Electronic Principles 7th Edition Albert

P. Malvino
Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://ebookmass.com/product/electronic-principles-7th-edition-albert-p-malvino/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

Electronic Principles 9th Edition Albert P. Malvino

https://ebookmass.com/product/electronic-principles-9th-edition-
albert-p-malvino/

Eletrônica Volume 1 8 ed. Edition Albert Paul Malvino

https://ebookmass.com/product/eletronica-volume-1-8-ed-edition-
albert-paul-malvino/

Electronic materials : principles and applied science

Poplavko

https://ebookmass.com/product/electronic-materials-principles-
and-applied-science-poplavko/

Principles of Electronic Communication Systems 5th

Edition Louis Frenzel

https://ebookmass.com/product/principles-of-electronic-
communication-systems-5th-edition-louis-frenzel/
Principles of Electronic Communication Systems 5th
Edition Louis E Frenzel Jr

https://ebookmass.com/product/principles-of-electronic-
communication-systems-5th-edition-louis-e-frenzel-jr/

Principles of Electronic Materials and Devices 4th

Edition Safa O. Kasap

https://ebookmass.com/product/principles-of-electronic-materials-
and-devices-4th-edition-safa-o-kasap/

Principles of Electronic Communication Systems 4 ed.

Edition Louis E. Frenzel Jr.

https://ebookmass.com/product/principles-of-electronic-
communication-systems-4-ed-edition-louis-e-frenzel-jr/

Experiments Manual for Principles of Electronic

Communication Systems 5th Edition Louis Frenzel

https://ebookmass.com/product/experiments-manual-for-principles-
of-electronic-communication-systems-5th-edition-louis-frenzel/

Principles of Macroeconomics 7th Edition Mankiw

https://ebookmass.com/product/principles-of-macroeconomics-7th-
edition-mankiw/
7th EDITION
7th EDITION

Albert Malvino
David J. Bates
About the Authors
Albert P. Malvino was an electronics technician while serving in the U.S. Navy from 1950 to 1954. He
graduated from the University of Santa Clara Summa Cum Laude in 1959 with a B.S. degree in Electrical
Engineering. For the next five years, he worked as an electronics engineer at Microwave Laboratories and
at Hewlett-Packard while earning his MSEE from San Jose State University in 1964. He taught at Foothill
College for the next four years and was awarded a National Science Foundation Fellowship in 1968. After
receiving a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Stanford University in 1970, Dr. Malvino embarked on a
full-time writing career. He has written 10 textbooks that have been translated into 20 foreign languages
with over 108 editions. Dr. Malvino is currently a consultant and designs microcontroller circuits for SPD-
Smart™ windows. In addition, he is writing educational software for electronics technicians and
engineers. He also serves on the Board of Directors of Research Frontiers Incorporated. His website ad-
dress is www.malvino.com.
David J. Bates is an instructor in the Electronic Technologies Department of Western Technical
College located in La Crosse, Wisconsin. Along with working as an electronic servicing technician and
as an electrical engineering technician, he has over 25 years of teaching experience.
Credentials include an A.S. degree in Industrial Electronics Technology, B.S. degree in Industrial
Education, and an M.S. degree in Vocational/Technical Education. Certifications include an FCC GROL
license, A+ certification as a computer hardware technician, and a Journeyman Level certification as
a Certified Electronics Technician (CET) by the International Society of Certified Electronics
Technicians (ISCET). David J. Bates is presently a certification administrator (CA) for ISCET and has
served as a member of the ISCET Board of Directors, along with serving as a Subject Matter Expert
(SME) of basic electronics for the National Coalition for Electronics Education (NCEE).

David J. Bates is also a co-author of “Basic Electricity” a text-lab manual by Zbar, Rockmaker, and
Bates.
Dedication
Electronic Principles, 7th ed. is dedicated to my family and friends who have been so supportive
during this process and especially to Jackie, whose patience and skills helped put this all together.
vi Chapter 1
 Contents
Preface xiii

Chapter 1 Introduction 2
1-1 The Three Kinds of Formulas 1-5 Thevenin’s Theorem
1-2 Approximations 1-6 Norton’s Theorem
1-3 Voltage Sources 1-7 Troubleshooting
1-4 Current Sources

Chapter 2 Semiconductors 28
2-1 Conductors 2-9 Forward Bias
2-2 Semiconductors 2-10 Reverse Bias
2-3 Silicon Crystals 2-11 Breakdown
2-4 Intrinsic Semiconductors 2-12 Energy Levels
2-5 Two Types of Flow 2-13 The Energy Hill
2-6 Doping a Semiconductor 2-14 Barrier Potential and
2-7 Two Types of Extrinsic Temperature
Semiconductors 2-15 Reverse-Biased Diode
2-8 The Unbiased Diode

Chapter 3 Diode Theory 58

3-1 Basic Ideas 3-7 Reading a Data Sheet
3-2 The Ideal Diode 3-8 How to Calculate Bulk
3-3 The Second Approximation Resistance
3-4 The Third Approximation 3-9 DC Resistance of a Diode
3-5 Troubleshooting 3-10 Load Lines
3-6 Up-Down Circuit Analysis 3-11 Surface-Mount Diodes

vii
Chapter 4 Diode Circuits 88
4-1 The Half-Wave Rectifier 4-8 Other Power-Supply
4-2 The Transformer Topics
4-3 The Full-Wave Rectifier 4-9 Troubleshooting
4-4 The Bridge Rectifier 4-10 Clippers and Limiters
4-5 The Choke-Input Filter 4-11 Clampers
4-6 The Capacitor-Input Filter 4-12 Voltage Multipliers
4-7 Peak Inverse Voltage and
Surge Current

Chapter 5 Special-Purpose Diodes 142

5-1 The Zener Diode 5-6 Troubleshooting
5-2 The Loaded Zener Regulator 5-7 Load Lines
5-3 Second Approximation of a 5-8 Optoelectronic Devices
Zener Diode 5-9 The Schottky Diode
5-4 Zener Drop-Out Point 5-10 The Varactor
5-5 Reading a Data Sheet 5-11 Other Diodes

Chapter 6 Bipolar Junction Transistors 188

6-1 The Unbiased Transistor 6-7 Transistor
6-2 The Biased Transistor Approximations
6-3 Transistor Currents 6-8 Reading Data Sheets
6-4 The CE Connection 6-9 Surface-Mount
6-5 The Base Curve Transistors
6-6 Collector Curves 6-10 Troubleshooting

Chapter 7 Transistor Fundamentals 222

7-1 Variations in Current Gain 7-7 LED Drivers
7-2 The Load Line 7-8 The Effect of Small
7-3 The Operating Point Changes
7-4 Recognizing Saturation 7-9 Troubleshooting
7-5 The Transistor Switch 7-10 More Optoelectronic
7-6 Emitter Bias Devices

viii Contents
 Chapter 8 Transistor Biasing 260
8-1 Voltage-Divider Bias 8-5 Other Types of Bias
8-2 Accurate VDB Analysis 8-6 Troubleshooting
8-3 VDB Load Line and Q Point 8-7 PNP Transistors
8-4 Two-Supply Emitter Bias

Chapter 9 AC Models 286

9-1 Base-Biased Amplifier 9-6 Two Transistor Models
9-2 Emitter-Biased Amplifier 9-7 Analyzing an Amplifier
9-3 Small-Signal Operation 9-8 AC Quantities on the
9-4 AC Beta Data Sheet
9-5 AC Resistance of the Emitter Diode

Chapter 10 Voltage Amplifiers 318

10-1 Voltage Gain 10-4 Swamped Amplifier
10-2 The Loading Effect of Input Impedance 10-5 Two-Stage Feedback
10-3 Multistage Amplifiers 10-6 Troubleshooting

Chapter 11 CC and CB Amplifiers 344

11-1 CC Amplifier 11-4 Darlington Connections
11-2 Output Impedance 11-5 Voltage Regulation
11-3 Cascading CE and CC 11-6 The Common-Base
Amplifier

Chapter 12 Power Amplifiers 376

12-1 Amplifier Terms 12-6 Biasing Class B/AB
12-2 Two Load Lines Amplifiers
12-3 Class A Operation 12-7 Class B/AB Driver
12-4 Class B Operation 12-8 Class C Operation
12-5 Class B Push-Pull Emitter Follower 12-9 Class C Formulas
12-10 Transistor Power Rating

Contents ix
Chapter 13 JFETs 424
13-1 Basic Ideas 13-7 JFET Amplifiers
13-2 Drain Curves 13-8 The JFET Analog Switch
13-3 The Transconductance Curve 13-9 Other JFET Applications
13-4 Biasing in the Ohmic Region 13-10 Reading Data Sheets
13-5 Biasing in the Active Region 13-11 JFET Testing
13-6 Transconductance

Chapter 14 MOSFETs 478

14-1 The Depletion-Mode MOSFET 14-6 Digital Switching
14-2 D-MOSFET Curves 14-7 CMOS
14-3 Depletion-Mode MOSFET Amplifiers 14-8 Power FETs
14-4 The Enhancement-Mode MOSFET 14-9 E-MOSFET Amplifiers
14-5 The Ohmic Region 14-10 MOSFET Testing

Chapter 15 Thyristors 520

15-1 The Four-Layer Diode 15-5 Bidirectional Thyristors
15-2 The Silicon Controlled Rectifier 15-6 IGBTs
15-3 The SCR Crowbar 15-7 Other Thyristors
15-4 SCR Phase Control 15-8 Troubleshooting

Chapter 16 Frequency Effects 562

16-1 Frequency Response of an Amplifier 16-9 Risetime-Bandwidth
16-2 Decibel Power Gain Relationship
16-3 Decibel Voltage Gain 16-10 Frequency Analysis of
16-4 Impedance Matching BJT Stages
16-5 Decibels above a Reference 16-11 Frequency Analysis of
16-6 Bode Plots FET Stages
16-7 More Bode Plots 16-12 Frequency Effects of
16-8 The Miller Effect Surface-Mount Circuits

x Contents
Chapter 17 Differential Amplifiers 618
17-1 The Differential Amplifier 17-5 Common-Mode Gain
17-2 DC Analysis of a Diff Amp 17-6 Integrated Circuits
17-3 AC Analysis of a Diff Amp 17-7 The Current Mirror
17-4 Input Characteristics of an Op Amp 17-8 The Loaded Diff Amp

Chapter 18 Operational Amplifiers 660

18-1 Introduction to Op Amps 18-6 Linear ICs
18-2 The 741 Op Amp 18-7 Op Amps as Surface-
18-3 The Inverting Amplifier Mount Devices
18-4 The Noninverting Amplifier
18-5 Two Op-Amp Applications

Chapter 19 Negative Feedback 704

19-1 Four Types of Negative Feedback 19-5 The VCIS Amplifier
19-2 VCVS Voltage Gain 19-6 The ICIS Amplifier
19-3 Other VCVS Equations 19-7 Bandwidth
19-4 The ICVS Amplifier

Chapter 20 Linear Op-Amp Circuits 734

20-1 Inverting-Amplifier Circuits 20-7 Current Boosters
20-2 Noninverting-Amplifier Circuits 20-8 Voltage-Controlled
20-3 Inverter/Noninverter Circuits Current Sources
20-4 Differential Amplifiers 20-9 Automatic Gain Control
20-5 Instrumentation Amplifiers 20-10 Single-Supply
20-6 Summing Amplifier Circuits Operation

Chapter 21 Active Filters 782

21-1 Ideal Responses 21-3 Passive Filters
21-2 Approximate Responses 21-4 First-Order Stages

Contents xi
 21-5 VCVS Unity-Gain Second-Order 21-10 Bandstop Filters
Low-Pass Filters 21-11 The All-Pass Filter
21-6 Higher-Order Filters 21-12 Biquadratic and State-
21-7 VCVS Equal-Component Variable Filters
Low-Pass Filters
21-8 VCVS High-Pass Filters
21-9 MFB Bandpass Filters

Chapter 22 Nonlinear Op-Amp Circuits 842

22-1 Comparators with Zero Reference 22-7 Waveform Generation
22-2 Comparators with Nonzero References 22-8 Another Triangular
22-3 Comparators with Hysteresis Generator
22-4 Window Comparator 22-9 Active Diode Circuits
22-5 The Integrator 22-10 The Differentiator
22-6 Waveform Conversion 22-11 Class-D Amplifier

Chapter 23 Oscillators 890

23-1 Theory of Sinusoidal Oscillation 23-7 The 555 Timer
23-2 The Wien-Bridge Oscillator 23-8 Astable Operation of the
23-3 Other RC Oscillators 555 Timer
23-4 The Colpitts Oscillator 23-9 555 Circuits
23-5 Other LC Oscillators 23-10 The Phase-Locked Loop
23-6 Quartz Crystals 23-11 Function Generator ICs

Chapter 24 Regulated Power Supplies 946

24-1 Supply Characteristics 24-5 Current Boosters
24-2 Shunt Regulators 24-6 DC-to-DC Converters
24-3 Series Regulators 24-7 Switching Regulators
24-4 Monolithic Linear Regulators

Appendix A Mathematical Derivations 993

Answers Odd-Numbered Problems 999
Index 1007

xii Contents
Preface
Electronic Principles, seventh edition, continues its tradition as a clearly explained, in-depth introduction to
electronic semiconductor devices and circuits. This textbook is intended for students who are taking their first
course in electronic circuits. The prerequisites are a DC/AC Circuits course, algebra, and some trigonometry.
Electronic Principles provides essential understanding of semiconductor device characteristics, test-
ing, and the practical circuits in which they are found. The text provides clearly explained concepts—written
in an easy-to-read conversational style—esta blishing the foundation needed for understanding the operation
and troubleshooting of electronic systems. Practical circuit examples are found throughout the chapters.

New to This Edition

Based on the feedback from extensive reviewing and course research, the seventh edition of Electronic Prin-
ciples contains enhanced material on a variety of electronic devices and circuits, including:
• additional PNP transistor coverage,
• basic Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) voltage-divider circuit design
• increased ac load line analysis of BJT power amplifiers
• power E-MOSFET and D-MOSFET biasing
• Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs)
• R/2R ladder D/A converters
• Function generator integrated circuits
• Class-D amplifiers
Starting in Chapter 1, “Introduction,” the T-shooter troubleshooting exercise feature has been simplified for
easier student use and understanding. This practical feature is integrated throughout the remaining chapters.
In Chapter 2, “Semiconductors,” one of many “Summary Tables” has been added to provide concept rein-
forcement and a convenient information resource. Starting in Chapter 3, “Diode Theory,” data sheets for spe-
cific semiconductor devices will be found within the chapter as they are discussed. Chapters 4 through 6 have
additional content regarding the testing of diodes and transistors using DMMs, VOMs, and semiconductor
curve tracers. While Chapter 10, “Voltage Amplifiers,” retains its coverage of the common-emitter (CE) am-
plifier, Chapter 11, “CC and CB Amplifiers,” focuses on common-collector (CC) or emitter follower, com-
mon-base (CB), and Darlington amplifier configurations. Chapter 12, “Power Amplifiers,” has been modified
to include class A, B, AB and C power amplifiers, along with additional ac load line analysis. In Chapter 13,
“JFETs,” modifications have been made to the order of JFET biasing and biasing techniques. In Chapter 14,
“MOSFETs,” depletion-mode and power enhancement-mode MOSFET amplifiers have been added along
with MOSFET testing. Chapter 15, “Thyristors,” includes more detail in RC phase-shift control, SCR testing,
and introduces IGBTs. Frequency analysis of FET stages has been added to Chapter 16, “Frequency Effects.”
In Chapter 20, “Linear Op-Amp Circuits,” the circuit operation of the R/2R ladder D/A converter has been in-
cluded. Chapter 22, “Nonlinear Op-Amp Circuits,” now includes the basic operation of a class-D amplifier.
Also, Chapter 23, “Oscillators,” has an additional section on function generator ICs, including the XR-2206.

xiii
Guided Tour
Learning Features
Many new learning features have been incorporated into the seventh edition of Electronic Principles. These
learning features, found throughout the chapters, include:

CHAPTER INTRODUCTION
Each chapter begins with a brief introduction setting the
stage for what the student is about to learn.

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
Chapter Objectives provide a concise statement of expected
learning outcomes.

VOCABULARY
A comprehensive list of new vocabulary words alerts
the students to key words found in the chapter. Within
the chapter, these key words are highlighted in bold
print the first time used.

xiv Guided Tour

PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Students can obtain critical feedback by performing the
Practice Problems that immediately follow most Examples.
Answers to these problems are found at the end of each
chapter.

GOOD TO KNOW
Good To Know statements, found in the margins, provide
interesting added insights to topics being presented.

EXAMPLES
Each chapter contains worked-out Examples that
demonstrate important concepts or circuit operation,
including circuit analysis, applications, troubleshooting,
and basic design.

MULTISIM
Students can “bring to life” many of the cir-
cuits found in each chapter. A CD contain-
ing MultiSim files is included with the text-
book; with these files students can change
the value of circuit components and in- DATA SHEETS
stantly see the effects, using realistic Tek-
tronix and Agilent simulation instruments. Full and partial component data
Troubleshooting skills can be developed by sheets are provided for many semi-
inserting circuit faults and making circuit conductor devices; key specifica-
measurements. Students new to computer tions are examined and explained.
simulation software will find a MultiSim Complete data sheets of these de-
Primer in the appendix. vices can be found on the Internet.

e 3-16 Data sheet for 1N4001–1N4007 diodes.

Guided Tour xv
Figure 7-22 Phototransistor.
nent, and concentrate on the thermally produced carriers in the collec-
tor diode. Visualize the reverse current produced by these carriers as an
COMPONENT PHOTOS
(a) Open base gives maximum
ideal current source in parallel with the collector-base junction of an
sensitivity; (b) variable base resistor
changes sensitivity; (c) typical
phototransistor.
ideal transistor (Fig. 7-21b).
Because the base lead is open, all the reverse current is forced
into the base of the transistor. The resulting collector current is:
Photos of actual electronic devices bring students
closer to the device being studied.
+VCC
ICEO ⫽ ␤dcIR
RC
where IR is the reverse minority-carrier current. This says that the collector cur-
rent is higher than the original reverse current by a factor of ␤dc.
The collector diode is sensitive to light as well as heat. In a phototran-
(a)
sistor, light passes through a window and strikes the collector-base junction. As
the light increases, IR increases, and so does ICEO .
+VCC

RC
Phototransistor versus Photodiode
The main difference between a phototransistor and a photodiode is the current
RB
gain ␤dc. The same amount of light striking both devices produces ␤dc times
more current in a phototransistor than in a photodiode. The increased sensitivity
(b)
of a phototransistor is a big advantage over that of a photodiode.
Figure 7-22a shows the schematic symbol of a phototransistor. Notice
the open base. This is the usual way to operate a phototransistor. You can control
the sensitivity with a variable base return resistor (Fig. 7-22b), but the base is
usually left open to get maximum sensitivity to light.
The price paid for increased sensitivity is reduced speed. A phototran-
sistor is more sensitive than a photodiode, but it cannot turn on and off as fast. A
photodiode has typical output currents in microamperes and can switch on and
off in nanoseconds. The phototransistor has typical output currents in mil-
(c) liamperes but switches on and off in microseconds. A typical phototransistor is
shown in Fig. 7-22c.
© Brian Moeskau/Brian Moeskau Pho-
tography
Optocoupler
Figure 7-23a shows an LED driving a phototransistor. This is a much more sensitive optocoupler than the
LED-photodiode discussed earlier. The idea is straightforward. Any changes in VS produce changes in the
LED current, which changes the current through the phototransistor. In turn, this produces a changing volt- SUMMARY TABLES
age across the collector-emitter terminals. Therefore, a signal voltage is coupled from the input circuit to the
output circuit.
Again, the big advantage of an optocoupler is the electrical isolation between the input and output
circuits. Stated another way, the common for the input circuit is different from the common for the output cir-
Summary Tables have been included at important
cuit. Because of this, no conductive path exists between the two circuits. This means that you can ground one

Figure 7-23 (a) Optocoupler with LED and phototransistor; (b) optocoupler IC.
points within many chapters. Students use these
+
RS RC

+
tables as an excellent review of important topics,
VS VCC
– –

© Brian Moeskau/Brian Moeskau

and as a convenient information resource.
(a ) ( b)
Photography

Figure 7-15 npn transistor.

C
C

C
N

B ⫽ B P ⫽ B

N
E
E
E

Out-of-Circuit Tests
A transistor is commonly tested using a DMM set to the diode test range. Figure 7-15 shows how an npn tran-
sistor resembles two back-to-back diodes. Each pn junction can be tested for normal forward and reverse bi-
ased readings. The collector to emitter can also be tested and should result in an overrange indication with ei-
ther DMM polarity connection. Since a transistor has three leads, there are six DMM polarity connections
possible. These are shown in Fig. 7-16a. Notice that only two polarity connections result in approximately a
0.7 V reading. Also important to note here is that the base lead is the only connection common to both 0.7 V
readings and it requires a (+) polarity connection. This is also shown in Fig. 7-16b.
A pnp transistor can be tested using the same technique. As shown in Fig. 7-17, the pnp transistor
also resembles two back-to-back diodes. Again, using the DMM in the diode test range, Fig. 7-18a and 7-18b
show the results for a normal transistor.
Many DMMs have a special ␤dc or hFE test function. By placing the transistor’s leads into the proper
slots, the forward current gain is displayed. This current gain is for a specified base current or collector cur-
rent and VCE. You can check the DMM’s manual for the specific test condition.
Another way to test transistors is with an ohmmeter. You can begin by measuring the resistance be-
tween the collector and the emitter. This should be very high in both directions because the collector and
emitter diodes are back to back in series. One of the most common troubles is a collector-emitter short, pro-

Figure 7-16 NPN DMM Readings (a) Polarity connections; (b) pn junction readings. COMPONENT TESTING
C

⫹
B
⫺
E
Reading
0.7
–

0.7
Students will find clear descriptions of how to
E
B
B
C
0L
0.7 B
+ + –

0L
test individual electronic components using
C
C
B
E
0L
0L
+

0.7
– +
common equipment such as digital multimeters
E C 0L
–

E
(DMMs).
(a) (b)

Transistor Fundamentals 245

xvi Guided Tour

 CHAPTER SUMMARIES
Students can use the summaries when reviewing for
examinations, or just to make sure they haven’t missed
any key concepts. Important circuit derivations and
definitions are listed to help solidify learning outcomes.

END OF CHAPTER PROBLEMS

A wide variety of questions and problems
are found at the end of each chapter;
over 30% are new or revised in this
edition. These include circuit analysis
and critical thinking questions.

Guided Tour xvii

Supplements
In addition to the fully updated text, following resources are available for the students and the instructors to
aid in their understanding of electronic principles and applications at the Online Learning Center (OLC)
http://www.mhhe.com/malvino/ep7esie
Student’s resource contain a wealth of student features, links to industry sites, circuits and component
lists and activities based around key terms. It has chapter-wise job oriented questions. Besides a
detailed glossary of key terms, it also includes two appendices on
Data Sheets
Thevenizing the R/2R D/A converter
The OLC contains chapter-wise Mixed Quiz which will serve as a self testing tool for the students and
evaluation tool for the instructors.
Instructor’s Resource (password protected) includes the Instructor’s Manual and PowerPoint slides,
electronic testbanks online, links to industry and educational Web sites.
Visual Calculator for Electronic software, available at the author’s Web site http://www.malvino.com,
allows you to analyze over 140 basic electronics circuits with the ability to display any of the 1500
equations used in the calculations. With Visual Calculator you can substitute standard resistor values to
see the effects on circuit operation, view load lines and other graphs, along with viewing data sheets for
many of the components. This software can be used by instructors to help teach and demonstrate elec-
tronic circuit operation. Students can use the software to review for midterms and final exams, check
answers to homework problems and get answers faster than by any other method.

xviii
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MAINIO
KERTOMUS SUUTARIMESTARI SIIMEON LESTIN SYNTYMÄSTÄ
JA SANKARILLISESTA ELÄMÄSTÄ ***

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will
be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S.

copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in
these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it
in the United States without permission and without paying copyright
royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of
this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept
and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and
may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the
terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of
the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for
copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very
easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as
creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research.
Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given
away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with
eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject
to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
 PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free

distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or
any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at
www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and

Redistributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works
1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree
to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your
possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be
bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from
the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in
paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be

used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people
who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a
few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic
works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.
See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with
Project Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this
agreement and help preserve free future access to Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the
Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the
collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the
individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the
United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in
the United States and you are located in the United States, we do
not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing,
performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the
work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of
course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg™
mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely
sharing Project Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of
this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name
associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of
this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its
attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without
charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also
govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most
countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the
United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms
of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying,
performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this
work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes
no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in
any country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other

immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must
appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™
work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or
with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is
accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed:
 This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived

from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a
notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright
holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the
United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must
comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through
1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project
Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted

with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works posted
with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of
this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project

Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files containing a
part of this work or any other work associated with Project
Gutenberg™.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this

electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg™ License.
1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form,
including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you
provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work
in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in
the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website
(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain
Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the
full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,

performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing

access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
provided that:

• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the
method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The
fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark,
but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty
payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on
which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your
periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked
as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information
about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation.”

• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who

notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that
s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™
 License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and
discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project
Gutenberg™ works.

• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of

any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in
the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90
days of receipt of the work.

• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™

electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of
the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set
forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend

considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe
and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating
the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may
be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to,
incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a
copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or
damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer
codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except

for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph
1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner
of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party
distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this
agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and
expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO
REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF
WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE
FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY
DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE
TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL,
PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE
NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you

discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it,
you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by
sending a written explanation to the person you received the work
from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must
return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity
that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a
replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work
electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to
give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in
lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may
demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the
problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in
paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO
OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied

warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted
by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any
provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the

Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the
Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any
volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution
of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless from all liability,
costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or
indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur:
(a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b)
alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project
Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of

Project Gutenberg™
Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.
It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and
donations from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the

assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a
secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future
generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help,
see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at
www.gutenberg.org.
 Section 3. Information about the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West,

Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up
to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website
and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to

the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation
Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without
widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can
be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the
widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small
donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax
exempt status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating

charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and
keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in
locations where we have not received written confirmation of
compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of
compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where

we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no
prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in
such states who approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make

any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of
other ways including checks, online payments and credit card
donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About Project

Gutenberg™ electronic works
Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be
freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of
volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed

editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™,

including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how
to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.