Development Aid and Adaptation to

Climate Change in Developing

Countries 1st Edition Carola Betzold
Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://ebookmass.com/product/development-aid-and-adaptation-to-climate-change-in
-developing-countries-1st-edition-carola-betzold/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

Climate Change Adaptation for Transportation Systems:

Adapting for Climate Change and Extreme Weather Impacts
1st Edition Michael A.P. Taylor

https://ebookmass.com/product/climate-change-adaptation-for-
transportation-systems-adapting-for-climate-change-and-extreme-
weather-impacts-1st-edition-michael-a-p-taylor/

Creating Resilient Futures. Integrating Disaster Risk

Reduction, Sustainable Development Goals and Climate
Change Adaptation Agendas Stephen Flood

https://ebookmass.com/product/creating-resilient-futures-
integrating-disaster-risk-reduction-sustainable-development-
goals-and-climate-change-adaptation-agendas-stephen-flood/

Climate Change Adaptation, Governance and New Issues of

Value Carlo Bellavite Pellegrini

https://ebookmass.com/product/climate-change-adaptation-
governance-and-new-issues-of-value-carlo-bellavite-pellegrini/

Climate Future: Averting and Adapting to Climate Change

Robert S. Pindyck

https://ebookmass.com/product/climate-future-averting-and-
adapting-to-climate-change-robert-s-pindyck/
Climate Change and Extreme Events 1st Edition Ali Fares

https://ebookmass.com/product/climate-change-and-extreme-
events-1st-edition-ali-fares/

Extinction Rebellion and Climate Change Activism:

Breaking the Law to Change the World 1st ed. Edition
Oscar Berglund

https://ebookmass.com/product/extinction-rebellion-and-climate-
change-activism-breaking-the-law-to-change-the-world-1st-ed-
edition-oscar-berglund/

Cities Responding to Climate Change: Copenhagen,

Stockholm and Tokyo 1st Edition Stephen Jones (Auth.)

https://ebookmass.com/product/cities-responding-to-climate-
change-copenhagen-stockholm-and-tokyo-1st-edition-stephen-jones-
auth/

Driving Digital Transformation: Lessons from Seven

Developing Countries Benno Ndulu

https://ebookmass.com/product/driving-digital-transformation-
lessons-from-seven-developing-countries-benno-ndulu/

Climate Change For Dummies 1st Edition Elizabeth May

https://ebookmass.com/product/climate-change-for-dummies-1st-
edition-elizabeth-may/
DEVELOPMENT AID
AND

ADAPTATION TO
CLIMATE CHANGE
IN
DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES
Carola Betzold and Florian Weiler
Development Aid and Adaptation to Climate
Change in Developing Countries
 Carola Betzold • Florian Weiler

Development Aid and

Adaptation to Climate
Change in Developing
Countries
Carola Betzold Florian Weiler
Institute of Political Science The School of Politics
University of Göttingen and International Relations
Göttingen, Germany University of Kent
Canterbury, Kent
UK

ISBN 978-3-319-64509-4 ISBN 978-3-319-64510-0 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64510-0

Library of Congress Control Number: 2017954953

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher,
whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation,
reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in
any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic
adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or
hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are
exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information
in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the
publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect
to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.
The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and
institutional affiliations.

Cover illustration: Artpilot

Printed on acid-free paper

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature

The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
 PREFACE

Developed countries have a moral and a legal obligation to assist devel-

oping countries that are ‘particularly’ vulnerable to the adverse effects of
climate change to deal with these effects. Financial flows from the Global
North for adaptation measures in the Global South are thus on the rise.
To what extent do these financial flows reach those most in need, those
most vulnerable to climate change and least able to adapt? And, just as
importantly, to what extent does the support from the Global North help
to reduce vulnerability and increase resilience among recipients?
In this book we focus on the first question: to what extent does adapta-
tion finance reach vulnerable countries? This speaks to the larger question
of aid allocation: how do donors distribute their adaptation aid? What
factors and criteria do they consider when making allocation decisions?
And how does the allocation of aid for adaptation differ from the allocation
of development aid in general? We started to become interested in these
questions as we observed that climate finance and specifically adaptation
finance is increasing globally, but that not all vulnerable countries such
as the small island developing states (SIDS) benefit to the same extent
from this new form of finance. While we were first interested in explaining
variation across SIDS only, we quickly extended our line of research to
include all developing countries eligible to receive development assistance.
We started to examine adaptation aid allocation by assessing data from
the OECD and presented the first results at the International Studies
Association Annual Conference in 2014, and there met with Christina
Brian from Palgrave Macmillan. She encouraged us to extend our research

v
vi PREFACE

and turn the conference paper into a book-length project. Without this
encouragement, we would not have written this book, and so we would
like to thank Christina first and foremost. We would also like to extend our
gratitude to the entire editing and production team for their support.
While statistical analyses of aid data served as the starting point of our
research project, we noted that numbers can only tell us so much. We
hence extended our first attempt at understanding how adaptation aid is
distributed through in-depth qualitative case studies. These built mainly
on semi-structured interviews with practitioners and other stakeholders
and observers in the aid sector in Germany, Sweden, and the United
Kingdom, our case study countries. We are very grateful to all our interview
partners for taking the time to speak to us and sharing their experiences and
perspectives. Funding from the Fritz Thyssen Foundation made it possible
for us to travel to Germany, Sweden, and the United Kingdom to conduct
interviews face-to-face.
We would also like to thank the many colleagues who helped develop
our research and this book. Thanks in particular to Anaïd Flesken for
helpful comments on previous versions of the book. Participants at the
workshop ‘Climate Finance: Taking Stock, Future Directions for Policy and
Research’ held in Lund in April 2015 provided useful comments on parts of
the project, as did Katja Michaelowa, Axel Michaelowa, Paula Castro, and
participants at the Climate and Environment Workshop held in Zurich in
January 2015. Matthew Dornan contributed to our larger research project
and provided valuable input on the aggregate analysis of all donors. Tobias
Jakobi helped with some technical questions. All errors remain of course
our own.

Göttingen, Germany Carola Betzold

Basel, Switzerland Florian Weiler
 CONTENTS

1 Introduction 1
1.1 Definition of Key Concepts 3
1.1.1 Adaptation to Climate Change 4
1.1.2 Vulnerability 4
1.2 The Cost of Climate Change Adaptation 7
1.3 Financing Climate Change Adaptation 9
1.4 Overview of the Book and Contributions 11
References 15
2 The History and Political Economy of Adaptation Aid 21
2.1 History of Adaptation and Adaptation Finance in
Climate Change Negotiations 22
2.1.1 Adaptation at the Sidelines: The Early Years of
Climate Change Negotiations 22
2.1.2 Adaptation to the Fore: Adaptation Finance from
2001 to 2009 25
2.1.3 Finance Breakthrough: Adaptation Finance Since
2009 26
2.2 Adaptation Finance or Adaptation Aid? The Question of
Additionality 28

vii
viii CONTENTS

2.3 Aid Allocation 31

2.3.1 Recipient Need vs Donor Interests 32
2.3.2 Recipient Merit 35
2.3.3 Other Factors 36
2.4 Allocating Adaptation Aid 37
2.4.1 Vulnerability as Recipient Need 38
2.4.2 Measuring Vulnerability 40
2.4.3 Does Vulnerability Matter? 42
2.5 Summary and Our Expectations 44
References 46
3 Setting the Stage: A Mixed Methods Research Design 57
3.1 Our Overall Research Design: Mixed Methods 58
3.2 Quantitative Design 60
3.2.1 Our Dependent Variable: Adaptation Aid 62
3.2.2 Physical Vulnerability 66
3.2.3 Adaptive Capacity and Recipient Merit 72
3.2.4 Donor Interests 76
3.2.5 Control Variables 79
3.2.6 Modelling Strategy 80
3.3 Qualitative Design 82
3.3.1 Semi-structured Interviews 83
3.3.2 Policy Documents 84
3.3.3 Analysing Our Interview and Document Data 86
References 90
4 Descriptive Analysis: Adaptation Aid Flows in the OECD
CRS 99
4.1 Overview of Adaptation Aid Flows 100
4.1.1 Adaptation Aid Compared to Total Aid 100
4.1.2 Commitments Compared to Disbursements 102
4.2 Who Gives Adaptation Aid? 104
4.2.1 Bilateral Compared to Multilateral Flows 104
4.2.2 Bilateral Donors in Comparison: Total
Adaptation Aid 105
 CONTENTS ix

4.2.3 Bilateral Donors in Comparison: Per Capita and

Percent 107
4.3 Who Receives Adaptation Aid? 109
4.3.1 Type of Recipient 110
4.3.2 Bilateral Versus Multilateral Flows 111
4.3.3 Recipients in Comparison 113
References 118
5 Quantitative Analysis: Who Gives Adaptation Aid to Whom? 121
5.1 Adaptation Aid Allocation Across All Donors 123
5.1.1 Physical Exposure and Sensitivity to Climate
Change Impacts 130
5.1.2 Adaptive Capacity and Good Governance 137
5.1.3 Donor Interests 149
5.1.4 Control Variables 155
5.2 Adaptation Aid Allocation in Germany, Sweden, and the
UK 156
5.2.1 Germany 157
5.2.2 Sweden 163
5.2.3 United Kingdom 165
References 168
6 Qualitative Analysis: Adaptation Aid in Germany,
Sweden, and the United Kingdom 171
6.1 Climate Change, Adaptation, and Development
Cooperation 172
6.1.1 Climate Change as a Priority Area 173
6.1.2 Adaptation or Development? 175
6.1.3 Adaptation or Mitigation? 177
6.2 The Aid Allocation Process 178
6.2.1 Recipient Need or Vulnerability to Climate
Change 180
6.2.2 Recipient Merit 183
6.2.3 Donor Interests 186
6.2.4 Additional Factors 188
x CONTENTS

6.3 Issues and Challenges 190

6.3.1 Additionality 190
6.3.2 Reporting and Accounting 192
6.3.3 Level of Funding 194
References 197
7 Conclusion 201
7.1 Overview 202
7.2 Results 205
7.3 Implications 209
References 214
Appendix 217
Index 219
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

BMZ Bundesministerium für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit

und Entwicklung (German Federal Ministry for Economic
Cooperation and Development)
BRICS Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa
CDKN Climate and Development Knowledge Network
COP Conference of the Parties
CRI Climate Risk Index
CRS Creditor Reporting System
DAC Development Assistance Committee
DE val German Institute for Development Evaluation
D f ID Department for International Development
EVI Environmental Vulnerability Index
G7 Group of Seven (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan,
the United Kingdom, and the United States)
GDP Gross domestic product
GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für International Zusammenarbeit
(German Society for International Cooperation)
GNI Gross national income
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Kf W Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau
LDCF Least Developed Country Fund
LDC s Least developed countries
NAPA s National Adaptation Programmes of Action
ND - GAIN Notre Dame Global Adaptation Index
NGO Non-governmental organisation
ODA Official development assistance

xi
xii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

PPP Purchasing power parity
SCCF Special Climate Change Fund
Sida Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency
SIDS Small island developing states
SOPAC South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission
SVCCI Structural Vulnerability to Climate Change Index
UAE United Arab Emirates
UK United Kingdom
UN United Nations
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Change
USA United States of America
WGI s Worldwide Governance Indicators
 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 1.1 Vulnerability and its components 5

Fig. 4.1 Total aid flows by year and adaptation objective 101
Fig. 4.2 Adaptation aid disbursements compared to commitments
over time (a); disbursements in percent of commitments for
selected donors (b) 103
Fig. 4.3 Adaptation aid flows by donor type 104
Fig. 4.4 Total adaptation aid for selected donors 106
Fig. 4.5 Adaptation aid for selected donors; per capita (a), and in
percent of all development aid (b) 108
Fig. 4.6 Adaptation aid by recipient type; overall (a), and for selected
donors (b) 110
Fig. 4.7 Share of adaptation aid provided by bilateral donors 112
Fig. 4.8 Distribution of principal adaptation aid 114
Fig. 4.9 Distribution of significant adaptation aid 115
Fig. 5.1 Correlation matrix of all dependent and independent variables 124
Fig. 5.2 Effects of the physical exposure variables for the full principal
aid models of the selection stage (above) and the allocation
stage (below), including 95% confidence intervals 131
Fig. 5.3 Effects of the adaptive capacity and/or recipient merit
variables for the full principal aid models of the selection
stage (above) and the allocation stage (below), including 95%
confidence intervals 139
Fig. 5.4 Effects of the vulnerability country dummies for the full
principal aid models of the selection stage (panel (a)) and
the allocation stage (panel (b)), including 95% confidence
intervals 144

xiii
xiv LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 5.5 Effects of the donor interest variables for the full principal
adaptation aid models of the selection stage (above) and the
allocation stage (below), including 95% confidence intervals 151
Fig. 7.1 All substantive effects for the full model for both adaptation
aid allocation stages. (a) Selection stage. (b) Allocation stage 206
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.1 Summary of all variables used in the statistical analysis 83

Table 3.2 List of interviews conducted in Sweden, Germany, and the
UK 85
Table 3.3 Overview of the policy documents used in the qualitative
analysis 87
Table 5.1 Principal adaptation aid, selection stage, all countries 126
Table 5.2 Principal adaptation aid, allocation stage, all countries 127
Table 5.3 Principal and discounted significant adaptation aid,
selection stage, all countries 128
Table 5.4 Principal and discounted significant adaptation aid,
allocation stage, all countries 129
Table 5.5 Selection and allocation stage for Germany, Sweden, and
the UK, principal adaptation aid only 158
Table 5.6 Selection and allocation stage for Germany, Sweden, and
the UK, principal and (discounted) significant adaptation
aid 160
Table A.1 Summary statistics for all variables used in the quantitative
analysis 217
Table A.2 Questions guiding our semi-structured interviews 218

xv
 CHAPTER 1

Introduction

Open the newspaper on any given day and you will likely find reports on
devastating weather extremes somewhere on the globe. For instance, in late
September/early October 2016, hurricane Matthew made headlines. In
Haïti, it left more than 500 people dead, tens of thousands homeless, and
hundreds of thousands in need of food assistance (OCHA 2016). Economic
damage across the hurricane’s path through Haïti, Cuba, the Bahamas,
and the USA’s south-eastern coast is estimated at over $8 billion (AIR
Worldwide 2016). In March 2015, tropical cyclone Pam in the Pacific left
the island state of Vanuatu in ruins. While the death toll was thankfully
much lower than in Haïti, with 16 killed, over half of the population was
affected and much of the country’s infrastructure destroyed. Estimated
economic damage reached $450 million—equivalent to 64% of Vanuatu’s
gross domestic product (GDP) (Esler 2015). We could list more extreme
weather events, such as floods and droughts, as well as slow-onset processes
that are less likely to make headlines but are potentially just as devastating,
such as ocean acidification, coral bleaching, or coastal erosion as a result of
sea-level rise.1
The list of climate change impacts is long. While it is impossible
to attribute any single event to global climate change, climate change
does increase the frequency and intensity of weather extremes as well as
contributes to changes like coastal erosion and flooding (IPCC 2014).
Devastating disasters like the ones listed above are likely the ‘new normal’,
a glimpse into ‘a climate future that is less predictable and more extreme’

© The Author(s) 2018 1

C. Betzold and F. Weiler, Development Aid and Adaptation
to Climate Change in Developing Countries,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64510-0_1
2 1 INTRODUCTION

(Byanyima et al. 2016). Coping with and adapting to this climate future is
becoming more and more important and urgent around the globe—and
nowhere more so than in the countries of the Global South. Developing
countries not only feel the brunt of climate change impacts, as the weather
extremes mentioned earlier illustrate, they also have fewer resources and
less capacity to cope with and adapt to these adverse effects—and they
have at the same time historically contributed the least to anthropogenic
climate change (Mertz et al. 2009).
In light of this ‘double injustice’ of climate change, developed countries
have a moral as well as a legal obligation to help vulnerable develop-
ing countries adapt. The 1992 United Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Change (the Convention, or UNFCCC) requires developed
countries to assist financially particularly vulnerable developing countries;
more recent agreements, including the 2016 Paris Agreement, confirm this
obligation and specifically call on developed countries to increase the level
of financial assistance for adaptation (see Chap. 2 for a detailed overview).
This is what this book is about: financial support for adaptation to
climate change from developed countries to developing countries. More
specifically, we focus on bilateral official development assistance (ODA)
that targets climate change adaptation in recipient countries—what we call
adaptation aid. As we explain in greater detail below, bilateral adaptation
aid is an important subset of adaptation finance and includes: support for
projects such as building seawalls and (re-)planting mangroves; building
or enhancing rainwater tanks; developing maps of safe areas in the case of
hurricanes and other storms (see Noble et al. 2014, 844ff).
Support for adaptation raises many questions. Which adaptation actions
are funded through international adaptation aid, and why? How effectively
and sustainably do these adaptation actions reduce recipients’ vulnerability
and increase their resilience? How much finance is needed and how much is
available for adaptation measures in developing countries? To what extent
are adaptation (aid) and development (aid) different, and how? How can
we measure and monitor adaptation finance flows? Where does this finance
come from, and where does it go (e.g. Peterson Carvalho and Terpstra
2015)? In this book, we examine this last issue of distribution at the
national level. Which countries receive how much support for adaptation,
and why? How do donors allocate their adaptation aid across recipient
countries? To what extent are the most vulnerable countries prioritised in
adaptation aid allocation, as developed countries agreed and as we would
expect from a climate justice perspective (cf. Barrett 2014)? We address
 1.1 DEFINITION OF KEY CONCEPTS 3

these questions through an analysis of bilateral aid that targets adaptation

to climate change, with a focus on three large climate donors: Germany,
Sweden, and the UK.
In the remainder of this introductory chapter, we discuss two key
concepts of this book, namely (i) adaptation to climate change and (ii)
vulnerability and its components of exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive
capacity. Both concepts are rather vague and lack a single definition. We
then turn to the question of how much it will cost to adapt to climate
change in developing countries, and where the funding necessary to pay
for this adaptation will come from. We show that putting a price tag on
adaptation is difficult. Despite considerable uncertainty as to the exact
costs, developing countries will likely need tens of billions of dollars every
year to deal with the impacts of climate change. This funding has to
come from various sources, including donors. Developed countries are
morally and legally obliged to support adaptation measures in developing
countries, although the latter also contribute to covering the cost of
adaptation. We will conclude this introductory chapter with an overview
of the individual chapters of this book as well as a summary of its empirical,
theoretical, and policy contributions.

1.1 DEFINITION OF KEY CONCEPTS

Before we move to defining the key concepts of adaptation and vulnera-
bility, let us briefly clarify our aid terminology. In this book, we examine
bilateral ODA, or aid. According to the Organisation for Economic Co-
operation and Development (OECD), aid includes

grants or loans to countries and territories on the DAC List of ODA Recipients
(developing countries) and to multilateral agencies which are: (a) undertaken
by the official sector; (b) with promotion of economic development and
welfare as the main objective; (c) at concessional financial terms (OECD
2016).

We follow the OECD and define developing countries as those countries

eligible to receive aid—that is, countries listed on the OECD Development
Assistance Committee (DAC) List of ODA Recipients. This List includes
countries based on gross national income (GNI) per capita and is revised
every 3 years.2 Countries on the list are potential recipients of adaptation
aid; we consider all others to be developed or industrialised. We include as
4 1 INTRODUCTION

donors only those developed countries that report their ODA to the OECD.

1.1.1 Adaptation to Climate Change

Humans have always adapted to natural climate variability, that is, to
the climatic conditions in which they live. Adaptation to anthropogenic
climate change is different, at least in theory, notably because of different
responsibilities: while adaptation to climate variability falls within the
domestic responsibility of states, adaptation to climate change involves
some level of globally shared responsibility (Burton 2004, 28). In practice,
however, these two types of adaptation are hard to distinguish, particularly
in developing countries, where the adaptation deficit is large: developing
countries are already ill-prepared for current natural climate variability, let
alone for the additional challenges posed by climate change (Burton 2004;
Fankhauser 2010; Weikmans 2012).
How can we deal with climate change and climate variability? We
have already mentioned some examples of concrete adaptation measures:
building seawalls and (re-)planting mangroves, building or enhancing
rainwater tanks, or developing maps of safe areas in the case of hurricanes
and other storms are all measures to deal with different effects of climate
change such as sea-level rise, changes in precipitation and the risk of
drought, or more frequent and more intense weather extremes. More
generally, the IPCC defines adaptation as the ‘process of adjustment to
actual or expected climate and its effects’ (IPCC 2013, 1758). For the
OECD , adaptation activities ‘reduce the vulnerability of human or natural
systems to the impacts of climate change and climate-related risks, by
maintaining or increasing adaptive capacity and resilience’ (OECD 2011, 4).
While mitigation—reducing greenhouse gas emissions—is clearly defined,
there are many ways to conceptualise adaptation (see Adger 2006; Hinkel
2011). This range of conceptualisations is somewhat problematic for the
purpose of this book, as we discuss in Chap. 2.

1.1.2 Vulnerability
The purpose of adaptation is to reduce vulnerability. Just like adaptation,
‘vulnerability’ is complex and contested and has been conceptualised in
different ways (Adger 2006; Füssel 2007; Muccione et al. 2017). Broadly
 1.1 DEFINITION OF KEY CONCEPTS 5

vulnerability
+ + –

exposure sensitivity adaptive capacity

mainly related to physical hazards mainly socio-economic

Fig. 1.1 Vulnerability and its components

speaking, vulnerability is the ‘propensity or predisposition to be adversely

affected’ (IPCC 2013, 1775) or the ‘susceptibility to be harmed’ (Adger
2006, 269). The Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC adds response
capacity and defines vulnerability to climate change as ‘the propensity of
human and ecological systems to suffer harm and their ability to respond
to stresses imposed as a result of climate change effects’ (IPCC 2007, 720).
Vulnerability has three dimensions: it is a function of a system’s exposure
and sensitivity to perturbations or hazards, as well as the system’s capacity
or resilience to cope with, adapt to, and recover from the effects of these
perturbations or hazards (see Fig. 1.1; Adger 2006; Smit and Wandel
2006). These elements of exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity are:
interrelated; vary over time, by type and according to stimulus; and are
place-specific and system-specific (Smit and Wandel 2006, 286f).
Exposure and sensitivity are related concepts; Smit and Wandel (2006,
286) even see them as ‘almost inseparable’. Exposure describes the ‘nature
and degree to which a system experiences environmental or socio-political
stress’, while sensitivity is ‘the degree to which a system is modified or
affected by perturbations’ (Adger 2006, 270). More specifically for climate
change, the IPCC defines exposure as the ‘presence of people, livelihoods,
species or ecosystems, environmental functions, services, and resources,
infrastructure, or economic, social, or cultural assets in places and settings
that could be adversely affected’ and sensitivity as the ‘degree to which a
system or species is affected, either adversely or beneficially, by climate
variability or change’ (IPCC 2013, 1765; 1772; emphasis added). As
Gallopín (2006, 296) highlights, sensitivity is an attribute of the system
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free

distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or
any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at
www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and

Redistributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works
1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree
to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your
possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be
bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from
the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in
paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be

used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people
who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a
few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic
works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.
See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with
Project Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this
agreement and help preserve free future access to Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the
Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the
collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the
individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the
United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in
the United States and you are located in the United States, we do
not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing,
performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the
work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of
course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg™
mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely
sharing Project Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of
this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name
associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of
this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its
attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without
charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also
govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most
countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the
United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms
of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying,
performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this
work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes
no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in
any country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other

immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must
appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™
work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or
with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is
accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed:
 This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived

from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a
notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright
holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the
United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must
comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through
1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project
Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted

with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works posted
with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of
this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project

Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files containing a
part of this work or any other work associated with Project
Gutenberg™.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this

electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg™ License.
1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form,
including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you
provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work
in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in
the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website
(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain
Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the
full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,

performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing

access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
provided that:

• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the
method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The
fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark,
but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty
payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on
which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your
periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked
as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information
about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation.”

• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who

notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that
s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™
License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
 copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and
discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project
Gutenberg™ works.

• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of

any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in
the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90
days of receipt of the work.

• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™

electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of
the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set
forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend

considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe
and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating
the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may
be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to,
incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a
copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or
damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer
codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except

for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph
1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner
of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party
distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this
agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and
expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO
REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF
WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE
FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY
DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE
TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL,
PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE
NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you

discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it,
you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by
sending a written explanation to the person you received the work
from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must
return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity
that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a
replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work
electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to
give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in
lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may
demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the
problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in
paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO
OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied

warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted
by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any
provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the
Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the
Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any
volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution
of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless from all liability,
costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or
indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur:
(a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b)
alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project
Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of

Project Gutenberg™
Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.
It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and
donations from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the

assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a
secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future
generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help,
see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at
www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project

Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West,

Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up
to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website
and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to

the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation
Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without
widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can
be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the
widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small
donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax
exempt status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating

charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and
keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in
locations where we have not received written confirmation of
compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of
compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where

we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no
prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in
such states who approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make

any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of
other ways including checks, online payments and credit card
donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About Project

Gutenberg™ electronic works
Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be
freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of
volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed

editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™,

including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how
to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.