Empathy: The Contribution of

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Vincenzo Auriemma
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Empathy

The Contribution of
Neuroscience to Social Analysis

Vincenzo Auriemma
 Empathy

“What is empathy? This book can help you rethinking this popular and taken
from granted idea today. It is an inquiry into the history of the concept, using a
strong trans-disciplinary approach at the crossroads of neurosciences, psychol-
ogy and sociology. Useful to scholars but also to people outside the academia,
since the author provides insights of possible application of the empirical
research.”
—Prof. Gabriele Balbi, University of Italian Switzerland, Switzerland
 Vincenzo Auriemma

Empathy
The Contribution of Neuroscience
to Social Analysis
Vincenzo Auriemma
University of Salerno
Fisciano, Italy

ISBN 978-3-031-38859-0    ISBN 978-3-031-38860-6 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38860-6

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature
Switzerland AG 2023
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether
the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and
transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar
or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or
the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any
errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional
claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

Paper in this product is recyclable.

 To Iris,
to the pure love you gave me. We will meet again in our most
beautiful dreams.
 Foreword

Vincenzo Auriemma’s book is about empathy, that is, the ability to put
oneself in the shoes of others in order to understand their meaning and
intentions and feel the emotions felt by those being observed. The work
that follows is to be inscribed within the theoretical strand of the sociol-
ogy of emotions, an increasingly important field of research in contem-
porary theoretical reflection and one that has developed consistently
since the 1970s (Kemper, 1990). This strand has been formed by vari-
ously combining different perspectives and research groups: evolutionary
sociology, scholars of the structural-functionalist paradigm, sociologists
of culture, followers of microsociological theories, exchange theory and
symbolic interactionism. For this reason, some scholars such as Turner
and Stets (2005) believe that the study of emotions represents the van-
guard of contemporary microsociology.
However, the field of emotion research is not a recent one. Already
classical authors have dealt with it to some extent, one thinks only of
Durkheim’s concept of collective effervescence (1912) or even more pre-
cisely of Weber’s concept of versthen, on which Auriemma dwells. But
originally, the study had an organicistic approach, as it was inspired by
the works of Charles Darwin, William James and Sigmund Freud, who
treated emotions as a purely biological fact and, for that reason, univer-
sally prevalent. Later, social research broke away from the mechanistic
scientific model and affirmed a relational approach to empirical studies,
vii
viii Foreword

inspired by the works of John Dewey, Hans Gerth, C. Wright Mills and
Erving Goffman. As Arlie Hochschild points out, these authors while
recognizing a biological basis for emotions, social factors interact before
and after with the emotions one feels (1983, p. 221), in the sense that
emotions vary according to cultural norms and social context.
The centrality of the emotions to social theory is also offered by the
more recent theory of affect, which is an extension of post-structuralist
and post-modern theory, but also takes elements from queer theory and
natural science and technological studies. With all these approaches,
affect theory shares an interest in the deconstruction and decentering of
the subject, but differs from them in the weight accorded to the biologi-
cal factor in the social construction of reality. Specifically, affect theorists
are concerned with the ways in which bodies offer and receive affect
(Blackman & Venn, 2010, p. 9).
For these authors, affect is interrelated to emotion, in that the former
refers to the indeterminate, vital biological basis, while the latter is the
expression of this force when it encounters the socio-cultural processes
that make it explicit, conscious and expressible. Affect theory therefore
deals with the process from the biological origin (affect) to the social
expression of it (emotion).
These theorists refer to the new knowledge derived from research in
the life sciences, such as biology, genetics and neuroscience and represent
a move away from post-modern approaches that reject any dialogue with
the natural sciences. Indeed, a leading exponent complains that cultural
and social theory has wrongly distanced itself from and ignores impor-
tant findings of the natural sciences. In Parables for the Virtual, Brian
Massumi denounces the need to rework the concepts of nature and cul-
ture and to their relationship (2002, p. 39). The problem, then, is to
understand how nature and culture interact in new ways without the
reductionist temptations of one over the other and vice versa.
Vincenzo Auriemma’s work on empathy is to be inscribed in this cul-
tural frame. Indeed, in social dynamics and human interactions, the
empathic capacity of subjects is central, an aspect that often goes unno-
ticed but plays a crucial role in understanding and answering the funda-
mental question, ‘why society?’ and ‘how we can understand the dynamics
of social structures, conflicts and relationships therein?’ The book explores
 Foreword ix

theoretically and empirically these possibilities for shaping groups and

communities, the possibility of mitigating conflict and contributing to
social cohesion. Empathy is an ambivalent, often complex phenomenon
that can be a source of social change that pushes people toward greater
understanding but can also be used for manipulative purposes.
This book sheds light on these different facets, presenting case studies,
empirical research and sociological theories that help us understand the
centrality of this aspect in the social and personal life of communities. A
centrality is recovered mainly because of two influential factors: the first
is the technological development related to social, Internet and digital
networks, which allow empathic communication and the sharing of emo-
tions and states of mind; the second concerns the new frontiers of neuro-
science development. Auriemma reports the acquisitions of Rizzolatti’s
research on mirror neurons. These neuroscientific researches offer a new
argument to sociological theses on the social construction of society. They
bring a new season of greater integration of knowledge and interdisci-
plinary research. The book explores empathy in a new light that also
contemplates recent findings in various disciplinary fields. We hope that
through this perspective readers will gain a more comprehensive under-
standing and appreciate the complexity of human empathy, thus contrib-
uting to our ongoing effort to discover what makes us truly human and
unique in the world of life.
This is the substantive goal that the work Auriemma set out to do with
unprecedented and satisfying results.

Fisciano, Italy Gennaro Iorio

ottobre 2023

Bibliography
Blackman, L., & Venn, C. (2010). Affect. Body & Society, 16(1), 7–28.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1357034X09354769.
Durkheim, É. (1912). Les Formes élémentaires de la vie religieuse, un
siècle après. L’Année sociologique, 62(2).
Hochschild, A. (1983). The managed heart: Commercialization of human
feeling. University of California Press.
x Foreword

Kemper, T. (1990). Themes and variations in the sociology of emotions.

In Research agendas in the sociology of emotions. Kemper.
Massumi, B. (2002). Parables for the Virtual: Movement, Affect, Sensation.
Durham: Duke University Press.
Turner, J. H., & Stets, J. E. (2005). The sociology of emotions. Cambridge
University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511819612.
 Contents

1 I ntroduction  1
Bibliography  5

2 Empathy:
 A Theoretical Starting Point  7
1 The Concept of Sympathy as Origin  10
2 Verstehen in Weber’s Idea  16
3 Schütz’s Critique of Weber’s Conceptualization: The
Einfhulung 22
4 Lived Experience as an Element of Empathy: Simmel
and the Erleben  28
5 Empathy from the Late Twentieth Century to the
Present, Rifkin and de Waal  32
6 Empathy from de Waal’s Point of View  35
7 Toward an Applied Sociology, Empathy at the Center
of Neurosociological Reflections  39
Bibliography 43

3 Trans-disciplinary
 Approach: Methodological Preface
for an Applied Sociology 49
1 The Difference Between Various Approaches:
Transdisciplinary, Multidisciplinary and Interdisciplinary  50

xi
xii Contents

2 Transdisciplinarity Between Sociology and Social

Neuroscience 52
3 The Trans-disciplinary Approach as a Tool of Inquiry
Between Neuroscience and Sociology  57
4 Hardware and Software: Attempts at Laboratory Sociology  60
5 Problems and Questions About the Use of These Tools  62
6 The Trans-disciplinary Error in Empathic Conception  66
7 Transdisciplinarity, from Risk to Opportunity  72
Bibliography 83

4 Possible
 Integrations Between Sociology, Social
Psychology and Social Neuroscience 89
1 How Social Neuroscience Can Contribute to
Social Analysis  90
2 Transdisciplinarity Between Economics and Sociology  96
3 Transdisciplinarity Between Social Psychology and
Sociology 99
4 Transdisciplinarity Between Social Neuroscience,
Cultural Sociology and Sociology 101
5 Neurosociology as a Response to Transdisciplinary
Discourses106
6 Neurosociology in the Analysis of Empathy 119
Bibliography127

5 Possible
 Applications of Empirical Research: The
Subdivision of Empathy141
1 Possible Methodological Approach of Applied Research 146
2 Setting Up the Research Environment 154
3 Research Methodology 157
4 The Theory of Embodiment 163
5 Some Practical Examples, from Empathy as Care to
Virtual Empathy 168
Bibliography174
 Contents xiii

6 C
 onclusions177
1 Empathy and Emotion Analysis from Transdisciplinary
Networks: The Example of IRNSN 188
Bibliography196

B
 ibliography201

I ndex243
 1
Introduction

The intent of this paper is to consider empathy as a bridging element

between sociology and social neuroscience. This path is driven by recent
discoveries in neuroscience, as well as research that increasingly pushes to
consider empathy as a biologically given element in humans. However,
assuming this statement as true and empirically given, it is by no means
possible to exclude the cultural aspect and the attached cultural implica-
tions that underlie the empathic aspect of each person. Therefore, it may
be important to provide a different point of view, a reading that is able to
hold together several points of view, starting with the birth of the concept
of empathy, which, as we shall see, has philosophical foundations, mov-
ing on to the sociological analysis of the same concept, trying to compare
empathy with concepts dear to Weber, Simmel and Schütz for example,
and ending with the more recent theoretical implications related to psy-
chology, neuroscience and social neuroscience. Before proceeding, it is
necessary to keep in mind that the text remains a proposal that does not
consider changes of direction, rather than the emergence of cultural
rather than biological universalisms, nor does it reflect the idea that
empathy is a purely cultural element; rather, it fits into a transdisciplinary
context capable of holding together, through empirical research proposals
and sporadic analyses that have emerged to date, cultural, biological and,

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 1

V. Auriemma, Empathy, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38860-6_1
2 V. Auriemma

above all, new technologies aspects. In fact, after the pandemic that has
affected us, it has become necessary to rethink the concept of being a
community, even before the idea of social interaction, which is why
reflecting empathy even through the mediation of a screen, rather than
the analysis of the media that allow us to interact directly or indirectly
with society, could be the main key to initiate empirical research in a
sociological key. It will be necessary, therefore, to consider empathy in a
relationship between sociology and social neuroscience, corresponding to
a path that is not only theoretical, but can propose experimental research
hypotheses in order to understand whether empathy underlies human
and social relations. So, an intellectual endeavor that has been attempted
on several occasions, but has often only found its way into biological-­
medical reflections, where some scholars, including Rizzolatti, have tried
to make discourses on empathy the preserve of a single discipline.
However, it should not be forgotten that such research supports sociology
in the observations made of it by the classics, who analyzed culture sym-
bolically (Auriemma, 2022a, b). Therefore, the text has been reflected
through a transdisciplinary approach, that is, an approach that does not
limit itself to recognizing interactions or reciprocities through specialized
research, but rather identifies those connections within a total system,
without stable boundaries between the disciplines themselves (Piaegt,
1971; Ammassari, 1985). This allows, on the one hand, a critical evalua-
tion of the thought and analyses of authors belonging to disciplinary
fields, seemingly, far from each other, and, on the other hand, to learn
from previously conducted research aimed at understanding empathic
attitudes and reshape them for sociological goals. Consequently, this is a
type of work that draws from multiple points of view, without presuming
to propose changes of course in reflections, bringing out a cultural uni-
versalism in favor of a biological universalism, rather trying to highlight
how empathy can be a transdisciplinary topic that offers considerable
opportunities for dialogue and comparison between different disciplines.
As anticipated, the starting point was an analysis of the reflections on the
connection between empathy, neuroscience and sociology beginning
with Weber’s Verstehen; thus, from the German sociologist’s discourses of
sociological understanding of it as opposed to positivism. In this way, the
element that links understanding to neurosociology is, predominantly,
 1 Introduction 3

the reinterpretation of Verstehen from the perspective of an “understand-

ing of the emotional conditions of the other,” whose existence can give
new strength to interactions, going on to study experience, mind and
consciousness with an emphasis on the embodied condition of the human
mind (Ibid.). In light of these reflections, the need arose to incorporate a
new point of view for sociology, integrating the studies on mirror neu-
rons and, therefore, the neurosociological discourses that followed, by
reflecting on possible experimental research to be applied in sociology.
Seeking, within an applied and transdisciplinary sociology, a meaningful
understanding of emotions in interactions, capable of working in concert
with other social sciences (Ibid.). In particular, this pathway has been use-
ful in going deeper into two aspects: the first is the interactional aspect,
which is fundamental to stimulating empathy in actors; the second is
related to the intrinsic aspect of interactions, that is, related to the process
through which interaction occurs. In the light of these reflections, the
possibility of a connection between Sociology and Social Neuroscience,
that is, the contributions that the one can make to the other, was ana-
lyzed. The attempt has been to look for this connection in a single sci-
ence: Neurosociology, understood as the meeting of social neuroscience
and sociology (Sperry, 1993; Ward, 2017). The latter, which emerged in
the 1970s, was quickly sidelined, as it used evolutionary psychology in its
first approach to science. It should be emphasized that today
Neurosociology must understand the innovations had in different disci-
plinary fields, above all the discovery of mirror neurons, but at the same
time, it must start from and incorporate the fundamental assumptions of
Weber, Simmel and Schütz, so as to attempt to develop new lines of study
that see empathy, love, respect and care, as the basis of the individual’s
behavior and interaction. The text should be seen as consisting of three
sections, sociological aspects, methodological aspects and neurosociologi-
cal aspects, and consists of four chapters. It is a summary of a course that
has undergone a series of necessary remodeling, generating analysis and
critical reinterpretation of the classics, as well as hypotheses on future
experimental research to be applied. Analyzing, first and foremost, all the
remodulations of the concept of empathy over the years. In this regard,
starting from the philosophical conception, Hume’s Sympathy, arriving,
through German sociology, at the thought of Weber, Simmel and Schütz,
4 V. Auriemma

it was possible to trace a sociocultural line on how empathy has been

symbolically constructed and showing how today, it is culturally consid-
ered. The basic assumptions were, on the one hand, the concept of inter-
pretation considered a key point for all research and, on the other hand,
the methodology used by the various authors in their theorizing; cer-
tainly, the proposal is not based on the set of methodologies of the clas-
sics, but it is thanks to the classics that we can today integrate much of
what they highlighted. For example, Weber’s encompassing sociology
could be an excellent starting point for experimental research on empa-
thy. Rather than, building on Schütz’s critique of Weber, using his phe-
nomenological discourses in order to ascertain which actions might fall
under the concept of empathy and which might not, but more impor-
tantly how to make a distinction between them. Therefore, more empha-
sis was placed on phenomenological concepts aimed at clarifying how the
acting subject constitutes his or her complex of experiences and con-
sciousness, tying everything to acting and emotions, for example. This
allowed for the inclusion of a commentary on the four contemporary
authors who to date have considered empathy as a key element in their
discourses, namely Rifkin, de Waal, Ten Houten and Franks. This allowed
for a review of the conceptualization of the transdisciplinary approach,
highlighting, in particular, the motivation behind the choice of this
approach, rather than the use of the more common and more widely used
multidisciplinary or interdisciplinary aspect. Generating, as a result, an
in-depth study that enabled a full understanding of the reasons for this
choice. In that, unlike what many think, it is not merely a difference in
the name of the approach, but rather it is a formal difference that makes
the trans-disciplinary approach more appropriate for this work. Through
this transition, it was possible to establish points of connection and
strengths that can culminate in ethnocultural heterogeneity, emphasizing
the relationship of this approach in sociology, with social neuroscience.
Moreover, given the complexity of the elements and specifications within
the text, the necessary step was to highlight, through a critical rereading
of the present literature, the concept and research on mirror neurons.
This allowed the presentation of a brief historical overview of their dis-
covery by Rizzolatti’s team. In this way, using all the empirical studies
that have been published since 1995, it was possible to put forward a
 1 Introduction 5

proposal for reinterpretation that allowed to mitigate the view of the mir-
ror neuron from an element predisposed to empathy, as argued by several
authors, to a neuron capable of bringing out the principle of imitation/
learning. Finally, it consists of an in-depth study of the concept and dis-
cipline called “neurosociology.” Specifying that this discipline should not
be the preserve of only one science, but should be characterized by trans-
disciplinarity, so as to return, through empirical research, a broad view.
The next step was to define the object of study of this discipline, that is,
it must be able to analyze social interactions and socialization in relation
to the structures and functions of the nervous system. Therefore, it must
emphasize the cultural and symbolic aspects underlying social interac-
tions. A key element of this chapter will be dynamic interaction, which
frees neurosociology from mere biological reductionism, inserting the
latter concept as a cognitive element and belonging to each person, useful
for understanding one of the points of view, contrasting it with what is
the great novelty of neurosociology, namely the analysis of social
interaction.

Bibliography
Ammassari, P. (1985). Validità e legittimità dell’analisi causale. Annali di
Sociologia, 91–117.
Auriemma, V. (2022a). Empathy as interaction as well, from Weber to neurosociol-
ogy. Quaderni di Sociologia Clinica.
Auriemma, V. (2022b). Empathy. The contribution of neuroscience to social analy-
sis. PM Edizioni. Varezze.
Piaegt, J. (1971). L’épistémologie des relations interdisciplinaires. Archives de
Philosophie, 141–144.
Sperry, R. (1993). A mentalist view of consciousness. Social Neuroscience
Bulletin, 15.
Ward, J. (2017). The student’s guide to social neuroscience. Psychology Press.
 2
Empathy: A Theoretical Starting Point

The concept of empathy is polysemous in nature; it has been and is being

analyzed in different disciplines, in different contexts, and, most impor-
tantly, it has been given different meanings. However, the concept of
empathy has its roots in the classical and philosophical concept of sym-
pathy. Before coming to a detailed analysis, it is useful to pose a defini-
tion, as general and broad as possible, to a concept that in recent years has
become closely linked to discourses of all kinds, from neuroscience (thus
biology) to neuromarketing (economics and finance), via economics and
politics. Even, some have used the concept to explain what to avoid in the
crypto world, that is, to avoid being empathetic in a world that requires
rationality and coldness. So, empathy is the ability to place oneself in the
emotional condition of another person, so as to understand his or her
actions/reactions that he or she activates, through a process of under-
standing his or her lived experience, perhaps based on life narratives and,
above all, through identification with the other person’s situation. To
date, the biological basis of empathy is studied, however, its multiple
manifestations1 say that it presents an anthropological-cultural and

1
They are attested by anthropology, the history of religions, and the soil of attachment in the
mother-infant relationship, sexuality, and numerous mental illnesses (Rifkin, 2011).

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 7

V. Auriemma, Empathy, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38860-6_2
8 V. Auriemma

historical dynamic, corresponding to the different ways of valuing it, of

actively managing it, of following, without completely destroying its
instinctual basis, its development towards complex expressions.
Questioning the importance of empathy for the individual and his or
her social life implies overcoming the idea that it is an innate feeling or
an automatism in the brain, to emphasize instead how much it can also
be a relational competence developed through social interactions
(Auriemma, 2022a, b). Two opposite poles converge in the rediscovery of
empathy: on the one hand, knowledge of human nature and biological
functioning, and on the other, anthropological and cultural knowledge.
Indeed, the continuing quest for knowledge of the neurological and neu-
robiological mechanisms thought to underlie the functioning of this fun-
damental human capacity raises the basic question about the existence of
“enabling capacities” for coexistence, interaction, caring for the weak,
and pooling of activities or interests? Or perhaps this “capacity” is cultur-
ally “learned” and, therefore, its existence calls into question many other
elements, including historical, social, cultural and spiritual ones? A ques-
tion that, from a sociological point of view, could be easily answered, but
that, in recent years especially, this concept has become the preserve of
bio-medical disciplines, which assert that it is an inherent capacity in the
brain and returns an enabling ability to adapt to society. An explanation,
the latter, that has several flaws, as well as several forcings. This is because,
in today’s age, especially in the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic, empathy
assumes considerable importance on several levels, on the ethical-­political
level, especially in issues such as ecological crisis, on the global economic-­
financial level, and in the analysis of social relations. To give an explana-
tion of why empathy has returned, forcefully, to the social scene, we
might use Churchland’s words from 2011 referring to the loss of values
and the change of morality within society, who argued that in an age of
great moral confusion, empathy returns as a “new foundation” of ethics
because of its social implications (Churchland, 2011).
At this point we need to take a step back, so as to understand why
empathy has become what we know today. Empathy has its roots in the
original meaning of sympathy, first analyzed and deepened by Hume and
 2 Empathy: A Theoretical Starting Point 9

Smith and, only later, reinterpreted from a sociological perspective, allow-

ing it to take on two significant strengths, understanding and empathy.
This was made possible through the works of Weber, with his setting of
the concept of Verstehen, as well as through the works of Schütz, espe-
cially with the setting of his doctrine on Einfhulung. In addition to these
strong and general meanings, we find another that sounds almost like a
derivative of these two, but which bases its origin in Weber’s Verstehen,
namely Simmel’s Erleben. The latter concept belongs to a different cate-
gory from the principles of knowing the other, but, as anticipated, it
sounds almost like a derivative of them; in fact, it falls under the concept
of experience. This element was useful in Simmel’s time, to complement
his study of actions and groups, but, in one of the rereadings we might
make of it, it becomes even more important as the meeting point between
understanding and empathy. However, in the last twenty years, the con-
cept of empathy has been used by several other disciplines, bringing out
its polysemous and multidisciplinary capacity. Indeed, in psychology, a
discipline in which it has almost exhausted its debate, it has taken on a
particular meaning, namely that of contact. Moreover, it has been used
by economists, clinical psychologists and neuroscientists to refer to social
evolution in nature. For example, both Rifkin and de Waal point out how
we have lost the empathic relationship we once had with nature, going
about exploiting the planet more and more without rendering anything
back to it (Auriemma, 2022a, b). Clinical psychologists and neuroscien-
tists, for their part and following the discovery of mirror neurons, treat
empathy as that element, inherent in people’s minds, aimed at under-
standing actions and connections that individuals perform with and
toward others. Each of these meanings, however, falls fully within a much
broader concept and, more importantly, within the meaning we give it
today. Empathy, therefore, is a key element of human relationships,
changing the disciplinary point of view with which it is analyzed. The
idea in this paper is that the hybridization of meanings could open up
avenues for new topics and, why not, new debates. For some, like econo-
mist Rifkin, for example, empathy underpins societies and relationships.
The same is true for de Waal, who as an ethologist point to different
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Casting Tackle and Methods, $3.00
Snaith, J. C., Novels, each $2.00
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Coming, The,
Council of Seven, The,
Sailor, The,
There Is a Tide,
Time Spirit, The,
Undefeated, The,
Van Roon, The.
Squire, J. C.,
 A Book of American Verse, $2.50
Essays on Poetry, $2.50
Stanford, Alfred,
A City Out of the Sea, $2.00
Stanislavsky, Constantin,
My Life in Art, $6.00
Steele, Wilbur Daniel,
The Giant’s Stair, 50 cents
Steuart, J. A.,
Robert Louis Stevenson: A Critical Biography, $8.00
Stewart, Donald Ogden,
Perfect Behavior Abroad, $2.00
Perfect Behavior, $2.00
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Stevenson, Gertrude Scott,
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Stockbridge, Bertha E. L.,
The Practical Cook Book, $2.00
What to Drink, $1.50
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Surguchev, Ilya,
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Swinnerton, Frank,
R. L. Stevenson, $2.00
George Gissing, $2.00

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Now That I’m Fifty, $2.00
The Heart of a Dog, $3.00
Tilton, George Henry,
 The Fern Lover’s Companion, $3.00
Tolstoi, Count Leon L.,
The Truth About My Father, $2.00
Tomlinson, Everett T.,
Fighters Young Americans Want to Know, $2.00
Mysterious Rifleman, The, $1.75
Pioneer Scouts of Ohio, The, $1.75
Places Young Americans Want to Know, $1.75
Pursuit of the Apache Chief, The, $1.75
Scouting in the Wilderness, $1.75
Scouting on the Border, $1.75
Scouting on the Old Frontier, $1.75
Historical Story for Boys, The, Free
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 INDEX

Abbé Pierre, Jay William Hudson, 288, 289

Abraham Lincoln—Master of Words, Daniel Kilham Dodge, 323,
324
Action! Holland Hudson, 262
Addington, Sarah, Round the Year in Pudding Lane, 94
Adler, Felix, The Reconstruction of the Spiritual Idea, 352
Adolescence, G. Stanley Hall, 152, 165
Adventures and Enthusiasms, E. V. Lucas, 221, 223, 230
Adventures in Journalism, Philip Gibbs, 17, 18, 20, 22, 27
Adventures in the Old Woman’s Shoe, Maude Radford Warren
and Eve Davenport, 85
Adventures of Jimmie Dale, The, Frank L. Packard, 340, 347
Advisory Ben, E. V. Lucas, 213, 215, 217, 230
After Harvest, Charles Fielding Marsh, 181
After Livingston, Fred L. M. Moir, 39
After the Verdict, Robert Hichens, 176, 177
Age of Innocence, The, Edith Wharton, 304, 305, 306, 309, 310,
313
Alcott, Louisa M., 91;
Little Men, 92;
Little Women: or Meg, Jo, Beth and Amy, 92
Alexander, Elizabeth, Rôles, 180
Allen, Lucy G., Choice Recipes for Clever Cooks, 122;
Table Service, 122
Altar Steps, The, Compton Mackenzie, 170
Altsheler, Joseph A., see Chapter xiv, 236-239;
The Guns of Bull Run, 238, 247;
The Guns of Shiloh, 238, 247;
The Rock of Chickamauga, 238, 247;
The Scouts of Stonewall, 238, 247;
The Shades of the Wilderness, 238, 247;
The Star of Gettysburg, 238, 247;
The Sun of Saratoga, 239, 248;
The Sword of Antietam, 238, 247;
The Tree of Appomattox, 238, 247;
The Young Trailer, 239, 246
Amateur Gentleman, The, Jeffery Farnol, 75, 79, 81
An Ambassador’s Memoirs, Maurice Paleologue, 199
Andersen, Hans, Fairy Tales by Hans Andersen, 87
Andreyev, 254, 265
Ann Vroome, Lewis Beach, 256
Another Scandal, Cosmo Hamilton, 189, 195
An Outline of the British Labor Movement, Paul Blanshard, 317,
322
Anthony Trollope, Hugh Walpole, 282
Antic Hay, Aldous Huxley, 97, 99, 100, 101, 103, 109, 110, 111,
113
Araminta, J. C. Snaith, 367, 373
Aria da Capo, Edna St. Vincent Millay, 263
Ariel, The Life of Shelley, André Maurois, 197
Arlen, Michael, see Chapter xvi, 266-276;
Piracy, 267, 272, 274, 275, 276;
The Green Hat, 267, 276;
The London Venture, 272, 276;
The Romantic Lady, 267, 276;
 These Charming People, 266, 269, 274, 276
Autocamping, F. E. Brimmer, 36
Auto-Suggestion for Mothers, R. C. Waters, 120
Autumn, Ilya Surguchev, 261
Awakening of Italy, The; The Fascista Regeneration, Luigi Villari,
316
Ayuli, Laurence Binyon, 260

Baker, S. Josephine, M. D., Healthy Babies, 123;

Healthy Children, 124;
Healthy Mothers, 118
Balderston, John L., A Morality Play for the Leisure Class, 262
Balfour, Lord, Theism and Thought, 350, 351
Banning, Margaret Culkin, A Handmaid of the Lord, 169, 170
Barbour, Ralph Henry, 83, 88;
Follow The Ball, 88, 89;
The Fighting Scrub, 88
Barker and Cole, Drs., Blood Pressure, 326
Barker, Granville, 254, 256;
The Exemplary Theatre, 264;
The Madras House, 256;
The Marrying of Ann Leete, 256;
The Secret Life, 256;
The Voysey Inheritance, 256;
Three Short Plays, 256;
Waste, 256
Barretto, Larry, A Conqueror Passes, 179
Barry, David S., Forty Years in Washington, 208
Bartlett, John, Familiar Quotations, 328
Beach, Lewis, Ann Vroome, 256;
 A Square Peg, 256;
The Goose Hangs High, 256
Beck, The Constitution of the United States: Yesterday, Today—
Tomorrow? 322
Belknap, Maitland, Princeton Sketches, 289
Bellehelen Mine, The, B. M. Bower, 30, 31
Belovéd Traitor, The, Frank L. Packard, 338, 347
Beltane the Smith, Jeffery Farnol, 74, 79, 81
Bennett, Arnold, 171, 197, 254, 283;
Elsie and the Child and Other Stories, 173;
Riceyman Steps, 173
Benson, E. F., David Blaize of King’s, 96
Billy Mink, Thornton W. Burgess, 93
Binyon, Laurence, Ayuli, 260
Birds of America, ed. by T. Gilbert Pearson, John Burroughs,
Herbert K. Job, 39
Birkenhead, Earl of, The Inner History of English Politics, 314
Black Bartlemy’s Treasure, Jeffery Farnol, 79, 81
Black Hood, The, Thomas Dixon, 240, 241, 249
Black Stone, The, George Gibbs, 371, 374
Blanshard, Paul, An Outline of the British Labor Movement, 317
Blindness of Virtue, The, Cosmo Hamilton, 187, 188, 190, 195
Blood Pressure, Barker and Cole, Drs., 326
Blue Blood, Owen Johnston, 179
Blue Lion, The, Robert Lynd, 284
Blue Room, The, Cosmo Hamilton, 189, 195
Bolted Door, The, George Gibbs, 370, 374
Book of American Verse, A, J. C. Squire, 278
Book of Blanche, The, Dorothy Richardson, 179
Book of England for Young People, The, Sidney Dark, 91
Book of France for Young People, The, Sidney Dark, 91
Book of Scotland for Young People, The, Sidney Dark, 91
Book of the Black Bass, Dr. James A. Henshall, 33
Boston Cooking-School Cook Book, The, Fannie Merritt Farmer,
115, 116
Bower, B. M., The Bellehelen Mine, 30, 31
Boyd, Ernest, The Contemporary Drama of Ireland, 265
Boy Scouts’ Own Book, The, ed. Franklin K. Mathiews, 95
Boy Scouts’ Year Book, The, ed. Franklin K. Mathiews, 95
Boy Whaleman, The, George F. Tucker, 91, 92
Bradley, Alice, The Candy Cook Book, 122
Breaking a Bird Dog, Horace Lytle, 40
Bride Comes to Yellow Sky, The, Stephen Crane, 242
Bridges, Roy, Rat’s Castle, 95
Brimmer, F, E., Autocamping, 36
Broad Highway, The, Jeffery Farnol, 60, 61, 64, 66, 67, 68, 69,
71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 77, 78, 79, 81
Broke of Covenden, J. C. Snaith, 365, 373
Brontë, Anne, The Complete Poems of, 278
Brontë, Charlotte, The Complete Poems of, 278
Brontë, Emily Jane, The Complete Poems of, 278
Bruette, Dr. William A., The Complete Dog Book, 34
Brute, The, W. Douglas Newton, 180
Buck, The Khoja, 327
Burgess Animal Book for Children, The, Thornton W. Burgess,
83
Burgess Bird Book for Children, The, Thornton W. Burgess, 84
Burgess Flower Book for Children, The, Thornton W. Burgess,
84
Burgess, Thornton W., 83, 84;
Billy Mink, 93;
The Burgess Animal Book for Children, 83;
The Burgess Bird Book for Children, 84;
The Burgess Flower Book for Children, 84
Burke, Thomas, 281;
Limehouse Nights, 282;
The Wind and the Rain, 282
Burnham, William H., The Normal Mind, 362
Burning Wheel, The, Aldous Huxley, 104, 106, 113
By Intervention of Providence, Stephen McKenna, 285

Candy Cook Book, The, Alice Bradley, 122

Canning, Preserving and Jelly Making, Janet McKenzie Hill, 123
Cap’n Eri, Joseph C. Lincoln, 171
Captain Jim Mason, Elmer R. Gregor, 244, 250
Care and Feeding of Children, The, Dr. L. Emmett Holt, 115, 117
Carroll, Dixie, Goin’ Fishin’? 39;
Lake and Stream Game Fishing, 39
Carter, Howard, and Mace, A. C., The Tomb of Tut-Ankh-Amen,
37, 38
Casting Tackle and Methods, O. W. Smith, 39
Cease Firing, Mary Johnston, 377, 378, 389
Cedric the Forester Bernard Marshall, 245, 251
Chambers, Mary D., One-Piece Dinners, 122
Chandler, Frank W., The Contemporary Drama of France, 265
Chapman, Frank M., Handbook of Birds of Eastern North
America, 40;
What Bird is That?, 40
Cheyney, Edward G., Scott Burton, in the Blue Ridge, 95
Child Training, Angelo Patti, 119, 120
Chipp, Elinor, Many Waters, 181
Choice Recipes for Clever Cooks, Lucy G. Allen, 122
Christianity at the Crossroads, Dr. E. Y. Mullins, 350, 355
City Out of the Sea, A, Alfred Stanford, 181
C. K. S., An Autobiography, Clement K. Shorter, 207
Clansman, The, Thomas Dixon, 240, 241, 249
Clark, Barrett H., 254;
How to Produce Amateur Plays, 263
Clark, Martha Haskell, The Home Road, 287
Clements, Colin C., Plays for a Folding Theatre, 255;
Plays for Pagans, 255
Cloud and Silver, E. V. Lucas, 219, 220, 230
Clyde Fitch and His Letters, Clyde Fitch, 203, 204
Cobb, Irvin S., 31, 83, 328, 329, 330;
Cobb’s America Guyed Books, 31;
Goin’ On Fourteen, 90
Cobb’s America Guyed Books, Irvin S. Cobb, 31
Colette’s Best Recipes: A Book of French Cookery, Marie
Jacques, 122
Collins, Dr., Taking the Literary Pulse, 283
Complete Dog Book, The, Dr. William A. Bruette, 34
Coming, The, J. C. Snaith, 364, 366, 373
Commonsense of Health, The, Dr. S. M. Rinehart, 121
Comrades, Thomas Dixon, 240, 249
Connor, Ralph, Treading the Winepress, 170
Conqueror Passes, A, Larry Barretto, 179
Constitution of the United States, The: Its Sources and Its
Application, Thomas James Norton, 322
Constitution of the United States, The: Yesterday, Today—
Tomorrow? Beck, 322
Contemporary Drama of England, The, Thomas H. Dickinson,
265
Contemporary Drama of France, The, Frank W. Chandler, 265
Contemporary Drama of Ireland, The, Ernest Boyd, 265
Contemporary Drama of Italy, The, Lander MacClintock, 265
Contemporary Drama of Russia, The, Leo Wiener, 264
Contributions of Science to Religion, Shailer Mathews, 353, 355
Controlled Power: A Study of Laziness and Achievement, Arthur
Holmes, 361
Cooking for Two: A Handbook for Young Housekeepers, Janet
McKenzie Hill, 122
Coolidge, Dr. Emelyn Lincoln, The Home Care of Sick Children,
117, 118
Coolidge, Susan, What Katy Did, 93
Cooper, Courtney Ryley, see Chapter xviii, 38, 290-303;
Lions ’n’ Tigers ’n’ Everything!, 295, 297, 299, 300, 302,
303;
The Cross-Cut, 295, 296, 302;
The Last Frontier, 295, 296, 303;
The White Desert, 295, 296, 302;
Under the Big Top, 290, 295, 297, 299, 303
Covered Wagon, The, Emerson Hough, 233, 235, 236, 246
Craftsmanship of the One-Act Play, The, Percival Wilde, 264
Crane, Stephen, The Bride Comes to Open Sky, 242;
The Open Boat, 242;
The Red Badge of Courage, 242, 249
Croatan, Mary Johnston, 385, 387, 389
Crome Yellow, Aldous Huxley, 98, 101, 104, 109, 110, 111, 113
Cronwright-Schreiner, S. C., The Life of Olive Schreiner, 208
Cross-Cut, The, Courtney R. Cooper, 295, 296, 302
Cuddy of the White Tops, Earl, Chapin May, 181
Cures, James J. Walsh, 359

Dana, Richard Henry, Two Years Before The Mast, 92

Dark, Sidney, The Book of England for Young People, 91;
The Book of France for Young People, 91;
The Book of Scotland for Young People, 91
Daughter of the Rich, A, Mary E. Waller, 93
David Blaize of King’s, E. F. Benson, 96
David Wilmot, Free Soiler, Charles Buxton Going, 211
Davis, Owen, Icebound, 257;
The Detour, 257
Dawn, and Other One-Act Plays of Life Today, Percival Wilde,
259
De la Mare, Walter, 85
Deep in the Hearts of Men, Mary E. Waller, 180
Defeat of Youth, The, Aldous Huxley, 104, 106, 113
Definite Object, The, Jeffery Farnol, 61, 79, 81
Delta Wife, The, Walter McClellan, 262
Detour, The, Owen Davis, 257
Dickens, Charles, A Child’s History of England, 91
Dickinson, Emily, The Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson, 277,
278
Dickinson, Thomas H., The Contemporary Drama of England,
265
Dictionary of Similes, A, Frank J. Wilstach, 329, 330
Dix, Beulah Marie, 254
Dixon, Thomas, see Chapter xiv, 240-241;
A Man of the People, 241, 249;
Comrades, 240, 249;
The Black Hood, 240, 241, 249;
The Clansman, 240, 241, 249;
The Fall of A Nation, 241, 249;
The Leopard’s Spots, 240, 249;
The Man in Gray, 241, 249;
The One Woman, 240, 249;
The Root of Evil, 240, 249;
The Sins of the Father, 241, 249;
The Southerner, 241, 249;
The Traitor, 240, 249;
The Victim, 241, 249;
The Way of a Man, 241, 249
Doctor Looks at Literature, The, Dr. Joseph Collins, 283
Dodge, Daniel Kilham, Abraham Lincoln—Master of Words,
323, 324
Donham, S. Agnes, Marketing and Housework Manual, 123;
Spending the Family Income, 123
Doors of the Night, Frank L. Packard, 339, 348
Door That Has No Key, The, Cosmo Hamilton, 188, 195
Double Demon and Other One-Act Plays, A. P. Herbert, 255
Double Life of Mr. Alfred Burton, The, E. Phillips Oppenheim,
133, 140
Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan, A Study in Scarlet, 201;
Micah Clarke, 201;
Memories and Adventures, 201, 202;
The Sign of the Four, 201;
The White Company, 201
Dragon’s Glory, Gertrude Knevels, 261
Dramatics for School and Community, Claude Merton Wise, 264
Duke’s Son, Cosmo Hamilton, 193, 195
Dulac, Edmund, Edmund Dulac’s Fairy Book, 87
Dumb-Bell of Brookfield, John T. Foote, 36
Dwellers in the Hills, Melville Davisson Post, 53, 56

East of the Sun and West of the Moon, 87

Eaton and Carb, Queen Victoria, 261
Echo de Paris, Laurence Housman, 280
Edmund Dulac’s Fairy Book, 87
Egan, Maurice F., Confessions of A Book-Lover, 206;
Everybody’s St. Francis, 206;
Recollections of a Happy Life, 206, 207;
Ten Years Near the German Frontier, 206
Eggleston, Edward, 328
Egyptian Tales of Magic, Eleanor Myers Jewett, 94
Eight Comedies for Little Theatres, Wilde, 259
Elizabeth-Charlotte of Bavaria, The Letters of Madame, 211
Elliot, Maud Howe, Three Generations, 308
Elsie and the Child and Other Stories, Arnold Bennett, 173
Emerson, Wm. R. P., M. D., Nutrition and Growth in Children,
124
English Poets of the Nineteenth Century, compiled, Curtis
Hidden Page, 287
Erskine, Laurie Yorke, The Laughing Rider, 180
Ertz, Susan, 171;
Madame Claire, 175;
Nina, 175
Espina, Concha, Mariflor, 178;
The Red Beacon, 177
Essays of Today, F. H. Pritchard, 283
Essays on Poetry, J. C. Squire, 278
Exemplary Theatre, The, Granville Barker, 264

Fairbanks, Douglas, Youth Points the Way, 325

Fairies and Chimneys, Rose Fyleman, 84
Fairy Flute, The, Rose Fyleman, 84
Fairy Green, The, Rose Fyleman, 84
Fairy Tales by Hans Andersen, 87
Fall of a Nation, The, Thomas Dixon, 241, 249
False Dawn, Edith Wharton, 305, 310, 313
Familiar Quotations, John Bartlett, 328
Fannie Fox’s Cook Book, Fannie Ferber Fox, 116
Farmer, Fannie Merritt, Food and Cookery for the Sick and
Convalescent, 123;
The Boston Cooking-School Cook Book, 115, 116
Farnol, Jeffery, see Chapter iv, 60-82;
Beltane the Smith, 74, 79, 81;
Black Bartlemy’s Treasure, 79, 81;
 Great Britain at War, 75, 78, 81;
The Honorable Mr. Tawnish, 77, 78, 81;
Martin Conisby’s Vengeance, 79, 81;
My Lady Caprice, 68, 81;
Our Admirable Betty, 61, 79, 81;
Peregrine’s Progress, 79, 81;
Sir John Dering, 80, 81;
The Amateur Gentleman, 75, 79, 81;
The Broad Highway, 60, 61, 64, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 72, 73,
74, 75, 77, 78, 79, 81;
The Definite Object, 61, 79, 81;
The Geste of Duke Jocelyn, 75, 78, 81;
The Money Moon, 68, 81
Farrar, John, 86;
Forgotten Shrines, 286;
Songs for Parents, 286;
The Magic Sea Shell and Other Plays, 86, 263, 286;
The Middle Twenties, 286
Ferber, Maurice, Lord Byron, 261
Fern Lover’s Companion, The, George Henry Tilton, 34
Field, Eugene, 328
Fifty Contemporary One-Act Plays, ed., Frank Shay and Pierre
Loving, 254
Fifty-four Forty or Fight, Emerson Hough, 236, 245
Fifty New Poems for Children, 94
Fighters Young Americans Want to Know, Everett Tomlinson,
243, 250
Fighting Scrub, The, Ralph Henry Barbour, 88
Fires of Ambition, George Gibbs, 371, 372, 374
First Days of Knowledge, The, Frederic Arnold Kummer, 86
First Days of Man, The, Frederic Arnold Kummer, 86
Fishes, David Starr Jordan, 32
Fishing with a Boy, Leonard Hulit, 40
Fitch, Clyde, Clyde Fitch and His Letters, 203, 204;
Plays of Clyde Fitch, 257
Flammarion, M. Camille, Haunted Houses, 358
Foes, Mary Johnston, 382, 383, 387, 389
Follow the Ball, Ralph Henry Barbour, 88, 89
Foote, John Taintor, 36, 91;
A Wedding Gift, 36;
Dumb-Bell of Brookfield, 36;
Pocono Shot, 36
Food and Cookery for the Sick and Convalescent, Fannie Merritt
Farmer, 123
Fordyce, Dr. Claude P., Trail Craft, 35
Forgotten Shrines, John Farrar, 286
Forty Good Night Tales, Rose Fyleman, 84
Forty Years in Washington, David S. Barry, 208
Fosdick, Rev. Harry Emerson, D.D., Twelve Tests of Character,
362
Foster, Maximilian, Humdrum House? 180
Foundations of Personality, The, Abraham Myerson, M. D., 360,
361
Founders of the Empire, Philip Gibbs, 18, 26
Four Plays, Cosmo Hamilton, 190, 195, 258
Four Stragglers, The, Frank L. Packard, 339, 342, 343, 344,
346, 348
Fourteen Years a Sailor, John Kenlon, 95
Fox, Fannie F., Fannie Fox’s Cook Book, 116
French, Allen, The Story of Rolf and the Viking’s Bow, 93
French, Joseph Lewis, 28, 29;
Pioneer West, The, 28, 29
Friends of Diggeldy Dan, The, Edwin P. Norwood, 94
From Now On, Frank L. Packard, 339, 348
Further Adventures of Jimmie Dale, The, Frank L. Packard, 340,
348
Fyleman, Rose, Fairies and Chimneys, 84;
Forty Good Night Tales, 84;
Rose Fyleman’s Fairy Book, 84;
The Fairy Flute, 84;
The Fairy Green, 84;
The Rainbow Cat, 84

Gaige, Grace, Recitations—Old and New for Boys and Girls,

287, 288
Galwan, Ghulam Rassul, Servant of Sahibs, 211
Game Ranger’s Note Book, A, A. Blayney Percival, 38, 39
Ganoe, William A., A History of the United States Army, 318,
319
Garden Varieties, Kenyon Nicholson, 255
Gaze, Harold, The Goblin’s Glen: A Story of Childhood’s
Wonderland, 94
Geister, Edna, It Is To Laugh, 85;
Let’s Play, 85;
What Shall We Play, 85
Genevra’s Money, E. V. Lucas, 217, 230
George Villiers, First Duke of Buckingham, Philip Gibbs, 20, 26
Geste of Duke Jocelyn, The, Jeffery Farnol, 75, 78, 81
Giant’s Stair, The, Wilbur Daniel Steele, 262