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THE SCIENCES PO SERIES IN
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND
POLITICAL ECONOMY

Crisis of Multilateralism?
Challenges and Resilience

Edited by Auriane Guilbaud · Franck Petiteville ·

Frédéric Ramel
The Sciences Po Series in International Relations and
Political Economy

Series Editor
Alain Dieckhoff, Center for International Studies (CERI), Sciences Po -
CNRS, Paris, France

Advisory Editor
Miriam Perier, Center for International Studies (CERI), Sciences Po -
CNRS, Paris, France
The Sciences Po Series in International Relations and Political Economy
focuses on the transformations of the international arena and of polit-
ical societies, in a world where the state keeps reinventing itself and
appears resilient in many ways, though its sovereignty is increasingly ques-
tioned. The series publishes books that have two main objectives: explore
the various aspects of contemporary international/transnational relations,
from a theoretical and an empirical perspective; and analyze the trans-
formations of political societies through comparative lenses. Evolution in
world affairs sustains a variety of networks from the ideological to the
criminal or terrorist that impact both on international relations and local
societies. Besides the geopolitical transformations of the globalized planet,
the new political economy of the world has a decided impact on its destiny
as well, and this series hopes to uncover what that is.
The series consists of works emanating from the foremost French
researchers from Sciences Po, Paris. It also welcomes works by academics
who share our methods and philosophy of research in an open-minded
perspective of what academic research in social sciences allows for and
should aim for. Sciences Po was founded in 1872 and is today one of the
most prestigious universities for teaching and research in social sciences
in France, recognized worldwide.
Auriane Guilbaud · Franck Petiteville ·
Frédéric Ramel
Editors

Crisis
of Multilateralism?
Challenges
and Resilience
Editors
Auriane Guilbaud Franck Petiteville
University Paris 8 Institute of Political Studies
Paris, France University of Grenoble Alps
Grenoble, France
Frédéric Ramel
Sciences Po
Paris, France

ISSN 2945-607X ISSN 2945-6088 (electronic)

The Sciences Po Series in International Relations and Political Economy
ISBN 978-3-031-39670-0 ISBN 978-3-031-39671-7 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-39671-7

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer
Nature Switzerland AG 2023
Chapter 3 is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Inter-
national License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). For further details see
license information in the chapter.

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
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of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on
microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and
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now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc.
in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such
names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for
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The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and informa-
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The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
 This book is dedicated to our colleague Guillaume Devin, Professor
Emeritus in Political Science at Sciences Po Paris (France), who has
accomplished so much in his career for the sociological study of
multilateralism.
 Acknowledgments

This book developed out of a collaboration among several of the

authors within a research group on multilateralism (GRAM—Groupe de
Recherche sur l’Action Multilatérale). This French-speaking international
network of researchers specialized in the study of multilateralism and
international organizations benefits from the financial support of the
French CNRS (Centre national de la recherche scientifique) (https://
gram.cnrs.fr). It is hosted by the CERI-Sciences Po, whose Editorial
manager Miriam Perier helped launch this book project—we deeply thank
her for this.

vii
 Praise for Crisis of Multilateralism?
Challenges and Resilience

“This book is a goldmine for scholars and practitioners eager to under-

stand and contribute to global cooperation. It dissects current challenges
and suggests ways to strengthen multilateralism. An audacious and
looking-forward exercise that boosts determination and creativity.”
—Valérie Rosoux, Professor–Director of Research, FNRS and University
of Louvain, Belgium

“Multilateral institutions seem to be in crisis. As the editors of this

important volume argue, crisis is normal and to be expected. The chap-
ters demonstrate that, despite power rivalries, multilateral institutions are
‘more resilient, more reactive, and more effective than usually thought.’ A
must-read for anyone interested in contemporary international relations.”
—Lise Howard, Professor of Government and Foreign Service, Georgetown
University, USA

“This important book shows in spades that crisis is not antithetical

to multilateralism, but constitutive of it. As its rich case studies illus-
trate, disagreement, struggle and conflict form the normal conditions
of world politics–something that overhyped rhetoric about international
crises often makes unnecessarily difficult to grasp.”
—Vincent Pouliot, James McGill Professor, McGill University, Canada

ix
 Contents

1 Introduction: Crisis as the Matrix of Multilateralism 1

Auriane Guilbaud, Franck Petiteville, and Frédéric Ramel

Part I Multilateralism Under Pressure

2 Polarization and Plasticity at the United Nations
Over the War in Syria 17
Franck Petiteville, Manon-Nour Tannous,
and Simon Tordjman
3 A Stress-Test for Global Health Multilateralism:
The Covid-19 Pandemic as Revealer and Catalyst
of Cooperation Challenges 47
Auriane Guilbaud
4 Unpacking the “Mess” of Multilateral Crisis
Management: NATO’s Defense Posture
from Afghanistan to Ukraine 77
Julien Pomarède
5 The Enduring Crisis: Reclaiming the Normative
Foundations of Multilateralism 93
Thierry Balzacq and Frédéric Ramel

xi
xii CONTENTS

Part II Power Shifts in Multilateralism

6 The United States from Trump to Biden: A Fragile
Return to Multilateralism 113
Frédéric Charillon
7 China: Supporter or Contender of Multilateralism? 131
Camille M. Brugier
8 The Post-brexit European Union and Multilateralism:
Evolution and Challenges in the European Perception
of Power 155
Delphine Deschaux-Dutard
9 Mobilizing the South: Pluralizing and Complexifying
Multilateralism 177
Delphine Allès and Elodie Brun

Part III New Dynamics

10 Beyond the Failure of the WTO: Resilience of Trade
Multilateralism 199
Mehdi Abbas and Erick Duchesne
11 Can UN Reform Be Successful? The Case of UN Women 219
Marie Saiget and Simon Tordjman
12 Secretariats of Intergovernmental Organizations
and Multilateralism Under Pressure 239
Bob Reinalda
13 Regime Complexes as a Model of Multilateral
Governance: The Case of the Environment 263
Amandine Orsini
 Notes on Contributors

Mehdi Abbas is Associate Professor of Economics at the University of

Grenoble Alps (France) and a Researcher in the CNRS Pacte labora-
tory. He holds a Ph.D. in International Economics and teaches and
researches on International Political Economy, multilateral trade poli-
cies in the context of WTO negotiations and international development
issues for least developed countries. He also develops research on the
climate-energy-trade nexus in the global economy. He is a Visiting
Professor at Canadian, Arab and African universities. He is also an
Associate Researcher at the CACID (Dakar, Senegal), at the CEIM of
the University of Quebec in Montreal (UQAM). He was an external
expert (2014–2020) at the Direction de la Francophonie Économique et
Numérique of the Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie (OIF).
Delphine Allès is Professor of Political science at the National Institute
for Oriental Languages and Civilizations (Inalco, Paris). Her research
focuses on international relations in the Indo-Pacific region, with a focus
on multilateralism and the confessionalization of IR and the elaboration
of global international relations. She recently published: Paix et sécurité.
Une anthologie décentrée (Peace and Security. A de-Centred Anthology),
ed. with Melissa Levaillant and Sonia Le Gouriellec, CNRS, 2023 ; La
part des dieux. Religion et relations internationales (Gods’ Share. Religion
and International Relations ), CNRS, 2021.

xiii
xiv NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

Thierry Balzacq is Professor of Political Science at Sciences Po and

Professorial Fellow at CERI-Sciences Po, Paris. He was the 2022/2023
Susan Strange Professor in the Department of International Relations at
the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) and George
Soros Visiting Chair and Distinguished Visiting Professor in the Depart-
ment of Public Policy at Central European University in Vienna (Spring,
2022). His most recent article is “International Rituals: A Framework
and Its Theoretical Repertoires” (with S. Baele, Review of International
Studies ). He is currently working on two books.
Camille M. Brugier is a Consultant and an Associate Researcher on
contemporary China at the Institute for Strategic Research (IRSEM)
in Paris. She holds a Ph.D. from the European University Institute
(Florence) and has since worked for the Ministry of Higher Education,
Research and Innovation and the French Ministry of Armed Forces’
research center, IRSEM. She grew up in China and is fluent in Mandarin
Chinese. She specializes in Chinese economic and technology policy and
their impact on China’s relations with the West. She has published in
the Asia-Europe Journal and for French policy outlets such at Le Grand
Continent. She teaches classes on contemporary China at Sciences Po
Paris and the Grenoble Institute of Political Studies.
Elodie Brun is Research Professor at the Center for International Studies
of El Colegio de México, Mexico City. Her work focuses on South-South
relations, the concept of (global) South in International Relations, Latin
American foreign policies and Latin American participation in multilater-
alism. Her recent publications include: “Dissenting at the United Nations:
Interaction Orders and Venezuelan Contestation Practices (2015–16)”,
with Mélanie Albaret, Review of International Studies (Cambridge),
48(3), 2022, pp. 523–42 ; El cambio internacional mediante las relaciones
Sur-Sur (International change through South-South relations), El Colegio
de México, 2018.
Frédéric Charillon is a Professor of political science at the Univer-
sité Paris Cité. He also teaches at ESSEC Business School, Sciences Po
Paris and the Euro-Mediterranean University of Fez (Morocco). He has
been the director of the Institute for Strategic Research (IRSEM, Paris).
Among his recent books: Guerres d’influence. Les Etats à la conquête des
esprits, Odile Jacob, Paris, 2022 ; La France dans le monde (ed.), CNRS
Editions, 2021 ; (with Th. Balzacq & F. Ramel (eds.), Global Diplomacy.
 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xv

An Introduction to Theory and Practice, Palgrave, 2020 ; (with C. Belin,

eds.) Les Etats-Unis dans le monde, CNRS Editions; 2021.
Delphine Deschaux-Dutard is an Associate Professor in political science
at the University Grenoble Alps. Her most recent publications entail: “A
lamb in the jungle? The EU and the return of power politics” (with
B. Nivet), in E. Baranets, A. Novo (eds.), Transatlantic Relations in
an Era of Renewed Great Power Competition, University of Michigan
Press, 2023; “European defence in an interpolar context: explaining the
limitations of French-German contribution to European strategic auton-
omy”. Defence Studies, 2022, 22(4), 591–608; “EU Cyber Defence
Governance: Facing the Fragmentation Challenge”, in C. Lavallée, R.
Csernatoni, A. Calcara (Eds.), The European Governance of Emerging
Security Technologies, Routledge, 2020.
Erick Duchesne (Ph.D., Michigan State University, 1997), is Full
Professor and Acting Chair of the Political Science Department and
a member of the School of Advanced International Studies (ESEI) at
Université Laval. His core research interest is in the field of International
Political Economy. He previously taught at SUNY Buffalo (1998–2004),
and he was a research fellow at Harvard’s Weatherhead Center for Inter-
national Affairs, at the Université Libre de Bruxelles, the Peace Research
Institute of Oslo (PRIO), the University Western Ontario, the University
of Calgary, Wuhan University and the Université de Grenoble Alpes. He
was Norman Robertson Fellow at the Economic Policy Division (EET) of
the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (DFAIT, now
GAC). He is also the outgoing President of the Quebec Political Science
Society.
Auriane Guilbaud is Associate Professor of Political Science at the
University Paris 8, a member of the Paris Center for Sociological and
Political Research (CNRS, UMR 7217) and of the Institut Univer-
sitaire de France (IUF). Her research interests include global health
governance, non-state actors in International Relations and a sociolog-
ical approach to the study of International Organizations. She is the
co-editor of the Canadian peer-reviewed journal Etudes internationales
(edited by Laval University, Québec, Canada). She recently published:
“Social Boundary Work in International Organizations: Taxonomy and
Resistance”, Swiss Journal of Sociology (2023) and “Negotiating the
xvi NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

Opening of International Organizations to Non-State Actors: The Case of

the World Health Organization”, International Negotiation (2023).
Amandine Orsini is Professor of international relations at the Université
Saint-Louis—Bruxelles (USL-B). She specializes in global environmental
politics. She is the Director of the Research Center in Political Science
(CReSPo) at USL-B, Jean Monnet Chair EUGLOBALGREEN (2022–
2025), and the principal investigator of the FSR-FNRS funded “Youth
Earth” research project (2021–2024) on youth participation in the
international negotiations related to climate change, biodiversity and
sustainable development issues. In 2020 she published Essential Concepts
to Global Environmental Governance (Routledge, with Jean-Frédéric
Morin), Global Environmental Politics. Understanding the Governance
of the Earth (Oxford University Press, with Sikina Jinnah and Jean-
Frédéric Morin) and EU Environmental Governance: Current and Future
challenges (Routledge, with Elena Kavvatha).
Franck Petiteville is Professor of Political Science and International Rela-
tions at the Grenoble Institute of Political Studies (University of Grenoble
Alps, France). He is the co-editor of the Canadian peer-reviewed journal
Etudes internationales (edited by Laval University, Québec, Canada). He
recently wrote a textbook on International Organizations (Les organisa-
tions internationales, La Découverte, Paris, 2021) and co-edited (with
Guillaume Devin and Simon Tordjman) a book on the UN General
Assembly (L’Assemblée générale des Nations unies, Presses de Sciences
Po, Paris, 2020). He also published “International Organizations Beyond
Depoliticized Governance”, Globalizations, 2018, 15:3, pp. 301–313.
Julien Pomarède is Associate Professor of International Politics at the
University of Liège (Belgium) and Researcher at the European Studies
Unit. Prior to this position, he was a postdoctoral fellow at the Université
Libre de Bruxelles and the University of Oxford (Wiener Anspach Fellow-
ship). His work interrogates the historical trajectory of organized violence
and security, through a sociological lens. His interest lies also in the soci-
ology of international organizations. He published his works in journals
such as the Review of International Studies, Critical Military Studies, the
Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding and Critique internationale.
He recently published La fabrique de l’OTAN: Contre-terrorisme et organ-
isation transnationale de la violence (Editions de l’Université de Bruxelles,
2020).
 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xvii

Frédéric Ramel is a Professor of Political Science at Sciences Po and

Professorial Fellow at CERI-Sciences Po, Paris. He coordinates the CNRS
Group on Multilateral Action (GRAM) and a research project on the
influence of armed conflict databases on decision-making (DATAWAR).
During the last decade, his research interests have included pedagogy,
sensibility, music and aesthetics in world politics. He published recently
with Anaëlle Vergonjeanne a paper on innovative evaluation (“Creative
Pedagogy in IR Examination: When Fictions unleashes the Learning
Process”, Journal of Political Science Education, 18, 1, 2022) and has
edited a special issue dedicated to “Diplomacy, Audible and Resonant”
with Damien Mahiet and Ahrendt Rebekah in Diplomatica. The Journal
of Diplomacy and Society in 2021. His most recent book examines the
importance of benevolence in international relations (La bienveillance
dans les relations international internationales: Un essai politique [Paris:
CNRS Editions, 2022]).
Bob Reinalda is Fellow in the Department of Political Science, Radboud
University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. He most recently wrote Inter-
national Secretariats: Two Centuries of International Civil Servants and
Secretariats (2020). He is also the author of the Routledge History
of International Organizations: From 1815 to the Present Day (2009)
among other publications. He edited the Ashgate Research Companion
to Non-State Actors (2011) as well as the Routledge Handbook of Inter-
national Organization (2013). He is an Editor of IO BIO, the open
access Biographical Dictionary of Secretaries-General of International
Organizations, see https://www.ru.nl/fm/iobio.
Marie Saiget is an Associate Professor in political science at the Univer-
sity of Lille and a Researcher at CERAPS. She is currently conducting
research on the “post-conflict” interventions carried out by international
organizations in Côte d’Ivoire and Burundi. In this context, she is partic-
ularly interested in women’s collective actions and land rights. Her latest
publications include “The UN: A (de) politicising third party? Media-
tions and conflicts in the establishment of the National Women’s Forum
in Burundi (2012–2014)”, Critique internationale, n°94, 2022: 123–
145; (with Emmanuelle Bouilly and Virginie Dutoya) “Introduction:
Gender Knowledge: Epistemological and Empirical Contributions from
the Global South”, Journal of International Women’s Studies, 2022,
23(2): 1–11.
xviii NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

Manon-Nour Tannous is an Associate Professor in political science at

the University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne (France) and associated at
the chair of contemporary history of the Arab world at the Collège de
France and the Centre Thucydide at the University Paris II. Her work
focuses on the Syrian conflict in the field of international relations. She
wrote Chirac, Assad et les autres. Les relations franco-syriennes depuis
1946 (PUF, 2017), La Syrie au-delà de la guerre (Le Cavalier bleu, 2022)
and edited Fréquenter les infréquentables. Le choix des interlocuteurs en
diplomatie (CNRS Éditions, 2023). She is also editor in chief of Mondes
arabes, an academic journal on the Arab and Muslim worlds.
Simon Tordjman is an Associate Professor in political science at the
University of Toulouse (Sciences Po Toulouse/LaSSP). His works focus
on transnational democracy support and the transformations of multi-
lateralism, with a particular focus on the UN system. His latest publi-
cations include: “Multipositionality”, in Badache, Fanny, Kimber, Leah
R., Maertens, L., International Organizations and Research Methods: An
introduction, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 2023; (with Guil-
laume Devin et Franck Petiteville), eds., L’Assemblée générale des Nations
unies : une institution politique mondiale. Presses de Sciences Po, 2020.
 List of Figures

Chapter 2
Fig. 1 Syria-related General Assembly resolutions: voting patterns,
2011–2022 39
Fig. 2 Syria-related Human Rights Council resolutions: voting
patterns, 2011–2022 41

xix
 List of Tables

Chapter 4
Table 1 Evolution of troops contribution among ISAF main
contributors, 2007–2012 82

Chapter 7
Table 1 China’s vetoes in the Security Council 138
Table 2 Responsibility to protect and its three pillars 139

Chapter 8
Table 1 Evolution of the EU’s strategic thinking, 2003–2022 164

Chapter 10
Table 1 Doha Development Agenda from one ministerial
conference to the next, 2001–2022 201
Table 2 Doha Development Agenda stalemate and WTO
achievements 202

Chapter 12
Table 1 Intergovernmental organizations numbers by type,
1985–2020 248

xxi
 CHAPTER 1

Introduction: Crisis as the Matrix

of Multilateralism

Auriane Guilbaud , Franck Petiteville,

and Frédéric Ramel

1 Introduction
The twentieth century was marked by world wars, totalitarian regimes,
genocides and the use of nuclear weapons. But it was also characterized
by an unprecedented movement toward multilateralism (Ruggie, 1992).
As a means of cooperation between several states to achieve common
goals and interests, multilateralism has led to the creation of an impressive

A. Guilbaud (B)
University Paris 8, Paris, France
e-mail: auriane.guilbaud02@univ-paris8.fr
F. Petiteville
Institute of Political Studies, University of Grenoble Alps, Grenoble, France
e-mail: franck.petiteville@iepg.fr
F. Ramel
Sciences Po, Paris, France
e-mail: frederic.ramel@sciencespo.fr

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature 1

Switzerland AG 2023
A. Guilbaud et al. (eds.), Crisis of Multilateralism? Challenges and
Resilience, The Sciences Po Series in International Relations and
Political Economy, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-39671-7_1
2 A. GUILBAUD ET AL.

number of international organizations (IOs), which have been conducive

to a remarkable institutionalization of world politics (Cogan et al., 2016;
Hurd, 2020; Park, 2018; Pease, 2018).
However, multilateralism has not evolved in a consistent manner and
each step forward seems to have been accompanied by a destabilizing or
regressive move. This often leads to a diagnosis of a “crisis” of multilat-
eralism and an emphasis on its dysfunctions. But one should not let the
term of “crisis”, often politically charged, obscure the analysis. It is the
objective of this book to analyze the current challenges faced by multilat-
eralism and its evolutions in order to look beyond the crisis qualification.
The latter presupposes that there would be such a thing as a “stable” or
“normal” state of multilateralism where “crises” would be destabilizing
anomalies. In this introduction, we initially suggest a rearticulation of the
dichotomy “crisis vs. normal” states of multilateralism. Specifically, we
propose integrating crises as permanent components of multilateralism,
before presenting the scope and structure of the book.

2 The Historical Dynamic

of Multilateralism “Crises”
A history of multilateral cooperation goes beyond the scope of this book,
but it is important to emphasize that multilateral diplomacy existed long
before multilateralism was made permanent in IOs.1 For instance, Euro-
pean states regularly organized multipartite peace conferences to settle
disputes after the treaties of Westphalia put an end to the Thirty Years’
War (1618–1648), a process which culminated in the creation of the
Concert of Europe in Vienna in 1815. The limits of the Concert’s
diplomacy are well known, as rivalries between Europe’s great powers
prevented constructive conferences from being held (Schulz, 2015), but
it also has been rehabilitated by historians as a valuable contributor to the
emergence of multilateral cooperation (Grosser, 2022).
Multilateralism started to burgeon in the late nineteenth century
through the creation of “technical” international unions (such as the
International Telecommunication Union founded in 1865 or the Interna-
tional Meteorological Organization created in 1873) and the holding of

1 While the adjective multilateral and the noun multilateralism nowadays refer to the
same phenomenon, the term “multilateralism” finds its origins in the political project for
a new international liberal order after World War II (Devin, 2022: 39).
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Title: The Philistine

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 THE CONSERVATOR
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 THE PHILISTINE.

no. 5. April, 1896. vol. 2.

TO A FRIEND IN TIME OF TROUBLE.
Believe the word our gentle augur spake:
Sweet are the uses of adversity.
Sweet ever, and in naught so sweet as this:
That tho’ the heavens be barred, if we but hold
An equal, tranquil, will-illumined mind,
Such greatness in us, laborless, must earn
Great answers; cheer from all created things,
And interchange of love by natural right
With the high few; a kinship not of clan.
Be these thy present comfort. Like a man
Who tends a watchlight on the hills alone,
At Childermas, (and thro’ a night so cold
The red dots of the rowan-berry twirl,
Incorporate with a small, stiff cone of ice,
And the wind breaks his flail and swineherds hear
Outside the pine-boles crack with frost in the heart,)
Thou shalt, ere long, upon a distant peak
Descry a doubted smoke, a likelier spark,
A shadow shot across a glare, and then
A spurt of flame that bares the under sea;
And climb by much and more of certitude
To praising God some other even as thou
Beneath his natal star himself maintains,
And in salute of souls co-ordinate,
There, till he perish, guards his lineal fire.

Louise Imogen Guiney.

 THE GOLD THAT GLITTERS.
There lived once in the East, a great king; he dwelt far away,
amongst the fragrant fields of roses, and in the light of suns that
never set.
He was young, he was beloved, he was fair of face and form; and
the people, as they hewed stone, or brought water, said amongst
themselves, “Verily, this man is as a god; he goes where he lists, and
he lies still or rises up as he pleases; and all fruits of all lands are
called for him; and his nights are nights of gladness, and his days,
when they dawn, are all his to sleep through or spend as he will.”
But the people were wrong. For this king was weary of his life.
His buckler was sown with gems, but his heart beneath it was
sore. For he had been long bitterly harassed by foes who descended
on him as wolves from the hills in their hunger, and he had been long
plagued with heavy wars and with bad harvests, and with many
troubles to his nation that kept it very poor, and forbade him to finish
the building of new marble palaces, and the making of fresh gardens
of delight, on which his heart was set. So he, being weary of a
barren land and of an empty treasury, with all his might prayed to the
gods that all he touched might turn to gold, even as he had heard
had happened to some magician long before in other ages. And the
gods gave him the thing he craved; and his treasury overflowed. No
king had ever been so rich as this king now became in the short
space of a single summer day.
But it was bought with a price.
When he stretched out his hand to gather the rose that blossomed
in his path, a golden flower scentless and stiff was all he grasped.
When he called to him the carrier-dove that sped with a scroll of
love-words across the mountains, the bird sank on his breast a
carven piece of metal. When he was athirst and called to his
cupbearer for drink, the red wine ran a stream of molten gold. When
he would fain have eaten, the pulse and the pomegranate grew alike
to gold between his teeth. And lo! at eventide, when he sought the
silent chambers of his home, saying, “Here at least I shall find rest,”
and bent his steps to the couch whereon his beloved was sleeping, a
statue of gold was all he drew into his eager arms, and cold shut lips
of sculptured gold was all that met his own.
That night the great king slew himself, unable any more to bear
this agony; since all around him was desolation, even though all
around him was wealth.
Now the world is like that king, and in its greed of gold will barter
its life away.
Look you—this thing is certain—I say that the world will perish
even as that king perished, slain as he was slain, by the curse of its
own fulfilled desire.
The future of the world is written. For God has granted their prayer
to men. He has made them rich, and their riches shall kill them.
When all green places have been destroyed in the builder’s lust of
gain; when all the lands are but mountains of bricks, and piles of
wood and iron; when there is no moisture anywhere, and no rain
ever falls; when the sky is a vault of smoke, and all the rivers reek
with poison; when forest and stream, the moor and meadow, and all
the old green wayside beauty are things vanished and forgotten;
when every gentle timid thing of brake and bush, of air and water,
has been killed because it robbed them of a berry or a fruit; when the
earth is one vast city, whose young children behold neither the green
of the field nor the blue of the sky, and hear no song but the hiss of
the steam, and know no music but the roar of the furnace; when the
old sweet silence of the country-side, and the old sweet sounds of
waking birds, and the old sweet fall of summer showers, and the
grace of a hedgerow bough, and the glow of the purple heather, and
the note of the cuckoo and cushat, and the freedom of waste and of
woodland, are all things dead, and remembered of no man; then the
world, like the Eastern king, will perish miserably of famine and of
drought, with gold in its stiffened hands, and gold in its withered lips,
and gold everywhere; gold that the people can neither eat nor drink,
gold that cares nothing for them, but mocks them horribly; gold for
which their fathers sold peace and health, and holiness and beauty;
gold that is one vast grave.
Ouida.
 MOODS.
To give my aching spirit ease
Yestreen I wandered out alone;
The mourner wind among the trees
Made its reiterant moan.

I hailed him. “Brother mine,” I said,

“Near kinsman in distress and dole,
Thou art, in all thy drearihood,
The echo of my soul.”

Then sudden from the boughs broke forth

Mad mirth as though from pipes at play;
Meseemed that East and West and North
Were out for holiday.

And laughter bubbled up behind

My dolefulness and over-ran;
As shifting as the freaksome wind
The many moods of man!

Clinton Scollard.
 A SONG OF SOLOMON.
Love, I have wandered a weary way,
A weary way for thee,
The East is wan with the smile of the day,
Open thy door to me.
My hair is wet with the dew of the night,
That falls from the cedar tree,
The shadows are dark, but the East is light,
Open thy door to me.

The stones of the road have bruised my feet,

The hours till morn are three,
Thou that hast spikenard, precious, sweet,
Open thy door to me.
Stay not thy hand upon the lock,
Nor thy fingers on the key,
In the breeze before morn the tree tops rock,
Open thy door to me.

My love is the fairest, the only one,

The choice of her house is she,
The height of the heav’n hath seen the sun,
Open thy door to me.
The holy kiss of my lips and thine
Shall the sun have the grace to shine,
The hours foregone of the night are mine,
Open thy door to me.

H. C. Bunner.

[This dainty poem first published in Scribner’s has been set to

music by that brilliant woman, Mary Knight Wood. The Oliver Ditson
Company are the publishers.]