KEY CONCEPTS MOD

METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION
(Function which are differentiable)
Syllabus in IIT JEE : Derivative of a function, Derivative of the sum, difference, product
and quotient of two functions, chain rule, derivative of polynomial, rational, trigonometric,
inverse trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic functions. Derivative of implicit
functions, derivatives up to order two, L'Hospital rule of evaluation of limits of functions.

1. DERIVATIVE BY FIRST PRINCIPLE :

Let y = f (x) ; y + y = f (x + x)

y f ( x  x )  f ( x )
 = (average rate of change of function)
x x
dy y f ( x  x )  f ( x )
 = Lim = Lim ....(1)
dx x  0 x x 0 x
(1) denotes the instantaneous rate of change of function.
Finding the value of the limit given by (1) in respect of variety of functions is called
finding the derivative by first principle / by delta method / by ab-initio / by fundamental

r
definition of calculus.
Note that if y = f (x) then the symbols
dy
dx
Si
= Dy = f ' (x) = y1 or y' have the same meaning.
However a dot, denotes the time derivative.
.B
• dS • d
e.g. S ;  etc.
dt dt
G

2. DERIVATIVE OF STANDARD FUNCTIONS:

(i) y = xn  Dy = n x n – 1, n  R, x > 0
x2
@

Examples : y = (ax + b)n ; y =

x 1
(ii) D(ax) = ax ln a, a > 0
1 1
D(ex) = ex ; D(ln x) = ; D(logax) = logae
x x
Examples : e x ; xex ; x2 ln x ; x
(iii) D(sin x) = cos x ; D(cos x) = – sin x; D(tan x) = sec2x ; D(cot x) – cosec2x;
D(sec x) = sec x tan x ; D(cosec x) = – cosec x cot x
Note that the derivative value of all co-trigonometric functions begin with a – ve sign.
Examples : sin x ; 2 2 2
sin x ; sin x ; sin x ; tan (ax + b); cos x ; x sin x;
e cos x ; ln(sinx)
1 1 1
(iv) D(sin–1x) = ; D(cos–1x) = – ; D(tan–1x) =
1 x 2
1 x 2
1  x2

1 1 1
D(cot–1x) = – 2
; D(sec–1x) = 2
; D(cosec–1x) = –
1 x | x | x 1 | x | x2 1
 MOD
 1  1 
D  tan x  tan 1   = ____
  x 

[Hint: If x > 0, y = tan–1x + cot–1x =  y' = 0
2

if x < 0, y = tan–1x + cot–1x – = – y' = 0]
2
(ii) Supplementry theorems / results :
(a) Product rule : D f (x)·g(x)  = f (x) · g ' (x) + g (x) · f ' (x) (prove by 1st principle)

f (x)
(b) Quotient rule : y = (prove by first principle)
g(x)

 f (x)  g(x)·f '(x)  f (x)·g'(x)

D   = , to be remembered as
 g(x)  g 2 (x)

d d
 N r  D r (N r )  N r (D r ) 1 f '(x)
D  r  = dx dx ; Note: If y = then D(y) = –

r
D  (D r )2 f (x) f 2 (x)

Si
Note: If f (x) is derivable at x = a and f (a) = 0 and g (x) is continuous at x = a then f (x) g (x)
will be derivable at x = a.

(c) Chain Rule : (Prove it by first principle)

.B
dy dy du
If y = f (u) and u = g (x) then = · . It can be extended for any number of
dx du dx
chains. In general if y = (E)C where E = function of x and C = constant then
G

dy d
= C(E)C – 1 · (E)
dx dx
@

(A) LOGARITHMIC DIFFERENTIATION:

To find the derivative of :
(i) a function which is the product or quotient of a number of functions OR
(ii) a function of the form [f(x)]g(x) where f & g are both derivable, it will be found
convinient to take the logarithm of the function first & then differentiate OR
express y = f (x) g(x)  eg(x).ln f (x)  and then differentiate.
(B) PARAMETRIC DIFFERENTIATION :
In some situation curves are represented by the equations e.g. x = sin t & y = cos t
If x = f (t) and y = g (t) then
dy dy dt g'(t)
= · =
dx dt dx f '(t)

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 MOD
(C) DERIVATIVE OF f (x) w.r.t. g (x) :
If y = f (x) and z = g (x) then derivative of f (x) w.r.t. g (x) is given by
dy dy dx f '(x)
= · =
dz dx dz g'(x)
derivative of f(x) w.r.t. x f '(x)
Differential coefficient of f (x) w.r.t. g(x) =
derivative of g(x) w.r.t. x = g'(x)

(D) DERIVAIVE OF IMPLICIT FUNCTION :  (x , y) = 0

(i) In order to find dy/dx, in the case of implicit functions, we differentiate each term
w.r.t. x regarding y as a functions of x & then collect terms in dy/dx together on one
side to finally find dy/dx.
(ii) In answers of dy/dx in the case of implicit functions, both x & y are present.

Corresponding to every curve represented by an implicit equation, there exist one or

more explicit functions representing that equation. It can be shown that dy dx at any

r
point on the curve remains the same whether the process of differentiation is done

(E)
explictly or implicitly.
DERIVATIVE OF INVERSE FUNCTION :
Si
Theorem : If the inverse functions f & g are defined by y = f(x) & x = g(y) & if
1
.B
f (x) exists & f (x)  0 then g (y) = . This result can also be written as,
f (x)
dy dy dx 1 dy dx dy 1 [ dx  0]
if exists &  0, then  or . =1 or 
dx dx dy dy dx dy dx dx dy
G

dx dy
@

Purpose of Crash Course :

1. Finishing your unfinished sheet.
2. Quick Revision of all topics in chapter.
3. Target is Problems ; Not Good or Bad problems.
4. Giving mental training to keep time a prime focus.
5. Regaining Your Confidence.
6. Completing more than 1500 questions in just 40 - 45
days.
7. Covering all institutes Exercise 1 , 2 along with Past
Year problems

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Plot No. 46, In front of Skyline Apartments corner Building,
India’s No.1 Online Coaching
Rajeev Gandhi Nagar, Kota, Rajasthan
 KEY CONCEPTS MOD
DERIVATIVE OF I.T.F.

Direct Differentiation Elementary Transformation

 2tan 1x x 1
 2x  
(i) y = f(x) = sin1  
2 =
2tan 1x x1

 1x   2tan 1x

 x1

HIGHLIGHTS :
(a) Domain is x  R & Note: f is odd, aperiodic bound
  
range is   , 
 2 2
(b) f is continuous for
all x but not diff.
at x = 1 , - 1

r
 2 for x 1
(c)
dy 
dx = 

1x 2
nonexistent for
 22
1x
for
x 1
x 1
Si
.B
(d) I in (– 1 , 1) & D in (–  , – 1)  (1 , )
G

 1x 2   2tan 1x if x0

(ii) Consider y = f (x) = cos-1  
 1x 2  = 2tan 1x if x0
  
@

HIGHLIGHTS :
(a) Domain is x  R &
range is (0 , )
(b) Continuous for all x
but not diff. at x = 0

 2
2
for x0
dy  1x
(c)  nonexistent for x 0
dx = 
 22 for x0
 1x

(d) I in (0 , ) & D in (-  , 0) Note: f is even, a periodic bound.

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 KEY CONCEPTS MOD
 2tan x 1
x 1
2x  1
 2tan x x1
 
(iii) y = f (x) = tan -1
2 =
1x  2tan 1x x1

HIGHLIGHTS :
(a) Domain is R - {1 , -1} &
  
range is  , 
 2 2
(b) f is neither continuous
nor diff. at x = 1 , - 1

dy  1x 2
2 x 1
(c) 
dx = nonexistent x 1
(d) I  x in its domain
(e) It is bound for all x
 3sin 1x

  if 1x 12
1  3sin 1x if  12 x 12
(iv) y = f (x) = sin (3 x  4 x ) = 
3

r
1 1 x1
 3sin x if

HIGHLIGHTS :
(a) Domain is x  [ 1 , 1] &
  
Si 2

range is  2 , 2 
.B
 
1
(b) Not derivable at x 
2

 
G

 3 if x  12 , 12
dy  1x
2

(c)  3
dx =  2
if x1, 12 12 ,1
@

 1x
(d) Continuous everywhere in its domain

3cos1x 2 if 1x 12

 1
(v) y = f (x) = cos–1(4x3 – 3x) = 23cos x if  12 x 12
 3cos1x if 1  x1
 2

HIGHLIGHTS :
(a) Domain is x  [- 1 , 1] &
range is [0 , ]
(b) Continuous everywhere in its domain
1 1
but not derivable at x = ,
2 2
 1 1
(c) I in   ,  &
 2 2
1   1
D in  ,11, 
2   2
  3
dy  1x 2
 
if x  12 , 12
(d) =
dx  3 if x1, 12 12 ,1
 1x 2
GENERAL NOTE :
Concavity in each case is decided by the sign of 2nd derivative as :
d2y d2y
> 0  Concave upwards ; < 0 Concave downwards
dx 2 dx 2
D = DECREASING ; I = INCREASING
(F) SUCCESSIVE DIFFERENTIATION :
y = f (x) ; the popular symbols used to denote the derivatives
dy
are = Dy = f ' (x) = y1 = y'. Higher order derivatives are
dx
d  dy  d 2 y
denoted as   = = D2y = f '' (x) = y2 or y'' etc.
dx  dx  dx 2

(G) DEDUCTION OF NEW IDENTITIES BY DIFFERENTIATING A GIVEN

r
IDENTITY :

(i)
x
2
n
2
x
2
x
2
x
If cos · cos 2 · cos 3 .......cos n  n
sin x
2 sin x 2n
Si 
, then prove that

1 x 1 x
  cot x
.B
r
tan r = n
cot
r1 22 2 2n
[Sol. Taking log on both sides we get
x x x
ln cos 2 .......ln cos n = ln (sin x) – ln(2n) – ln sin  x 
G

ln cos
2 2 2  2n 
differentiating
@

1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x
–  tan  2 tan 2  .......  n ln tan n  = cot x – n cot n  result]
2 2 2 2 2 2  2 2
(ii) n 2 n
(1 + x) = C0 + C1x + C2x + ....... + Cnx , prove that
D(1+x)n = C1 + 2C2 + 3C3 + ....... + nCn = n2n – 1
C0 + 2C1 + 3C2 + ....... + (n + 1)Cn = (n + 2)2n – 1

(H) DERIVATIVE OF FUNCTIONS EXPRESSED IN THE DETERMINANT

FORM :
f g h
Let F (x) = u v w where all functions are differentiable then
l m n

f ' g' h' f g h f g h

D'(x) = u v w + u' v' w' + u v w
l m n l m n l ' m' n'
This result may be proved by first principle and the same operation can also be done
column wise.
 KEY CONCEPTS MOD

sin x
 1
L'Hospital's Rule (00 / 0): e.g. f (x) = xx or   
 x
If f (x) and g (x) are two functions such that
(i) Lim f (x)  0 and Lim g(x)  0
xa xa
(ii) f and g are derivable / continuous at x = a
i.e. Lim f (x)  f (a)  0 ; Lim g(x)  g(a)  0
xa xa
(iii) f ' (x) and g ' (x) are continuous at x = a, then
f (x) f '(x) f ''(x)
Lim  Lim  Lim till the indeterminant form vanishes
xa g(x) xa g'(x) xa g''(x)


L'Hospital's Rule for   
 
f (x) f '(x)
If Lim f (x)   and Lim g(x)   then also Lim = Lim
xa xa xa g(x) xa g'(x)

r
Purpose of Crash Course :
Si
1. Finishing your unfinished sheet.
.B
2. Quick Revision of all topics in chapter.
3. Target is Problems ; Not Good or Bad problems.
G

4. Giving mental training to keep time a prime focus.

5. Regaining Your Confidence.
6. Completing more than 1500 questions in just 40 - 45
@

days.
7. Covering all institutes Exercise 1 , 2 along with Past
Year problems

ETOOSINDIA www.etoosindia.com
Plot No. 46, In front of Skyline Apartments corner Building,
India’s No.1 Online Coaching
Rajeev Gandhi Nagar, Kota, Rajasthan
 Exercise MOD
a + bx 3/2 dy a
1. If y = & vanishes when x = 5 then = 2x dy 
x 5/4
dx b then
7. If y = sin–1 1+ x 2
dx  x = -2 is
(A) 3 (B) 2
(C) 5 (D) None of these 2 2
(A) (B)
5 5
dy
2. If y = sinx + y , then = 2
dx
(C) – (D) None of these
5
sinx sinx 2 2 2
(A) (B) 8. If y = x – x , then the derivative of y w.r.t. x is
2y -1 1 - 2y 2 2
(A) 2x + 3x – 1 (B) 2x – 3x + 1
2
cosx cosx (C) 2x + 3x + 1 (D) none of these
(C) (D)
1 - 2y 2y -1
1
dy 9. The differential coefficient of a sin x
w.r.t.
3. If x y + y x = 1, then equals- sin–1 x is -
dx
y  2 xy  y  2 xy  (A) a sin x (B) a sin 1 x
1
x   log e a
(A) – (B) – y  x  2 xy 
x  2 xy   a sin
1
x

(C) (D) a sin 1 x (1 x 2 )

y  y  2 xy 
  (1 x 2 )
(C) – (D) None of these
x  x  2 xy  y +....to  dy
If x = e
y+e
10. , x > 0, then

r
dx
dy
4. If ex sin y – ey cos x = 1, then equals–

(A)
e x sin y  e y sin x
y
e cos x  e cos y x

e x sin y  e y sin x
(B)
dx
e x sin y  e y sin x
e y cos x  e x cos y
Si (A)

(C)
x
1+ x
1- x
x
(B)

(D)
1
x
1+ x
x
(C) (D) None of these
.B
e y cos x  e x cos y  1 2 dy
11. If 8 f(x) + 6 f   = x +5 and y = x f(x), then
5. If f(x) = |x|
|sin x|
then fπ(′/4) equals x dx

1/ 2
at x = –1 is equal to
π  2 4 2 2
G

(A)  4   ln -  1
   2 π π  (A) 0 (B)
14

π
1/ 2
 2 4 2 2 1
@

(B)  4   ln +  (C) – (D) none of these

14
   2 π π 
3
1+ t 3 2  dy  dy
12. If x = 3 ,y= 2 + then, x   – =
t 2t t  dx  dx
1/ 2
π  2 π 2 2
(C)  4   ln - 
   2 4 π  (A) 0 (B) – 1
(C) 1 (D) 2
1/ 2
π  2 π 2 2
(D)  4   ln + 
   2 4 π 
2
d2 y
13. If x = at , y = 2at, then is
 1  dx 2
6. The derivative of sec–1  2  w.r.t. 1- x2
2x  1 1 1
(A) – (B)
t2 2at 2
1
at x = is
2 1 1
(A) 4 (B) 1/4 (C) – (D) –
t3 2at 3
(C) 1 (D) None of these

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 MOD
1
14. If g is inverse of f and f ‘(x) = , then g’(x) 20. The derivative of the function,
1 x n
equals -
 1 
f(x) = cos   2 cos x  3sin x 
1
(A) 1 + xn (B) 1 + (f (x))n  13 
(C) 1 + (g(x))n (D) None of these
 1 
+ sin   2 cos x  3sin x  w.r.t, 1 x 2 is :
1

 13 
15. Derivative of loge(loge |sin x|) with respect to x at
(A) 2x (B) 2 1 x 2

x= is
6
2 2x
(C) 1 x 2 (D)
x 1  x2
3 3
(A) – log 2 (B) log 2 21. If y = a cos (ln x) + b sin (ln x), then x2
e e

d2y dy
+x
3 dx 2 dx
(C) – (D) does not exist
2 log 2
(A) 0 (B) y
16. If 1  x 2  1  y 2 = a (x – y), then the value of (C) –y (D) None of these

r
3
dy/dx is - 1 t 3  dy  dy

(A)
1 x 2
1 y2
(B)
1 y2
1 x 2
Si 22. If x =

(A) 0
(C) 1
t 3 , y=
2t 2 +
2
t
then, x   –
 dx  dx
(B) – 1
(D) 2
=
.B
2t 1  t2
1 x 2 1 y2 23. If sin x = and cot y = . Then value
1 + t2 2t
(C) – (D) –
1 y2 1 x 2 d2x
of is equal to
dy2
G

dy
17. If xm. yn = (x + y)m + n, then is
dx 1
(A) 0 (B) 1(C) –1 (D)
xy 2
(A) xy (B) xy
@

x 24. Let y be an implicit function of x defined by

y
(C) y (D) x2x – 2xx cot y – 1 = 0. Then y’(1) equals-
x

  [AIEEE 2009]
 2 1 1 
sin cot 1 x  (A) –1 (B) 1
18. d/dx   , is equal to -
 1 x  (C) log 2 (D) – log 2
 
25. Let f : (–1, 1) → R be a differentiable function with
(A) 0 (B) 1/2 f(0) =– 1 and f’(0) = 1. Let
g(x) = [f(2f(x)+2)]2, then g’(0) = [AIEEE 2010]
(C) – 1/2 (D) –1
(A) 4 (B) –4
 (C) 0 (D) –2
19. Find derivative of f(tan x) w.r.t. g(sec x) at x =
4

where f’(1) = 2 and g’( 2 ) = 4 is

(A) 3 (B) –4

2 1
(C) (D)
19 2

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 MOD
d 2x 1 00
26. equals : [AIEEE 2011] n 1 01 n  f 101 
dy 2 32. If f(x) =  x  n ; then =
-1
n 1 f ' 101 
-1
 d2y   d 2 y   dy  -3
(A)  2  (B) -  2   
 dx   dx   dx  1
(A) 5050 (B)
5050
 d 2 y   dy  -2  d2y   dy  -3
(C)  2   dx 
 (D) -  2   
 dx     dx   dx  1
(C) 10010 (D)
dy 10010
27. If y = sec(tan–1x), then at x = 1 is equal to:
dx x x x x x x dy
[AIEEE 2013] 33. If y = ......... then -
a  b a  b a  b dx
(A) 1 (B) 2 a b
(A) (B)
1 1 ab  2ay ab  2 by
(C) (D)
2 2 a b
(C) (D)
28. For x  R, f(x) = |log 2 – sinx| and g(x) = f(f(x)), ab  2 by ab  2ay
then: [JEE MAIN 2016] dy
34. If x (1  y)  y (1  x)  0 , then equals -
(A) g'(0) = cos(log2) dx
(B) g'(0) = – cos(log 2)

r
(C) g is differentiable at x = 0 and 1 1
(A) (B) 

29.
g'(0) = – sin(log 2)
(D) g is not differentiable at x = 0

If y =
1  x  x2
2
1 x  x 4
and
dy
dx
= ax + b, then values of
Si (1  x)

1
(C)  (1  x) 
2

1
(1  x)2
(1  x)2

(D) none of these

x1 0
.B
a & b are - 35. Let g is the inverse function of f & f '(x)  .
2
(A) a = 2 , b = 1 (B) a = –2 , b = 1 1  x 
(C) a = 2 , b = –1 (D) a = –2 , b = –1 If g (2) = a then g'(2) is equal to -
5 1  a2
G

30. Differential coefficient of (A) (B)

1 1 1
21 0 a 10
  m  n   m n  m  n    m n a 10 1  a 10
x m n
  . x n 
  . x m
  w.r.t. x is - (C) (D)
1  a2 a2
@

     

(A) 1 (B) 0 36. If f(x) = xn, then the 1 value of

(C) –1 (D) xlmn f'(1) f''(1) f'''(1) (1)n f'''''''''.......(n times)(1)
f(1)    ....... 
 x2  y 2  - 1! 2! 3! n!
dy
31. If cos–1  2  = log a then = (A) 2 n – 1 (B) 0
 x  y2  dx
(C) 1 (D) 2n
x y
(A)  (B)  37. If f(4) = g(4) = 2 ; f’ (4) = 9 ; g’ (4) = 6 then
y x
y x f(x)  g  x 
(C) (D) Limit is equal to -
x y x4 x 2
3
(A) 3 2 (B) (C) 0 (D) none
2

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