that the ULF field-aligned current interacting with the
ionosphere changes the ionospheric conductivity by precipitating or removing electrons in the
E region, and these variations in the conductivity “feedback” on the structure and amplitude of
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 —Kaik! doar loopt ’n klodder maide, hullie aige d’r
stain-dood.… ikke konsteteer van da je op dâ terain
mit die brand-beweging [341]d’r nie deurhakt! wai binne
te loat! merkeer de paa’s. Hee Dirk! Hee Rink je mag
d’r toekaike!

’t Stoetje stond gestremd te blazen en te zuchten in de

smoor-drukkende zomeravondbenauwing. Duizenden
kijkers dromden vóór hen in hellen vuurschijn,
makaber roodoranjigen gloed, vulkanisch
neerduivelend op al soorten koppen.

Stemmen-alliteratie woelde rond na den eersten

schrik, en helscher orkaande de jankjubel van orgels,
roffels, toeters en pauken, luguber door den stillen
schuifel der be-vuurschijnde massa.—

—’n Rot pakhuis mi-sonder ’n koantje woarde..

schreeuwde Limmer, nou die doen stiekem s’n
skietgebedje, kaik! vlak-an de afslag!

—Daa’t is d’r mit ’n half uur dààn, hoonde ’n meid

belust op emotie.

—’n Rooie hoan van lik-main-fessie! een mi-sonder

kam! spotte ’n vent, met gril-gloed op z’n gelige
apentronie, en woest-vurig geflakker van z’n wilde
bevlamde oogen.

Burgervader omschermd van agentenkring,

glimmerige helmen in ’t vuur, en hellebardierig
geschaard om brandkar met z’n kleine slurfspuitjes,
deftigde gewichtig tegen plaatsvervangend
kommandant, officiëelde hoogelijk.—
—De kommedant is d’r nie!.… woar sit die pikbroek?
schorde weer ’n vent.

—Lait in ’t gangetje.… s’n tantje is d’r joarig! gierde ’n

ander!

—Kaik de heule brandwair is d’r ’n kait! Se kenne nie

op d’r poote stoan.

—Gooi de jonker mi s’n test in de vlamme—is die uit

s’n laie, kabbeloebelaap! Hee mermot! Bunsum! hee!
’n rot pakhuis!

—Hai weut d’r sellefers van!

—Sel ’t nooit-nie wair doene!

’t Verkrijschte in hoon en nijd rondom, de spottende

menschenstemmen.

—Nou ikke seg, daa’t sonde is veur de tait, lachte Dirk

di [342]Geert had opgebeurd bij d’r dijën, dat ze beter
boven den gloeddrom kon uitkijken.

Maar Willem Hassel, jaloersch dat Dirk ’r zoo stevig

vast had, trok ’r weer neer bij d’r beenen.

—Daa’s net, da kreng ken d’r bestig s’n aige redde.. ’t

is ’n rot soake van die Hassebas Beemster.. ’t ding is
d’r vast gain spuit woater woard!.…

—Moàr hoe dat nou ankomt hee? bleef zeuren ’n ouë

kerel, met ’n scheel-gedrochtelijk oog, waaromheen, in
weerkaats van vuurgloed, groene schemer trilde.—
—Ze hewwe d’r danst mit de fakkels! dá’ loat ’t ansien
hee?

De Grintjes en Marie verveelden zich met ’t

opgedrongen staan. Menschenzee vóór hen, al valer
bevuurschijnd deinde langzaam van Baanwijk naar
Haven terug, langs de spullen. Telkens verklonk gegier
om ’t peuterig gewurm van de waggelende
brandweergasten, die elkaar de slangetjes uit de hand
stootten, en flauwe waterstraaltjes rondspoten; op de
slangen trapten en verkeerd koppelden.—’t
Brandkarretje kreunde als ’n verroest
modderbaggertje bij elken schuif en stoot naar voren
en naar achter.

De schrik-emotie sloeg over in hoon van de woeste

kermisgasten, en daverend holden heele stoeten weg
in trappeling; verhosten weer tusschen de goud-roode
en oranjige dampsfeer van avondhallige tentlanen en
spullen.

Dirk, Marie en Geert hielden hun plan vast voor ’t

Café-chantant.

—Nou wai goin d’r nog wa bij Dies.

—Juistig, bai Dies.. prêchtige tingeltangel.. doar hai je

da waif in ’t rood! die sangster.… doarhain gaste! in de
„Son” is ’t daàn noà twoalf!

—Hee kaik d’r Rink, je bloed d’r àn je snuifert!

Rink veegde z’n neus met z’n naakte handen.…

—Daa’t is d’r nog.. nog van die smak uit de droaimole,
stamelde ie wezenloos.—

Als ’n duistere horde stormde de stoet voort. De brand

was [343]rookerig en smoezelig aan ’t versmeulen.
Niemand keek er meer naar om.

—Eerst de kleine tingel-tangel in, kê je ook lol hebbe!

enne dan Moandag erais noà de Skouwburg mit de
deftighaid.

Zoo zeurde Willem tegen Geert. Heete Trijn, en de

andere meiden stemden in, slobberden maar mee,
doorschroeid van drankpassie. Frank en licht stapten
ze voort op de orgeldeunen die ze beheksten, hun
bloed vervuurden in d’r lijven.

—De kerels moste moar doene wa se wouë.… d’r

waa’s tug moar krek één kair kermis in ’t joar.…
hinnekte in schater Marie Pijler, tegen Rink
aangeplakt. Mooie Geert, met ’r rumoer-lichtende
oogen, de vurige Trijn en blonde Cor met ’r
poppensnuit, belolden elkaar, en de twee meiden
Spaandermast, die zich bij ’t stoetje hadden
aangesloten, gierden mee.

Alleen hinderde ’t de Grintjes dat ze Guurt in den hos

naar den brand waren kwijtgeraakt. Stekelig
vermopperden ze wat tegen Piet en Dirk.—

Piet die straal was, waggelde en boerde, vatte niet

goed wie Geert eigenlijk bedoelde.—
 —Jesus, je meroakelse sus maàn! dat trosse krèng!
mit d’r vraier van de sèkreterie! kaik m’erais in main
fieselemie!

—Die is d’r van deur, giftte mee Trijn.

—Die muurpeek, jaloerschte Geert weer, en Dirk werd

nijdig toen ie zag dat ze uit wraakgierigheid den arm
van Willem vaster greep, zich uit zìjn knel kregelig
loswoelde.

—Guurt? Guurt? Wie wou je maine.… gof’r dikkie.…

Oapram Prik … Prikkie! die hept d’r aige te snurreke
lait! in de sekreterie!

—Doar hep se ’t koeltjes hee!.… aa’s hier.… in de

raige hee?

—En Jan Grint dan.. da is d’r ’n vraier van spikeloas!

Skuiere mò-je-moar.. skuiere mô-je-moar! zong schor
Rink met Piet mee die in kallende idioterigheid
kankaneerde in waggel voor hen uit, dat de meiden
weer in lach schoten.

—Kok-kok-kok! kok-kok-kok.. moeder se lait ’n ai!

weut je ’t noù.… hoeke ’t weuse mot! Gùùrt! Gùùrt.
snaiboon! [344]krijschte Geert in Piet’s oor. Piet
waggelde op zij, jeukte z’n oor uit waar de meid in
geschreeuwd had.—

—Soo! soo! snurkert, snaiboon! lummelde Willem

mee, die in dronken ronk als wezenloos wegzonk, en
alleen opleefde in vlaag van heftige jaloezie op Dirk.
 De meiden gierden en toeterden met hun allen Piet
den naam van z’n zus, scheepsroeperig oorholte in,
dat ie z’n dronken kop machteloos hangen liet op z’n
borst, en als ’n pasloopende drenkeling slap
heenwaggelde tusschen de vrijsters in.

Toch, onder dien jool, zat haat tegen Guurt, gekrenkt

gevoel om ’r sluw wegsluipen van hun stoet.—

Regen bleef zacht spatteren, en heete nachthemel,

besmoezelde ze nattig de tronies en handen. Bij hoek-
omslaan van Beekerweg kregen ze, in lampschijn,
gloeiend café-chantant van Dies in de gaten, waar hun
rauw gezang uit tegemoet waaide.

In woeste passie, hossend en tamboereerend met de

knuisten op elkaars lijf, sliertten ze de laag-
doorsmookte kroeg in, stank-walmend van jenever en
ziedend van stemmenraas, lichtkokend in geel-rookig
damp, vochtig van gloeiingen als ’n reuzige
brouwketel.

Plebspubliek krijschte ze welkom toe. Over zwarte

banken, vol vuil, smeer en dranknattigheid, sprongen
ze naar plaatsen, waggelden, wat niet meer op de
banken kon, op stoel en kruk, uit ’n hok, achter ’t
buffetje, aangesleept.

De meiden smakten zich neer, naast elkaar op de

banken. Geert plakte òp tegen ’n stomdronken
onderofficier die ’n fletse wit-harige meid zat te zuig-
zoenen, zonder dat ’n spier van ’r gezicht vertrok.—Na
iedere slobberige zoenbui, veegde ze strak,
vlakhandig ’r wang schoon, koelde ’r steenharde blik
 voor zich uit. Vóór Geert drong ’n ouë kerel òp die
schorrig stoethaspelde, en al maar wees op ’n man in
den hoek, waar de onderofficier zich voor moest
wachten. Tartend teemde z’n dronken mond:

—Sien ie! Sien ie! daa’t is.… is.… nou main soon!..
die.… die knakt.… jou.… en en.… en.… en.… en.. de
heule wai … aireld aa’s worst! hee?… aa’s die d’r
goàr … [345]wil!.… en.… en.… en.… de heule mikmak
hee?.…

—Hou jou.. snater ouë sloddervos! blùf!.. blùf, driftte

de sergeant, z’n paarsroode gezwollen kop
woestnijdig naar der ouden teemer toedraaiend, klaar
om z’n bierglas ’m op de hersens tot scherven te
stampen.

Maar de ouë dronkenlap bleef doorzeuren.—Half

ingebogen waggelde ie bij Geert, z’n stinkenden mond
vlak voor de meidentronies, z’n handen en armen in
kind-sukkelend onvast gebaar, verzwaaiend door den
rookmist. Vlak vóór Geert bleef ie strompelen, z’n
smerige klauwen onder ’r scherpsnibbig neusje, dat
trilde van angst. Bang zochten ’r oogen Dirk, Dirk nog
meer dan Willem. Dirk sleurde ’n meid van
Spaandermast uit de bank en plakte zich naast Geert.
—

Hij lachte om den blufferigen ouen schooier.

—Gut maid!.. ma-ïn soon doar! doar.. in de hoek.. is

tog soo’n poal.. poal.. hee? hardstikke sterk! ellendig..
tuikig! da.. aa’s tie … de de.. de.. de serreggant.. ’n lel
gaift!.… lait.. heul.… Wiere.. re.. loànd veur … veur de
waireld hee? die.. hep d’r puur.… klaufe! vàn.… vàn ’n
olieërsfant hee?..

Dóór zeurde z’n stem voor ’t mooie verschrikte kopje

van Geert, al maar over z’n ijzerbrekenden zoon, die
zèlf lodderig en geradbraakt in ’n hoek zat te
knikkebollen, soms starend als ’n bewustelooze met
gebroken oogen, op den rug van ’n vuilbruine piano.—

Dirk zoende Geert, lebberde ’r de wangen vol. Willem

had zich door ’n rij stoelen heengewerkt met ’n dierlijk
instinkt, in de richting van Geert.

Nou zat ie ingekneld tusschen ’n paar meidendijën

half op ’r schoot, kneep ’r in de beenen en zinlijkte,
met opgeblazen rooien kop, in ronkend-stillen wellust.
Onderofficier zoende z’n steendooie fletse meid niet
meer, maar keek met begeer-heete glinsteroogen
guitig naar Geert en Trijn, lekte z’n baard en aaide
zich-zelf zacht over de gezwollen paarse wangen.

Trijn leunde tegen Piet òp, die zich ook tusschen ’t

meidenvolkje [346]gedrongen had, en Cor, de stille Cor,
lag half in zwijm in de armen van ’n rossig besnorden
vent, zonder dat ze recht wist, hoe ze aan ’m kwam en
wie hij was.

Henk en Hazewind joolden en Rink zat met de blonde

furie Marie op z’n schoot. In hun handen beefden
jeneverglaasjes, die bij elken woestbrullenden krijsch
van Rink, weer gevuld in de vingers teruggekneld
werden. Met ’r beenen, zat de blonde furie tegen ’n
bankrand geduwd, ’r onderlijf naakt gewoeld.
 Koortsig wellustig opgehitst in den ziedenden
stemmenkook en rookstank om ’r heen, schuurde ze
zich tegen Rink’s borst, haar kop op zijn mond
vastgezogen, haar gouden haardos losgekarteld in z’n
gulzige knelarmen. Half tusschen z’n beenen
uitgezakt, in kanaljeuzen zit, drukte ie Marie
achterover, zoende ’r woest in den blanken wellustkuil
van dampenden hals, omfonkeld van kraaltjes en
praaltjes. Haar beenen slapten al hooger den
bankrand òp in zinlijken tuimel van d’r bovenlijf. Uit
haar rokken zwoelde ’n heete walm van kermislucht,
’n anjelierige gemeen-zoete patjoulie, en ’n trillende
hysterische zwijmgeursel steeg uit ’r halfnaakten
boezem.

Haar halskraag had Rink losgescheurd en bevend

vampyrig z’n gulzigende smakkende lippen in
boersche passie er op vastgezogen.

Ze snikte naar ademhaal en ’r heete borst hijgde of ze

sterven ging.

Hun passie doorvlamde ’t goudroode walmende

zanghol in ’n zwijmelende erotiek, ’n beestige
bronstigheid, en woest de paren omhelsden elkaar, bij
’t gierende toejuichen van Rink’s en Marie’s dierlijke
vrijage.—

Door den geel-rooden rookmist verklonken de zoenen

als zuigend geslobber.—

Achter ’n deurtje uit, kwam plots ’n gala-meneer op ’n

paar waggelende plankjes staan, vóór de piano. ’n
 Kerel roffelde ’n preludiëerenden deun met pieperig
kermende tusschenklankjes.—

Chanteur viel in, zang-sprak ’n dubbelzinnige mop met

krijschend refrein: [347]

Schuiere mot je maar.… Schuiere mot je maar

Van je heeloà.. heeloà hophophop sasa!

Monden wijd open als muilen, bewegend-vreemde

holten waarin ’t geelroode licht groef en roode tongen
woelden, krijschten ze den zang mèe, in rauw-
beestigen bral. Met de glaasjes in de hand, fonkel-
kelkjes als roode en gele prisma’s, waarin
prachtlichten brandende amber en gouden
champagnegloed, zwierden en kankaneerden ze in ’t
rond, harkerig en botsend in ’t enge holletje;
trampelden kerels en stampten meiden, dat één dreun
daverde en raasde door ’t smookhol; walmende
brouwketel in tooverigen dampgloei en grillige tinten,
diep-sferig omgoocheld in demonische pracht. De
gala-chanteur zang-sprak méé, schor; liet refrein over
zich heengolven als ’n kolk vlammende lusten, waarin
z’n ironie grijnzend voetplaste; zette dan langzaam,
hoog-komiekerig gebarend weer in, ’n nieuw kouplet.
—

Er door hèèn rauwden al meer stemmen, klodderige

geluiden; geluiden van jankende zebras en huil van
wilde ezels; stemmen van moe-gemartelde
venterskelen; rochelende, halfbezwijmde en dol-
vroolijke; hinnikende en nijdige, huilend en zingend
om zuipsel.—
Uit eng-morsig buffetje schoten telkens menschen toe,
om sneller te helpen. Weer stormde in raas en vaart,
verfomfaaide hoed-verdeukte kerels- en meidenstoet
in, trampelig neersmakkend op bankpunten, of in
valzwaai schietend op schoot van vreemde kerels en
wijven.

Hazewind had bij ’t losrukken van stoelen uit ’n hok, ’n

chokolade-automaatneger zien liggen, leeg en
ongebruikt. Een krulharig grinneker was ’t; alleen romp
en kop, in roodbelakt wambuis, waarboven
wandrochtelijke tronie grijnsde.

In één ruk had ie den automaat bij z’n rooden romp

opgevischt, stormde hij er mee in den meidenstoet
van Grintjes en vreempjes. Als ’n wijf had ie den
halven neger zinnelijk-potserig in den arm gekneld.
Z’n eigen neus had ie met ’n bonk biljartkrijt piassig
verwit, en woest danste ie ’n negerklownigen [348]wals,
klapperend met z’n zolen op den houten vloer,
stampend en patsend, dat ’t grauw-zandig wolkte om
’m heen. De meiden kuchend in den stofdamp,
gierden en half-verstikten van pret om den grappigen
Hazewind, met z’n witbepoeierden neus, z’n
schokkende vrijage op ’t negergedrocht.

—Skuiere mot je moar! skuiere mot je moar!

gier-zangde rondom. Eindelijk onderbrak ie z’n

zwierigen wals.

Dwaas en menschelijk liet ie den zwarten grinneker

buigen, wierp ie, àchter z’n gedrochtelijken kroeskop,
 gemeenheidjes naar de meiden, met ’n vermaakte
hikstem, tenorig alsof ’t uit den rooden romp kwam.—

Soms trok ie ’m kittelend aan de kruk bij de

chocolade-gleuf, deed dan in dolle grimassen en
dronken opwinding of de roodbebuisde nikker, in
grijns-woesten proets ’t uitschaterde om z’n jeukende
kriebelarijtjes. Rochelend, stikkend geschater en
gehoest barstten uit om de piaskuren van Klaas
Koome, die in boerigen humor, sentimenteelig-
nagemaakt, teederlijk den dóór-grinnekenden
kroeskop tegen z’n boezem bleef koesteren en
streelen.—

—Die kerel, hep d’r gain broek an, gilde plots Marie
Pijler uit, schaterend haar beenen in kramplach de
lucht insmakkend, dat ze bijna achterover viel van
Rink’s schoot.

—Nou, op dà terain.. doen jai d’r ’n broek àn aa’s je

gain baine hep! lolde Hazewind, fijn walsend en
streelend z’n nikker,.… ikke konste.… teer.. van da tie
sain bainbeweging inskote hep.. in de Transvoal.…
enne.… op.. op sain aigeste romp sain smairt hep!

Met ’n smak plots in woesten schater zwaaide ie den

nikker-romp tegen den vloer, die beefde van
trampelgerucht.

Stom en klaagloos bonsde de nikker vooròver, met z’n

zwarten gedrochtensnuit in ’n pot bier van den
sergeant, die z’n glas vóór zich op den grond had
gezet. Onderofficier proestte van lol dat de snuit met
z’n neus er in was gesmakt.
—Nee nikker.… eerst mot vader drinke, dan ’t juffertje
[349]hee? schaterde ie, den neger bij z’n rooden romp
opsleurend, en z’n minachtend-helschen snuit
beschuimend met bier.

Ze stikten, de meiden, van al opwindender lol. De

kerels kramp-schokten er van, tapten liederlijke
moppen; trokken aan z’n buik; wrongen hun handen in
de chocoladegleuf, hoonden den nikker, spogen hem
in z’n wandrochtelijke grinniktronie, kwakten ’m
bierslokken tegen de witte tanden; mepten in op de
vuurroode menielippen, op de stuiters-oogen, op den
bronzen buik en rug, dat ie rammelde, kreunde en
rochelde, en ijzeren pijnsnikken van jammer
verklonken. ’t Was of bij elken bof van kerels en meid-
furies z’n grinnekende kroeskop in sarlach schoot; dat,
al hàd ie pijn, z’n lach nooit kòn worden
weggeranseld. Heen en weer gesleurd kwam dàn z’n
grinniktronie boven, dàn z’n roode rug.—

Lag ie op z’n buik dan was ’t soms of ie stil, met z’n

zwarten muil tegen den modderigen vloer, smart
versnikte, z’n eeuwige grijns en grinnik dáár
verkrampte tot woesten ingehouden huil. Maar telkens
verder in den kring getrapt van razend beukende
meiden, làchte de kop weer in grinnikenden sar.

Ze voelden den nikker als ’n lèvend wezen, ’n

beenloozen stakker dien ze haatten om z’n
verachtelijk grijnzen, z’n vuurroode droge lippen, z’n
zwarte kroes en bewegingloos star-lachende stuiter-
oogen.
De streelende vrijage van Hazewind sloeg over bij de
meiden in ranseling en drift. Marie Pijler was van
Rink’s schoot gesprongen, holde over banken, ruggen
en koppen heen, tilde ’r rokkenboel òp en kwakte zich
met gespreide beenen over de grinniktronie.—Ze
vloekte, ranselde, beet ’m, schuurde ’r lijf in
waanzinhaat over z’n roode romp, met verachting hem
mokerend op z’n neus, z’n borst, z’n oogen. Drifthaat
vlamde in ’r dronken kijkers. Ze schold ’m al erger uit,
dat ie geen kerel was, en met ’n laatsten hakkentrap,
in uitbraak van helsche vloeken, vol venijnigende
verachting, smakte ze’m onder d’r wèg. Toen ze zag
dat ie van verre, met misvormden kop, tòch bleef
grinneken, barstte ze in grien uit, en viel razend van
drift terug op den schoot van Rink. [350]

In rondgierenden waanzin, haat en verminkzucht,

wilde nu iedere meid den nikker beuken.

Met strakke wreedheid stortten ze zich op de tronie.

Trijn Grint wou Marie Pijler nadoen, stootte zich met
de vuist de rokken tusschen de beenen en sprong op
’m af. Maar Piet hield d’r tegen en de sergeant, in
woedewoel opgehitst, begrabbelde meid voor meid.

Plots holde de kroeghouder midden in den furiënden

meidenstoet, greep in woesten sleur den nikker bij den
romp, en smakte ’m in hooge worp, achter ’t buffet,
waar de gemartelde kroeskop, met geknauwde tronie,
half gewurgd, diepe wondscheuren in grinnik-wangen
en gehavend roode plunje, op ’n vatenstapel
neerkreunde. Z’n gebeukte tronie lag weer bòven, en
sarrend gedrochtelijk grijnslachte de kop, door de
 wangscheuren en oogwonden heen, z’n laatsten
triomf uit.

’n Zangeres was achter gala-chanteur naar voren

gekropen. Leelijke zwarte meid, in kanaljeus decolleté,
kortrokkig, vuurrood satijn, snibde en koketteerde ze
sneuïg met ’r dikke pruillippen; pupilden aanhalig
lonkend ’r donkere oogen. Haar roetig aangeverfde
brauwen, boogden harig-vergroeid in één, en ’r
magere naakte armen pagaaiden voor verblufte
dronken boerenkoppen.

Ze krijschte zorgelijk, vermoeid, en ’r verflenst gezicht,

lachte, lachte mee met ’r vuile liedjes, lachte zuur,
vuns.—

Goor sloeg de rookstank warmte en zweetlucht op ’r

bloote borst en kokettig wou ze cirkelen d’r vuurrood
satijn rokje om haar slappe kuiten, in gracieuse
plooiïng. D’r zwarte lokkenkroes om ’r smalle platte
beenderige schouders, vlamde donker tegen ’t
satijnvuur, en vergapen deden de kerels zich aan de
zangeres met ’r oudewijvenkop.

Ze werkte met opera-trillers en heesche koloratuur, en

’r lijk-groen vermoeid gezicht lachte en lonkte door,
knipoogde al gemeener en sluwzinlijker tegen de
nederige drinkebroers.

Zoetelijk streelde ze ’r eigen besatijnd lijf, met

naïevelijk gebaar van onnoozel maagdelijn en bruids-
angstige preutschheid.
 Maar heet-getemperd sneed in ’r groen-gele
bedampte tronie [351]’n schriklijke lach, ’n voluptueuze
hoon, lonkend en lokkend, ophitsend de kerels in den
schroei van hun brandende zinnen.

In ’t roodgelig en goud-dampig doorsmookte hol,

benauwden al meer menschen. ’n Lucht van slachterij,
waar zoete bloed-stank en warme vleeschreuk
doorheen zuigen, verwolkte, en de zweetige zoetheid
der uitwasemende paren klefferde broeiig langs de
stinkende wanden.—

Geert wou wèg. De lonkende leelijke zangeres

hinderde haar.

Gruwelijk gemeen vond ze telkens dat optillen van ’r

satijnen rokje, dat vrijen met ’r eigen lijf. ’t Maakte ’r
valsch, jaloersch.

Met lawaai stonden de Grintjes op en Marie tumultte

mee. In hos en hiha’s kannibaalden ze dronkener en
verhitter met zwartigrood verbrande tronies,
doorzwollen en onkenbaar gerammeid van driften, de
Baanwijk op.

Bij akrobatentroep bleven ze even uithijgend staan.

Heet geloer was daar op nekknauwende toeren van
straatkunstenmaaksters, meiden in triko’s,
rugstrengloos achteroverbuigend in zwel van dijen en
buik.

Maar de Grintjes wouen verder. Dan hier, dan daar

moesten ze heen, in hurriënde hitte, dwars door
slingerrijen, meesleurend vechtenden en vloekenden.
Willem en Dirk waren sàmen bij ’n waarzegster, die ze
gelokt had, met vleistem van ’r mooie dochter. Sàmen
waren ze ingestrompeld, omdat de een den ander niet
alléén vertrouwde bij Geert. Tooneelig-geheimzinnig
pronkte tentje van somnambule. Weeke mysterie-stem
van ’n wondermooi meisje lokte.

Maar Trijn had den dood voor de waarzegsterswijven

zèlf. Ze durfde niet, en de andere meiden ook niet.

—Puur nie! daa’s tug soo ellendig an ’t uitkomme hee?

wa soo’n meroakel je sait! die hep d’r puur je laife in
d’r hand!

—Poeh! tog aldegoar.. poppe.… poppe.… kast, blufte

Piet.… nou dan koop ìkke je fratte veur drie sint.… bi
je hullie t’met kwait!

Marie gaf Trijn gelijk. Geert begon te weifelen, Cor en

Annie twijfelden mee, en de Spaandermastjes gierden
van zenuwachtigheid.[352]—Ze drentelden en
draaiden, tot Dirk en Willem er uit wankelden.—

—Doàr mot jai hain Gairt, schreeuwde Dirk van achter

’t gordijntje.… ikke kraig ’n swartje!

—Da lieg je gaip! ikke!

—Roggemegochel, se hep ’t main sait! ikke trouw d’r

’n swartje..

—Daa’s puur ’n klodder leuge.. ikke, ikke!.. gilde

Willem.
 Toen barstte Dirk woest uit in ’n scheldwoorden-
mokering, en meteen drong ie ’r op aan, dat Willem
nou maar eens overmoest doen, dan zou hij met
Geert in „De Druif” wachten. Willem schrok er van.
Liever z’n pink er af, dan Dirk alleen met Geert.

Hij stamelde wat, maar Dirk woù ruzie. ’t Brandde en

gistte al lang in ’m. Hij wou vechten, bloedneuzen
slaan, met ’t mes aan riemen snijên.…

Piet snuffelde naar bloed.… Rink óók. ’t Moest ’r maar

van kommen.—

Versmoorde haat giftte weer áán, tegen Hazewind,

tegen Willem, Henk en Jan Hassel. Dirk bleef dronken
stotterend razen en vloeken, spoog ’n pruim tegen
Willems broekspijpen aan, in minachtend krakeel.

Maar Geert, dronken-week, angstigde weer bij; zei

huilerig dat ze met den eersten den besten kerel ’r
vandoor zou stappen als de gasten bakkeleien gingen.
Dat hielp. Dirk schrok, ontnuchterde. Willem greep ’t
zwartje weer bij den linker, en Dirk bij ’r rechterarm, en
voort ging ’t in brallenden hos.

Hazewind kneep z’n meid telkens zoo hevig in de

dijen dat ze gilde, trapte en schold van pijn.

—Jou kreng, jou f’nainbaist, huilde ze half.—

Z’n buldoggenkop grinnikte van genot in even fijntjes

oogengesluit. Heimelijk zinneziek, loerde hij op ’n
nieuw plekje op ’r lijf dat ie nog niet venijnigjes
tusschen z’n tang-vingers geknepen had.
Plots met hun allen hosten ze ’n donkeren zijweg òp,
bij Spoorbaan naar den polderweg.— [353]

Naar ’t uitgestorven polderduister, weilandennacht in

donkeren rustadem, verwaaiden vage zangkreten en
verzwakte hurrie van afgedwaalde kermisgangers.—

Dronken kerels, lamgebeukt en uitgebraakt, lagen bij

bruggetjes, dammen en aan slootkanten, dwars in ’t
duister te ronken of te grommen, te spartelen of
eenzaam in de eindloosheid te razen.—Enkelen
hingen half ingezakt over schering en prikkeldraad,
kallend tegen den nacht, godlasterend en vloekend,
de beenen gewond, en de handen gescheurd in ’t
piekende ijzer, duistere geradbraakte en lamgebeukte
verschoppelingen, in delirium-angst of stomme
onmacht.—

Van den stil-starenden donk’ren polder àf leek de laat-

nachtelijke kermis ’n krochtendrom: een in vlammen
neergestort brok hel op aarde, hellekrochten en
mijngangen, fantastisch-woest doorzwaaid van goud-
gele en rood-oranje walmende flambouwen. Heel ’t
karnaval lag daar als vuurbrakende holen, waar zwart-
roode, paars-rossige en groen-gele schimmen op
trillende, achteruitdansende en weer naar vòren
kruipende achtergronden van vlammen en vuur
kaprioolden, in ren en kannibaligen woest en hos.

Van den weipolder àf, gebouwden heel vèr, de hel-

beblakerde tenten, en bevlamde spullen, de zwarte
ruggen verneveld in rood-paarsen nacht. In
woestkleurige pracht lag de krochtenstad daar
neergebrokkeld, verzonken half in vuurzee, omlikt,
 omkraterd van licht en gloed; dobberde en deinde
daar van vèr de infernale woel van voorthollende
waanzin-blinde amokmakers in al wisselender hel van
schijnsels.

Orgeldreun en roffel waaide vertemperd den weinacht

in, verklankte vaag in roezemoezigen warrel van
valsch geschetter.—

De hooge toortsen van Jutskoppen en ommegangers,

de lampenflikker goudhel, van molens en spullen,
vervlamden demonische orgie de polderstilte rond.

Als één adem steeg òp zwijmel en brandende passie

van duizenden, boven de lichtene krochtenstad; als
één adem vervloeide de zwavelig groen en goudrood
doorgloeide nevel. In [354]één hos ging om, de helsche
menschenren trampelend ten dans, dans van kleurige
schimmen, donk’re en bevlamde rompen.

Adem van àl de lampetten, al de flambouwen, adem

van àl ’t licht; ’t gouden, ’t rood-woeste, ’t ros-
gloeiende, ’t wond’re gele, ’t fakkel-bronzige, ’t
elektrisch paarse, ’t vuur-oranjige en doorsmookte van
vlammenovens,—steeg daar uit, als ’n helsche
demonische hijg, bòven de kermishaven. En door ’t
licht-woeste fantastische geweld, scheurde de
hinnekende jool van waanzinnige zangers, verbeefde
de hossende trampeling, groeide de massadreun der
stoeten tot muiterij en opstanding van gedrochten,
vluchtend uit ’t hellevuur, omkronkeld van weerlichten,
jankend van pijn en gemartel.—