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Digital International
Relations
Edited by
Andrey Baykov · Elena Zinovieva
Digital International Relations
Andrey Baykov · Elena Zinovieva
Editors
Digital International
Relations
Editors
Andrey Baykov Elena Zinovieva
MGIMO University MGIMO University
Moscow, Russia Moscow, Russia
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer
Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights
of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on
microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and
retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology
now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc.
in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such
names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for
general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and informa-
tion in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither
the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with
respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been
made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps
and institutional affiliations.
This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature
Singapore Pte Ltd.
The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore
189721, Singapore
Introduction
v
vi INTRODUCTION
In Part II, the book takes an analytical journey into the concept
of sovereignty in cyberspace. It discusses sovereignty as a practice in
the digital age, comparing American and Russian conceptions of cyber
sovereignty, and the implications of digital space for the principle of
sovereignty in international law.
Part III explores the interplay between the digital world and legal
norms. It elucidates the problems of legal regulation of digitalization,
with a special focus on artificial intelligence, and discusses the digitaliza-
tion of taxation in Russia and the implications of the digital economy for
financial law. It ends with an assessment of the risks associated with the
development of information and communication technologies in interna-
tional criminal law. As the book covers the legal aspects of digitalization,
it illuminates the issues of legal regulation of this emerging domain, espe-
cially with innovations like artificial intelligence. The authors provide an
refreshing look at how law and policy struggle to keep pace with techno-
logical advancement, addressing issues ranging from the digitalization of
the tax sphere in Russia to the evolving role of financial law in the era of
digital economy.
Part IV investigates the economic aspects of digital international
relations. It talks about digital employment platforms, the impact of digi-
talization on Eurasian industrial performance, and the role of “green”
investment in renewable energy in the context of digitalization. It also
presents an overview of the world robotics market’s key characteristics
and trends. With the exponential growth of digital platforms, the global
economy has experienced a seismic shift, a theme that the fourth part
of the book meticulously unpacks. This exploration is augmented by a
discussion on the new forms of digital employment, sustainable devel-
opment within the Eurasian industrial sphere, and the role of green
investments within the digital era.
Part V is devoted to the role of digital technologies in education and
research in international relations. With respect to digital education, it
offers an examination of hybrid learning, the evolution of digital educa-
tion, and the efficiency of distance and traditional academic activities in
teaching English language to students of international economic rela-
tions. Regarding the new dimensions of the digital research in the field
of international politics, it delves into the use of network data analysis
in researching political groups. The significance of digital technology in
transforming education and research is another pivotal theme that this
book touches upon. Hybrid learning, digital education, and the efficiency
INTRODUCTION vii
Andrey Baykov
Elena Zinovieva
Contents
ix
x CONTENTS
Index 365
List of Contributors
xiii
xiv LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
xix
xx LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. 13.1 Installed wind power capacity in the world and the global
volume of electricity production (Source IRENA Wind
Energy Data, https://www.irena.org/wind) 219
Fig. 13.2 Installed capacity of solar installations in the world
and the global volume of electricity production (Source
IRENA Solar Energy Data, https://www.irena.org/solar) 220
Fig. 14.1 Annual installations of industrial robots in the world,
2010–2020, thousand units (Source World Robotics
2021 Presentation. International Federation of Robotics.
October 28, 2021. https://ifr.org/downloads/press2
018/2021_10_28_WR_PK_Presentation_long_version.
pdf [accessed December 1, 2022]) 240
Fig. 14.2 Annual robot installations by customer industry,
2018–2020, thousand units (Source World Robotics
2021 Presentation. International Federation of Robotics.
October 28, 2021. https://ifr.org/downloads/press2
018/2021_10_28_WR_PK_Presentation_long_version.
pdf [accessed December 1, 2022]) 241
Fig. 14.3 Operational stock of industrial robots in 2010–2020,
thousand units (Source World Robotics 2021
Presentation. International Federation of Robotics.
October 28, 2021. https://ifr.org/downloads/press2
018/2021_10_28_WR_PK_Presentation_long_version.
pdf [accessed June 26, 2022]) 241
Fig. 14.4 Robot density in the manufacturing industry in 2020,
by Country (Source World Robotics 2021 Presentation.
International Federation of Robotics. October
28, 2021. https://ifr.org/downloads/press2018/
2021_10_28_WR_PK_Presentation_long_version.pdf
[accessed December 1, 2022]) 242
Fig. 14.5 Changes in the ratio of collaborative and traditional
industrial robots in 2018–2020, in thousands (Source
World Robotics 2021 Presentation. International
Federation of Robotics. October 28, 2021. https://ifr.
org/downloads/press2018/2021_10_28_WR_PK_Pres
entation_long_version.pdf [accessed December 1, 2022]) 243
Fig. 14.6 Service robots for professional use, unit sales in 2019
and 2020, thousands of units (Source World Robotics
2021 Presentation. International Federation of Robotics.
October 28, 2021. https://ifr.org/downloads/press2
018/2021_10_28_WR_PK_Presentation_long_version.
pdf [accessed December 1, 2022]) 244
LIST OF FIGURES xxi
Ei se hyvä Huotaristai:
"Hairahin polonen poika,
Kun nain naisen nuorenlaisen,
Nuorenlaisen, kaunukaisen;
Mont' on miestä Miinoassa, 60
Paljo poikia kylässä:
Läksin aamulla varahin
Akan luota astumahan,
Katso tuoll' on toinen miesi
Seisomassa seinän alla. 65
Minä kiljasin kivasti:
"Mit' oot aamulla varahin
Seinän alla seisomassa?" —
**
Weli!
—n. —r.
Ilolle.
***
***
***
Asujamme! maamme alan yltykäätte yhtyyteen! Tuolla yli
tähtien se antaa tyynen saataman.
***
***
Millionit miekahtaavat!
Aavehtitkos alkuas'?
Henqee hymää, haluas'
tähdet, taivaat piilottaavat.
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
Jota tähdet kaikki kiittäät hyminällä heliäll' liitollakin lempiäll'
luodut itsens' Häneen liitttäät.
***
***
—n. —r.
Narvan linna.
Kesä-kuussa 1836.
Kuoleva Joutsen.
(Salaus Herderiltä).
Erinomanen mies.
Herralla Maanmiehelle.
"Kultain! elä sie sure mun eistäin niin varsin ja paljon Luojan
tahtoa vasten, ei minua liikutat ykskään. Eihään löyvy sit' miest',
joka omansa onnensa välttää, Lie hän pelkur' vai tuima, kuin kerran
on moailmaan tullut. Kiännä siitt' kultainen kotiis, ja omat askareis
laitak, Kaiteis kuin värttänäis myöskin, ja sinun piikojais käske
Toimittaa totella työnsä; sill soast' on miehillen murhe; Kaikista,
liiotenk' mull', jotk' Ilioss', syntyneet ovat."
Nyt minä sain sanoman, joka, jos Jumal' auttava oisi, Tois' olevan
rauhan, kuta niin sinä, kun minä toivoin; vai eivätkö liene
Greikalaisen kuusimittarunon mukaan tehtyjä?
Satuja.
1. Mettiäinen ja Muurahainen.