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THE TRANSGENERATIONAL
CONSEQUENCES OF THE
ARMENIAN GENOCIDE
NEAR THE FOOT OF MOUNT ARARAT

ANTHONIE HOLSLAG

PALGRAVE STUDIES
IN THE HISTORY
OF GENOCIDE
Palgrave Studies in the History of Genocide

Series Editors
Thomas Kühne
Clark University, USA

Deborah Mayersen
University of Wollongong, Australia

Tom Lawson
Northumbria University, UK
Genocide has shaped human experience throughout history and is one of
the greatest challenges of the twenty-first century. Palgrave Studies in the
History of Genocide is dedicated to the study of this phenomenon across
its entire geographic, chronological and thematic range. The series acts
as a forum to debate and discuss the nature, the variety, and the concepts
of genocide. In addition to histories of the causes, course, and perpe-
tration of genocide, the series devotes attention to genocide’s victims,
its aftermaths and consequences, its representation and memorialization,
and to genocide prevention. Palgrave Studies in the History of Genocide
encompasses both comparative work, which considers genocide across
time and space, and specific case studies.

More information about this series at

http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/14582
 Anthonie Holslag

The Transgenerational
Consequences of the
Armenian Genocide
Near the Foot of Mount Ararat
Anthonie Holslag
Research School for Memory, Heritage
and Material Culture, Faculty of
Humanities
University of Amsterdam
Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Palgrave Studies in the History of Genocide

ISBN 978-3-319-69259-3 ISBN 978-3-319-69260-9 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69260-9

Library of Congress Control Number: 2017959079

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018

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In Armenia, 1987

Into a basalt cavern I wandered

where the moon slid like a water snake

in white skin through the gullies

to the blonde and furry wheat.

I dug toward the damp smell of a water channel–

found a shard of a cross

its lacework a system of streams wound into a stone–

grapes and pomegranates pomegranatas

and grapes pulpy in my hands

Palmettos sawed my palms

A rising moon in the moss-grown stone mirrored the light

where winged griffins, those talismans of blood

flew into the arms of Christ

Down a gully like a volute

I found a way to the dry clay of the border

where a scimitar cut the horizon

Pegasus flew out of the tufa walls

into the white shroud of Ararat

and the ringing bells slid into the scree.

Down there I felt my name disappear

Peter Balakian (Pulitzer Prize Winner)
(reprinted with permission from June-tree: New and Selected
Poems 1974–2001)

v
 Preface

“Once upon a time…”

Gar u chgar; there was and there was not…

An Armenian storyteller once told me that Armenian stories could be
compared to flower petals. “The stories intertwine; they flow into one
another, one story leads to another and to another and to another,” and
while my research progressed, I began to understand what she meant.
Armenian literature, personal narratives and life histories are often stories
within stories within stories. The story frequently begins in the present
and goes back to the past, until a forgotten episode—a forgotten his-
tory—is uncovered by the narrator. After several attempts to write a grip-
ping version of my research, the Armenian way of telling a story inspired
the format of my book. Here too is a story within a story within a story.
I start with the story of the painter Arshile Gorky and the paintings of
his mother. Then I tell the story of the 800,000–1.5 million Armenians
who were slaughtered by the Ottoman Empire between 1915 and 1917.
Finally, I tell the story of contemporary Armenians in diasporic commu-
nities and how they experience their world, history and ethnic identity.
Underneath this story flows another story. This is a story of genocidal
violence and how scientists can approach these horrendous acts. This
story also includes anthropologic paradigms about identity making and
building and rebuilding and the story of intersubjectivity and what Van
de Port (1998) called “implicit knowledge.” The central questions I
strive to answer are: What impact does the genocide of 1915–1917 have

vii
viii    Preface

on the cultural experience of Armenians living in the Netherlands and

London? How do they construct their past and how does the past influence
their ethnic identity and day-to-day dealings?
The research presented here is not written in a traditional way. It has
no formal structure and does not comply with the criteria drawn by Aya
(1990): “A good rule for writers of expository prose is: at the beginning,
say what you plan to argue; in the middle, argue it; at the end, point out
what you have argued, noting what it means for further inquiry” (Ibid.:
93). My book is like an Armenian narrative, which is a story within a
story within a story, and where the loss and reconstruction of identity are
the major themes.
I present several interconnected arguments throughout this book. I
argue that to understand genocide and more specifically, genocidal vio-
lence, we cannot approach genocide as a physical act alone, but rather as
a social construct and cultural expression embedded in the social fabric
and the social imaginaire of the dominant culture group. I use hereby
the works of Staub (1989 and 2009), Baumann (1999, 2004) and
Semelin (2007). I make use of the concepts “continuum of destruction,”
“the endangered self-concept” (both in Staub 1989 and 2009), the pro-
cesses of identity making of Baumann and “imaginary constructs” based
on “identity,” “purity” and “safety” as emphasised by Semelin (Semelin
2007: 22). I argue that these constructions exist on every level in the
genocidal process: in the minds of the ideologists, identity entrepre-
neurs, politicians and those who lay the basis for the genocidal process
(and henceforth the violence). It is present in the mind of the decision
makers, bureaucrats and legislators, and all the way down to the soldiers,
citizens, neighbours and often special forces who were ordered to do the
killing. The “fear of losing the self-concept” and creating a counter iden-
tity lies at the base of all genocidal acts. By killing the Other, the Self is
safeguarded and even more importantly—constructed.
In my view therefore, an identity crisis and a pathological fixation on
identity by the perpetrators lie at the core of every genocidal violence.
This identity crisis is projected onto a minority group. And I purposely
use the word “pathological” since perpetrators are not reacting from
a positive self-image, but rather a negative self-image that has to be
strengthened and protected from the intangible Others (or at least in the
perpetrators’ minds).
This fixation, I will argue, is expressed in every phase of the genocidal
process. Therefore, social scientists can derive cultural meaning from the
violent acts themselves. Or to phrase it more plainly, if an identity crisis in
 Preface    ix

the minds of the perpetrators lies at the core of genocide, as both Staub
and Semelin claim, then this identity crisis (real or imagined) will be visi-
ble and acted out in the violence. This makes violence meaningful instead
of meaningless or incomprehensible. It shows the perpetrators’ intent,
and demonstrates the extent to which the violence is truly genocidal.
Additionally, I argue that the meaning of this violence becomes inter-
nalized and embodied by the victimized group and is expressed in day-
to-day life, in contemporary Armenian art, and literature and ceremonies
within present-day Armenian diasporic communities. These expressions
are transgenerational and even more importantly non-spatial in nature.
Thus, certain cultural symbols are used by first-, second-, third- and
fourth-generation Armenian survivors. These symbols are used not only
in the Dutch diasporic community, but also in the diasporic communities
in England and the United States and elsewhere in the world. I argue
that, from a social scientific perspective, this is a peculiar outcome, since
generally, diasporic communities adapt to the dominant culture group.
That the Armenians do so to a lesser extent speaks to the resilience of
their collective experiences and sense of loss. Thus, the weight of the
(collective) Armenian pain and history is engrained in the (re)construc-
tion of their Armenian identity. The Armenian genocide becomes an
inseparable part of the “Armenian self.”
Finally, I argue that the Armenian internalization of violence not only
brings cohesion, but ironically also causes friction and schisms within the
Armenian diasporic communities. These schisms are an integrated part of
an over-focus on identity and underlines the Armenian community’s fear
of (another) annihilation. These fears are both imagined and real, for the
Armenians have experienced exactly what the perpetrators projected—
their pathological fixation on identity or the self-concept and projecting
this on an Other that must be eradicated. This is a fear that can be traced
back to the impact that the Armenian genocide had on the psychology of
the survivors and the whole social fabric of the Armenian culture.
Westerners have to bear in mind that the Armenian genocide has had
no closure, and will not have closure until these horrendous acts are fully
recognized by the Turkish State and the international community. The
fact that Armenians’ pain has not been recognized is reopening the same
old stinking wound and perpetuates the last phase of genocide—denial of
history and remembrance.
Although this book is about the Armenian genocide and Armenian
identity, the analysis of this book is a starting point for future
x    Preface

comparative studies. In this sense, the book can be considered a case

study about genocidal violence and the genocidal processes and how
social history and ethnic identity are constructed.
It is my belief that the start of genocidal violence does not lie in the
macro social and political spheres alone. Genocide is also a cultural
expression. Before the physical act of genocidal violence occurs, the
dichotomy of insiders and outsiders or between pure and impure or
good and evil is already embedded in the minds of the perpetrators and
the social imaginary of the dominant culture group. These images are
further mobilized through propaganda.
In his excellent book, Purify and Destroy (2010), Semelin analyses
how the social imaginary is manipulated in the public domain. He argues
that this manipulation occurs on three distinct themes: identity, purity
and safety. Focusing on these themes, it is clear that the perpetrators’
goal is to create a mono-ethnic (or mono-national, or mono-religious,
etc.) identity. The nation state is considered saved if it is cleansed and
purified from these foreign elements
The need for a mono-ethnic identity can directly be linked to what
Staub (1989) considers a disruption of the self-concept, which is a condi-
tion wherein ideas about the self are existentially threatened by political
and economic uncertainties (Ibid.: 15). Some of these uncertainties are
real and physical, but when they are transferred into the political domain,
and when the focus on identity in the dominant culture group increases,
the threat becomes increasingly imaginary and even mythical.
Warfare and political and economic crises will further pressure the
genocidal process as Staub (1989), Sémelin (2010) but also Melson
(1992) point out. I then go a step further to claim that the dichotomy of
insiders and outsiders, and the way culture and identity are made in the
midst of this physical crisis becomes increasingly intense and it is within
this intensification that identity making, as argued by Baumann (2004),
should be explored. Identity making lies at the core of genocide. I
emphasise this specifically because this explanation implies that any given
society, in specific circumstances (political, economic and social), has the
potential to become locked into what I consider a pathological fixation
on identity, and can therefore potentially start ethnic cleansing and/or,
in a worst-case scenario, genocide.
By doing this, I step away from the historical and often essential
approach of studying genocides. For example, the Armenian genocide is
the outcome of the crumbling of the Ottoman society in the beginning
 Preface    xi

of the twentieth century, and thus it is culturally specific and bounded.

In the same way, I do not believe that the genocide of the Jews dur-
ing the Second World War, or the genocide of the Tutsis or the ethnic
cleansing and genocide of Bosnian Muslims in Bosnia and Serbia are
examples of essentially bounded incidents. While they have unique ele-
ments, they are also comparable.
If we study genocides as particular incidents alone we are analytically
limiting ourselves and are no longer approaching genocide as a compara-
ble process. Sure, there are essential and unique elements. The Armenian
genocide cannot be studied without mentioning the crisis in the
Ottoman Empire, and the persecution and mass killings of the Jews can-
not be studied without considering the consequences of the First World
War, the Treaty of Versailles and the crisis in Germany. The processes
behind these genocides do share commonalities; however, that reconfig-
ures the character of the genocidal process. By studying these events, we
can shed light on the commonalities.
I can best illustrate this with a small anecdote. In April 2010, I was
lecturing on the Armenian genocide and the consequences on the
Armenian identity. I was emphasizing the feelings of loss, emptiness and
suffering in the current diasporic communities. After the lecture a man
came to me and patted me silently on the back. “I am not Armenian,” he
said, “but I was touched by your story. What you just described also hap-
pened to my people. We can never forget the Holocaust.” He said these
words while he pressed a hand on his chest. He later explained to me that
the feelings of loss and emptiness, which I had described in my lecture,
were the same feelings he had experienced for years when he thought
about his own ethnic and religious background. He then made state-
ments that were comparable to phrases I had heard during my research.
“They have taken away my identity, you know. They punched a hole in
my heart” and “We have suffered more than anyone can comprehend.
We have to protect ourselves.”
Although in this book I only analyse the Armenian genocide and its
influence on the construction of the Armenian identity, I believe that my
findings can be applied to other ethnic groups who have survived such
horrendous acts. The sense of loss that the Armenians feel and experi-
ence daily can be compared to the sense of loss felt by Jews after the
Holocaust, or Bosnian Muslims after the ethnic cleansing and genocide
in Bosnia Herzegovina, or Tutsis after the genocide in Rwanda. This
book provides an analytical understanding of how collective suffering is
xii    Preface

prolonged and reproduced and how this suffering can be mobilized for
political agendas when the circumstances are right.
Although I will not discuss this political dimension of genocide in
detail in this book, my analysis contributes to an understanding of the
political processes such as inclusion and exclusion, discriminatory policies
or, in extreme cases, processes that Lemarchand (1998) called “counter-
genocide(s).” In a case study of the refugee camps in Tanzania, Malkki
(1995) was surprised that the acts of violence committed by Hutus dur-
ing the Rwanda genocide were similar to the acts of violence directed
at the Hutus themselves in 1972. Such acts included the impaling of
citizens, cutting foetuses from mothers’ wombs, forcing parents to eat
their children’s flesh and forcing parents and children to commit incest
(Malkki 1995; see also Shaw 2007: 138). Although not all Hutu perpe-
trators were descendants of survivors of massacres in Burundi in 1972,
and not all survivors of the Burundi massacres resorted to violence,
Rwandan refugees from Burundi were disproportionally involved in the
early stages of the killing during the genocide in Rwanda (Campbell
2010: 304). It is a disturbing and thought-provoking observation that
the once-victimized group became perpetrators using the same symbolism
and modes of violence as the original aggressors.
I do not claim that the Armenians commit genocide or similar acts of
violence today; rather, I argue that the transference of the pathological
fixation on identity from the aggressors to the victimized group can be a
starting point for further investigation.
In Chap. 1, I describe the life of Arshile Gorky and tell the story of
two significant portraits of a mother and her son. In Chap. 2, I present
the theoretical framework for this investigation. I discuss the background
of my research, give more in-depth explanations of the terminology of
the research question and present contemporary anthropological theories
on identity, identity making and the social construction of history.
Chapter 3 is contextual in nature. Here, I look at the development
and history of the present-day Armenian diasporic communities in
the Netherlands and London, examing them in comparison with the
Armenian diasporic in France. The questions that I address are as follows:
What can these comparisons tell us about the Dutch Armenian diasporic
community? How are the Armenian diasporic communities organised?
In Chap. 4 of Part I of the book, I examine the Armenian geno-
cide from an anthropological point of view. I focus on three elements
of genocide: the political and social causes, the symbolic meaning of
 Preface    xiii

genocidal violence and the consequences of this violence. I argue that

if we can retrieve the meaning of violence, we can understand the pro-
cesses behind the violence and also, more important, understand the
social and cultural consequences of violence for the victimized group.
The questions I address are: Why are violent acts of genocide so grue-
some compared to other forms of collective violence? What is the sym-
bolic meaning of these acts? How can we connect these violent acts to
the identity crisis of the perpetrators and/or dominant culture group?
Whereas the early chapters address the loss of identity, the following
three chapters focus on the (re)construction of identity. In Chap. 5, I
explore how Armenians in the Dutch diasporic community reconstruct
their history and give meaning to their identity in day-to-day life while
showing how this identity can be connected to the Armenian genocide.
In Chap. 6, I discuss the complexities of the present-day Armenian
identity in the Netherlands. For even though ethnic identity is a vehi-
cle connecting Armenians, the preoccupation with this identity also
causes tension, friction and contention. The Armenian community in the
Netherlands is exceedingly divided. I analyse this struggle over identity
and connect it with the common experiences of collective violence and
how “others” within the community are created.
In Chaps. 7 and 8, I focus on how Armenians in the diasporic com-
munities interact with the “outside world.” How do they integrate but
also shield themselves from external influences and how do they try to
safeguard their identity from the dominant ethnic culture group? The
underlying question that I address is as follows: To what extent can my
observations be explained by transnationalism in general, and to what
extent can they be directly linked to the Armenian genocide?
In my conclusion, I summarize my findings, pose questions for fur-
ther research and return to where it all started—a beautiful but heart-
breaking painting of a mother and her son, upon which I can hopefully
now shed new light.
A story within a story within a story. Genocide is my focus, but I start
with a tale about a painting by a first-generation genocide survivor. A
painting with enormous emotional impact.

Amsterdam, The Netherlands Anthonie Holslag

xiv    Preface

Bibliography
Aya, R.R. 1990. Rethinking Revolutions and Collective Violence: Studies on
Concept, Theory and Method. Amsterdam: Het Spinhuis.
Baumann, G. 1999. The Multicultural Riddle: Rethinking National, Ethnic, and
Religious Identities. New York and London: Routledge.
Baumann, G. 2004. Grammars of Identity/Alterity. In Grammars of Identity/
Alterity: A Structural Approach, ed. G. Baumann, and A. Gingrich. Oxford:
Berghahn Books.
Campbell, B. 2010. Contradictory Behavior During Genocide. In: Sociological
Forum, 25 (2): 296–314.
Lemarchand, R. 1998. Genocide in the Great Lakes: Which Genocide? Whose
Genocide? African Studies Review 41 (1): 1–18.
Malkki, L.H. 1995. Purity and Exile: Violence, Memory and National Cosmology
among Hutu Refugees in Tanzania. Chicago: The University of Chicago
Press.
Melson, R.F. 1992. Revolution and Genocide: On the Origins of the Armenian
Genocide and the Holocaust. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Semelin, J. 2007. Purify and Destroy: The Political Uses of Massacre and Genocide.
London: Hurst and Co.
Shaw, M. 2007. What is Genocide?. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Staub, E. 1989. The Roots of Evil: The origins of genocide and other group violence.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Staub, E. 2009. The Origins of Genocide and Mass Killing: Core Concepts.
In The Genocide Studies Reader, ed. S. Totten, and P.R. Bartrop New York:
Routledge.
Van de Port, M. 1998. Gypsies, Wars and Other Instances of the Wild: Civilisation
and Its Discontents in a Serbian Town. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University
Press.
 Acknowledgements

Even though it sounds like a cliché, a book is never written by one

person. Many people are involved that help you, inspire you or guide
you in direct or indirect ways. Even though my name is at the front I
could never have accomplished this without the inspiration and influ-
ence of many genocide scholars before me. I can’t thank them all. The
interdisciplinary field is simply too large, but some authors and theorists
are centralized in this book and I could never have come to the obser-
vations of identity building and identity destruction, which lies at the
core of my argument, without their meticulously accomplished research
and insights. Without their books and ideas I would never have estab-
lished the observation that genocide is culturally expressed in modes
of violence. And I owe deep gratitude to all those I interviewed in my
research. They showed me how this violence has affected them. Their
openness, their willingness to help me, sometimes even guide me, gave
me inspiration when the topic of this book brought me down. This
book is dedicated to them, my informants, their forefathers and the
ancestors of those who experienced first-hand the horrors of genocide.
It is also dedicated to the Church in Almelo who helped me with more
insights and interviews after a Dutch version of this book was published.
Additionally I would like to thank Hayk Demoyan from the Armenian
Genocide Museum in Yerevan. I will never forget the day that I stood
near Tsitsernakaberd looking at the shrouds of Mt. Ararat. I could not
see the mountain fully that morning. But I could feel its presence and
history. It changed me.

xv
xvi    Acknowledgements

Before I thank some of the scholars who helped me, directly or indi-
rectly, through the process of theorizing and doing research, I want to
thank two specific people at Palgrave Publishing. I think that my delays
and resetting the deadlines drove them nuts, yet they were always patient
and helpful to the point that deserves admiration. I want to thank
Carmel Kennedy who always politely reminded me of deadlines when
I had exceeded them (more than once). I also want to thank Emily
Russell who gave me the room and free reign to finish this book at a
slower pace. They didn’t had to, but their indirect trust in me, gave me
the energy I sometimes desperately needed. I would also like to thank
Thirza Fockert and Julia Challinor who helped me with the tedious work
of editing and rewriting. I also like to thank Vinothini Elango and every-
one in the team of Springer and Palgrave for helping me with the proofs.
Scholarly there are so many people I would like to thank that even if
I fill pages and I would probably still forget many names. If I do, please
forgive me. My first thanks go to Frank van Vree and Jojada Verrips who
were always brutally honest with me and sharpened my ideas. Secondly
I would like to thank Peter Balakian for letting me use his poem. This
was of extreme importance to me, as I didn’t want this book to start with
a non-Armenian voice. His poem Armenia, 1987 explores, addresses
and expresses the feelings many of my respondents felt, and doing that
in words and beautifully constructed sentences is a talent I simply do
not possess. Further I would like to thank Alexander Hinton, Armen
Marsoobian, Donna Lee-Frieze, Douglas Irving, Kjell Anderson, Adam
Jones, Gregory Stanton, Joop de Jong, Devon Hinton, Ria Reis and
many other scholars I met at universities or during conferences in Yerevan,
Buenos Aires and Siena and whose papers and lectures inspired me.
I would also like to thank some scholars I never met in person but
whose ideas formed this book. First I would like to thank belatedly Gerd
Baumann who helped me in looking differently at identities and iden-
tity building. Secondly, I would like to thank Ervin Staub, Mattijs van de
Port, Carol Kidron, Robert Melson, my personal hero Clifford Geertz
and many others. Their work and their ideas pulse through the heart of
this book.
Finally, I would like to thank Arijana Hergic and my son Mack.
Without their patience as “daddy disappeared once again in his study”,
utterly stressed and dissatisfied, this book would never be finished. I
know I was absent many times, but they understood the importance of
my research subject.
 Acknowledgements    xvii

Genocide studies is a painstaking topic to research. You are con-

fronted with horrific experiences and bloody eyewitness account. I can-
not imagine the horrors the victims and direct survivors experienced. I
can only imagine the aftermath and the pain that was still visible in my
respondents’ lives. This book is for them, together with my wish that this
horrific episode will one day be recognized for what it is: a genocide and
the destruction of a culture.
On the 17th of February 2018 good news befell on the Armenians in
the Netherlands. The Dutch parliament, after long negotiations, recog-
nized the Armenian genocide fully. Even though my research has been
done before this recognition the reconciliation process can finally start.
It will be a long process though, with a lot of bumps on the road. But
it can start now due to the resilience of the Dutch Armenians. Still, true
reconciliation can start if Turkey comes to terms with their own horrible
and bloody past.

Amsterdam, The Netherlands Anthonie Holslag

 Contents

1 Introduction 1

Part I Destruction of an Identity

2 The Remembrance of a Genocide 19

3 The Great Diaspora 57

4 The Loss of Identity 95

5 Intermezzo 187

Part II The Reconstruction of an Identity

6 Between Suffering and Resurrection 193

7 The Struggle for Identity 241

xix
xx    Contents

8 Jermag Charrt 257

9 Conclusion 277

Index 287
 List of Tables

Table 3.1 Geographic distribution of Armenians worldwide

in the twentieth century 61
Table 3.2 Migration flows of the Armenian population throughout
the twentieth century 62

xxi
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Twenty Contemporary One-Act Plays—American, $3.75
Twenty-Five Short Plays—International, $4.00
1001 Plays for the Little Theatre, $1.00
Shorter, Clement K.,
C. K. S., An Autobiography, $3.50
The Complete Poems of Charlotte Brontë, leather, $7.50;
cloth, $3.00
The Complete Poems of Anne Brontë, leather, $7.50; cloth,
$3.00
The Complete Poems of Emily Jane Brontë, leather, $7.50;
cloth, $3.00
Sinclair, Bertrand W.,
The Inverted Pyramid, $2.00
Slemons, J. Morris, M.D.,
The Prospective Mother, $2.00
Smith, O. W.,
Casting Tackle and Methods, $3.00
Snaith, J. C., Novels, each $2.00
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Araminta,
Coming, The,
Council of Seven, The,
Sailor, The,
There Is a Tide,
Time Spirit, The,
Undefeated, The,
Van Roon, The.
Squire, J. C.,
 A Book of American Verse, $2.50
Essays on Poetry, $2.50
Stanford, Alfred,
A City Out of the Sea, $2.00
Stanislavsky, Constantin,
My Life in Art, $6.00
Steele, Wilbur Daniel,
The Giant’s Stair, 50 cents
Steuart, J. A.,
Robert Louis Stevenson: A Critical Biography, $8.00
Stewart, Donald Ogden,
Perfect Behavior Abroad, $2.00
Perfect Behavior, $2.00
A Parody Outline of History, $2.00
Stevenson, Gertrude Scott,
The Letters of Madame, 1661-1708, by Elizabeth-Charlotte
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Stockbridge, Bertha E. L.,
The Practical Cook Book, $2.00
What to Drink, $1.50
Stoddard, Charles Coleman,
Shanks’ Mare, $2.50
Surguchev, Ilya,
Autumn, 50 cents
Swinnerton, Frank,
R. L. Stevenson, $2.00
George Gissing, $2.00

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Now That I’m Fifty, $2.00
The Heart of a Dog, $3.00
Tilton, George Henry,
 The Fern Lover’s Companion, $3.00
Tolstoi, Count Leon L.,
The Truth About My Father, $2.00
Tomlinson, Everett T.,
Fighters Young Americans Want to Know, $2.00
Mysterious Rifleman, The, $1.75
Pioneer Scouts of Ohio, The, $1.75
Places Young Americans Want to Know, $1.75
Pursuit of the Apache Chief, The, $1.75
Scouting in the Wilderness, $1.75
Scouting on the Border, $1.75
Scouting on the Old Frontier, $1.75
Historical Story for Boys, The, Free
Scouting with Mad Anthony, $1.75
Story of General Pershing, The, $1.75
Stories of the American Revolution, $2.00
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Problems of Life, $4.00
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Twelve Years at the German Imperial Court, $5.00
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The Boy Whaleman, $2.00
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Deep in the Hearts of Men, $2.00
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Health Through Will Power, $2.00
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The Supreme Court in United States History, 3 vols.,
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Auto-Suggestion for Mothers, $2.00
Watson, H. S.,
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Welby, T. Earle,
A Popular History of English Poetry, $1.75
Wharton, Edith,
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False Dawn, $1.25
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The Contemporary Drama of Russia, $2.50
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A Question of Morality and Other Plays, $1.50
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Dawn, and Other One-Act Plays of Life Today, $1.50
Eight Comedies for Little Theatres, $1.50
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A Dictionary of Similes, $4.00
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Dramatics for School and Community, $3.00
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The Show-Off, A Novel, $2.00
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Black Armour, $1.75
 INDEX

Abbé Pierre, Jay William Hudson, 288, 289

Abraham Lincoln—Master of Words, Daniel Kilham Dodge, 323,
324
Action! Holland Hudson, 262
Addington, Sarah, Round the Year in Pudding Lane, 94
Adler, Felix, The Reconstruction of the Spiritual Idea, 352
Adolescence, G. Stanley Hall, 152, 165
Adventures and Enthusiasms, E. V. Lucas, 221, 223, 230
Adventures in Journalism, Philip Gibbs, 17, 18, 20, 22, 27
Adventures in the Old Woman’s Shoe, Maude Radford Warren
and Eve Davenport, 85
Adventures of Jimmie Dale, The, Frank L. Packard, 340, 347
Advisory Ben, E. V. Lucas, 213, 215, 217, 230
After Harvest, Charles Fielding Marsh, 181
After Livingston, Fred L. M. Moir, 39
After the Verdict, Robert Hichens, 176, 177
Age of Innocence, The, Edith Wharton, 304, 305, 306, 309, 310,
313
Alcott, Louisa M., 91;
Little Men, 92;
Little Women: or Meg, Jo, Beth and Amy, 92
Alexander, Elizabeth, Rôles, 180
Allen, Lucy G., Choice Recipes for Clever Cooks, 122;
Table Service, 122
Altar Steps, The, Compton Mackenzie, 170
Altsheler, Joseph A., see Chapter xiv, 236-239;
The Guns of Bull Run, 238, 247;
The Guns of Shiloh, 238, 247;
The Rock of Chickamauga, 238, 247;
The Scouts of Stonewall, 238, 247;
The Shades of the Wilderness, 238, 247;
The Star of Gettysburg, 238, 247;
The Sun of Saratoga, 239, 248;
The Sword of Antietam, 238, 247;
The Tree of Appomattox, 238, 247;
The Young Trailer, 239, 246
Amateur Gentleman, The, Jeffery Farnol, 75, 79, 81
An Ambassador’s Memoirs, Maurice Paleologue, 199
Andersen, Hans, Fairy Tales by Hans Andersen, 87
Andreyev, 254, 265
Ann Vroome, Lewis Beach, 256
Another Scandal, Cosmo Hamilton, 189, 195
An Outline of the British Labor Movement, Paul Blanshard, 317,
322
Anthony Trollope, Hugh Walpole, 282
Antic Hay, Aldous Huxley, 97, 99, 100, 101, 103, 109, 110, 111,
113
Araminta, J. C. Snaith, 367, 373
Aria da Capo, Edna St. Vincent Millay, 263
Ariel, The Life of Shelley, André Maurois, 197
Arlen, Michael, see Chapter xvi, 266-276;
Piracy, 267, 272, 274, 275, 276;
The Green Hat, 267, 276;
The London Venture, 272, 276;
The Romantic Lady, 267, 276;
 These Charming People, 266, 269, 274, 276
Autocamping, F. E. Brimmer, 36
Auto-Suggestion for Mothers, R. C. Waters, 120
Autumn, Ilya Surguchev, 261
Awakening of Italy, The; The Fascista Regeneration, Luigi Villari,
316
Ayuli, Laurence Binyon, 260

Baker, S. Josephine, M. D., Healthy Babies, 123;

Healthy Children, 124;
Healthy Mothers, 118
Balderston, John L., A Morality Play for the Leisure Class, 262
Balfour, Lord, Theism and Thought, 350, 351
Banning, Margaret Culkin, A Handmaid of the Lord, 169, 170
Barbour, Ralph Henry, 83, 88;
Follow The Ball, 88, 89;
The Fighting Scrub, 88
Barker and Cole, Drs., Blood Pressure, 326
Barker, Granville, 254, 256;
The Exemplary Theatre, 264;
The Madras House, 256;
The Marrying of Ann Leete, 256;
The Secret Life, 256;
The Voysey Inheritance, 256;
Three Short Plays, 256;
Waste, 256
Barretto, Larry, A Conqueror Passes, 179
Barry, David S., Forty Years in Washington, 208
Bartlett, John, Familiar Quotations, 328
Beach, Lewis, Ann Vroome, 256;
 A Square Peg, 256;
The Goose Hangs High, 256
Beck, The Constitution of the United States: Yesterday, Today—
Tomorrow? 322
Belknap, Maitland, Princeton Sketches, 289
Bellehelen Mine, The, B. M. Bower, 30, 31
Belovéd Traitor, The, Frank L. Packard, 338, 347
Beltane the Smith, Jeffery Farnol, 74, 79, 81
Bennett, Arnold, 171, 197, 254, 283;
Elsie and the Child and Other Stories, 173;
Riceyman Steps, 173
Benson, E. F., David Blaize of King’s, 96
Billy Mink, Thornton W. Burgess, 93
Binyon, Laurence, Ayuli, 260
Birds of America, ed. by T. Gilbert Pearson, John Burroughs,
Herbert K. Job, 39
Birkenhead, Earl of, The Inner History of English Politics, 314
Black Bartlemy’s Treasure, Jeffery Farnol, 79, 81
Black Hood, The, Thomas Dixon, 240, 241, 249
Black Stone, The, George Gibbs, 371, 374
Blanshard, Paul, An Outline of the British Labor Movement, 317
Blindness of Virtue, The, Cosmo Hamilton, 187, 188, 190, 195
Blood Pressure, Barker and Cole, Drs., 326
Blue Blood, Owen Johnston, 179
Blue Lion, The, Robert Lynd, 284
Blue Room, The, Cosmo Hamilton, 189, 195
Bolted Door, The, George Gibbs, 370, 374
Book of American Verse, A, J. C. Squire, 278
Book of Blanche, The, Dorothy Richardson, 179
Book of England for Young People, The, Sidney Dark, 91
Book of France for Young People, The, Sidney Dark, 91
Book of Scotland for Young People, The, Sidney Dark, 91
Book of the Black Bass, Dr. James A. Henshall, 33
Boston Cooking-School Cook Book, The, Fannie Merritt Farmer,
115, 116
Bower, B. M., The Bellehelen Mine, 30, 31
Boyd, Ernest, The Contemporary Drama of Ireland, 265
Boy Scouts’ Own Book, The, ed. Franklin K. Mathiews, 95
Boy Scouts’ Year Book, The, ed. Franklin K. Mathiews, 95
Boy Whaleman, The, George F. Tucker, 91, 92
Bradley, Alice, The Candy Cook Book, 122
Breaking a Bird Dog, Horace Lytle, 40
Bride Comes to Yellow Sky, The, Stephen Crane, 242
Bridges, Roy, Rat’s Castle, 95
Brimmer, F, E., Autocamping, 36
Broad Highway, The, Jeffery Farnol, 60, 61, 64, 66, 67, 68, 69,
71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 77, 78, 79, 81
Broke of Covenden, J. C. Snaith, 365, 373
Brontë, Anne, The Complete Poems of, 278
Brontë, Charlotte, The Complete Poems of, 278
Brontë, Emily Jane, The Complete Poems of, 278
Bruette, Dr. William A., The Complete Dog Book, 34
Brute, The, W. Douglas Newton, 180
Buck, The Khoja, 327
Burgess Animal Book for Children, The, Thornton W. Burgess,
83
Burgess Bird Book for Children, The, Thornton W. Burgess, 84
Burgess Flower Book for Children, The, Thornton W. Burgess,
84
Burgess, Thornton W., 83, 84;
Billy Mink, 93;
The Burgess Animal Book for Children, 83;
The Burgess Bird Book for Children, 84;
The Burgess Flower Book for Children, 84
Burke, Thomas, 281;
Limehouse Nights, 282;
The Wind and the Rain, 282
Burnham, William H., The Normal Mind, 362
Burning Wheel, The, Aldous Huxley, 104, 106, 113
By Intervention of Providence, Stephen McKenna, 285

Candy Cook Book, The, Alice Bradley, 122

Canning, Preserving and Jelly Making, Janet McKenzie Hill, 123
Cap’n Eri, Joseph C. Lincoln, 171
Captain Jim Mason, Elmer R. Gregor, 244, 250
Care and Feeding of Children, The, Dr. L. Emmett Holt, 115, 117
Carroll, Dixie, Goin’ Fishin’? 39;
Lake and Stream Game Fishing, 39
Carter, Howard, and Mace, A. C., The Tomb of Tut-Ankh-Amen,
37, 38
Casting Tackle and Methods, O. W. Smith, 39
Cease Firing, Mary Johnston, 377, 378, 389
Cedric the Forester Bernard Marshall, 245, 251
Chambers, Mary D., One-Piece Dinners, 122
Chandler, Frank W., The Contemporary Drama of France, 265
Chapman, Frank M., Handbook of Birds of Eastern North
America, 40;
What Bird is That?, 40
Cheyney, Edward G., Scott Burton, in the Blue Ridge, 95
Child Training, Angelo Patti, 119, 120
Chipp, Elinor, Many Waters, 181
Choice Recipes for Clever Cooks, Lucy G. Allen, 122
Christianity at the Crossroads, Dr. E. Y. Mullins, 350, 355
City Out of the Sea, A, Alfred Stanford, 181
C. K. S., An Autobiography, Clement K. Shorter, 207
Clansman, The, Thomas Dixon, 240, 241, 249
Clark, Barrett H., 254;
How to Produce Amateur Plays, 263
Clark, Martha Haskell, The Home Road, 287
Clements, Colin C., Plays for a Folding Theatre, 255;
Plays for Pagans, 255
Cloud and Silver, E. V. Lucas, 219, 220, 230
Clyde Fitch and His Letters, Clyde Fitch, 203, 204
Cobb, Irvin S., 31, 83, 328, 329, 330;
Cobb’s America Guyed Books, 31;
Goin’ On Fourteen, 90
Cobb’s America Guyed Books, Irvin S. Cobb, 31
Colette’s Best Recipes: A Book of French Cookery, Marie
Jacques, 122
Collins, Dr., Taking the Literary Pulse, 283
Complete Dog Book, The, Dr. William A. Bruette, 34
Coming, The, J. C. Snaith, 364, 366, 373
Commonsense of Health, The, Dr. S. M. Rinehart, 121
Comrades, Thomas Dixon, 240, 249
Connor, Ralph, Treading the Winepress, 170
Conqueror Passes, A, Larry Barretto, 179
Constitution of the United States, The: Its Sources and Its
Application, Thomas James Norton, 322
Constitution of the United States, The: Yesterday, Today—
Tomorrow? Beck, 322
Contemporary Drama of England, The, Thomas H. Dickinson,
265
Contemporary Drama of France, The, Frank W. Chandler, 265
Contemporary Drama of Ireland, The, Ernest Boyd, 265
Contemporary Drama of Italy, The, Lander MacClintock, 265
Contemporary Drama of Russia, The, Leo Wiener, 264
Contributions of Science to Religion, Shailer Mathews, 353, 355
Controlled Power: A Study of Laziness and Achievement, Arthur
Holmes, 361
Cooking for Two: A Handbook for Young Housekeepers, Janet
McKenzie Hill, 122
Coolidge, Dr. Emelyn Lincoln, The Home Care of Sick Children,
117, 118
Coolidge, Susan, What Katy Did, 93
Cooper, Courtney Ryley, see Chapter xviii, 38, 290-303;
Lions ’n’ Tigers ’n’ Everything!, 295, 297, 299, 300, 302,
303;
The Cross-Cut, 295, 296, 302;
The Last Frontier, 295, 296, 303;
The White Desert, 295, 296, 302;
Under the Big Top, 290, 295, 297, 299, 303
Covered Wagon, The, Emerson Hough, 233, 235, 236, 246
Craftsmanship of the One-Act Play, The, Percival Wilde, 264
Crane, Stephen, The Bride Comes to Open Sky, 242;
The Open Boat, 242;
The Red Badge of Courage, 242, 249
Croatan, Mary Johnston, 385, 387, 389
Crome Yellow, Aldous Huxley, 98, 101, 104, 109, 110, 111, 113
Cronwright-Schreiner, S. C., The Life of Olive Schreiner, 208
Cross-Cut, The, Courtney R. Cooper, 295, 296, 302
Cuddy of the White Tops, Earl, Chapin May, 181
Cures, James J. Walsh, 359

Dana, Richard Henry, Two Years Before The Mast, 92

Dark, Sidney, The Book of England for Young People, 91;
The Book of France for Young People, 91;
The Book of Scotland for Young People, 91
Daughter of the Rich, A, Mary E. Waller, 93
David Blaize of King’s, E. F. Benson, 96
David Wilmot, Free Soiler, Charles Buxton Going, 211
Davis, Owen, Icebound, 257;
The Detour, 257
Dawn, and Other One-Act Plays of Life Today, Percival Wilde,
259
De la Mare, Walter, 85
Deep in the Hearts of Men, Mary E. Waller, 180
Defeat of Youth, The, Aldous Huxley, 104, 106, 113
Definite Object, The, Jeffery Farnol, 61, 79, 81
Delta Wife, The, Walter McClellan, 262
Detour, The, Owen Davis, 257
Dickens, Charles, A Child’s History of England, 91
Dickinson, Emily, The Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson, 277,
278
Dickinson, Thomas H., The Contemporary Drama of England,
265
Dictionary of Similes, A, Frank J. Wilstach, 329, 330
Dix, Beulah Marie, 254
Dixon, Thomas, see Chapter xiv, 240-241;
A Man of the People, 241, 249;
Comrades, 240, 249;
The Black Hood, 240, 241, 249;
The Clansman, 240, 241, 249;
The Fall of A Nation, 241, 249;
The Leopard’s Spots, 240, 249;
The Man in Gray, 241, 249;
The One Woman, 240, 249;
The Root of Evil, 240, 249;
The Sins of the Father, 241, 249;
The Southerner, 241, 249;
The Traitor, 240, 249;
The Victim, 241, 249;
The Way of a Man, 241, 249
Doctor Looks at Literature, The, Dr. Joseph Collins, 283
Dodge, Daniel Kilham, Abraham Lincoln—Master of Words,
323, 324
Donham, S. Agnes, Marketing and Housework Manual, 123;
Spending the Family Income, 123
Doors of the Night, Frank L. Packard, 339, 348
Door That Has No Key, The, Cosmo Hamilton, 188, 195
Double Demon and Other One-Act Plays, A. P. Herbert, 255
Double Life of Mr. Alfred Burton, The, E. Phillips Oppenheim,
133, 140
Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan, A Study in Scarlet, 201;
Micah Clarke, 201;
Memories and Adventures, 201, 202;
The Sign of the Four, 201;
The White Company, 201
Dragon’s Glory, Gertrude Knevels, 261
Dramatics for School and Community, Claude Merton Wise, 264
Duke’s Son, Cosmo Hamilton, 193, 195
Dulac, Edmund, Edmund Dulac’s Fairy Book, 87
Dumb-Bell of Brookfield, John T. Foote, 36
Dwellers in the Hills, Melville Davisson Post, 53, 56

East of the Sun and West of the Moon, 87

Eaton and Carb, Queen Victoria, 261
Echo de Paris, Laurence Housman, 280
Edmund Dulac’s Fairy Book, 87
Egan, Maurice F., Confessions of A Book-Lover, 206;
Everybody’s St. Francis, 206;
Recollections of a Happy Life, 206, 207;
Ten Years Near the German Frontier, 206
Eggleston, Edward, 328
Egyptian Tales of Magic, Eleanor Myers Jewett, 94
Eight Comedies for Little Theatres, Wilde, 259
Elizabeth-Charlotte of Bavaria, The Letters of Madame, 211
Elliot, Maud Howe, Three Generations, 308
Elsie and the Child and Other Stories, Arnold Bennett, 173
Emerson, Wm. R. P., M. D., Nutrition and Growth in Children,
124
English Poets of the Nineteenth Century, compiled, Curtis
Hidden Page, 287
Erskine, Laurie Yorke, The Laughing Rider, 180
Ertz, Susan, 171;
Madame Claire, 175;
Nina, 175
Espina, Concha, Mariflor, 178;
The Red Beacon, 177
Essays of Today, F. H. Pritchard, 283
Essays on Poetry, J. C. Squire, 278
Exemplary Theatre, The, Granville Barker, 264

Fairbanks, Douglas, Youth Points the Way, 325

Fairies and Chimneys, Rose Fyleman, 84
Fairy Flute, The, Rose Fyleman, 84
Fairy Green, The, Rose Fyleman, 84
Fairy Tales by Hans Andersen, 87
Fall of a Nation, The, Thomas Dixon, 241, 249
False Dawn, Edith Wharton, 305, 310, 313
Familiar Quotations, John Bartlett, 328
Fannie Fox’s Cook Book, Fannie Ferber Fox, 116
Farmer, Fannie Merritt, Food and Cookery for the Sick and
Convalescent, 123;
The Boston Cooking-School Cook Book, 115, 116
Farnol, Jeffery, see Chapter iv, 60-82;
Beltane the Smith, 74, 79, 81;
Black Bartlemy’s Treasure, 79, 81;
 Great Britain at War, 75, 78, 81;
The Honorable Mr. Tawnish, 77, 78, 81;
Martin Conisby’s Vengeance, 79, 81;
My Lady Caprice, 68, 81;
Our Admirable Betty, 61, 79, 81;
Peregrine’s Progress, 79, 81;
Sir John Dering, 80, 81;
The Amateur Gentleman, 75, 79, 81;
The Broad Highway, 60, 61, 64, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 72, 73,
74, 75, 77, 78, 79, 81;
The Definite Object, 61, 79, 81;
The Geste of Duke Jocelyn, 75, 78, 81;
The Money Moon, 68, 81
Farrar, John, 86;
Forgotten Shrines, 286;
Songs for Parents, 286;
The Magic Sea Shell and Other Plays, 86, 263, 286;
The Middle Twenties, 286
Ferber, Maurice, Lord Byron, 261
Fern Lover’s Companion, The, George Henry Tilton, 34
Field, Eugene, 328
Fifty Contemporary One-Act Plays, ed., Frank Shay and Pierre
Loving, 254
Fifty-four Forty or Fight, Emerson Hough, 236, 245
Fifty New Poems for Children, 94
Fighters Young Americans Want to Know, Everett Tomlinson,
243, 250
Fighting Scrub, The, Ralph Henry Barbour, 88
Fires of Ambition, George Gibbs, 371, 372, 374
First Days of Knowledge, The, Frederic Arnold Kummer, 86
First Days of Man, The, Frederic Arnold Kummer, 86
Fishes, David Starr Jordan, 32
Fishing with a Boy, Leonard Hulit, 40
Fitch, Clyde, Clyde Fitch and His Letters, 203, 204;
Plays of Clyde Fitch, 257
Flammarion, M. Camille, Haunted Houses, 358
Foes, Mary Johnston, 382, 383, 387, 389
Follow the Ball, Ralph Henry Barbour, 88, 89
Foote, John Taintor, 36, 91;
A Wedding Gift, 36;
Dumb-Bell of Brookfield, 36;
Pocono Shot, 36
Food and Cookery for the Sick and Convalescent, Fannie Merritt
Farmer, 123
Fordyce, Dr. Claude P., Trail Craft, 35
Forgotten Shrines, John Farrar, 286
Forty Good Night Tales, Rose Fyleman, 84
Forty Years in Washington, David S. Barry, 208
Fosdick, Rev. Harry Emerson, D.D., Twelve Tests of Character,
362
Foster, Maximilian, Humdrum House? 180
Foundations of Personality, The, Abraham Myerson, M. D., 360,
361
Founders of the Empire, Philip Gibbs, 18, 26
Four Plays, Cosmo Hamilton, 190, 195, 258
Four Stragglers, The, Frank L. Packard, 339, 342, 343, 344,
346, 348
Fourteen Years a Sailor, John Kenlon, 95
Fox, Fannie F., Fannie Fox’s Cook Book, 116
French, Allen, The Story of Rolf and the Viking’s Bow, 93
French, Joseph Lewis, 28, 29;
Pioneer West, The, 28, 29
Friends of Diggeldy Dan, The, Edwin P. Norwood, 94
From Now On, Frank L. Packard, 339, 348
Further Adventures of Jimmie Dale, The, Frank L. Packard, 340,
348
Fyleman, Rose, Fairies and Chimneys, 84;
Forty Good Night Tales, 84;
Rose Fyleman’s Fairy Book, 84;
The Fairy Flute, 84;
The Fairy Green, 84;
The Rainbow Cat, 84

Gaige, Grace, Recitations—Old and New for Boys and Girls,

287, 288
Galwan, Ghulam Rassul, Servant of Sahibs, 211
Game Ranger’s Note Book, A, A. Blayney Percival, 38, 39
Ganoe, William A., A History of the United States Army, 318,
319
Garden Varieties, Kenyon Nicholson, 255
Gaze, Harold, The Goblin’s Glen: A Story of Childhood’s
Wonderland, 94
Geister, Edna, It Is To Laugh, 85;
Let’s Play, 85;
What Shall We Play, 85
Genevra’s Money, E. V. Lucas, 217, 230
George Villiers, First Duke of Buckingham, Philip Gibbs, 20, 26
Geste of Duke Jocelyn, The, Jeffery Farnol, 75, 78, 81
Giant’s Stair, The, Wilbur Daniel Steele, 262